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Eiler DR, Wimberly BT, Bilodeau DY, Taliaferro JM, Reigan P, Rissland OS, Kieft JS. The Giardia lamblia ribosome structure reveals divergence in several biological pathways and the mode of emetine function. Structure 2024; 32:400-410.e4. [PMID: 38242118 PMCID: PMC10997490 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is a deeply branching protist and a human pathogen. Its unusual biology presents the opportunity to explore conserved and fundamental molecular mechanisms. We determined the structure of the G. lamblia 80S ribosome bound to tRNA, mRNA, and the antibiotic emetine by cryo-electron microscopy, to an overall resolution of 2.49 Å. The structure reveals rapidly evolving protein and nucleotide regions, differences in the peptide exit tunnel, and likely altered ribosome quality control pathways. Examination of translation initiation factor binding sites suggests these interactions are conserved despite a divergent initiation mechanism. Highlighting the potential of G. lamblia to resolve conserved biological principles; our structure reveals the interactions of the translation inhibitor emetine with the ribosome and mRNA, thus providing insight into the mechanism of action for this widely used antibiotic. Our work defines key questions in G. lamblia and motivates future experiments to explore the diversity of eukaryotic gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Eiler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brian T Wimberly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Danielle Y Bilodeau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; RNA BioScience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - J Matthew Taliaferro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; RNA BioScience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Philip Reigan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Olivia S Rissland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; RNA BioScience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Jeffrey S Kieft
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; RNA BioScience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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2
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Sidorenko VS, Cohen I, Dorjee K, Minetti CA, Remeta DP, Gao J, Potapova I, Wang HZ, Hearing J, Yen WY, Kim HK, Hashimoto K, Moriya M, Dickman KG, Yin X, Garcia-Diaz M, Chennamshetti R, Bonala R, Johnson F, Waldeck AL, Gupta R, Li C, Breslauer KJ, Grollman AP, Rosenquist TA. Mechanisms of antiviral action and toxicities of ipecac alkaloids: Emetine and dehydroemetine exhibit anti-coronaviral activities at non-cardiotoxic concentrations. Virus Res 2024; 341:199322. [PMID: 38228190 PMCID: PMC10831786 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of highly infectious pathogens with their potential for triggering global pandemics necessitate the development of effective treatment strategies, including broad-spectrum antiviral therapies to safeguard human health. This study investigates the antiviral activity of emetine, dehydroemetine (DHE), and congeneric compounds against SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43, and evaluates their impact on the host cell. Concurrently, we assess the potential cardiotoxicity of these ipecac alkaloids. Significantly, our data reveal that emetine and the (-)-R,S isomer of 2,3-dehydroemetine (designated in this paper as DHE4) reduce viral growth at nanomolar concentrations (i.e., IC50 ∼ 50-100 nM), paralleling those required for inhibition of protein synthesis, while calcium channel blocking activity occurs at elevated concentrations (i.e., IC50 ∼ 40-60 µM). Our findings suggest that the antiviral mechanisms primarily involve disruption of host cell protein synthesis and is demonstrably stereoisomer specific. The prospect of a therapeutic window in which emetine or DHE4 inhibit viral propagation without cardiotoxicity renders these alkaloids viable candidates in strategies worthy of clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya S Sidorenko
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Ira Cohen
- Department of Physiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Kunchok Dorjee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, John Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Conceição A Minetti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - David P Remeta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Junyuan Gao
- Department of Physiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Irina Potapova
- Department of Physiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Hong Zhan Wang
- Department of Physiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Janet Hearing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Wan-Yi Yen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Hwan Keun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Keiji Hashimoto
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Masaaki Moriya
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Kathleen G Dickman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Xingyu Yin
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Miguel Garcia-Diaz
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Rajesh Chennamshetti
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Radha Bonala
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Francis Johnson
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Amanda L Waldeck
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Pharmacy, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Ramesh Gupta
- ChemMaster International Inc., Happauge, New York 11788, USA
| | - Chaoping Li
- Chemistry Service Unit of Shanghai Haoyuan Chemexpress Co., Ltd., Shanghai, PR China 201203
| | - Kenneth J Breslauer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Arthur P Grollman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Thomas A Rosenquist
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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Jones MA, Borun A, Greensmith DJ. Boswellia carterii oleoresin extracts induce caspase-mediated apoptosis and G 1 cell cycle arrest in human leukaemia subtypes. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1282239. [PMID: 38155908 PMCID: PMC10752984 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1282239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Leukemias are a common cancer in adults and children. While existing treatments are effective, they are associated with severe side-effects compounded by the emergence of drug resistance. This necessitates the need to develop new drugs and phytopharmaceuticals offer a largely untapped source. Oleoresins produced by plants in the genus Boswellia have been used for centuries in traditional medicine and recent work suggests they may exhibit anti-cancer activity. