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Jampilek J. Drug repurposing to overcome microbial resistance. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:2028-2041. [PMID: 35561965 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infections are a growing global threat, and the number of resistant species of microbial pathogens is alarming. However, the rapid development of cross-resistant or multidrug-resistant strains and the development of so-called 'superbugs' are in stark contrast to the number of newly launched anti-infectives on the market. In this review, I summarize the causes of antimicrobial resistance, briefly discuss different approaches to the discovery and development of new anti-infective drugs, and focus on drug repurposing strategy, which is discussed from all possible perspectives. A comprehensive overview of drugs of other indications tested for their in vitro antimicrobial activity to support existing anti-infective therapeutics is provided, including several critical remarks on this strategy of repurposing non-antibiotics to antibacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Jampilek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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2
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Peng Z, Tang J. Intestinal Infection of Candida albicans: Preventing the Formation of Biofilm by C. albicans and Protecting the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:783010. [PMID: 35185813 PMCID: PMC8847744 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.783010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The large mortality and morbidity rate of C. albicans infections is a crucial problem in medical mycology. Because the generation of biofilms and drug resistance are growing concerns, the growth of novel antifungal agents and the looking for newer objectives are necessary. In this review, inhibitors of C. albicans biofilm generation and molecular mechanisms of intestinal epithelial barrier protection are elucidated. Recent studies on various transcription elements; quorum-sensing molecules; host responses to adherence; and changes in efflux pumps, enzymes, bud to hyphal transition, and lipid profiles have increased the knowledge of the intricate mechanisms underlying biofilm resistance. In addition, the growth of novel biomaterials with anti-adhesive nature, natural products, drugs, bioactive compounds, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates are being researched. Recently, more and more attention has been given to various metal nanoparticles that have also appeared as antibiofilm agents in C. albicans. The intestinal epithelial obstacle exerts an crucial effect on keeping intestinal homeostasis and is increasingly associated with various disorders associated with the intestine such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome, metabolic syndrome, allergies, hepatic inflammation, septic shock, etc. However, whether their involvement in the prevention of other intestinal disorders like IBD are useful in C. albicans remains unknown. Further studies must be carried out in order to validate their inhibition functions in intestinal C. albicans. This provides innovates ideas for intestinal C. albicans treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyao Peng
- Department of Trauma-Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguo Tang
- Department of Trauma-Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Repurposing of the Tamoxifen Metabolites to Treat Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Infections. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0040321. [PMID: 34668743 PMCID: PMC8528103 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00403-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Repurposing drugs provides a new approach to the fight against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. We have reported that three major tamoxifen metabolites, N-desmethyltamoxifen (DTAM), 4-hydroxytamoxifen (HTAM), and endoxifen (ENDX), presented bactericidal activity against Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli. Here, we aimed to analyze the activity of a mixture of the three tamoxifen metabolites against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) and Enterococcus species. MRSE (n = 17) and Enterococcus species (Enterococcus faecalisn = 8 and Enterococcus faeciumn = 10) strains were used. MIC of the mixture of DTAM, HTAM, and ENDX and that of vancomycin were determined by microdilution assay. The bactericidal activity of the three metabolites together and of vancomycin against MRSE (SE385 and SE742) and vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis (EVR1 and EVR2) strains was determined by time-kill curve assays. Finally, changes in membrane permeability of SE742 and EVR1 strains were analyzed using fluorescence assays. MIC90 of tamoxifen metabolites was 1 mg/liter for MRSE strains and 2 mg/liter for E. faecalis and E. faecium strains. In the time-killing assays, tamoxifen metabolites mixture showed bactericidal activity at 4× MIC for MRSE (SE385 and SE742) and at 2× MIC and 4× MIC for E. faecalis (EVR1 and EVR2) strains, respectively. SE385 and EVR2 strains treated with the tamoxifen metabolites mixture presented higher membrane permeabilization. Altogether, these results showed that tamoxifen metabolites presented antibacterial activity against MRSE and vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis, suggesting that tamoxifen metabolites might increase the arsenal of drug treatments against these bacterial pathogens. IMPORTANCE The development of new antimicrobial therapeutic strategies requires immediate attention to avoid the tens of millions of deaths predicted to occur by 2050 as a result of MDR bacterial infections. In this study, we assessed the antibacterial activity of three major tamoxifen metabolites, N-desmethyltamoxifen (DTAM), 4-hydroxytamoxifen (HTAM), and endoxifen (ENDX), against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) and Enterococcus spp. (E. faecalis and E. faecium). We found that the tamoxifen metabolites have antibacterial activity against MRSE, E. faecalis, and E. faecium strains by presenting MIC90 between 1 and 2 mg/liter and bactericidal activity over 24 h. In addition, this antibacterial activity is paralleled by an increased membrane permeability of these strains. Our results showed that tamoxifen metabolites might be potentially used as a therapeutic alternative when treating MRSE and E. faecalis strains in an animal model of infection.
