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Zeng H, Stadler M, Abraham WR, Müsken M, Schrey H. Inhibitory Effects of the Fungal Pigment Rubiginosin C on Hyphal and Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans and Candida auris. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:726. [PMID: 37504715 PMCID: PMC10381533 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The two fungal human pathogens, Candida auris and Candida albicans, possess a variety of virulence mechanisms. Among them are the formation of biofilms to protect yeast against harsh conditions through the development of (pseudo)hyphae whilst also facilitating the invasion of host tissues. In recent years, increased rates of antifungal resistance have been associated with C. albicans and C. auris, posing a significant challenge for the effective treatment of fungal infections. In the course of our ongoing search for novel anti-infectives, six selected azaphilones were tested for their cytotoxicity and antimicrobial effects as well as for their inhibitory activity against biofilm and hyphal formation. This study revealed that rubiginosin C, derived from stromata of the ascomycete Hypoxylon rubiginosum, effectively inhibited the formation of biofilms, pseudohyphae, and hyphae in both C. auris and C. albicans without lethal effects. Crystal violet staining assays were utilized to assess the inhibition of biofilm formation, while complementary microscopic techniques, such as confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and optical microscopy, were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Rubiginosin C is one of the few substances known to effectively target both biofilm formation and the yeast-to-hyphae transition of C. albicans and C. auris within a concentration range not affecting host cells, making it a promising candidate for therapeutic intervention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxuan Zeng
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wolf-Rainer Abraham
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mathias Müsken
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hedda Schrey
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Nowak K, Jabłońska E, Ratajczak-Wrona W. Controversy around parabens: Alternative strategies for preservative use in cosmetics and personal care products. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:110488. [PMID: 33221305 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Parabens usage as preservatives in cosmetics and personal care products have been debated among scientists and consumers. Parabens are easy to production, effective and cheap, but its safety status remains controversial. Other popular cosmetics preservatives are formaldehyde, triclosan, methylisothiazolinone, methylchloroisothiazolinone, phenoxyethanol, benzyl alcohol and sodium benzoate. Although their high antimicrobial effectiveness, they also exhibit some adverse health effects. Lately, scientists have shown that natural substances such as essential oils and plant extracts present antimicrobial potential. However, their use in cosmetic is a challenge. The present review article is a comprehensive summary of the available methods to prevent microbial contamination of cosmetics and personal care products, which can allow reducing the use of parabens in these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Ewa Jabłońska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
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Lee DY, Lee SY, Kang HJ, Park Y, Hur SJ. Development of effective heparin extraction method from pig by-products and analysis of their bioavailability. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 62:933-947. [PMID: 33987573 PMCID: PMC7721576 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.6.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to develop an effective heparin extraction method by
using low-cost and highly effective enzymes from six pig by-products (liver,
lung, heart, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine), and analyze their
bioavailability. Low-cost and highly effective enzymes (alkaline-AK and papain)
and a common enzyme (trypsin) were used for the heparin extraction. The
angiotensin I - converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and the
antimicrobial activity of extracted heparin were analyzed to verify their
bioavailability. The average amount of heparin extracted per kilogram of pig
by-products was 439 mg from the liver, 127 mg from the lung, 398 mg from the
heart, 261 mg from the stomach, 197 mg from the small intestine, and 239 mg from
the large intestine. Various enzymes were used to extract heparin, and the
amount of extracted heparin was similar. Based on 1 g of pig by-product, the
enzymes trypsin, papain, and alkaline-AK could extract 1,718 mg, 1,697 mg, and
1,905 mg of heparin, respectively. Heparin extracted from pig by-products showed
antihypertensive activity and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus
aureus at low populations. These results indicated that heparin can be obtained
from pig by-products at a low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Young Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Seung Yun Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Hea Jin Kang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sun Jin Hur
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
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Mani R, Rose S, Suresh A, Sambantham S, Anandan B, Ibrahim M, Meena B. Cellular alterations and damage to the renal tissue of marine catfish Arius arius following Cd exposure and the possible sequestrant role of Metallothionein. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 163:111930. [PMID: 33373888 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cd is a non-degradable heavy metal pollutant with no known biological role. When taken up by living organisms from the environment, it causes extensive tissue damage. Here, we studied the effects of exposure to 20 mg/L-1CdCl2for 0, 24, 48, and 72 h on the renal tissue of marine catfish Arius arius. Cd uptake, metallothionein (MT) induction, microarchitectural alterations, DNA fragmentation, and caspase-3 activity were studied. Cd and MT levels were time-dependent and positively correlated. The diameter of the Bowman's capsule and tubules was significantly increased. Meanwhile, the density, diameter, and volume of the glomerulus as well as the density and volume of tubules decreased. Cd induced apoptosis though elevatedcaspase-3 activity. These results support the notion that exposure to sublethal Cd levels induces oxidative stress, leading to structural and functional impairment of the kidneys. Cd uptake and MT induction can serve as useful environmental biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramalingam Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Peter's University, Chennai 600 054, India; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai 600 006, India
| | - Sumit Rose
- Department of Zoology, Presidency College (Autonomous), Chennai 600 005, India
| | - Ayothi Suresh
- Department of Zoology, Presidency College (Autonomous), Chennai 600 005, India
| | | | | | - Muhammed Ibrahim
- Department of Anatomy, Dr. ALMPG IBMS, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Boominathan Meena
- Department of Zoology, Presidency College (Autonomous), Chennai 600 005, India.
