1
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Gulati M, Thomas JM, Ennis CL, Hernday AD, Rawat M, Nobile CJ. The bacillithiol pathway is required for biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Pathog 2024; 191:106657. [PMID: 38649100 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that can cause infections that range from superficial skin and mucosal infections to life threatening disseminated infections. S. aureus can attach to medical devices and host tissues and form biofilms that allow the bacteria to evade the host immune system and provide protection from antimicrobial agents. To counter host-generated oxidative and nitrosative stress mechanisms that are part of the normal host responses to invading pathogens, S. aureus utilizes low molecular weight (LMW) thiols, such as bacillithiol (BSH). Additionally, S. aureus synthesizes its own nitric oxide (NO), which combined with its downstream metabolites may also protect the bacteria against specific host responses. We have previously shown that LMW thiols are required for biofilm formation in Mycobacterium smegmatis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here, we show that the S. aureus bshC mutant strain, which is defective in the last step of the BSH pathway and lacks BSH, is impaired in biofilm formation. We also identify a possible S-nitrosobacillithiol reductase (BSNOR), similar in sequence to an S-nitrosomycothiol reductase found in M. smegmatis and show that the putative S. aureus bsnoR mutant strain has reduced levels of BSH and decreased biofilm formation. Our studies also show that NO plays an important role in biofilm formation and that acidified sodium nitrite severely reduces biofilm thickness. These studies provide insight into the roles of oxidative and nitrosative stress mechanisms on biofilm formation and indicate that BSH and NO are key players in normal biofilm formation in S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Gulati
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Jason M Thomas
- Department of Biology, California State University-Fresno, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Craig L Ennis
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA; Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Aaron D Hernday
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Mamta Rawat
- Department of Biology, California State University-Fresno, Fresno, CA, USA.
| | - Clarissa J Nobile
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA.
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2
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Tian Y, Tian X, Li T, Wang W. Overview of the effects and mechanisms of NO and its donors on biofilms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37942962 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2279687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biofilm is undoubtedly a challenging problem in the food industry. It is closely associated with human health and life, being difficult to remove and antibiotic resistance. Therefore, an alternate method to solve these problems is needed. Nitric oxide (NO) as an antimicrobial agent, has shown great potential to disrupt biofilms. However, the extremely short half-life of NO in vivo (2 s) has facilitated the development of relatively more stable NO donors. Recent studies reported that NO could permeate biofilms, causing damage to cellular biomacromolecules, inducing biofilm dispersion by quorum sensing (QS) pathway and reducing intracellular bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) levels, and significantly improving the bactericidal effect without drug resistance. In this review, biofilm hazards and formation processes are presented, and the characteristics and inhibitory effects of NO donors are carefully discussed, with an emphasis on the possible mechanisms of NO resistance to biofilms and some advanced approaches concerning the remediation of NO donor deficiencies. Moreover, the future perspectives, challenges, and limitations of NO donors were summarized comprehensively. On the whole, this review aims to provide the application prospects of NO and its donors in the food industry and to make reliable choices based on these available research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaojing Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Teng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenhang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
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3
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Chug MK, Griffin L, Garren M, Tharp E, Nguyen GH, Handa H, Brisbois EJ. Antimicrobial efficacy of a nitric oxide-releasing ampicillin conjugate catheter lock solution on clinically-isolated antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:6561-6572. [PMID: 37594048 PMCID: PMC10529818 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00775h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic lock therapy (ALT) is standard clinical practice for treating bacteremia linked with catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs). However, this strategy frequently fails against multi-drug-resistant bacteria in clinical settings. In this study, a novel approach to utilize a nitric oxide (NO) donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP)-conjugated to ampicillin antibiotic (namely SNAPicillin) as a catheter lock solution is presented. The conjugate of two antimicrobial agents is anticipated to overcome the challenges of bacterial infection caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria in ALT applications. Nitric oxide release from the SNAPicillin lock solution at varying concentrations was measured at 0 and 24 h time points in a catheter model system, which revealed tunable NO release at physiological levels. The clinical strains of E. coli (CDC AR-0089) and S. marcescens (CDC AR-0099) were screened using a zone of inhibition assay against standard antibiotics which confirmed the antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing of SNAPicillin unveiled the lowest MIC value for SNAPicillin against both E. coli and S. marcescens (1 and 2 mM of SNAPicillin, respectively) with an 8.24- and 4.28-log reduction in bacterial load compared to controls, respectively. In addition, while the ampicillin-treated biofilm demonstrated resistance toward the antibiotic, SNAPicillin led to >99% reduction in exterminating biofilm buildup on polymeric catheter surfaces. Lastly, the SNAPicillin lock solution was determined to be biocompatible via hemolysis and cell compatibility studies. Together, these results emphasize the promising potential of SNAPicillin lock solution with the dual-action of NO and ampicillin in overcoming bacterial challenges on medical devices like central venous catheters and other medical device interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjyot Kaur Chug
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Lauren Griffin
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Mark Garren
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Emma Tharp
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Grace H Nguyen
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Hitesh Handa
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Brisbois
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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4
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Sathe N, Beech P, Croft L, Suphioglu C, Kapat A, Athan E. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Infections and novel approaches to treatment "Knowing the enemy" the threat of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and exploring novel approaches to treatment. INFECTIOUS MEDICINE 2023; 2:178-194. [PMID: 38073886 PMCID: PMC10699684 DOI: 10.1016/j.imj.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an aerobic Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium with a comparatively large genome and an impressive genetic capability allowing it to grow in a variety of environments and tolerate a wide range of physical conditions. This biological flexibility enables the P. aeruginosa to cause a broad range of infections in patients with serious underlying medical conditions, and to be a principal cause of health care associated infection worldwide. The clinical manifestations of P. aeruginosa include mostly health care associated infections and community-acquired infections. P. aeruginosa possesses an array of virulence factors that counteract host defence mechanisms. It can directly damage host tissue while utilizing high levels of intrinsic and acquired antimicrobial resistance mechanisms to counter most classes of antibiotics. P. aeruginosa co-regulates multiple resistance mechanisms by perpetually moving targets poses a significant therapeutic challenge. Thus, there is an urgent need for novel approaches in the development of anti-Pseudomonas agents. Here we review the principal infections caused by P. aeruginosa and we discuss novel therapeutic options to tackle antibiotic resistance and treatment of P. aeruginosa infections that may be further developed for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Sathe
- Reliance Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences Centre, Thane Belapur Road, Rabale, Navi Mumbai 400701, India
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Peter Beech
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Larry Croft
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Cenk Suphioglu
- NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Campus at Waurn Ponds, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Arnab Kapat
- Reliance Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences Centre, Thane Belapur Road, Rabale, Navi Mumbai 400701, India
| | - Eugene Athan
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, PO Box 281 Geelong 3220, Australia
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5
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Gajewska J, Floryszak-Wieczorek J, Kosmala A, Perlikowski D, Żywicki M, Sobieszczuk-Nowicka E, Judelson HS, Arasimowicz-Jelonek M. Insight into metabolic sensors of nitrosative stress protection in Phytophthora infestans. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1148222. [PMID: 37546259 PMCID: PMC10399455 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1148222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans, a representative of phytopathogenic oomycetes, have been proven to cope with redundant sources of internal and host-derived reactive nitrogen species (RNS). To gain insight into its nitrosative stress resistance mechanisms, metabolic sensors activated in response to nitrosative challenge during both in vitro growth and colonization of the host plant were investigated. The conducted analyses of gene expression, protein accumulation, and enzyme activity reveal for the first time that P. infestans (avirulent MP946 and virulent MP977 toward potato cv. Sarpo Mira) withstands nitrosative challenge and has an efficient system of RNS elimination. The obtained data indicate that the system protecting P. infestans against nitric oxide (NO) involved the expression of the nitric oxide dioxygenase (Pi-NOD1) gene belonging to the globin family. The maintenance of RNS homeostasis was also supported by an elevated S-nitrosoglutathione reductase activity and upregulation of peroxiredoxin 2 at the transcript and protein levels; however, the virulence pattern determined the expression abundance. Based on the experiments, it can be concluded that P. infestans possesses a multifarious system of metabolic sensors controlling RNS balance via detoxification, allowing the oomycete to exist in different micro-environments flexibly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gajewska