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Structure-activity relationships of furanones, dihydropyrrolones and thiophenones as potential quorum sensing inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1925-1943. [PMID: 33094640 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their initial isolation from the marine alga Delisea pulchra, bromofuranones have been investigated as potential inhibitors of quorum sensing (QS) in various bacterial strains. QS is an important mechanism by which bacteria co-ordinate their molecular response to the environment. QS is intrinsically linked to bacterial antibiotic resistance. Inspired by nature, chemists have developed a wide variety of synthetic analogs in an effort to elucidate the structure-activity relationships of these compounds, and to ultimately develop novel antimicrobial agents. In this work, we describe advances in this field while paying particular attention to apparent structure-activity relationships. This review is organized according to the main ring systems under investigation, namely furanones, dihydropyrrolones and thiophenones.
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Small Molecules Produced by Commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis Disrupt Formation of Biofilms by Staphylococcus aureus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02539-19. [PMID: 31862721 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02539-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota influences host health through several mechanisms, including protecting it from pathogen colonization. Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the most frequently found species in the skin microbiota, and its presence can limit the development of pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus S. aureus causes diverse types of infections ranging from skin abscesses to bloodstream infections. Given the increasing prevalence of S. aureus drug-resistant strains, it is imperative to search for new strategies for treatment and prevention. Thus, we investigated the activity of molecules produced by a commensal S. epidermidis isolate against S. aureus biofilms. We showed that molecules present in S. epidermidis cell-free conditioned media (CFCM) caused a significant reduction in biofilm formation in most S. aureus clinical isolates, including all 4 agr types and agr-defective strains, without any impact on growth. S. epidermidis molecules also disrupted established S. aureus biofilms and reduced the antibiotic concentration required to eliminate them. Preliminary characterization of the active compound showed that its activity is resistant to heat, protease inhibitors, trypsin, proteinase K, and sodium periodate treatments, suggesting that it is not proteinaceous. RNA sequencing revealed that S. epidermidis-secreted molecules modulate the expression of hundreds of S. aureus genes, some of which are associated with biofilm production. Biofilm formation is one of the main virulence factors of S. aureus and has been associated with chronic infections and antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, molecules that can counteract this virulence factor may be promising alternatives as novel therapeutic agents to control S. aureus infections.IMPORTANCE S. aureus is a leading agent of infections worldwide, and its main virulence characteristic is the ability to produce biofilms on surfaces such as medical devices. Biofilms are known to confer increased resistance to antimicrobials and to the host immune responses, requiring aggressive antibiotic treatment and removal of the infected surface. Here, we investigated a new source of antibiofilm compounds, the skin microbiome. Specifically, we found that a commensal strain of S. epidermidis produces molecules with antibiofilm activity, leading to a significant decrease of S. aureus biofilm formation and to a reduction of previously established biofilms. The molecules potentiated the activity of antibiotics and affected the expression of hundreds of S. aureus genes, including those associated with biofilm formation. Our research highlights the search for compounds that can aid us in the fight against S. aureus infections.
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Garg A, Singh B, Sharma R, Singh A, Kumar A. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Mechanistic Insights Against Microbial Infections. Curr Mol Med 2020; 20:102-115. [PMID: 31622201 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666191014112133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Infections are one of the leading causes of death worldwide
and currently available treatments remain unsatisfactory due to rise in the cases of
antimicrobial resistance. Thus, there is a need for the development of new drugs with
different mechanisms of action. However, the development of new antimicrobials agents
is a long and expensive process. Hence, most of the pharmaceutical companies are
Methodology:
The data related to SERMs and microbial infection has been extracted
from Pub Med (from January 1997 to December 2018). A total of 101 studies have been
published from 1997 -2018 regarding SERMs and microbial infections.
