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Ferreira FHDC, Pinto LR, Oliveira BA, Daniel LV, Navarro M, Delgado GYS. Analysis of the interaction of antimalarial agents with Plasmodium falciparum glutathione reductase through molecular mechanical calculations. J Mol Model 2024; 30:181. [PMID: 38780838 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05968-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Malaria remains a significant global health challenge with emerging resistance to current treatments. Plasmodium falciparum glutathione reductase (PfGR) plays a critical role in the defense mechanisms of malaria parasites against oxidative stress. In this study, we investigate the potential of targeting PfGR with conventional antimalarials and dual drugs combining aminoquinoline derivatives with GR inhibitors, which reveal promising interactions between PfGR and studied drugs. The naphthoquinone Atovaquone demonstrated particularly high affinity and potential dual-mode binding with the enzyme active site and cavity. Furthermore, dual drugs exhibit enhanced binding affinity, suggesting their efficacy in inhibiting PfGR, where the aliphatic ester bond (linker) is essential for effective binding with the enzyme's active site. Overall, this research provides important insights into the interactions between antimalarial agents and PfGR and encourages further exploration of its role in the mechanisms of action of antimalarials, including dual drugs, to enhance antiparasitic efficacy. METHODS The drugs were tested as PfGR potential inhibitors via molecular docking on AutoDock 4, which was performed based on the preoptimized structures in HF/3-21G-PCM level of theory on ORCA 5. Drug-receptor systems with the most promising binding affinities were then studied with a molecular dynamic's simulation on AMBER 16. The molecular dynamics simulations were performed with a 100 ns NPT ensemble employing GAFF2 forcefield in the temperature of 310 K, integration time step of 2 fs, and non-bond cutoff distance of 6.0 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Henrique do C Ferreira
- NEQC: Núcleo de Estudos em Química Computacional, Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36.036-900, Brazil
| | - L R Pinto
- NEQC: Núcleo de Estudos em Química Computacional, Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36.036-900, Brazil
| | - B A Oliveira
- SINTBIOMOL: Tecnologia em Fármacos: Síntese de Biomoléculas, Avaliação Biológica e Repercussões Ambientais, Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36.036-900, Brazil
| | - L V Daniel
- LaQBIC: Laboratório de Química Bioinorgânica e Catálise, Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36.036-900, Brazil
| | - M Navarro
- LaQBIC: Laboratório de Química Bioinorgânica e Catálise, Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36.036-900, Brazil
| | - G Y Sánchez Delgado
- LaQBIC: Laboratório de Química Bioinorgânica e Catálise, Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36.036-900, Brazil.
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2
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Redway A, Spry C, Brown A, Wiedemann U, Fathoni I, Garnie LF, Qiu D, Egan TJ, Lehane AM, Jackson Y, Saliba KJ, Downer-Riley N. Discovery of antiplasmodial pyridine carboxamides and thiocarboxamides. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 25:100536. [PMID: 38663046 PMCID: PMC11068522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Malaria continues to be a significant burden, particularly in Africa, which accounts for 95% of malaria deaths worldwide. Despite advances in malaria treatments, malaria eradication is hampered by insecticide and antimalarial drug resistance. Consequently, the need to discover new antimalarial lead compounds remains urgent. To help address this need, we evaluated the antiplasmodial activity of twenty-two amides and thioamides with pyridine cores and their non-pyridine analogues. Twelve of these compounds showed in vitro anti-proliferative activity against the intraerythrocytic stage of Plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent species of Plasmodium infecting humans. Thiopicolinamide 13i was found to possess submicromolar activity (IC50 = 142 nM) and was >88-fold less active against a human cell line. The compound was equally effective against chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant parasites and did not inhibit β-hematin formation, pH regulation or PfATP4. Compound 13i may therefore possess a novel mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Redway
- Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica; Chemistry Divison, University of Technology, 237 Old Hope Road, Kingston 6, Jamaica
| | - Christina Spry
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Ainka Brown
- Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Ursula Wiedemann
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Imam Fathoni
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Larnelle F Garnie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Deyun Qiu
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Adele M Lehane
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Yvette Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Kevin J Saliba
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Nadale Downer-Riley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica.
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3
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Costa Souza RM, Montenegro Pimentel LML, Ferreira LKM, Pereira VRA, Santos ACDS, Dantas WM, Silva CJO, De Medeiros Brito RM, Andrade JL, De Andrade-Neto VF, Fujiwara RT, Bueno LL, Silva Junior VA, Pena L, Camara CA, Rathi B, De Oliveira RN. Biological activity of 1,2,3-triazole-2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives and their evaluation as therapeutic strategy for malaria control. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 255:115400. [PMID: 37130472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Malaria can be caused by several Plasmodium species and the development of an effective vaccine is challenging. Currently, the most effective tool to control the disease is the administration of specific chemotherapy; however, resistance to the frontline antimalarials is one of the major problems in malaria control and thus the development of new drugs becomes urgent. The study presented here sought to evaluate the antimalarial activities of compounds derived from 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinones containing 1,2,3-triazole using in vivo and in vitro models. 1H-1,2,3-Triazole 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for antimalarial activity in vitro, using P. falciparum W2 chloroquine (CQ) resistant strain and in vivo using the murine-P. berghei ANKA strain. Acute toxicity was determined as established by the OECD (2001). Cytotoxicity was evaluated against HepG2 and Vero mammalian cell lines. Transmission electron microscopy of the Plasmodium falciparum trophozoite (early and late stages) was used to evaluate the action of compounds derived at ultra-structural level. The compounds displayed low cytotoxicity CC50 > 100 μM, neither did they cause hemolysis at the tested doses and nor the signs of toxicity in the in vivo acute toxicity test. Among the five compounds tested, one showed IC50 values in submicromolar range of 0.8 μM. Compounds 7, 8 and 11 showed IC50 values < 5 μM, and selectivity index (SI) ranging from 6.8 to 343 for HepG2, and from 13.7 to 494.8 for Vero cells. Compounds 8 and 11 were partially active against P. berghei induced parasitemia in vivo. Analysis of the ultrastructural changes associated with the treatment of these two compounds, showed trophozoites with completely degraded cytoplasm, loss of membrane integrity, organelles in the decomposition stage and possible food vacuole deterioration. Our results indicated that compounds 8 and 11 may be considered hit molecules for antimalarial drug discovery platform and deserve further optimization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Maria Costa Souza
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunoepidemiology of Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz-PE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valéria Rêgo Alves Pereira
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz-PE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Aline Caroline Da Silva Santos
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz-PE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Willyenne Marília Dantas
- Department of Virology and Experimental Therapy Aggeu Magalhães Institute - Fiocruz-PE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Carla Jasmine Oliveira Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ramayana Morais De Medeiros Brito
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Malaria and Toxoplasmosis Biology, LaBMAT/DMP/CB, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Department of Parasitology, Laboratory of Immunobiology and Parasites Control, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Lucas Andrade
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Malaria and Toxoplasmosis Biology, LaBMAT/DMP/CB, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Valter Ferreira De Andrade-Neto
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Malaria and Toxoplasmosis Biology, LaBMAT/DMP/CB, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Department of Parasitology, Laboratory of Immunobiology and Parasites Control, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lilian Lacerda Bueno
- Department of Parasitology, Laboratory of Immunobiology and Parasites Control, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Lindomar Pena