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Arkadiusz Kosmala
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dawid Perlikowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marek Żywicki
- Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewa Sobieszczuk-Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Howard S. Judelson
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Magdalena Arasimowicz-Jelonek
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
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6
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Ordek A, Gordesli-Duatepe FP. Impact of sodium nitroprusside concentration added to batch cultures of Escherichia coli biofilms on the c-di-GMP levels, morphologies and adhesion of biofilm-dispersed cells. BIOFOULING 2022; 38:796-813. [PMID: 36229918 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2131399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm dispersion can be triggered by the application of dispersing agents such as nitric oxide (NO)-donors, resulting in the release of biofilm-dispersed cells into the environment. In this work, biofilm-dispersed cells were obtained by adding different concentrations of NO-donor sodium nitroprusside (0.5, 5, 50 µM, and 2.5 mM of SNP) to batch cultures of pre-formed Escherichia coli biofilms. Except for those dispersed by 5 µM of SNP, biofilm-dispersed cells were found to be wider and longer than the planktonic cells and to have higher c-di-GMP levels and greater adhesion forces to silicon nitride surfaces in water as measured by atomic force microscope. Consequently, the optimum concentration of SNP to disperse E. coli biofilms was found to be 5 µM of SNP, whose addition to batch cultures resulted in a significant biofilm dispersion and the dispersed cells having c-di-GMP levels, morphologies and adhesion strengths similar to their planktonic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Ordek
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, Graduate School, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey
| | - F Pinar Gordesli-Duatepe
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey
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7
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Chug MK, Brisbois EJ. Smartphone compatible nitric oxide releasing insert to prevent catheter-associated infections. J Control Release 2022; 349:227-240. [PMID: 35777483 PMCID: PMC9680949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A large fraction of nosocomial infections is associated with medical devices that are deemed life-threatening in immunocompromised patients. Medical device-related infections are a result of bacterial colonization and biofilm formation on the device surface that affects >1 million people annually in the US alone. Over the past few years, light-based antimicrobial therapy has made substantial advances in tackling microbial colonization. Taking the advantage of light and antibacterial properties of nitric oxide (NO), for the first time, a robust, biocompatible, anti-infective approach to design a universal disposable catheter disinfection insert (DCDI) that can both prevent bacterial adhesion and disinfect indwelling catheters in situ is reported. The DCDI is engineered using a photo-initiated NO donor molecule, incorporated in polymer tubing that is mounted on a side glow fiber optic connected to an LED light source. Using a smartphone application, the NO release from DCDI is photoactivated via white light resulting in tunable physiological levels of NO for up to 24 h. When challenged with microorganisms S. aureus and E. coli, the NO-releasing DCDI statistically reduced microbial attachment by >99% versus the controls with just 4 h of exposure. The DCDI also eradicated ∼97% of pre-colonized bacteria on the CVC catheter model demonstrating the ability to exterminate an established catheter infection. The smart, mobile-operated novel universal antibacterial device can be used to both prevent catheter infections or can be inserted within an infected catheter to eradicate the bacteria without complex surgical interventions. The therapeutic levels of NO generated via illuminating fiber optics can be the next-generation biocompatible solution for catheter-related bloodstream infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjyot Kaur Chug
- School of Chemical, Materials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Brisbois
- School of Chemical, Materials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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8