Results:
On the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 25 studies have been included
for the analysis of level of evidence regarding antimicrobial effects of SERMs. Emerging
reports have indicated the antimicrobial property of selective estrogen receptor
modulators (SERMs) against normal and resistant strains under in vitro and in vivo
conditions against wide variety of microorganisms through different mechanisms of
action.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, SERMs could be developed as a broad spectrum
antimicrobial agent alone or in combination with existing antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakriti Garg
- Department of Pharmacology, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy (ISFCP), Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Balraj Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy (ISFCP), Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Ruchika Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indo-Soviet Friendship Institute of Professional Studies (ISFIPS), Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Arti Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy (ISFCP), Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy (ISFCP), Moga, Punjab, India
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Konreddy AK, Rani GU, Lee K, Choi Y. Recent Drug-Repurposing-Driven Advances in the Discovery of Novel Antibiotics. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:5363-5388. [PMID: 29984648 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180706101404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug repurposing is a safe and successful pathway to speed up the novel drug discovery and development processes compared with de novo drug discovery approaches. Drug repurposing uses FDA-approved drugs and drugs that failed in clinical trials, which have detailed information on potential toxicity, formulation, and pharmacology. Technical advancements in the informatics, genomics, and biological sciences account for the major success of drug repurposing in identifying secondary indications of existing drugs. Drug repurposing is playing a vital role in filling the gap in the discovery of potential antibiotics. Bacterial infections emerged as an ever-increasing global public health threat by dint of multidrug resistance to existing drugs. This raises the urgent need of development of new antibiotics that can effectively fight multidrug-resistant bacterial infections (MDRBIs). The present review describes the key role of drug repurposing in the development of antibiotics during 2016-2017 and of the details of recently FDA-approved antibiotics, pipeline antibiotics, and antibacterial properties of various FDA-approved drugs of anti-cancer, anti-fungal, anti-hyperlipidemia, antiinflammatory, anti-malarial, anti-parasitic, anti-viral, genetic disorder, immune modulator, etc. Further, in view of combination therapies with the existing antibiotics, their potential for new implications for MDRBIs is discussed. The current review may provide essential data for the development of quick, safe, effective, and novel antibiotics for current needs and suggest acuity in its effective implications for inhibiting MDRBIs by repurposing existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Kumar Konreddy
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136- 713, South Korea
| | - Grandhe Usha Rani
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 410-820, South Korea
| | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 410-820, South Korea
| | - Yongseok Choi
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136- 713, South Korea
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Oshiro KGN, Rodrigues G, Monges BED, Cardoso MH, Franco OL. Bioactive Peptides Against Fungal Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2169. [PMID: 31681179 PMCID: PMC6797862 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by invasive fungal biofilms have been widely associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, mainly due to the advent of antibiotic resistance. Moreover, fungal biofilms impose an additional challenge, leading to multidrug resistance. This fact, along with the contamination of medical devices and the limited number of effective antifungal agents available on the market, demonstrates the importance of finding novel drug candidates targeting pathogenic fungal cells and biofilms. In this context, an alternative strategy is the use of antifungal peptides (AFPs) against fungal biofilms. AFPs are considered a group of bioactive molecules with broad-spectrum activities and multiple mechanisms of action that have been widely used as template molecules for drug design strategies aiming at greater specificity and biological efficacy. Among the AFP classes most studied in the context of fungal biofilms, defensins, cathelicidins and histatins have been described. AFPs can also act by preventing the formation of fungal biofilms and eradicating preformed biofilms through mechanisms associated with cell wall perturbation, inhibition of planktonic fungal cells’ adhesion onto surfaces, gene regulation and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, considering the critical scenario imposed by fungal biofilms and associated infections and the application of AFPs as a possible treatment, this review will focus on the most effective AFPs described to date, with a core focus on antibiofilm peptides, as well as their efficacy in vivo, application on surfaces and proposed mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen G N Oshiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Gisele Rodrigues
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Bruna Estéfani D Monges
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Marlon Henrique Cardoso
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil.,Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil.,Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Sonthalia S, Goldust M. Innovative Physical Approaches for Onychomycosis: Peeling, Lasers and Beyond. Skin Appendage Disord 2019; 5:197-200. [PMID: 31367597 DOI: 10.1159/000497044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sidharth Sonthalia
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatosurgery, Skinnocence: The Skin Clinic and Research Center, Gurugram, India