- Department of Virology and Experimental Therapy Aggeu Magalhães Institute - Fiocruz-PE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Celso Amorim Camara
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Brijesh Rathi
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Ronaldo Nascimento De Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Haag M, Kehrer J, Sanchez CP, Deponte M, Lanzer M. Physiological jump in erythrocyte redox potential during Plasmodium falciparum development occurs independent of the sickle cell trait. Redox Biol 2022; 58:102536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Methylene Blue-Based Combination Therapy with Amodiaquine Prevents Severe Malaria in an Experimental Rodent Model. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102031. [PMID: 36297466 PMCID: PMC9611243 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Untreated malaria can progress rapidly to severe forms (<24 h). Moreover, resistance to antimalarial drugs is a threat to global efforts to protect people from malaria. Given this, it is clear that new chemotherapy must be developed. We contribute new data about using methylene blue (MB) to cure malaria and cerebral malaria in a combined therapy with common antimalarial drugs, including mefloquine (MQ) and amodiaquine (AQ). A C57BL6/J mouse model was used in an experimental cerebral malaria model. Mice were infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA on Day 0 (D0) and the treatment started on D3 (nearly 1% parasitaemia) with AQ, MQ or MB alone or in combination with AQ or MQ. AQ, MQ and MB alone were unable to prevent cerebral malaria as part of a late chemotherapy. MB-based combination therapies were efficient even if treatment began at a late stage. We found a significant difference in survival rate (p < 0.0001) between MBAQ and the untreated group, but also with the AQ (p = 0.0024) and MB groups (p < 0.0001). All the infected mice treated with MB in combination with AQ were protected from cerebral malaria. Partial protection was demonstrated with MB associated with MQ. In this group, a significant difference was found between MBMQ and the untreated group (p < 0.0001), MQ (p = 0.0079) and MB (p = 0.0039). MB associated with AQ would be a good candidate for preventing cerebral malaria.
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Cichocki BA, Donzel M, Heimsch KC, Lesanavičius M, Feng L, Montagut EJ, Becker K, Aliverti A, Elhabiri M, Čėnas N, Davioud-Charvet E. Plasmodium falciparum Ferredoxin-NADP + Reductase-Catalyzed Redox Cycling of Plasmodione Generates Both Predicted Key Drug Metabolites: Implication for Antimalarial Drug Development. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1996-2012. [PMID: 33855850 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodione (PD) is a potent antimalarial redox-active 3-benzyl-menadione acting at low nanomolar range concentrations on different malaria parasite stages. The specific bioactivation of PD was proposed to occur via a cascade of redox reactions starting from one-electron reduction and then benzylic oxidation, leading to the generation of several key metabolites including corresponding benzylic alcohol (PD-bzol, for PD benzhydrol) and 3-benzoylmenadione (PDO, for PD oxide). In this study, we showed that the benzylic oxidation of PD is closely related to the formation of a benzylic semiquinone radical, which can be produced under two conditions: UV photoirradiation or catalysis by Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (PfFNR) redox cycling in the presence of oxygen and the parent PD. Electrochemical properties of both PD metabolites were investigated in DMSO and in water. The single-electron reduction potential values of PD, PD-bzol, PDO, and a series of 3-benzoylmenadiones were determined according to ascorbate oxidation kinetics. These compounds possess enhanced reactivity toward PfFNR as compared with model quinones. Optimal conditions were set up to obtain the best conversion of the starting PD to the corresponding metabolites. UV irradiation of PD in isopropanol under positive oxygen pressure led to an isolated yield of 31% PDO through the transient semiquinone species formed in a cascade of reactions. In the presence of PfFNR, PDO and PD-bzol could be observed during long lasting redox cycling of PD continuously fueled by NADPH regenerated by an enzymatic system. Finally, we observed and quantified the effect of PD on the production of oxidative stress in the apicoplast of transgenic 3D7[Api-roGFP2-hGrx1] P. falciparum parasites by using the described genetically encoded glutathione redox sensor hGrx1-roGFP2 methodology. The observed fast reactive oxygen species (ROS) pulse released in the apicoplast is proposed to be mediated by PD redox cycling catalyzed by PfFNR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Adam Cichocki
- Université de Strasbourg−CNRS−UHA UMR7042, Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Team Bio(IN)organic and Medicinal Chemistry, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Maxime Donzel
- Université de Strasbourg−CNRS−UHA UMR7042, Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Team Bio(IN)organic and Medicinal Chemistry, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Kim C. Heimsch
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, iFZ - Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Mindaugas Lesanavičius
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Liwen Feng
- Université de Strasbourg−CNRS−UHA UMR7042, Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Team Bio(IN)organic and Medicinal Chemistry, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Enrique Jose Montagut
- Université de Strasbourg−CNRS−UHA UMR7042, Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Team Bio(IN)organic and Medicinal Chemistry, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Katja Becker
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, iFZ - Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Alessandro Aliverti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mourad Elhabiri
- Université de Strasbourg−CNRS−UHA UMR7042, Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Team Bio(IN)organic and Medicinal Chemistry, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Narimantas Čėnas
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Elisabeth Davioud-Charvet
- Université de Strasbourg−CNRS−UHA UMR7042, Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Team Bio(IN)organic and Medicinal Chemistry, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
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7
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Gendrot M, Madamet M, Mosnier J, Fonta I, Amalvict R, Benoit N, Briolant S, Pradines B. Baseline and multinormal distribution of ex vivo susceptibilities of Plasmodium falciparum to methylene blue in Africa, 2013-18. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:2141-2148. [PMID: 32407538 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium falciparum resistance to most antimalarial compounds has emerged in Southeast Asia and spread to Africa. In this context, the development of new antimalarial drugs is urgent. OBJECTIVES To determine the baseline in vitro activity of methylene blue (Proveblue®) on African isolates and to determine whether parasites have different phenotypes of susceptibility to methylene blue. METHODS Ex vivo susceptibility to methylene blue was measured for 609 P. falciparum isolates of patients hospitalized in France for malaria imported from Africa. A Bayesian statistical analysis was designed to describe the distribution of median effective concentration (EC50) estimates. RESULTS The EC50 ranged from 0.16 to 87.2 nM with a geometric mean of 7.17 nM (95% CI = 6.21-8.13). The 609 EC50 values were categorized into four components: A (mean = 2.5 nM; 95% CI = 2.28-2.72), B (mean = 7.44 nM; 95% CI = 7.07-7.81), C (mean = 16.29 nM; 95% CI = 15.40-17.18) and D (mean = 38.49 nM; 95% CI = 34.14-42.84). The threshold value for in vitro reduced susceptibility to methylene blue was estimated at 35 nM using the geometric mean of EC50 plus 2 SDs of the 609 isolates. This cut-off also corresponds to the lower limit of the 95% CI of the methylene blue EC50 of component D. Thirty-five isolates (5.7%) displayed EC50 values above this threshold. CONCLUSIONS Methylene blue exerts a promising efficacy against P. falciparum and is a potential partner for triple combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Gendrot
- Unite Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Marylin Madamet
- Unite Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille, France
| | - Joel Mosnier
- Unite Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Fonta
- Unite Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille, France
| | - Rémy Amalvict
- Unite Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Benoit
- Unite Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Briolant
- Unite Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Pradines
- Unite Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille, France
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8