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Chautrand T, Depayras S, Souak D, Bouteiller M, Kondakova T, Barreau M, Ben Mlouka MA, Hardouin J, Konto-Ghiorghi Y, Chevalier S, Merieau A, Orange N, Duclairoir-Poc C. Detoxification Response of Pseudomonas fluorescens MFAF76a to Gaseous Pollutants NO 2 and NO. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081576. [PMID: 36013994 PMCID: PMC9414441 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are often exposed to nitrosative stress from their environment, from atmospheric pollution or from the defense mechanisms of other organisms. Reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which mediate nitrosative stress, are notably involved in the mammalian immune response through the production of nitric oxide (NO) by the inducible NO synthase iNOS. RNS are highly reactive and can alter various biomolecules such as lipids, proteins and DNA, making them toxic for biological organisms. Resistance to RNS is therefore important for the survival of bacteria in various environments, and notably to successfully infect their host. The fuel combustion processes used in industries and transports are responsible for the emission of important quantities of two major RNS, NO and the more toxic nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Human exposure to NO2 is notably linked to increases in lung infections. While the response of bacteria to NO in liquid medium is well-studied, few data are available on their exposure to gaseous NO and NO2. This study showed that NO2 is much more toxic than NO at similar concentrations for the airborne bacterial strain Pseudomonas fluorescens MFAF76a. The response to NO2 involves a wide array of effectors, while the response to NO seemingly focuses on the Hmp flavohemoprotein. Results showed that NO2 induces the production of other RNS, unlike NO, which could explain the differences between the effects of these two molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Chautrand
- Research Unit Bacterial Communication and Anti-Infectious Strategies (UR CBSA), University of Rouen Normandy, 55 Rue Saint-Germain, 27000 Evreux, France
| | - Ségolène Depayras
- Research Unit Bacterial Communication and Anti-Infectious Strategies (UR CBSA), University of Rouen Normandy, 55 Rue Saint-Germain, 27000 Evreux, France
- Praxens, Normandy Health Security Center, 55 Rue Saint-Germain, 27000 Evreux, France
| | - Djouhar Souak
- Research Unit Bacterial Communication and Anti-Infectious Strategies (UR CBSA), University of Rouen Normandy, 55 Rue Saint-Germain, 27000 Evreux, France
| | - Mathilde Bouteiller
- Research Unit Bacterial Communication and Anti-Infectious Strategies (UR CBSA), University of Rouen Normandy, 55 Rue Saint-Germain, 27000 Evreux, France
| | - Tatiana Kondakova
- LPS-BIOSCIENCES SAS, Domaine de l’Université Paris Sud, Bâtiment 430, Université Paris Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Magalie Barreau
- Research Unit Bacterial Communication and Anti-Infectious Strategies (UR CBSA), University of Rouen Normandy, 55 Rue Saint-Germain, 27000 Evreux, France
| | - Mohamed Amine Ben Mlouka
- Polymers, Biopolymers, Surface Laboratory, University of Rouen Normandy, INSA, CNRS, Bâtiment DULONG—Bd Maurice de Broglie, CEDEX, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- PISSARO Proteomic Facility, IRIB, F-76820 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Julie Hardouin
- Polymers, Biopolymers, Surface Laboratory, University of Rouen Normandy, INSA, CNRS, Bâtiment DULONG—Bd Maurice de Broglie, CEDEX, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- PISSARO Proteomic Facility, IRIB, F-76820 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Yoan Konto-Ghiorghi
- Research Unit Bacterial Communication and Anti-Infectious Strategies (UR CBSA), University of Rouen Normandy, 55 Rue Saint-Germain, 27000 Evreux, France
| | - Sylvie Chevalier
- Research Unit Bacterial Communication and Anti-Infectious Strategies (UR CBSA), University of Rouen Normandy, 55 Rue Saint-Germain, 27000 Evreux, France
| | - Annabelle Merieau
- Research Unit Bacterial Communication and Anti-Infectious Strategies (UR CBSA), University of Rouen Normandy, 55 Rue Saint-Germain, 27000 Evreux, France
| | - Nicole Orange
- Research Unit Bacterial Communication and Anti-Infectious Strategies (UR CBSA), University of Rouen Normandy, 55 Rue Saint-Germain, 27000 Evreux, France
| | - Cécile Duclairoir-Poc
- Research Unit Bacterial Communication and Anti-Infectious Strategies (UR CBSA), University of Rouen Normandy, 55 Rue Saint-Germain, 27000 Evreux, France
- Correspondence:
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9
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Defenses of multidrug resistant pathogens against reactive nitrogen species produced in infected hosts. Adv Microb Physiol 2022; 80:85-155. [PMID: 35489794 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens have sophisticated systems that allow them to survive in hosts in which innate immunity is the frontline of defense. One of the substances produced by infected hosts is nitric oxide (NO) that together with its derived species leads to the so-called nitrosative stress, which has antimicrobial properties. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on targets and protective systems that bacteria have to survive host-generated nitrosative stress. We focus on bacterial pathogens that pose serious health concerns due to the growing increase in resistance to currently available antimicrobials. We describe the role of nitrosative stress as a weapon for pathogen eradication, the detoxification enzymes, protein/DNA repair systems and metabolic strategies that contribute to limiting NO damage and ultimately allow survival of the pathogen in the host. Additionally, this systematization highlights the lack of available data for some of the most important human pathogens, a gap that urgently needs to be addressed.