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Arunachalam K, Ramar M, Ramanathan S, Govindaraju A, Shunmugiah KP, Kandasamy R, Arumugam VR. In vivo protective effect of geraniol on colonization of Staphylococcus epidermidis in rat jugular vein catheter model. Pathog Dis 2019; 76:5035816. [PMID: 29893828 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal infections associated with indwelling medical devices are difficult to eradicate owing to its recalcitrant nature of biofilms to conventional antibiotics. In our earlier study, we reported the efficacy of geraniol (GE) in inhibiting the in vitro biofilm formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis and adaptive resistant development. To examine the in vivo potential of GE in eradicating the in vivo colonization of S. epidermidis, an implanted rat jugular vein catheter model was developed. Oral supplementation of GE (GE at 200 mg/kg bw for three days) in rats infected with S. epidermidis exhibited a significant reduction of the bacterial burden in catheter, blood, heart and kidney, when compared to the untreated infection control. In addition, GE supplemented animals showed significantly reduced level of inflammatory markers such as nitric oxide and malondialdehyde in heart and kidney tissues. Furthermore, in contrast to the infection control, histopathology analysis of the heart and kidney tissues of the GE-treated group showed a normal histoarchitecture similar to animal control. Thus, the outcome of the present study exhibits the potential of GE as antibiofilm and anti-inflammatory agent against S. epidermidis infections. Furthermore, elucidating the molecular mechanism of GE is important to exploit the therapeutic efficacy of GE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannappan Arunachalam
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohankumar Ramar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, National Facility for Drug Development (NFDD) for Academia, Pharmaceutical and Allied Industries, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srinivasan Ramanathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Archunan Govindaraju
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Ruckmani Kandasamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, National Facility for Drug Development (NFDD) for Academia, Pharmaceutical and Allied Industries, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Veera Ravi Arumugam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, National Facility for Drug Development (NFDD) for Academia, Pharmaceutical and Allied Industries, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
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Van Dijck P, Sjollema J, Cammue BPA, Lagrou K, Berman J, d’Enfert C, Andes DR, Arendrup MC, Brakhage AA, Calderone R, Cantón E, Coenye T, Cos P, Cowen LE, Edgerton M, Espinel-Ingroff A, Filler SG, Ghannoum M, Gow NA, Haas H, Jabra-Rizk MA, Johnson EM, Lockhart SR, Lopez-Ribot JL, Maertens J, Munro CA, Nett JE, Nobile CJ, Pfaller MA, Ramage G, Sanglard D, Sanguinetti M, Spriet I, Verweij PE, Warris A, Wauters J, Yeaman MR, Zaat SA, Thevissen K. Methodologies for in vitro and in vivo evaluation of efficacy of antifungal and antibiofilm agents and surface coatings against fungal biofilms. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2018; 5:300-326. [PMID: 29992128 PMCID: PMC6035839 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.07.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Unlike superficial fungal infections of the skin and nails, which are the most common fungal diseases in humans, invasive fungal infections carry high morbidity and mortality, particularly those associated with biofilm formation on indwelling medical devices. Therapeutic management of these complex diseases is often complicated by the rise in resistance to the commonly used antifungal agents. Therefore, the availability of accurate susceptibility testing methods for determining antifungal resistance, as well as discovery of novel antifungal and antibiofilm agents, are key priorities in medical mycology research. To direct advancements in this field, here we present an overview of the methods currently available for determining (i) the susceptibility or resistance of fungal isolates or biofilms to antifungal or antibiofilm compounds and compound combinations; (ii) the in vivo efficacy of antifungal and antibiofilm compounds and compound combinations; and (iii) the in vitro and in vivo performance of anti-infective coatings and materials to prevent fungal biofilm-based infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Van Dijck
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelmer Sjollema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of BioMedical Engineering, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno P. A. Cammue
- Centre for Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine and National Reference Center for Mycosis, UZ Leuven, Belgium
| | - Judith Berman
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Christophe d’Enfert
- Institut Pasteur, INRA, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Paris, France
| | - David R. Andes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Maiken C. Arendrup
- Unit of Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Dept. Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Microbiology, Jena, Germany
| | - Richard Calderone
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Emilia Cantón
- Severe Infection Research Group: Medical Research Institute La Fe (IISLaFe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- ESCMID Study Group for Biofilms, Switzerland
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leah E. Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mira Edgerton
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY USA
| | | | - Scott G. Filler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Mahmoud Ghannoum
- Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Re-serve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Neil A.R. Gow
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Biocenter - Division of Molecular Biology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Johnson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Mycology Reference Laboratory, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Johan Maertens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium and Clinical Department of Haematology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carol A. Munro
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jeniel E. Nett
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Departments of Medicine and Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Clarissa J. Nobile