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Gendrot M, Delandre O, Robert MG, Foguim FT, Benoit N, Amalvict R, Fonta I, Mosnier J, Madamet M, Pradines B. Absence of Association between Methylene Blue Reduced Susceptibility and Polymorphisms in 12 Genes Involved in Antimalarial Drug Resistance in African Plasmodium falciparum. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040351. [PMID: 33918981 PMCID: PMC8069138 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Half the human population is exposed to malaria. Plasmodium falciparum antimalarial drug resistance monitoring and development of new drugs are major issues related to the control of malaria. Methylene blue (MB), the oldest synthetic antimalarial, is again a promising drug after the break of its use as an antimalarial drug for more than 80 years and a potential partner for triple combination. Very few data are available on the involvement of polymorphisms on genes known to be associated with standard antimalarial drugs and parasite in vitro susceptibility to MB (cross-resistance). In this context, MB susceptibility was evaluated against 482 isolates of imported malaria from Africa by HRP2-based ELISA chemosusceptibility assay. A total of 12 genes involved in antimalarial drug resistance (Pfcrt, Pfdhfr, Pfmdr1, Pfmdr5, Pfmdr6, PfK13, Pfubq, Pfcarl, Pfugt, Pfact, Pfcoronin, and copy number of Pfpm2) were sequenced by Sanger method and quantitative PCR. On the Pfmdr1 gene, the mutation 86Y combined with 184F led to more susceptible isolates to MB (8.0 nM vs. 11.6 nM, p = 0.03). Concerning Pfmdr6, the isolates bearing 12 Asn repetitions were more susceptible to MB (4.6 nM vs. 11.6 nM, p = 0.005). None of the polymorphisms previously described as involved in antimalarial drug resistance was shown to be associated with reduced susceptibility to MB. Some genes (particularly PfK13, Pfugt, Pfact, Pfpm2) did not present enough genetic variability to draw conclusions about their involvement in reduced susceptibility to MB. None of the polymorphisms analyzed by multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) had an impact on the MB susceptibility of the samples successfully included in the analysis. It seems that there is no in vitro cross-resistance between MB and commonly used antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Gendrot
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.G.); (O.D.); (M.G.R.); (F.T.F.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (M.M.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Océane Delandre
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.G.); (O.D.); (M.G.R.); (F.T.F.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (M.M.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Marie Gladys Robert
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.G.); (O.D.); (M.G.R.); (F.T.F.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (M.M.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Francis Tsombeng Foguim
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.G.); (O.D.); (M.G.R.); (F.T.F.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (M.M.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Benoit
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.G.); (O.D.); (M.G.R.); (F.T.F.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (M.M.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Rémy Amalvict
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.G.); (O.D.); (M.G.R.); (F.T.F.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (M.M.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Fonta
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.G.); (O.D.); (M.G.R.); (F.T.F.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (M.M.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Joel Mosnier
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.G.); (O.D.); (M.G.R.); (F.T.F.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (M.M.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Marylin Madamet
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.G.); (O.D.); (M.G.R.); (F.T.F.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (M.M.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Pradines
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.G.); (O.D.); (M.G.R.); (F.T.F.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (M.M.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 13005 Marseille, France
- Correspondence:
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9
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Thesnaar L, Bezuidenhout JJ, Petzer A, Petzer JP, Cloete TT. Methylene blue analogues: In vitro antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations and in silico pharmacophore modelling. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 157:105603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Kostyuk AI, Panova AS, Kokova AD, Kotova DA, Maltsev DI, Podgorny OV, Belousov VV, Bilan DS. In Vivo Imaging with Genetically Encoded Redox Biosensors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8164. [PMID: 33142884 PMCID: PMC7662651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox reactions are of high fundamental and practical interest since they are involved in both normal physiology and the pathogenesis of various diseases. However, this area of research has always been a relatively problematic field in the context of analytical approaches, mostly because of the unstable nature of the compounds that are measured. Genetically encoded sensors allow for the registration of highly reactive molecules in real-time mode and, therefore, they began a new era in redox biology. Their strongest points manifest most brightly in in vivo experiments and pave the way for the non-invasive investigation of biochemical pathways that proceed in organisms from different systematic groups. In the first part of the review, we briefly describe the redox sensors that were used in vivo as well as summarize the model systems to which they were applied. Next, we thoroughly discuss the biological results obtained in these studies in regard to animals, plants, as well as unicellular eukaryotes and prokaryotes. We hope that this work reflects the amazing power of this technology and can serve as a useful guide for biologists and chemists who work in the field of redox processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I. Kostyuk
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya S. Panova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra D. Kokova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria A. Kotova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry I. Maltsev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Federal Center for Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Podgorny
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod V. Belousov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Federal Center for Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Georg August University Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dmitry S. Bilan
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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11
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Ali N, Mansha A, Asim S, Ali HS, Usman M. Insight into the Molecular Characterization and Spectral Properties of 2-Methoxy-1,4-Naphthoquinone: A Computational Approach. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476620020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Ahenkorah S, Coertzen D, Tong JX, Fridianto K, Wittlin S, Birkholtz LM, Tan KSW, Lam Y, Go ML, Haynes RK. Antimalarial N 1, N 3-Dialkyldioxonaphthoimidazoliums: Synthesis, Biological Activity, and Structure-activity Relationships. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:49-55. [PMID: 31938463 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report the nanomolar potencies of N 1,N 3-dialkyldioxonaphthoimidazoliums against asexual forms of sensitive and resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Activity was dependent on the presence of the fused quinone-imidazolium entity and lipophilicity imparted by the N1/N3 alkyl residues on the scaffold. Gametocytocidal activity was also detected, with most members active at IC50 < 1 μM. A representative analog with good solubility, limited PAMPA permeability, and microsomal stability demonstrated oral efficacy on a humanized mouse model of P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dina Coertzen
- Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, 0028 Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | | | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, 0028 Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Richard K. Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, 2531 Potchefstroom, South Africa
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13
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Mounkoro P, Michel T, Blandin S, Golinelli-Cohen MP, Davioud-Charvet E, Meunier B. Investigating the mode of action of the redox-active antimalarial drug plasmodione using the yeast model. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 141:269-278. [PMID: 31238126 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites and remains a major public health issue in subtropical areas. Plasmodione (3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-menadione) is a novel early lead compound displaying fast-acting antimalarial activity. Treatment with this redox active compound disrupts the redox balance of parasite-infected red blood cells. In vitro, the benzoyl analogue of plasmodione can act as a subversive substrate of the parasite flavoprotein NADPH-dependent glutathione reductase, initiating a redox cycling process producing ROS. Whether this is also true in vivo remains to be investigated. Here, we used the yeast model to investigate the mode of action of plasmodione and uncover enzymes and pathways involved in its activity. We showed that plasmodione is a potent inhibitor of yeast respiratory growth, that in drug-treated cells, the ROS-sensitive aconitase was impaired and that cells with a lower oxidative stress defence were highly sensitive to the drug, indicating that plasmodione may act via an oxidative stress. We found that the mitochondrial respiratory chain flavoprotein NADH-dehydrogenases play a key role in plasmodione activity. Plasmodione and metabolites act as substrates of these enzymes, the reaction resulting in ROS production. This in turn would damage ROS-sensitive enzymes leading to growth arrest. Our data further suggest that plasmodione is a pro-drug whose activity is mainly mediated by its benzhydrol and benzoyl metabolites. Our results in yeast are coherent with existing data obtained in vitro and in Plasmodium falciparum, and provide additional hypotheses that should be investigated in parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mounkoro