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear and most existing research focusses on Boswellia serrata; just one of many species in the Boswellia genus. To address these limitations, we elucidated the anti-cancer potential and associated mechanisms of action of Boswellia carterii. Methods: A methanolic solvent extraction method was optimised. The effect of methanolic extracts of B. carterii on leukaemia (K562, MOLT-4 and CCRF-CEM) and normal (PBMC) cell line viability was assessed using MTT assay and flow cytometry. Cell morphology, apoptosis (Annexin-V/propidium iodide), mitochondrial membrane potential (Rhodamine-123) and the cell cycle (propidium iodide) were evaluated using flow cytometry. Regulatory protein expression was quantified using Western Blot. Results: Methanolic extracts of B. carterii oleoresin reduced the viability of K562, MOLT-4 and CCRF-CEM cell lines with selectivity indexes of between 1.75 and 2.68. Extracts increased the proportion of cells in late apoptosis by 285.4% ± 51.6%. Mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased by 41% ± 2% and the expression of cleaved caspase-3, -7, and -9 was increased by 5.7, 3.3, and 1.5-fold respectively. Extracts increased the proportion of cells in subG1 and G1 phase by 867.8% ± 122.9% and 14.0 ± 5.5 and decreased those in S phase and G2/M by 63.4% ± 2.0% and 57.6% ± 5.3%. Expression of CDK2, CDK6, cyclin D1, and cyclin D3 were decreased by 2.8, 4.9, 3.9, and 2.5-fold. Conclusion: We are the first to report that methanolic extracts of B. carterii are selectively cytotoxic against three leukemia cell lines. Cytotoxic mechanisms likely include activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and cell cycle arrest through downregulation of CDK2, CDK6, cyclin D1, and cyclin D3. Our findings suggest that B. carterii may be an important source of novel chemotherapeutic drugs and justifies further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David James Greensmith
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Magwaza RN, Abubaker M, Hussain B, Haley M, Couper K, Freeman S, Nirmalan NJ. Evaluation of 4-Aminoquinoline Hydrazone Analogues as Potential Leads for Drug-Resistant Malaria. Molecules 2023; 28:6471. [PMID: 37764248 PMCID: PMC10534891 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of resistance to first-line antimalarial drugs calls for the development of new therapies for drug-resistant malaria. The efficacy of quinoline-based antimalarial drugs has prompted the development of novel quinolines. A panel of 4-aminoquinoline hydrazone analogues were tested on the multidrug-resistant K1 strain of Plasmodium falciparum: IC50 values after a 48 h cycle ranged from 0.60 to 49 µM, while the 72 h cycle ranged from 0.026 to 0.219 μM. Time-course assays were carried out to define the activity of the lead compounds, which inhibited over 50% growth in 24 h and 90% growth in 72 h. Cytotoxicity assays with HepG2 cells showed IC50 values of 0.87-11.1 μM, whereas in MDBK cells, IC50 values ranged from 1.66 to 11.7 μM. High selectivity indices were observed for the lead compounds screened at 72 h on P. falciparum. Analyses of stage specificity revealed that the ring stages of the parasite life cycle were most affected. Based on antimalarial efficacy and in vitro safety profiles, lead compound 4-(2-benzylidenehydrazinyl)-6-methoxy-2-methylquinoline 2 was progressed to drug combination studies for the detection of synergism, with a combinatory index of 0.599 at IC90 for the combination with artemether, indicating a synergistic antimalarial activity. Compound 2 was screened on different strains of P. falciparum (3D7, Dd2), which maintained similar activity to K1, suggesting no cross-resistance between multidrug resistance and sensitive parasite strains. In vivo analysis with 2 showed the suppression of parasitaemia with P. yoelii NL (non-lethal)-treated mice (20 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael N. Magwaza
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK;
| | - Muna Abubaker
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK;
| | - Buthaina Hussain
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 17138, Jordan;
| | - Michael Haley
- School of Biological Sciences, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Infection, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (M.H.); (K.C.)
| | - Kevin Couper
- School of Biological Sciences, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Infection, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (M.H.); (K.C.)
| | - Sally Freeman
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
| | - Niroshini J. Nirmalan
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK;
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Muema JM, Bargul JL, Obonyo MA, Njeru SN, Matoke-Muhia D, Mutunga JM. Contemporary exploitation of natural products for arthropod-borne pathogen transmission-blocking interventions. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:298. [PMID: 36002857 PMCID: PMC9404607 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05367-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An integrated approach to innovatively counter the transmission of various arthropod-borne diseases to humans would benefit from strategies that sustainably limit onward passage of infective life cycle stages of pathogens and parasites to the insect vectors and vice versa. Aiming to accelerate the impetus towards a disease-free world amid the challenges posed by climate change, discovery, mindful exploitation and integration of active natural products in design of pathogen transmission-blocking interventions is of high priority. Herein, we provide a review of natural compounds endowed with blockade potential against transmissible forms of human pathogens reported in the last 2 decades from 2000 to 2021. Finally, we propose various translational strategies that can exploit these pathogen transmission-blocking natural products into design of novel and sustainable disease control interventions. In summary, tapping these compounds will potentially aid in integrated combat mission to reduce disease transmission trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson M Muema
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya.
| | - Joel L Bargul
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya.,International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Meshack A Obonyo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton, 20115, Kenya
| | - Sospeter N Njeru
- Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research (CTMDR), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 54840, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya
| | - Damaris Matoke-Muhia
- Centre for Biotechnology Research Development (CBRD), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 54840, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya
| | - James M Mutunga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Kenya University (MKU), P.O. Box 54, Thika, 01000, Kenya.,School of Engineering Design, Technology and Professional Programs, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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