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10
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Poh WH, Rice SA. Recent Developments in Nitric Oxide Donors and Delivery for Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030674. [PMID: 35163933 PMCID: PMC8839391 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of nitric oxide (NO) is emerging as a promising, novel approach for the treatment of antibiotic resistant bacteria and biofilm infections. Depending on the concentration, NO can induce biofilm dispersal, increase bacteria susceptibility to antibiotic treatment, and induce cell damage or cell death via the formation of reactive oxygen or reactive nitrogen species. The use of NO is, however, limited by its reactivity, which can affect NO delivery to its target site and result in off-target effects. To overcome these issues, and enable spatial or temporal control over NO release, various strategies for the design of NO-releasing materials, including the incorporation of photo-activable, charge-switchable, or bacteria-targeting groups, have been developed. Other strategies have focused on increased NO storage and delivery by encapsulation or conjugation of NO donors within a single polymeric framework. This review compiles recent developments in NO drugs and NO-releasing materials designed for applications in antimicrobial or anti-biofilm treatment and discusses limitations and variability in biological responses in response to the use of NO for bacterial eradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee Han Poh
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore;
- Correspondence:
| | - Scott A. Rice
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore;
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- The iThree Institute, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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11
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Carvalho SM, Freitas CS, Oliveira AS, Saraiva LM. Staphylococcus aureus flavohaemoglobin contributes to early stage biofilm development under nitrosative stress. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6402901. [PMID: 34665259 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium with capacity to form biofilms, which constitute an important resistance mechanism and virulence factor. Flavohaemoglobin (Hmp) is a major nitric oxide (NO) detoxifier of several bacteria, including S. aureus. Although Hmp has a well-known physiological role linked to response of planktonic cells to nitrosative stress, its contribution to biofilm formation remains unaddressed. Hence, in this work, we investigated the role of Hmp in biofilm development of a methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain. For this purpose, we exposed the hmp mutant to nitrosative stress and examined its behaviour along biofilm development. We observed that cells inactivated in hmp and grown under nitrosative stress conditions have significantly impaired capacity to develop early stage biofilms. Furthermore, the wild-type biofilm phenotype was fully restored by trans-complementation of hmp in the hmp mutant. Coculture studies of NO-producing macrophages with S. aureus revealed that the hmp mutant has significantly lower capacity to develop biofilm biomass when compared with the wild type. Thus, we concluded that the pathogen S. aureus relies on Hmp to establish viable biofilms in the presence of cells of the host innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Carvalho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cláudia S Freitas
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana S Oliveira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Lígia M Saraiva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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12
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D'Arpa P, Karna SLR, Chen T, Leung KP. Pseudomonas aeruginosa transcriptome adaptations from colonization to biofilm infection of skin wounds. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20632. [PMID: 34667187 PMCID: PMC8526614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In burn patients Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is a major cause of morbidity. Analysis of the pathogen's gene expression as it transitions from colonization to acute and then biofilm wound infection may provide strategies for infection control. Toward this goal, we seeded log-phase P. aeruginosa (PAO1) into 3-day-old, full-thickness excision wounds (rabbit ear) and harvested the bacteria during colonization (Hrs 2 and 6), acute infection (Hr 24), and biofilm infection (Days 5 and 9) for transcriptome analysis (RNA-Seq). After 2-6 h in the wound, genes for metabolism and cell replication were down-regulated while wound-adaptation genes were up-regulated (vs. expression in log-phase culture). As the infection progressed from acute to biofilm infection, more genes became up-regulated than down-regulated, but the down-regulated genes enriched in more pathways, likely because the genes and pathways that bacteria already colonizing wounds up-regulate to establish biofilm infection are less known. Across the stages of infection, carbon-utilization pathways shifted. During acute infection, itaconate produced by myeloid cells appears to have been a carbon source because myeloid cell infiltration and the expression of the host gene, ACOD1, for itaconate production peaked coincidently with the expression of the PAO1 genes for itaconate transport and catabolism. Additionally, branched-chain amino acids are suggested to be a carbon source in acute infection and in biofilm infection. In biofilm infection, fatty acid degradation was also up-regulated. These carbon sources feed into the glyoxylate cycle that was coincidently up-regulated, suggesting it provided the precursors for P. aeruginosa to synthesize macromolecules in establishing wound infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D'Arpa