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Thomas Michel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Stéphanie Blandin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Inserm, UPR9022/U1257, Mosquito Immune Responses (MIR), F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Golinelli-Cohen
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS, UPR 2301, Univ. Paris-Sud Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Elisabeth Davioud-Charvet
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LIMA-UMR 7042, Team Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, ECPM 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Brigitte Meunier
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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14
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-chloro-3-[(thiazol-2-yl)amino]-1,4-naphthoquinones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1572-1575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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de Sena Pereira VS, da Silva Emery F, Lobo L, Nogueira F, Oliveira JIN, Fulco UL, Albuquerque EL, Katzin AM, de Andrade-Neto VF. In vitro antiplasmodial activity, pharmacokinetic profiles and interference in isoprenoid pathway of 2-aniline-3-hydroxy-1.4-naphthoquinone derivatives. Malar J 2018; 17:482. [PMID: 30567541 PMCID: PMC6300878 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum has shown multidrug resistance, leading to the necessity for the development of new drugs with novel targets, such as the synthesis of isoprenic precursors, which are excellent targets because the pathway is different in several steps when compared with the human host. Naphthoquinone derivatives have been described as potentially promising for the development of anti-malarial leader molecules. In view of that, the focus in this work is twofold: first, evaluate the in vitro naphthoquinone antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity; secondly, investigate one possible action mechanism of two derivatives of hydroxy-naphthoquinones. Results The two hydroxy-naphthoquinones derivatives have been tested against P. falciparum in vitro, using strains of parasites chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (Dd2), causing 50% inhibition of parasite growth with concentrations that varied from 7 to 44.5 μM. The cell viability in vitro against RAW Cell Line displayed IC50 = 483.5 and 714.9 μM, whereas, in primary culture tests using murine macrophages, IC50 were 315.8 and 532.6 μM for the two selected compounds, causing no haemolysis at the doses tested. The in vivo acute toxicity assays exhibited a significant safety margin indicated by a lack of systemic and behavioural toxicity up to 300 mg/kg. It is suggested that this drug seems to inhibit the biosynthesis of isoprenic compounds, particularly the menaquinone and tocopherol. Conclusions These derivatives have a high potential for the development of new anti-malarial drugs since they showed low toxicity associated to a satisfactory antiplasmodial activity and possible inhibition of a metabolic pathway distinct from the pathways found in the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeska S de Sena Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia da Malária e Toxoplasmose - LABMAT, Departmento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.,Post-graduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Flávio da Silva Emery
- Departmento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lis Lobo
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine-GHTM, Unidade de Ensino e Investigação de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa - UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fátima Nogueira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine-GHTM, Unidade de Ensino e Investigação de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa - UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jonas I N Oliveira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Umberto L Fulco
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Eudenilson L Albuquerque
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Alejandro M Katzin
- Departmento de Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Valter F de Andrade-Neto
- Laboratório de Biologia da Malária e Toxoplasmose - LABMAT, Departmento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil. .,Post-graduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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16
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Spicer TP, Gardiner DL, Schoenen FJ, Roy S, Griffin PR, Chase P, Scampavia L, Hodder P, Trenholme KR. Identification of Antimalarial Inhibitors Using Late-Stage Gametocytes in a Phenotypic Live/Dead Assay. SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 24:38-46. [PMID: 30142014 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218796410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide with ~3.3 billion people at risk of contracting malaria and an estimated 450,000 deaths each year. While tools to reduce the infection prevalence to low levels are currently under development, additional efforts will be required to interrupt transmission. Transmission between human host and vector by the malaria parasite involves gametogenesis in the host and uptake of gametocytes by the mosquito vector. This stage is a bottleneck for reproduction of the parasite, making it a target for small-molecule drug discovery. Targeting this stage, we used whole Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes from in vitro culture and implemented them into 1536-well plates to create a live/dead phenotypic antigametocyte assay. Using specialized equipment and upon further validation, we screened ~150,000 compounds from the NIH repository currently housed at Scripps Florida. We identified 100 primary screening hits that were tested for concentration response. Additional follow-up studies to determine specificity, potency, and increased efficacy of the antigametocyte candidate compounds resulted in a starting point for initial medicinal chemistry intervention. From this, 13 chemical analogs were subsequently tested as de novo powders, which confirmed original activity from the initial analysis and now provide a point of future engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Spicer
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA.,2 School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Donald L Gardiner
- 2 School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Frank J Schoenen
- 3 The University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, Lawrence, KS,USA
| | - Sudeshna Roy
- 3 The University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, Lawrence, KS,USA.,4 The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Peter Chase
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA.,5 BMS, Hopewell, NJ
| | - Louis Scampavia
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Peter Hodder
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA.,6 Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Katharine R Trenholme
- 2 School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,7 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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17
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Piel S, Ehinger JK, Chamkha I, Frostner EÅ, Sjövall F, Elmér E, Hansson MJ. Bioenergetic bypass using cell-permeable succinate, but not methylene blue, attenuates metformin-induced lactate production. Intensive Care Med Exp 2018; 6:22. [PMID: 30069806 PMCID: PMC6070446 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-018-0186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin is the most common pharmacological treatment for type 2 diabetes. It is considered safe but has been associated with the development of lactic acidosis under circumstances where plasma concentrations exceed therapeutic levels. Metformin-induced lactic acidosis has been linked to the drug's toxic effect on mitochondrial function. Current treatment strategies aim to remove the drug and correct for the acidosis. With a mortality of 20%, complementary treatment strategies are needed. In this study, it was investigated whether targeting mitochondria with pharmacological agents that bypass metformin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction can counteract the energetic deficit linked to toxic doses of metformin. METHODS The redox agent methylene blue and the cell-permeable succinate prodrug NV118 were evaluated by measuring mitochondrial respiration and lactate production of human platelets exposed to metformin and co-treated with either of the two pharmacological bypass agents. RESULTS The cell-permeable succinate prodrug NV118 increased mitochondrial respiration which was linked to phosphorylation by the ATP-synthase and alleviated the increase in lactate production induced by toxic doses of metformin. The redox agent methylene blue, in contrast, failed to mitigate the metformin-induced changes in mitochondrial respiration and lactate generation. CONCLUSIONS The cell-permeable succinate prodrug NV118 bypassed the mitochondrial dysfunction and counteracted the energy deficit associated with toxic doses of metformin. If similar effects of NV118 prove translatable to an in vivo effect, this pharmacological strategy presents as a promising complementary treatment for patients with metformin-induced lactic acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Piel