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Rodriguez-Torres MDP, Díaz-Torres LA, Millán-Chiu BE, García-Contreras R, Hernández-Padrón G, Acosta-Torres LS. Antifungal and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Photochemically Synthesized Heparin-Coated Gold and Silver Nanoparticles. Molecules 2020; 25:E2849. [PMID: 32575630 PMCID: PMC7356581 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin-based silver nanoparticles (AgHep-NPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuHep-NPs) were produced by a photochemical method using silver nitrate and chloroauric acid as metal precursors and UV light at 254 nm. UV-Vis spectroscopy graphs showed absorption for AgHep-NPs and AuHep-NPs at 420 nm and 530 nm, respectively. TEM revealed a pseudospherical morphology and a small size, corresponding to 10-25 nm for AgHep-NPs and 1.5-7.5 nm for AuHep-NPs. Their antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Issatchenkia orientalis (Candida krusei), and Candida parapsilosis was assessed by the microdilution method. We show that AgHep-NPs were effective in decreasing fungus density, whereas AuHep-NPs were not. Additionally, the viability of human gingival fibroblasts was preserved by both nanoparticle types at a level above 80%, indicating a slight cytotoxicity. These results are potentially useful for applications of the described NPs mainly in dentistry and, to a lesser extent, in other biomedical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Pilar Rodriguez-Torres
- Laboratorio de Investigación Interdisciplinaria, Área de Nanoestructuras y Biomateriales, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad León de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard UNAM No. 2011, Predio el Saucillo y el Potrero, 37684 León, Guanajuato, Mexico;
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | | | - Blanca E. Millán-Chiu
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - René García-Contreras
- Laboratorio de Investigación Interdisciplinaria, Área de Nanoestructuras y Biomateriales, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad León de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard UNAM No. 2011, Predio el Saucillo y el Potrero, 37684 León, Guanajuato, Mexico;
| | - Genoveva Hernández-Padrón
- Departamento de Nanotecnología, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico;
| | - Laura Susana Acosta-Torres
- Laboratorio de Investigación Interdisciplinaria, Área de Nanoestructuras y Biomateriales, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad León de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard UNAM No. 2011, Predio el Saucillo y el Potrero, 37684 León, Guanajuato, Mexico;
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Flasiński M, Kowal S, Broniatowski M, Wydro P. Influence of Parabens on Bacteria and Fungi Cellular Membranes: Studies in Model Two-Dimensional Lipid Systems. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:2332-2340. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b10152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Flasiński
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physical
Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sara Kowal
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physical
Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Broniatowski
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physical
Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Wydro
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physical
Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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A Risk Score for Fluconazole Failure among Patients with Candidemia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02091-16. [PMID: 28264843 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02091-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a prediction model to identify patients with candidemia who were at high risk of failing fluconazole treatment. Adult patients in the United States with candidemia who received fluconazole during hospitalization were selected from the Cerner Health Facts Hospital Database (04/2004 to 03/2013). Fluconazole failure was defined as switching/adding another antifungal, positive Candida culture ≥10 days after fluconazole initiation, or death during hospitalization. Patients were randomized into modeling and validation samples. Using the modeling sample, a regression analysis of least absolute shrinkage and selection operator was used to select risk predictors of fluconazole failure (demographics, Candida species, initiation of fluconazole before positive culture and after admission, and comorbidities, procedures, and treatments during the 6 months before admission and fluconazole initiation). The prediction model was evaluated using the validation sample. We found that of 987 identified patients (average age of 61 years, 51% male, 72% Caucasian), 49% failed and 51% did not fail fluconazole treatment. Of those who failed, 70% switched or added another antifungal, 21% had a second positive Candida test, and 42% died during hospitalization. Nine risk factors were included in the prediction model: days to start fluconazole after admission, Candida glabrata or Candida krusei infection, hematological malignancy, venous thromboembolism (VTE), enteral nutrition, use of nonoperative intubation/irrigation, and other antifungal use. All but VTE were associated with a higher risk of failure. The model's c-statistic was 0.65, with a Hosmer-Lemeshow test P value of 0.23. In summary, this prediction model identified patients with a high risk of fluconazole failure, illustrating the potential value and feasibility of personalizing candidemia treatment.