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, USA
| | - Michael A. Pfaller
- Departments of Pathology and Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
- JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, Iowa, USA
| | - Gordon Ramage
- ESCMID Study Group for Biofilms, Switzerland
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Dominique Sanglard
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital, CH-1011 Lausanne
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, IRCCS-Fondazione Policlinico "Agostino Gemelli", Rome, Italy
| | - Isabel Spriet
- Pharmacy Dpt, University Hospitals Leuven and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Dpt. of Pharmaceutical and Pharma-cological Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul E. Verweij
- Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (omit "Nijmegen" in Radboud University Medical Center)
| | - Adilia Warris
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Joost Wauters
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Department of General Internal Medicine, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael R. Yeaman
- Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Har-bor-UCLA Medical Center, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
| | - Sebastian A.J. Zaat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Am-sterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre for Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Lim NK, Weiss P, Li BX, McCulley CH, Hare SR, Bensema BL, Palazzo TA, Tantillo DJ, Zhang H, Gosselin F. Synthesis of Highly Stereodefined Tetrasubstituted Acyclic All-Carbon Olefins via a Syn-Elimination Approach. Org Lett 2017; 19:6212-6215. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ngiap-Kie Lim
- Department
of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Patrick Weiss
- Department
of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Beryl X. Li
- Department
of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christina H. McCulley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Stephanie R. Hare
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Bronwyn L. Bensema
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Teresa A. Palazzo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Department
of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Francis Gosselin
- Department
of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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13
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Kochi Y, Matsumoto Y, Sekimizu K, Kaito C. Two-spotted cricket as an animal infection model of human pathogenic fungi. Drug Discov Ther 2017; 11:259-266. [PMID: 29081438 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2017.01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Invertebrate infection models that can be evaluated at human body temperature are limited. In this study, we utilized the two-spotted cricket, a heat-tolerant insect, as an animal infection model of human pathogenic fungi. Injection of human pathogenic fungi, including Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Cryptococcus neoformans killed crickets within 48 h at both 27˚C and 37˚C. The median lethal dose values (LD50 values) of C. albicans and C. glabrata against crickets were decreased at 37˚C compared to that at 27˚C, whereas the LD50 value of C. neoformans was not different between 27˚C and 37˚C. Heat-killed cells of the three different fungi also killed crickets, but the LD50 value of the heat-killed cells was higher than 5-fold that of live fungal cells in the respective species. C. neoformans gene-knockout strains of cna1, gpa1, and pka1, which are required for virulence in mammals, had greater LD50 values than the parent strain in crickets. These findings suggest that the two-spotted cricket is a valuable infection model of human pathogenic fungi that can be used to evaluate fungal virulence at variable temperatures, including 37˚C, and that the killing abilities of C. albicans and C. glabrata against animals are increased at 37˚C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Kochi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | | | | | - Chikara Kaito
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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14
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Hussein MH, Schneider EK, Elliott AG, Han M, Reyes-Ortega F, Morris F, Blaskovich MAT, Jasim R, Currie B, Mayo M, Baker M, Cooper MA, Li J, Velkov T. From Breast Cancer to Antimicrobial: Combating Extremely Resistant Gram-Negative “Superbugs” Using Novel Combinations of Polymyxin B with Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 23:640-650. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maytham H. Hussein
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Elena K. Schneider
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Alysha G. Elliott
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Meiling Han
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Felisa Reyes-Ortega
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Faye Morris
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Mark A. T. Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Raad Jasim
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Bart Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Australia
| | - Mark Mayo
- Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Australia
| | - Mark Baker
- Priority Research Centre in Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Tony Velkov
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
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15
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Anti-Biofilm Activity of Polyazolidinammonium Modified with Iodine Hydrate Ions against Microbial Biofilms of Uropathogenic Coliform Bacteria. Bull Exp Biol Med 2017; 162:781-783. [PMID: 28432491 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-017-3712-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of microbial biofilm formation by standard strain and by clinical strains of uropathogenic coliform bacteria was investigated in vitro and the effect of sublethal concentrations of the polymer compound polyazolidinammonium modified with iodine hydrate ions on the initial stages of biofilm formation was assessed. Treatment of immunological plate wells with the polymeric compound prevented film formation, especially in case of clinical E. coli strain carrying FimH virulence gene.