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Mitochondrial Medicine, Lund University, BMC A13, 22184 Lund, Sweden
- NeuroVive Pharmaceutical AB, Medicon Village, 22381 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johannes K. Ehinger
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Mitochondrial Medicine, Lund University, BMC A13, 22184 Lund, Sweden
- NeuroVive Pharmaceutical AB, Medicon Village, 22381 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, 22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Imen Chamkha
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Mitochondrial Medicine, Lund University, BMC A13, 22184 Lund, Sweden
- NeuroVive Pharmaceutical AB, Medicon Village, 22381 Lund, Sweden
| | - Eleonor Åsander Frostner
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Mitochondrial Medicine, Lund University, BMC A13, 22184 Lund, Sweden
- NeuroVive Pharmaceutical AB, Medicon Village, 22381 Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Sjövall
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Mitochondrial Medicine, Lund University, BMC A13, 22184 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Eskil Elmér
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Mitochondrial Medicine, Lund University, BMC A13, 22184 Lund, Sweden
- NeuroVive Pharmaceutical AB, Medicon Village, 22381 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, 22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus J. Hansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Mitochondrial Medicine, Lund University, BMC A13, 22184 Lund, Sweden
- NeuroVive Pharmaceutical AB, Medicon Village, 22381 Lund, Sweden
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18
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Feng L, Lanfranchi DA, Cotos L, Cesar-Rodo E, Ehrhardt K, Goetz AA, Zimmermann H, Fenaille F, Blandin SA, Davioud-Charvet E. Synthesis of plasmodione metabolites and13C-enriched plasmodione as chemical tools for drug metabolism investigation. Org Biomol Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00227d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A 10-step synthesis of the antimalarial lead,13C18-enriched plasmodione, and of seven putative metabolites is described.
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Belhassen S, Alzahrani M, Nader ME, Gaboury L, Saliba I. Study of Methylene Blue Ototoxicity in the Guinea Pig. J Clin Med Res 2017; 9:900-906. [PMID: 29038666 PMCID: PMC5633089 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr3136w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methylene blue is widely used in the medical field, especially as a blue dye for staining. It is also used as a photosensitizing agent in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, which once photoactivated is effective for the eradication of several multi-resistant bacteria. The objective of this study was to investigate the ototoxic potential of methylene blue and precise its use in otology. Methods It was a prospective animal study performed on guinea pigs in our tertiary medical center. We divided the animals into two groups: an experimental group and a control group, who underwent a series of three intratympanic (IT) injections. In the control group (n = 10), they received injections of gentamicin in one ear (positive control) and normal saline in the contralateral ear (negative control). The experimental group (n = 10) received injections of methylene blue in one ear, compared to injections of normal saline in the contralateral ear. We conducted auditory-evoked brainstem response (ABR) before and 1 week after the injection series. Once this is completed, the cochlea was dissected and caspase-3 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Results The mean difference of hearing loss in the methylene blue group compared to normal saline was 1.50 dB, and it was not shown to be statistically significant (P = 0.688). For the positive control group, which received IT injections of gentamicin, the mean threshold of hearing loss difference for all the frequencies combined was 66.25 dB (P < 0.001). Furthermore, uptake of caspase-3 by immunohistochemistry (apoptotic marker) was negative in our group, which received injections of methylene blue. Conclusion In light of our results, IT injections of methylene blue did not demonstrate an ototoxic potential. We recommend further studies to precise its use in the otologic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Belhassen
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Montreal, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center (CHU SJ), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Musaed Alzahrani
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Montreal, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center (CHU SJ), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc-Elie Nader
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Montreal, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center (CHU SJ), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis Gaboury
- Department of Pathology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Issam Saliba
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Montreal, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center (CHU SJ), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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20
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Delport A, Harvey BH, Petzer A, Petzer JP. Methylene blue and its analogues as antidepressant compounds. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1357-1382. [PMID: 28762173 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Methylene Blue (MB) is considered to have diverse medical applications and is a well-described treatment for methemoglobinemias and ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy. In recent years the focus has shifted to MB as an antimalarial agent and as a potential treatment for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Of interest are reports that MB possesses antidepressant and anxiolytic activity in pre-clinical models and has shown promise in clinical trials for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. MB is a noteworthy inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), which is a well-established target for antidepressant action. MB is also recognized as a non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and guanylate cyclase. Dysfunction of the nitric oxide (NO)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) cascade is strongly linked to the neurobiology of mood, anxiety and psychosis, while the inhibition of NOS and/or guanylate cyclase has been associated with an antidepressant response. This action of MB may contribute significantly to its psychotropic activity. However, these disorders are also characterised by mitochondrial dysfunction and redox imbalance. By acting as an alternative electron acceptor/donor MB restores mitochondrial function, improves neuronal energy production and inhibits the formation of superoxide, effects that also may contribute to its therapeutic activity. Using MB in depression co-morbid with neurodegenerative disorders, like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, also represents a particularly relevant strategy. By considering their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, analogues of MB may provide therapeutic potential as novel multi-target strategies in the treatment of depression. In addition, low MAO-A active analogues may provide equal or improved response with a lower risk of adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzelle Delport
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Anél Petzer
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Jacobus P Petzer
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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21
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Computer-Aided Drug Discovery from Marine Compounds: Identification of the Three-Dimensional Structural Features Responsible for Antimalarial Activity. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28238037 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-51284-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
An integrated computational approach, based on molecular dynamics/mechanics, semi-empirical, and DFT calculations as well as dynamic docking studies, has been employed to gain insight into the mechanism of action of new antimalarial agents characterized by the scaffold of the marine compounds plakortin and aplidinone. The results of this approach show that these molecules, after interaction with Fe(II), likely coming from the heme molecule, give rise to the formation of radical species, that should represent the toxic intermediates responsible for subsequent reactions leading to plasmodium death. The three-dimensional structural requirements necessary for the activity of these new classes of antimalarial agents have been identified and discussed throughout the chapter.