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Bandara HMHN, Matsubara VH, Samaranayake LP. Future therapies targeted towards eliminating Candida biofilms and associated infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2016; 15:299-318. [PMID: 27927053 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1268530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Candida species are common human commensals and cause either superficial or invasive opportunistic infections. The biofilm form of candida as opposed to its suspended, planktonic form, is predominantly associated with these infections. Alternative or adjunctive therapies are urgently needed to manage Candida infections as the currently available short arsenal of antifungal drugs has been compromised due to their systemic toxicity, cross-reactivity with other drugs, and above all, by the emergence of drug-resistant Candida species due to irrational drug use. Areas covered: Combination anti-Candida therapies, antifungal lock therapy, denture cleansers, and mouth rinses have all been proposed as alternatives for disrupting candidal biofilms on different substrates. Other suggested approaches for the management of candidiasis include the use of natural compounds, such as probiotics, plants extracts and oils, antifungal quorum sensing molecules, anti-Candida antibodies and vaccines, cytokine therapy, transfer of primed immune cells, photodynamic therapy, and nanoparticles. Expert commentary: The sparsity of currently available antifungals and the plethora of proposed anti-candidal therapies is a distinct indication of the urgent necessity to develop efficacious therapies for candidal infections. Alternative drug delivery approaches, such as probiotics, reviewed here is likely to be a reality in clinical settings in the not too distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M H N Bandara
- a School of Dentistry , The University of Queensland , Herston , QLD , Australia
| | - V H Matsubara
- b School of Dentistry , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil.,c Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - L P Samaranayake
- a School of Dentistry , The University of Queensland , Herston , QLD , Australia.,d Faculty of Dentistry , University of Kuwait , Kuwait
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Compatibility of Injectable Anticoagulant Agents in Ethanol; In Vitro Antibiofilm Activity and Impact on Polyurethane Catheters of Enoxaparin 400 U/mL in 40% v/v Ethanol. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159475. [PMID: 27441664 PMCID: PMC4956118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Interdialytic lock solutions should maintain catheter patency and prevent catheter infections. We aimed to determine in which conditions injectable anticoagulant agents (IAAs) combined with ethanol are compatible and to assess the antibiofilm activity of the selected combination and its effects on dialysis catheters (DC). Methods The solubility and compatibility of unfractionated heparin (UFH), low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs), heparinoids and fondaparinux (50 to 2,500 U/mL) in 30 to 70% ethanol were determined by visual observation. The stability of enoxaparin in ethanol and the ethanol content were assessed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and titrimetric control, respectively. The bactericidal effect was determined on 24h-old biofilms embedded in silicone-DC. The integrity of polyurethane-DC immersed in anticoagulant-ethanol was assessed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and compared with previously published results. Results The compatibility of IAAs and ethanol varied according to IAA type and concentration, and ethanol content. UFH in 40% ethanol was not compatible, whatever the UFH concentration used. Established limits of compatibility of enoxaparin, nadroparin, dalteparin and tinzaparin in 40% ethanol were 1350, 575, 307 and 207 U/ml, respectively, and up to 300 U/ml for danaparoid and 1 mg/mL for fondaparinux. Enoxaparin 400 U/mL in 40% ethanol (Enox/Eth) eradicated biofilm after 4 hours of exposure for Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans and after 24 hours for Klebsiella pneumoniae and S. aureus. Aliphatic carbonate and alcohol compounds were released by polyurethane-DC after Enox/Eth exposure, as after 40% ethanol or saline exposure. There was no significant difference between the amounts released after 30 minutes of exposure to Enox/Eth and 15 days to saline. Conclusions A 40% ethanol solution can be combined with all IAAs but UFH. Enox/Eth was effective as an anti-biofilm agent with minor impacts on DC integrity and could be a useful interdialytic lock solution.