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16
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Repurposing Toremifene for Treatment of Oral Bacterial Infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.01846-16. [PMID: 27993858 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01846-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of antibiotic resistance and the challenges associated with antiseptics such as chlorhexidine have necessitated a search for new antibacterial agents against oral bacterial pathogens. As a result of failing traditional approaches, drug repurposing has emerged as a novel paradigm to find new antibacterial agents. In this study, we examined the effects of the FDA-approved anticancer agent toremifene against the oral bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans We found that the drug was able to inhibit the growth of both pathogens, as well as prevent biofilm formation, at concentrations ranging from 12.5 to 25 μM. Moreover, toremifene was shown to eradicate preformed biofilms at concentrations ranging from 25 to 50 μM. In addition, we found that toremifene prevents P. gingivalis and S. mutans biofilm formation on titanium surfaces. A time-kill study indicated that toremifene is bactericidal against S. mutans Macromolecular synthesis assays revealed that treatment with toremifene does not cause preferential inhibition of DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis pathways, indicating membrane-damaging activity. Biophysical studies using fluorescent probes and fluorescence microscopy further confirmed the membrane-damaging mode of action. Taken together, our results suggest that the anticancer agent toremifene is a suitable candidate for further investigation for the development of new treatment strategies for oral bacterial infections.
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17
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Abstract
The high incidence and mortality of invasive fungal infections and serious drug resistance have become a global public health issue. The ability of fungal cells to form biofilms is an important reason for the emergence of severe resistance to most clinically available antifungal agents. Targeting fungal biofilm formation by small molecules represents a promising new strategy for the development of novel antifungal agents. This perspective will provide a comprehensive review of fungal biofilm inhibitors. In particular, discovery strategies, chemical structures, antibiofilm/antifungal activities, and structure-activity relationship studies will be discussed. Development of inhibitors to treat biofilm-related resistant fungal infections is a new yet clinically unexploited paradigm, and there is still a long way to go to clinical application. Better understanding of fungal biofilms in combination with systematic drug discovery efforts will pave the way for potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanchao Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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18
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Van de Vyver H, Bovenkamp PR, Hoerr V, Schwegmann K, Tuchscherr L, Niemann S, Kursawe L, Grosse C, Moter A, Hansen U, Neugebauer U, Kuhlmann MT, Peters G, Hermann S, Löffler B. A Novel Mouse Model of Staphylococcus aureus Vascular Graft Infection: Noninvasive Imaging of Biofilm Development in Vivo. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:268-279. [PMID: 28088288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes very serious infections of vascular grafts. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of this disease is largely lacking because of the absence of representable models. Therefore, the aim of this study was to set up a mouse model of vascular graft infections that closely mimics the human situation. A catheter was inserted into the right carotid artery of mice, which acted as a vascular graft. Mice were infected i.v. using 8 different S. aureus strains, and development of the infection was followed up. Although all strains had varying abilities to form biofilm in vitro and different levels of virulence in mice, they all caused biofilm formation on the grafts. This graft infection was monitored using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 18F-fluordeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). MRI allowed the quantification of blood flow through the arteries, which was decreased in the catheter after infection. FDG-PET revealed high inflammation levels at the site of the catheter after infection. This model closely resembles the situation in patients, which is characterized by a tight interplay between pathogen and host, and can therefore be used for the testing of novel treatment, diagnosis, and prevention strategies. In addition, combining MRI and PET with microscopic techniques provides an appropriate way to characterize the course of these infections and to precisely analyze biofilm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Van de Vyver
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
| | - Philipp R Bovenkamp
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Verena Hoerr
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Schwegmann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lorena Tuchscherr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Silke Niemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Laura Kursawe
- Biofilmcenter, German Heart Institute Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Grosse
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany
| | - Annette Moter
- Biofilmcenter, German Heart Institute Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Hansen