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22
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Jida M, Sanchez CP, Urgin K, Ehrhardt K, Mounien S, Geyer A, Elhabiri M, Lanzer M, Davioud-Charvet E. A Redox-Active Fluorescent pH Indicator for Detecting Plasmodium falciparum Strains with Reduced Responsiveness to Quinoline Antimalarial Drugs. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:119-131. [PMID: 28183182 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mutational changes in the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) have been associated with differential responses to a wide spectrum of biologically active compounds including current and former quinoline and quinoline-like antimalarial drugs. PfCRT confers altered drug responsiveness by acting as a transport system, expelling drugs from the parasite's digestive vacuole where these drugs exert, at least part of, their antiplasmodial activity. To preserve the efficacy of these invaluable drugs, novel functional tools are required for epidemiological surveys of parasite strains carrying mutant PfCRT variants and for drug development programs aimed at inhibiting or circumventing the action of PfCRT. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of a pH-sensitive fluorescent chloroquine analogue consisting of 7-chloro-N-{2-[(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}quinolin-4-amine functionalized with the fluorochrome 7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD) (henceforth termed Fluo-CQ). In the parasite, Fluo-CQ accumulates in the digestive vacuole, giving rise to a strong fluorescence signal but only in parasites carrying the wild type PfCRT. In parasites carrying the mutant PfCRT, Fluo-CQ does not accumulate. The differential handling of the fluorescent probe, combined with live cell imaging, provides a diagnostic tool for quick detection of those P. falciparum strains that carry a PfCRT variant associated with altered responsiveness to quinoline and quinoline-like antimalarial drugs. In contrast to the accumulation studies, chloroquine (CQ)-resistant parasites were observed cross-resistant to Fluo-CQ when the chemical probe was tested in various CQ-sensitive and -resistant parasite strains. NBD derivatives were found to act as redox cyclers of two essential targets, using a coupled assay based on methemoglobin and the NADPH-dependent glutathione reductase (GRs) from P. falciparum. This redox activity is proposed to contribute to the dual action of Fluo-CQ on redox equilibrium and methemoglobin reduction via PfCRT-mediated drug efflux in the cytosol and then continuous redox-dependent shuttling between food vacuole and cytosol. Taking into account these physicochemical characteristics, a model was proposed to explain Fluo-CQ antimalarial effects involving the contribution of PfCRT-mediated transport, methemoglobin reduction, hematin binding, and NBD reduction activity catalyzed by PfGR in CQ-resistant versus CQ-sensitive parasites. Therefore, introduction of NBD fluorophore in drugs is not inert and should be taken into account in drug transport and imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhamad Jida
- UMR 7509 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Cecilia P. Sanchez
- Zentrum
für Infektiologie, Parasitologie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karène Urgin
- UMR 7509 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Katharina Ehrhardt
- UMR 7509 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
- Zentrum
für Infektiologie, Parasitologie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Saravanan Mounien
- UMR 7509 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Aurelia Geyer
- UMR 7509 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mourad Elhabiri
- UMR 7509 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Zentrum
für Infektiologie, Parasitologie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Davioud-Charvet
- UMR 7509 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
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Pharmacomodulation of the Antimalarial Plasmodione: Synthesis of Biaryl- and N-Arylalkylamine Analogues, Antimalarial Activities and Physicochemical Properties. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010161. [PMID: 28106855 PMCID: PMC6155649 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aim of increasing the structural diversity on the early antimalarial drug plasmodione, an efficient and versatile procedure to prepare a series of biaryl- and N-arylalkylamines as plasmodione analogues is described. Using the naturally occurring and commercially available menadione as starting material, a 2-step sequence using a Kochi-Anderson reaction and subsequent Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling was developed to prepare three representative biphenyl derivatives in good yields for antimalarial evaluation. In addition, synthetic methodologies to afford 3-benzylmenadione derivatives bearing a terminal -N(Me)₂ or -N(Et)₂ in different positions (ortho, meta and para) on the aryl ring of the benzylic chain of plasmodione were investigated through reductive amination was used as the optimal route to prepare these protonable N-arylalkylamine privileged scaffolds. The antimalarial activities were evaluated and discussed in light of their physicochemical properties. Among the newly synthesized compounds, the para-position of the substituent remains the most favourable position on the benzyl chain and the carbamate -NHBoc was found active both in vitro (42 nM versus 29 nM for plasmodione) and in vivo in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. The measured acido-basic features of these new molecules support the cytosol-food vacuole shuttling properties of non-protonable plasmodione derivatives essential for redox-cycling. These findings may be useful in antimalarial drug optimization.
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24
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Barros de Alencar MVO, de Castro E Sousa JM, Rolim HML, de Medeiros MDGF, Cerqueira GS, de Castro Almeida FR, Citó AMDGL, Ferreira PMP, Lopes JAD, de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante AA, Islam MT. Diterpenes as lead molecules against neglected tropical diseases. Phytother Res 2016; 31:175-201. [PMID: 27896890 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are reported to be present everywhere. Poor and developing areas in the world have received great attention to NTDs. Drug resistance, safety profile, and various challenges stimulate the search for alternative medications. Plant-based drugs are viewed with great interest, as they are believed to be devoid of side effects. Diterpenes, a family of essential oils, have showed attractive biological effects. A systematic review of the literature was carried out to summarize available evidences of diterpenes against NTDs. For this, databases were searched using specific search terms. Among the 2338 collected reports, a total of 181 articles were included in this review. Of them, 148 dealt with investigations using single organisms, and 33 used multiple organisms. No mechanisms of action were reported in the case of 164 reports. A total of 93.92% were related to nonclinical studies, and 4.42% and 1.66% dealt with preclinical and clinical studies, respectively. The review displays that many diterpenes are effective upon Chagas disease, chikungunya, echinococcosis, dengue, leishmaniasis, leprosy, lymphatic filariasis, malaria, schistosomiasis, and tuberculosis. Indeed, diterpenes are amazing drug candidates against NTDs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João Marcelo de Castro E Sousa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Picos, (Piauí), 64.607-670, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Hercília Maria Lins Rolim
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Freire de Medeiros
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Santos Cerqueira
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Biotechnology and Biodiversity Center for Research (BIOTEC), Federal University of Piauí (LAFFEX), Parnaíba, Piauí, 64.218-470, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Regina de Castro Almeida