- Combat Wound Repair Group and Tissue Regeneration Department, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA.,The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, USA
| | - S L Rajasekhar Karna
- Combat Wound Repair Group and Tissue Regeneration Department, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Tsute Chen
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kai P Leung
- Combat Wound Repair Group and Tissue Regeneration Department, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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13
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Nair HAS, Subramoni S, Poh WH, Hasnuddin NTB, Tay M, Givskov M, Tolker-Nielsen T, Kjelleberg S, McDougald D, Rice SA. Carbon starvation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms selects for dispersal insensitive mutants. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:255. [PMID: 34551714 PMCID: PMC8459498 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilms disperse in response to specific environmental cues, such as reduced oxygen concentration, changes in nutrient concentration and exposure to nitric oxide. Interestingly, biofilms do not completely disperse under these conditions, which is generally attributed to physiological heterogeneity of the biofilm. However, our results suggest that genetic heterogeneity also plays an important role in the non-dispersing population of P. aeruginosa in biofilms after nutrient starvation. RESULTS In this study, 12.2% of the biofilm failed to disperse after 4 d of continuous starvation-induced dispersal. Cells were recovered from the dispersal phase as well as the remaining biofilm. For 96 h starved biofilms, rugose small colony variants (RSCV) were found to be present in the biofilm, but were not observed in the dispersal effluent. In contrast, wild type and small colony variants (SCV) were found in high numbers in the dispersal phase. Genome sequencing of these variants showed that most had single nucleotide mutations in genes associated with biofilm formation, e.g. in wspF, pilT, fha1 and aguR. Complementation of those mutations restored starvation-induced dispersal from the biofilms. Because c-di-GMP is linked to biofilm formation and dispersal, we introduced a c-di-GMP reporter into the wild-type P. aeruginosa and monitored green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression before and after starvation-induced dispersal. Post dispersal, the microcolonies were smaller and significantly brighter in GFP intensity, suggesting the relative concentration of c-di-GMP per cell within the microcolonies was also increased. Furthermore, only the RSCV showed increased c-di-GMP, while wild type and SCV were no different from the parental strain. CONCLUSIONS This suggests that while starvation can induce dispersal from the biofilm, it also results in strong selection for mutants that overproduce c-di-GMP and that fail to disperse in response to the dispersal cue, starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikrishnan A S Nair
- The Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Singapore, Singapore.,Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Singapore, Singapore.,Present address: Eppendorf AG, Barkhausenweg 1, 22339, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sujatha Subramoni
- The Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Han Poh
- The Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Martin Tay
- The Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Singapore, Singapore.,Present address: Public Utilities Board, Government of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael Givskov
- The Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Singapore, Singapore.,Costerton Biofilm Center, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tim Tolker-Nielsen
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Staffan Kjelleberg
- The Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Diane McDougald
- The Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Singapore, Singapore. .,The Ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Scott A Rice
- The Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Singapore, Singapore. .,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. .,The Ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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14