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ute Neugebauer
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany; Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael T Kuhlmann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Georg Peters
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven Hermann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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19
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Barton M. Not lost in translation: Emerging clinical importance of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPER. Steroids 2016; 111:37-45. [PMID: 26921679 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
It has been 20years that the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) was cloned as the orphan receptor GPR30 from multiple cellular sources, including vascular endothelial cells. Here, I will provide an overview of estrogen biology and the historical background leading to the discovery of rapid vascular estrogen signaling. I will also review the recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying GPER function, its role in physiology and disease, some of the currently available GPER-targeting drugs approved for clinical use such as SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators) and SERDs (selective estrogen receptor downregulators). Many of currently used drugs such as tamoxifen, raloxifene, or faslodex™/fulvestrant were discovered targeting GPER many years after they had been introduced to the clinics for entirely different purposes. This has important implications for the clinical use of these drugs and their modes of action, which I have termed 'reverse translational medicine'. In addition, environmental pollutants known as 'endocrine disruptors' have been found to bind to GPER. This article also discusses recent evidence in these areas as well as opportunities in translational clinical medicine and GPER research, including medical genetics, personalized medicine, prevention, and its theranostic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
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20
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Braem A, De Cremer K, Delattin N, De Brucker K, Neirinck B, Vandamme K, Martens JA, Michiels J, Vleugels J, Cammue BPA, Thevissen K. Novel anti-infective implant substrates: controlled release of antibiofilm compounds from mesoporous silica-containing macroporous titanium. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 126:481-8. [PMID: 25601097 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bone implants with open porosity enable fast osseointegration, but also present an increased risk of biofilm-associated infections. We design a novel implant material consisting of a mesoporous SiO2 diffusion barrier (pore diameter: 6.4 nm) with controlled drug release functionality integrated in a macroporous Ti load-bearing structure (fully interconnected open porosity: 30%; pore window size: 0.5-2.0 μm). Using an in vitro tool consisting of Ti/SiO2 disks in an insert set-up, through which molecules can diffuse from feed side to release side, a continuous release without initial burst effect of the antibiofilm compound toremifene is sustained for at least 9 days, while release concentrations (up to 17 μM daily) increase with feed concentrations (up to 4mM). Toremifene diffusivity through the SiO2 phase into H2O is estimated around 10(-13)m(2)/s, suggesting configurational diffusion through mesopores. Candida albicans biofilm growth on the toremifene-release side is significantly inhibited, establishing a proof-of-concept for the drug delivery functionality of mesoporous SiO2 incorporated into a high-strength macroporous Ti carrier. Next-generation implants made of this composite material and equipped with an internal reservoir (feed side) can yield long-term controlled release of antibiofilm compounds, effectively treating infections on the implant surface (release side) over a prolonged time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Braem
- Department of Materials Engineering (MTM), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 Box 2450, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kaat De Cremer
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 Box 2460, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Nicolas Delattin
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 Box 2460, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Katrijn De Brucker
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 Box 2460, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Bram Neirinck
- Department of Materials Engineering (MTM), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 Box 2450, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Katleen Vandamme
- BIOMAT Research Cluster, Department of Oral Health Sciences and Prosthetic Dentistry, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7 Box 7001, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Johan A Martens
- Centre of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis (COK), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23 Box 2461, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jan Michiels
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 Box 2460, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jef Vleugels
- Department of Materials Engineering (MTM), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 Box 2450, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Bruno P A Cammue
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 Box 2460, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 Box 2460, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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