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Antônia Maria das Graças Lopes Citó
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Paulo Michel Pinheiro Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Amélia de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Md Torequl Islam
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy, Southern University Bangladesh, Mehedibag, Chittagong, 4000, Bangladesh
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25
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Dana S, Keshri SK, Shukla J, Vikramdeo KS, Mondal N, Mukhopadhyay P, Dhar SK. Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Bifunctional Acridinine-Naphthalenediimide Redox-Active Conjugates as Antimalarials. ACS OMEGA 2016; 1:318-333. [PMID: 30023479 PMCID: PMC6044610 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel class of bifunctional molecules was synthesized integrating acridine (Ac) and redox-active naphthalenediimide (NDI) scaffolds directly and through a flexible linker (en). We evaluated in vitro antiplasmodial activity, physicochemical properties, and a possible mode of action. Theoretical studies suggested electronic segmentation between the electron-rich Ac and electron-deficient NDI scaffolds. Orthogonal Ac-NDI molecules showed activities in the micromolar to submicromolar range against a chloroquine (CQ)-sensitive strain of human malaria pathogen Plasmodium falciparum (maximum activity, IC50: 0.419 μM). The flexible Ac-en-NDI molecules were most potent and showed activity in the nanomolar range against both CQ-sensitive (with most effective compounds, IC50: 3.65 and 4.33 nM) as well as CQ-resistant (with most effective compounds, IC50: 52.20 and 28.53 nM) strains of P. falciparum. Significantly, with CQ-resistant strains, the activity of the most effective compounds was 1 order of magnitude better than that of standard drug CQ. Ac-en-NDI-conjugated molecules were significantly more potent than the individual NDI and Ac-based molecules. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) suggests that the flexible spacer (en) linking the Ac and NDI scaffolds plays a vital role in exhibiting improved potency. None of the molecules triggered hemolysis in culture, and the most potent compounds did not show cytotoxicity in vitro against mammalian fibroblast NIH3T3 cells at their respective IC50 values. The other significant outcome of this work is that some of the investigated molecules have the potential to affect multiple processes in the parasite including the hemozoin formation in digestive vacuoles (DVs), mitochondrial membrane potential, and the redox homeostasis of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanta Dana
- Supramolecular
and Material Chemistry Lab, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, 110067 New Delhi, India
- Special
Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal
Nehru University, New
Mehrauli Road, 110067 New Delhi, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Keshri
- Supramolecular
and Material Chemistry Lab, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, 110067 New Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Shukla
- Supramolecular
and Material Chemistry Lab, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, 110067 New Delhi, India
| | - Kunwar Somesh Vikramdeo
- School
of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, 110067 New Delhi, India
| | - Neelima Mondal
- School
of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, 110067 New Delhi, India
| | - Pritam Mukhopadhyay
- Supramolecular
and Material Chemistry Lab, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, 110067 New Delhi, India
| | - Suman Kumar Dhar
- Special
Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal
Nehru University, New
Mehrauli Road, 110067 New Delhi, India
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de Sena Pereira VS, Silva de Oliveira CB, Fumagalli F, da Silva Emery F, da Silva NB, de Andrade-Neto VF. Cytotoxicity, hemolysis and in vivo acute toxicity of 2-hydroxy-3-anilino-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:756-762. [PMID: 28959602 PMCID: PMC5617738 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The 1,4-naphthoquinones, important members of the family of quinones are used as both crude extracts and as compound manipulated by the pharmaceutical industry. They have gained great emphasis by presenting different pharmacological properties as antibacterial, antiviral, antiprotozoal and anthelmintic, and has antitumor activity. Our aim was to evaluate the cytotoxicity, hemolytic activity and in vivo acute toxicity of three derivatives of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones. The cell viability in vitro against RAW Cell Line displayed IC50 ranging of 483.5–2044.8 μM, whereas in primary culture tests using murine macrophages, IC50 were 315.8–1408.0 μM for naphthoquinones derivatives 4a and 4c respectively, besides no hemolysis was observed at the dose tested. The in vivo acute toxicity assays exhibited a significant safety margin indicated by a lack of systemic and behavioral toxicity up to 300 mg/kg, and at a dose of 1000 mg/kg the derivatives not triggering signs of toxicity although the compound 4a have promoted hepatic steatosis and hyperemia in kidney tissue. Thereby, these modifications decrease the toxicity of the tested derivatives naphthoquinones, providing a high potential for the development of news drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeska Santana de Sena Pereira
- Laboratory of Malaria and Toxoplasmosis Biology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Bruno Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Malaria and Toxoplasmosis Biology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Fernando Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio da Silva Emery
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Naisandra Bezerra da Silva
- Laboratory of Histotecnology, Department of Morfology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Valter F de Andrade-Neto
- Laboratory of Malaria and Toxoplasmosis Biology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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The Redox Cycler Plasmodione Is a Fast-Acting Antimalarial Lead Compound with Pronounced Activity against Sexual and Early Asexual Blood-Stage Parasites. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:5146-58. [PMID: 27297478 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02975-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we presented the chemical design of a promising series of antimalarial agents, 3-[substituted-benzyl]-menadiones, with potent in vitro and in vivo activities. Ongoing studies on the mode of action of antimalarial 3-[substituted-benzyl]-menadiones revealed that these agents disturb the redox balance of the parasitized erythrocyte by acting as redox cyclers-a strategy that is broadly recognized for the development of new antimalarial agents. Here we report a detailed parasitological characterization of the in vitro activity profile of the lead compound 3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-menadione 1c (henceforth called plasmodione) against intraerythrocytic stages of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum We show that plasmodione acts rapidly against asexual blood stages, thereby disrupting the clinically relevant intraerythrocytic life cycle of the parasite, and furthermore has potent activity against early gametocytes. The lead's antiplasmodial activity was unaffected by the most common mechanisms of resistance to clinically used antimalarials. Moreover, plasmodione has a low potential to induce drug resistance and a high killing speed, as observed by culturing parasites under continuous drug pressure. Drug interactions with licensed antimalarial drugs were also established using the fixed-ratio isobologram method. Initial toxicological profiling suggests that plasmodione is a safe agent for possible human use. Our studies identify plasmodione as a promising antimalarial lead compound and strongly support the future development of redox-active benzylmenadiones as antimalarial agents.