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Wille J, Coenye T. Biofilm dispersion: The key to biofilm eradication or opening Pandora's box? Biofilm 2020; 2:100027. [PMID: 33447812 PMCID: PMC7798462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2020.100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are extremely difficult to eradicate due to their decreased antibiotic susceptibility. Inducing biofilm dispersion could be a potential strategy to help combat biofilm-related infections. Mechanisms of biofilm dispersion can basically be divided into two groups, i.e. active and passive dispersion. Active dispersion depends on a decrease in the intracellular c-di-GMP levels, leading to the production of enzymes that degrade the biofilm matrix and promote dispersion. In contrast, passive dispersion relies on triggers that directly release cells from the biofilm. In the present review, several active and passive dispersion strategies are discussed. In addition, the disadvantages and possible consequences of using dispersion as a treatment approach for biofilm-related infections are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Wille
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Thi MTT, Wibowo D, Rehm BH. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228671. [PMID: 33212950 PMCID: PMC7698413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen causing devastating acute and chronic infections in individuals with compromised immune systems. Its highly notorious persistence in clinical settings is attributed to its ability to form antibiotic-resistant biofilms. Biofilm is an architecture built mostly by autogenic extracellular polymeric substances which function as a scaffold to encase the bacteria together on surfaces, and to protect them from environmental stresses, impedes phagocytosis and thereby conferring the capacity for colonization and long-term persistence. Here we review the current knowledge on P. aeruginosa biofilms, its development stages, and molecular mechanisms of invasion and persistence conferred by biofilms. Explosive cell lysis within bacterial biofilm to produce essential communal materials, and interspecies biofilms of P. aeruginosa and commensal Streptococcus which impedes P. aeruginosa virulence and possibly improves disease conditions will also be discussed. Recent research on diagnostics of P. aeruginosa infections will be investigated. Finally, therapeutic strategies for the treatment of P. aeruginosa biofilms along with their advantages and limitations will be compiled.
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16
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Cai YM, Webb JS. Optimization of nitric oxide donors for investigating biofilm dispersal response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8859-8869. [PMID: 32865612 PMCID: PMC7502453 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10859-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms contribute heavily to chronic lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients, leading to morbidity and mortality. Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to disperse P. aeruginosa biofilms in vitro, ex vivo and in clinical trials as a promising anti-biofilm agent. Traditional NO donors such as sodium nitroprusside (SNP) have been extensively employed in different studies. However, the dosage of SNP in different studies was not consistent, ranging from 500 nM to 500 μM. SNP is light sensitive and produces cyanide, which may lead to data misinterpretation and inaccurate predictions of dispersal responses in clinical settings. New NO donors and NO delivery methods have therefore been explored. Here we assessed 7 NO donors using P. aeruginosa PAO1 and determined that SNP and Spermine NONOate (S150) successfully reduced > 60% biomass within 24 and 2 h, respectively. While neither dosage posed toxicity towards bacterial cells, chemiluminescence assays showed that SNP only released NO upon light exposure in M9 media and S150 delivered much higher performance spontaneously. S150 was then tested on 13 different cystic fibrosis P. aeruginosa (CF-PA) isolates; most CF-PA biofilms were significantly dispersed by 250 μM S150. Our work therefore discovered a commercially available NO donor S150, which disperses CF-PA biofilms efficiently within a short period of time and without releasing cyanide, as an alternative of SNP in clinical trials in the future. KEY POINTS: • S150 performs the best in dispersing P. aeruginosa biofilms among 7 NO donors. • SNP only releases NO in the presence of light, while S150 releases NO spontaneously. • S150 successfully disperses biofilms formed by P. aeruginosa cystic fibrosis clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Cai
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Jeremy S Webb
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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17
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Abstract
