1
|
Wang Y, Zheng H, Jiang X, Wu H, Ren Y, Xi Z, Zheng C, Xu H. Caged xanthone derivatives to promote mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 103:117655. [PMID: 38493728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Caged xanthones represent a class of natural secondary metabolites exhibiting significant potential as antitumor agents. These compounds are characterized by their distinct cage-like structures, which offer novel and compelling frameworks for drug design. Nonetheless, there exists a dearth of research focused on the structural modification of these compounds, particularly in relation to their cage-like architectures. This study aims to address this gap by introducing an innovative synthetic method for constructing a novel caged structure that incorporates a widely employed maleimide group. Drawing upon the well-established synthetic approach for dihydroxanthones previously developed within our research group, we successfully synthesized 13 new caged xanthones using the Diels-Alder reaction. Subsequently, we evaluated their anti-proliferative activity against HepG2, A549, and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. The results revealed that compound 10i exhibited IC50 values of 15.86 µM ± 1.29, 19.27 µM ± 1.58, and 12.96 µM ± 0.09 against these cell lines, respectively. Further investigations into the mechanism of action of 10i demonstrated its ability to induce G2/M cell cycle arrest and initiate mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in breast cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youyi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaimo Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichao Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changwu Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongxi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ibrahim MK, Haria A, Mehta NV, Degani MS. Antimicrobial potential of quaternary phosphonium salt compounds: a review. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:2113-2141. [PMID: 37929337 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Given that mitochondrial dysregulation is a biomarker of many cancers, cationic quaternary phosphonium salt (QPS) conjugation is a widely utilized strategy for anticancer drug design. QPS-conjugated compounds exhibit greater cell permeation and accumulation in negatively charged mitochondria, and thus, show enhanced activity. Phylogenetic similarities between mitochondria and bacteria have provided a rationale for exploring the antibacterial properties of mitochondria-targeted compounds. Additionally, due to the importance of mitochondria in the survival of pathogenic microbes, including fungi and parasites, this strategy can be extended to these organisms as well. This review examines recent literature on the antimicrobial activities of various QPS-conjugated compounds and provides future directions for exploring the medicinal chemistry of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahin K Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Akash Haria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Namrashee V Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mariam S Degani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bernard MM, Mohanty A, Rajendran V. Title: A Comprehensive Review on Classifying Fast-acting and Slow-acting Antimalarial Agents Based on Time of Action and Target Organelle of Plasmodium sp. Pathog Dis 2022; 80:6589403. [PMID: 35588061 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical resistance towards malarial parasites has rendered many antimalarials ineffective, likely due to a lack of understanding of time of action and stage specificity of all life stages. Therefore, to tackle this problem a more incisive comprehensive analysis of the fast and slow-acting profile of antimalarial agents relating to parasite time-kill kinetics and the target organelle on the progression of blood-stage parasites was carried out. It is evident from numerous findings that drugs targeting food vacuole, nuclear components, and endoplasmic reticulum mainly exhibit a fast-killing phenotype within 24h affecting first-cycle activity. Whereas drugs targeting mitochondria, apicoplast, microtubules, parasite invasion and egress exhibit a largely slow-killing phenotype within 96-120h, affecting second-cycle activity with few exemptions as moderately fast-killing. It is essential to understand the susceptibility of drugs on rings, trophozoites, schizonts, merozoites, and the appearance of organelle at each stage of 48h intraerythrocytic parasite cycle. Therefore, these parameters may facilitate the paradigm for understanding the timing of antimalarials action in deciphering its precise mechanism linked with time. Thus, classifying drugs based on the time of killing may promote designing new combination regimens against varied strains of P. falciparum and evaluating potential clinical resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Marie Bernard
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Abhinab Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Vinoth Rajendran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu X, Shen J, Zhu K. Antibacterial activities of plant-derived xanthones. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:107-116. [PMID: 35308024 PMCID: PMC8864485 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00351h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing threat to global health posed by antibiotic resistance remains a serious concern. This troublesome scenario has steered a need for the discovery and evaluation of novel antibacterial agents. Natural products are the main sources of antimicrobials used in clinical practice, serving as a rich reservoir for the discovery of new antibiotics. Pharmaceutical phenolics especially xanthones widely exist in the plant kingdom, and are important plant metabolites. They possess versatile biological activities, including antiviral, antibacterial, neurotrophic, and anticancer. In the present study, we focus on the antibacterial activities of phytoxanthones and summarize their structures and sources, categories and drug-likeness evaluations, and antibacterial activities. A total of 226 different plant xanthones are identified through the NETs screening, and most of them are distributed in Clusiaceae family. These phytoxanthones are divided into four groups according to the intrinsic structural properties, including the most common simple xanthones and the majority of biprenylated ones. Moreover, their physicochemical parameters are calculated and the structure-activity relationships are discussed as well. These results indicate that the biprenylated xanthone derivatives may be promising antibacterial candidates and that the natural products of plants may be a poorly understood repository for the discovery of novel antibacterial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Liu