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28
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Tiwari NK, Reynolds PJ, Calderón AI. Preliminary LC-MS Based Screening for Inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum Thioredoxin Reductase (PfTrxR) among a Set of Antimalarials from the Malaria Box. Molecules 2016; 21:424. [PMID: 27043496 PMCID: PMC6273446 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum thioredoxin reductase (PfTrxR) has been identified as a potential drug target to combat growing antimalarial drug resistance. Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) has pre-screened and identified a set of 400 antimalarial compounds called the Malaria Box. From those, we have evaluated their mechanisms of action through inhibition of PfTrxR and found new active chemical scaffolds. Five compounds with significant PfTrxR inhibitory activity, with IC50 values ranging from 0.9–7.5 µM against the target enzyme, were found out of the Malaria Box.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil K Tiwari
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, 4306 Walker Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Priscilla J Reynolds
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, 4306 Walker Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Angela I Calderón
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, 4306 Walker Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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29
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Rodo EC, Feng L, Jida M, Ehrhardt K, Bielitza M, Boilevin J, Lanzer M, Williams DL, Lanfranchi DA, Davioud-Charvet E. A Platform of Regioselective Methodologies to Access Polysubstituted 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone Derivatives: Scope and Limitations. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Sidorov P, Desta I, Chessé M, Horvath D, Marcou G, Varnek A, Davioud-Charvet E, Elhabiri M. Redox Polypharmacology as an Emerging Strategy to Combat Malarial Parasites. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1339-51. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Sidorov
- Laboratoire de Chemoinformatique; UMR 7140 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg; 1 rue Blaise Pascal Strasbourg 67000 France
- Butlerov Institute of Chemistry; Kazan Federal University; 1/29 Lobachevskogo str. Kazan 420008 Russia
| | - Israel Desta
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Medicinale; UMR 7509 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg; European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM); 25 Rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
- New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD); Saadiyat Island Abu Dhabi UAE
| | - Matthieu Chessé
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Medicinale; UMR 7509 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg; European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM); 25 Rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Dragos Horvath
- Laboratoire de Chemoinformatique; UMR 7140 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg; 1 rue Blaise Pascal Strasbourg 67000 France
| | - Gilles Marcou
- Laboratoire de Chemoinformatique; UMR 7140 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg; 1 rue Blaise Pascal Strasbourg 67000 France
| | - Alexandre Varnek
- Laboratoire de Chemoinformatique; UMR 7140 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg; 1 rue Blaise Pascal Strasbourg 67000 France
| | - Elisabeth Davioud-Charvet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Medicinale; UMR 7509 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg; European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM); 25 Rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Mourad Elhabiri
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Medicinale; UMR 7509 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg; European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM); 25 Rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
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van Schalkwyk DA, Nash MN, Shafik SH, Summers RL, Lehane AM, Smith PJ, Martin RE. Verapamil-Sensitive Transport of Quinacrine and Methylene Blue via the Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Transporter Reduces the Parasite's Susceptibility to these Tricyclic Drugs. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:800-10. [PMID: 26503982 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is becoming increasingly apparent that certain mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) alter the parasite's susceptibility to diverse compounds. Here we investigated the interaction of PfCRT with 3 tricyclic compounds that have been used to treat malaria (quinacrine [QC] and methylene blue [MB]) or to study P. falciparum (acridine orange [AO]). METHODS We measured the antiplasmodial activities of QC, MB, and AO against chloroquine-resistant and chloroquine-sensitive P. falciparum and determined whether QC and AO affect the accumulation and activity of chloroquine in these parasites. We also assessed the ability of mutant (PfCRT(Dd2)) and wild-type (PfCRT(D10)) variants of the protein to transport QC, MB, and AO when expressed at the surface of Xenopus laevis oocytes. RESULTS Chloroquine resistance-conferring isoforms of PfCRT reduced the susceptibility of the parasite to QC, MB, and AO. In chloroquine-resistant (but not chloroquine-sensitive) parasites, AO and QC increased the parasite's accumulation of, and susceptibility to, chloroquine. All 3 compounds were shown to bind to PfCRT(Dd2), and the transport of QC and MB via this protein was saturable and inhibited by the chloroquine resistance-reverser verapamil. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that the PfCRT(Dd2)-mediated transport of tricyclic antimalarials reduces the parasite's susceptibility to these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan N Nash
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Sarah H Shafik
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Robert L Summers
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Adele M Lehane
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Peter J Smith
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Rowena E Martin
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Bielitza M, Belorgey D, Ehrhardt K, Johann L, Lanfranchi DA, Gallo V, Schwarzer E, Mohring F, Jortzik E, Williams DL, Becker K, Arese P, Elhabiri M, Davioud-Charvet E. Antimalarial NADPH-Consuming Redox-Cyclers As Superior Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Copycats. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:1337-51. [PMID: 25714942 PMCID: PMC4410756 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Early phagocytosis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient erythrocytes parasitized by Plasmodium falciparum were shown to protect G6PD-deficient populations from severe malaria. Here, we investigated the mechanism of a novel antimalarial series, namely 3-[substituted-benzyl]-menadiones, to understand whether these NADPH-consuming redox-cyclers, which induce oxidative stress, mimic the natural protection of G6PD deficiency. RESULTS We demonstrated that the key benzoylmenadione metabolite of the lead compound acts as an efficient redox-cycler in NADPH-dependent methaemoglobin reduction, leading to the continuous formation of reactive oxygen species, ferrylhaemoglobin, and subsequent haemichrome precipitation. Structure-activity relationships evidenced that both drug metabolites and haemoglobin catabolites contribute to potentiate drug effects and inhibit parasite development. Disruption of redox homeostasis by the lead benzylmenadione was specifically induced in Plasmodium falciparum parasitized erythrocytes and not in non-infected cells, and was visualized via changes in the glutathione redox potential of living parasite cytosols. Furthermore, the redox-cycler shows additive and synergistic effects in combination with compounds affecting the NADPH flux in vivo. INNOVATION The lead benzylmenadione 1c is the first example of a novel redox-active agent that mimics the behavior of a falciparum parasite developing inside a G6PD-deficient red blood cell (RBC) giving rise to malaria protection, and it exerts specific additive effects that are inhibitory to parasite development, without harm for non-infected G6PD-sufficient or -deficient RBCs. CONCLUSION This strategy offers an innovative perspective for the development of future antimalarial drugs for G6PD-sufficient and -deficient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Bielitza
- UMR 7509 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), Strasbourg, France
| | - Didier Belorgey
- UMR 7509 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), Strasbourg, France
| | - Katharina Ehrhardt
- UMR 7509 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), Strasbourg, France
- Department of Infectiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laure Johann
- UMR 7509 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), Strasbourg, France
| | - Don Antoine Lanfranchi
- UMR 7509 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), Strasbourg, France
| | - Valentina Gallo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Torino, Italy
| | - Evelin Schwarzer
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Torino, Italy
| | - Franziska Mohring
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center (IFZ), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Esther Jortzik
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center (IFZ), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - David L. Williams
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Katja Becker
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center (IFZ), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Paolo Arese
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Torino, Italy
| | - Mourad Elhabiri
- UMR 7509 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), Strasbourg, France
| | - Elisabeth Davioud-Charvet
- UMR 7509 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), Strasbourg, France
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Imperatore C, Persico M, Aiello A, Luciano P, Guiso M, Sanasi MF, Taramelli D, Parapini S, Cebrián-Torrejón G, Doménech-Carbó A, Fattorusso C, Menna M. Marine inspired antiplasmodial thiazinoquinones: synthesis, computational studies and electrochemical assays. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09302c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An original approach, starting from marine derived compounds and combining chemical, computational and electrochemical methods, evidenced the thiazinoquinone scaffold as a new chemotype active againstP. falciparum.
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Abstract
Targeting the redox metabolism of Plasmodium falciparum to create a fatal overload of oxidative stress is a route to explore the discovery of new antimalarial drugs. There are three main possibilities to target the redox metabolism of P. falciparum at the erythrocytic stage: selective targeting and inhibition of a redox P. falciparum protein or enzyme; oxidant drugs targeting essential parasite components and heme by-products; and redox cycler drugs targeting the parasitized red blood cell. Oxidants and redox cycler agents, with or without specific targets, may disrupt the fragile parasitized erythrocyte redox-dependent architecture given that: redox equilibrium plays a vital role at the erythrocytic stage; P. falciparum possesses major NADPH-dependent redox systems, such as glutathione and thioredoxin ones; and the protein-NADPH-dependent phosphorylation-dephosphorylation process is involved in building new permeation pathways and channels for the nutrient-waste import-export traffic of the parasite.
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