Flavohaemoglobins were first described in yeast as early as the 1970s but their functions were unclear. The surge in interest in nitric oxide biology and both serendipitous and hypothesis-driven discoveries in bacterial systems have transformed our understanding of this unusual two-domain globin into a comprehensive, yet undoubtedly incomplete, appreciation of its pre-eminent role in nitric oxide detoxification. Here, I focus on research on the flavohaemoglobins of microorganisms, especially of bacteria, and update several earlier and more comprehensive reviews, emphasising advances over the past 5 to 10 years and some controversies that have arisen. Inevitably, in light of space restrictions, details of nitric oxide metabolism and globins in higher organisms are brief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K. Poole
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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18
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Cai YM, Chatelet DS, Howlin RP, Wang ZZ, Webb JS. A novel application of Gini coefficient for the quantitative measurement of bacterial aggregation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19002. [PMID: 31831832 PMCID: PMC6908595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55567-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-surface attached bacterial aggregates are frequently found in clinical settings associated with chronic infections. Current methods quantifying the extent to which a suspended bacterial population is aggregated mainly rely on: (1) cell size distribution curves that are difficult to be compared numerically among large-scale samples; (2) the average size/proportion of aggregates in a population that do not specify the aggregation patterns. Here we introduce a novel application of Gini coefficient, herein named Aggregation Coefficient (AC), to quantify the aggregation levels of cystic fibrosis Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CF-PA) isolates in vitro using 3D micrographs, Fiji and MATLAB. Different aggregation patterns of five strains were compared statistically using the numerical AC indexes, which correlated well with the size distribution curves plotted by different biovolumes of aggregates. To test the sensitivity of AC, aggregates of the same strains were treated with nitric oxide (NO), a dispersal agent that reduces the biomass of surface attached biofilms. Strains unresponsive to NO were reflected by comparable AC indexes, while those undergoing dispersal showed a significant reduction in AC index, mirroring the changes in average aggregate sizes and proportions. Therefore, AC provides simpler and more descriptive numerical outputs for measuring different aggregation patterns compared to current approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Cai
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - David S Chatelet
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Robert P Howlin
- NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Zhi-Zhong Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jeremy S Webb
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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19
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Nitric Oxide and Iron Signaling Cues Have Opposing Effects on Biofilm Development in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.02175-18. [PMID: 30478229 PMCID: PMC6344620 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02175-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
While both iron and nitric oxide (NO) are redox-active environmental signals shown to regulate biofilm development, their interaction and roles in regulating biofilms have not been fully elucidated. In this study, exposure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms to exogenous NO inhibited the expression of iron acquisition-related genes and the production of the siderophore pyoverdine. Furthermore, supplementation of the culture medium with high levels of iron (100 μM) counteracted NO-induced biofilm dispersal by promoting the rapid attachment of planktonic cells. In the presence of iron, biofilms were found to disperse transiently to NO, while the freshly dispersed cells reattached rapidly within 15 min. This effect was not due to the scavenging of NO by free iron but involved a cellular response induced by iron that led to the elevated production of the exopolysaccharide Psl. Interestingly, most Psl remained on the substratum after treatment with NO, suggesting that dispersal involved changes in the interactions between Psl and P. aeruginosa cells. Taken together, our results suggest that iron and NO regulate biofilm development via different pathways, both of which include the regulation of Psl-mediated attachment. Moreover, the addition of an iron chelator worked synergistically with NO in the dispersal of biofilms.IMPORTANCE Nitric oxide (NO), which induces biofilm dispersal, is a promising strategy for biofilm control in both clinical and industrial contexts. However, competing environmental signals may reduce the efficacy of NO. The results presented here suggest that the presence of iron represents one such environmental cue that antagonizes the activity of NO as a biofilm-dispersing agent. Based on this understanding, we developed a strategy to enhance dispersal by combining NO with an iron-scavenging agent. Overall, this study links two important environmental signals, iron and NO, with their roles in biofilm development and suggests new ways for improving the use of NO in biofilm control strategies.
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