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing 00193 China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing 00193 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 China
| | - Kui Zhu
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing 00193 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kingston DGI, Cassera MB. Antimalarial Natural Products. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 117:1-106. [PMID: 34977998 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89873-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have made a crucial and unique contribution to human health, and this is especially true in the case of malaria, where the natural products quinine and artemisinin and their derivatives and analogues, have saved millions of lives. The need for new drugs to treat malaria is still urgent, since the most dangerous malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, has become resistant to quinine and most of its derivatives and is becoming resistant to artemisinin and its derivatives. This volume begins with a short history of malaria and follows this with a summary of its biology. It then traces the fascinating history of the discovery of quinine for malaria treatment and then describes quinine's biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use, concluding with a discussion of synthetic antimalarial agents based on quinine's structure. The volume then covers the discovery of artemisinin and its development as the source of the most effective current antimalarial drug, including summaries of its synthesis and biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use and resistance. A short discussion of other clinically used antimalarial natural products leads to a detailed treatment of other natural products with significant antiplasmodial activity, classified by compound type. Although the search for new antimalarial natural products from Nature's combinatorial library is challenging, it is very likely to yield new antimalarial drugs. The chapter thus ends by identifying over ten natural products with development potential as clinical antimalarial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G I Kingston
- Department of Chemistry and the Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Maria Belen Cassera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases (CTEGD), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
A Photoalkylative Fluorogenic Probe of Guttiferone A for Live Cell Imaging and Proteome Labeling in Plasmodium falciparum. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215139. [PMID: 33158263 PMCID: PMC7663766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Guttiferone A (GA) 1, a polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol (PPAP) isolated from the plant Symphonia globulifera (Clusiaceae), constitutes a novel hit in antimalarial drug discovery. PPAPs do not possess identified biochemical targets in malarial parasites up to now. Towards this aim, we designed and evaluated a natural product-derived photoactivatable probe AZC-GA 5, embedding a photoalkylative fluorogenic motif of the 7-azidocoumarin (AZC) type, devoted to studying the affinity proteins interacting with GA in Plasmodium falciparum. Probe 5 manifested a number of positive functional and biological features, such as (i) inhibitory activity in vitro against P. falciparum blood-stages that was superimposable to that of GA 1, dose–response photoalkylative fluorogenic properties (ii) in model conditions using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as an affinity protein surrogate, (iii) in live P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes, and (iv) in fresh P. falciparum cell lysate. Fluorogenic signals by photoactivated AZC-GA 5 in biological settings were markedly abolished in the presence of excess GA 1 as a competitor, indicating significant pharmacological specificity of the designed molecular probe relative to the native PPAP. These results open the way to identify the detected plasmodial proteins as putative drug targets for the natural product 1 by means of proteomic analysis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Tajuddeen N, Van Heerden FR. Antiplasmodial natural products: an update. Malar J 2019; 18:404. [PMID: 31805944 PMCID: PMC6896759 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains a significant public health challenge in regions of the world where it is endemic. An unprecedented decline in malaria incidences was recorded during the last decade due to the availability of effective control interventions, such as the deployment of artemisinin-based combination therapy and insecticide-treated nets. However, according to the World Health Organization, malaria is staging a comeback, in part due to the development of drug resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new anti-malarial drugs. This article reviews the literature on natural products with antiplasmodial activity that was reported between 2010 and 2017. Methods Relevant literature was sourced by searching the major scientific databases, including Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SciFinder, Pubmed, and Google Scholar, using appropriate keyword combinations. Results and Discussion A total of 1524 compounds from 397 relevant references, assayed against at least one strain of Plasmodium, were reported in the period under review. Out of these, 39% were described as new natural products, and 29% of the compounds had IC50 ≤ 3.0 µM against at least one strain of Plasmodium. Several of these compounds have the potential to be developed into viable anti-malarial drugs. Also, some of these compounds could play a role in malaria eradication by targeting gametocytes. However, the research into natural products with potential for blocking the transmission of malaria is still in its infancy stage and needs to be vigorously pursued.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Tajuddeen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Fanie R Van Heerden
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chiral resolution of a caged xanthone and evaluation across a broad spectrum of breast cancer subtypes. Bioorg Chem 2019; 93:103303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
9
|
Yu L, Chen L, Luo G, Liu L, Zhu W, Yan P, Zhang P, Zhang C, Wu W. Study on Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 3-Aryl Substituted Xanthone Derivatives as Novel and Potent Tyrosinase Inhibitors. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:1232-1241. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Liandi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Guolin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Licai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Wenqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Pengke Yan
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Peiquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Wenhao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chantarasriwong O, Milcarek AT, Morales TH, Settle AL, Rezende CO, Althufairi BD, Theodoraki MA, Alpaugh ML, Theodorakis EA. Synthesis, structure-activity relationship and in vitro pharmacodynamics of A-ring modified caged xanthones in a preclinical model of inflammatory breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 168:405-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
11
|
Fernandes C, Carraro ML, Ribeiro J, Araújo J, Tiritan ME, Pinto MMM. Synthetic Chiral Derivatives of Xanthones: Biological Activities and Enantioselectivity Studies. Molecules 2019; 24:E791. [PMID: 30813236 PMCID: PMC6412826 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many naturally occurring xanthones are chiral and present a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. Some of them have been exhaustively studied and subsequently, obtained by synthesis. In order to obtain libraries of compounds for structure activity relationship (SAR) studies as well as to improve the biological activity, new bioactive analogues and derivatives inspired in natural prototypes were synthetized. Bioactive natural xanthones compromise a large structural multiplicity of compounds, including a diversity of chiral derivatives. Thus, recently an exponential interest in synthetic chiral derivatives of xanthones (CDXs) has been witnessed. The synthetic methodologies can afford structures that otherwise could not be reached within the natural products for biological activity and SAR studies. Another reason that justifies this trend is that both enantiomers can be obtained by using appropriate synthetic pathways, allowing the possibility to perform enantioselectivity studies. In this work, a literature review of synthetic CDXs is presented. The structures, the approaches used for their synthesis and the biological activities are described, emphasizing the enantioselectivity studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Maria Letícia Carraro
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Araújo
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.
| | - Madalena M M Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dam J, Bode ML, de Koning CB. Ceric Ammonium Sulfate (CAS) Mediated Oxidations of Benzophenones Possessing a Phenolic Substituent for the Synthesis of Xanthones and Related Products. J Org Chem 2019; 84:150-160. [PMID: 30516992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Work previously published by our group described novel methodology for the synthesis of xanthones and related products from phenolic benzophenones in a reaction mediated by ceric ammonium sulfate (CAS). In this paper we further explore this novel reaction by subjecting an additional set of phenolic benzophenones to CAS to afford a range of compounds, including xanthones, 9 H-xanthen-2,9(4a H)-diones, 3 H-spiro[benzofuran-2,1'-cyclohexa[2,5]diene]-3,4'-diones, and biaryl compounds. A comparison of these reactions with the more commonly used oxidant ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) was also conducted. Based on these results, greater insight into the reaction mechanism has been gained. In addition, the conversion of the synthesized xanthen-2,9(4a H)-diones to xanthones by treatment with sodium dithionite is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Dam
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry , University of the Witwatersrand , PO Wits 2050 , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Moira L Bode
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry , University of the Witwatersrand , PO Wits 2050 , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Charles B de Koning
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry , University of the Witwatersrand , PO Wits 2050 , Johannesburg , South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li M, Nyantakyi SA, Gopal P, Aziz DB, Dick T, Go ML. Indolylalkyltriphenylphosphonium Analogues Are Membrane-Depolarizing Mycobactericidal Agents. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:1165-1170. [PMID: 29152049 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Agents that selectively target the mycobacterial membrane could potentially shorten treatment time for tuberculosis, reduce relapse, and curtail emergence of resistant strains. The lipophilicity and extensive charge-delocalized state of the triphenylphosphonium cation strongly favor accumulation within bacterial membranes. Here, we explored the antimycobacterial activities and membrane-targeting properties of indolylalkyltriphenylphosphonium analogues. The most active analogues preferentially inhibited growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (MIC50 2-4 μM) and were bactericidal against Mycobacterium bovis BCG (MBC99 3 μM). In spite of their propensity to accumulate within membranes, we found no evidence that these compounds permeabilized mycobacterial membranes or induced cell-envelope stress. Our investigations indicated that their bacterical effects stem from sustained depolarization of mycobacterial membranes and ensuing disruptive effects on electron transfer and cell division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel A. Nyantakyi
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | | | | | - Thomas Dick
- Public
Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Mei-Lin Go
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| |
Collapse
|