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Girardot M, Imbert C. Novel strategies against Candida biofilms: interest of synthetic compounds. Future Microbiol 2015; 11:69-79. [PMID: 26673571 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A biofilm is a consortium of microbial cells that are attached to a substratum or an interface. It should be considered a reservoir that may induce serious infections. Indeed, Candidaspp. biofilms may be involved in the persistence or worsening of some chronic inflammatory diseases as well as in systemic infections, which may lead to high morbidity and mortality rates. New strategies are currently being explored, utilizing several synthetic compounds to prevent or fight these Candida biofilms. This article focuses on active synthetic compounds classified with regards to their modes of action: inhibition of early adherence phase, inhibition or control of biofilm maturation and finally elimination of already formed biofilms. Some of them show promise in fighting biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Girardot
- EBI, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Bâtiment D1, 6 rue de la Milétrie, TSA 51115, 86073 POITIERS Cedex 9, France
| | - Christine Imbert
- EBI, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Bâtiment D1, 6 rue de la Milétrie, TSA 51115, 86073 POITIERS Cedex 9, France
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de Cássia J, de Souza N, Gullo F, Fusco-Almeida A, Mendes-Giannini M. Fungal Biofilms: Formation, Resistance and Pathogenicity. Med Mycol 2015. [DOI: 10.1201/b18707-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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In vitro analysis of finasteride activity against Candida albicans urinary biofilm formation and filamentation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:5855-62. [PMID: 25049253 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03137-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the 3rd most common cause of catheter-associated urinary tract infections, with a strong propensity to form drug-resistant catheter-related biofilms. Due to the limited efficacy of available antifungals against biofilms, drug repurposing has been investigated in order to identify novel agents with activities against fungal biofilms. Finasteride is a 5-α-reductase inhibitor commonly used for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, with activity against human type II and III isoenzymes. We analyzed the Candida Genome Database and identified a C. albicans homolog of type III 5-α-reductase, Dfg10p, which shares 27% sequence identity and 41% similarity to the human type III 5-α-reductase. Thus, we investigated finasteride for activity against C. albicans urinary biofilms, alone and in combination with amphotericin B or fluconazole. Finasteride alone was highly effective in the prevention of C. albicans biofilm formation at doses of ≥16 mg/liter and the treatment of preformed biofilms at doses of ≥128 mg/liter. In biofilm checkerboard analyses, finasteride exhibited synergistic activity in the prevention of biofilm formation in a combination of 4 mg/liter finasteride with 2 mg/liter fluconazole. Finasteride inhibited filamentation, thus suggesting a potential mechanism of action. These results indicate that finasteride alone is highly active in the prevention of C. albicans urinary biofilms in vitro and has synergistic activity in combination with fluconazole. Further investigation of the clinical utility of finasteride in the prevention of urinary candidiasis is warranted.
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Candida Biofilm: Clinical Implications of Recent Advances in Research. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-014-0176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Green JV, Orsborn KI, Zhang M, Tan QKG, Greis KD, Porollo A, Andes DR, Long Lu J, Hostetter MK. Heparin-binding motifs and biofilm formation by Candida albicans. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:1695-704. [PMID: 23904295 PMCID: PMC4038792 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a leading pathogen in infections of central venous catheters, which are frequently infused with heparin. Binding of C. albicans to medically relevant concentrations of soluble and plate-bound heparin was demonstrable by confocal microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A sequence-based search identified 34 C. albicans surface proteins containing ≥1 match to linear heparin-binding motifs. The virulence factor Int1 contained the most putative heparin-binding motifs (n = 5); peptides encompassing 2 of 5 motifs bound to heparin-Sepharose. Alanine substitution of lysine residues K805/K806 in 804QKKHQIHK811 (motif 1 of Int1) markedly attenuated biofilm formation in central venous catheters in rats, whereas alanine substitution of K1595/R1596 in 1593FKKRFFKL1600 (motif 4 of Int1) did not impair biofilm formation. Affinity-purified immunoglobulin G (IgG) recognizing motif 1 abolished biofilm formation in central venous catheters; preimmune IgG had no effect. After heparin treatment of C. albicans, soluble peptides from multiple C. albicans surface proteins were detected, such as Eno1, Pgk1, Tdh3, and Ssa1/2 but not Int1, suggesting that heparin changes candidal surface structures and may modify some antigens critical for immune recognition. These studies define a new mechanism of biofilm formation for C. albicans and a novel strategy for inhibiting catheter-associated biofilms.
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Tian J, Weng LX, Zhang YQ, Wang LH. BDSF inhibits Candida albicans adherence to urinary catheters. Microb Pathog 2013; 64:33-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Al-akeel RA, El-kersh TA, Al-Sheikh YA, Al-Ahmadey ZZ. Heparin-benzyl alcohol enhancement of biofilms formation and antifungal susceptibility of vaginal Candida species isolated from pregnant and nonpregnant Saudi women. Bioinformation 2013; 9:357-62. [PMID: 23750080 PMCID: PMC3669788 DOI: 10.6026/97320630009357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation by Candida species is a major contribute to their pathogenic potential.The aim of this study was to determine in vitro effects of EDTA, cycloheximide, and heparin-benzyl alcohol preservative on C. albicans (126) and non-albicans (31)vaginal yeast isolates biofilm formations and their susceptibility against three antifungal Etest strips. Results of the crystal violet-assay, indicated that biofilms formation were most commonly observed [100%] for C. kefyr, C. utilis, C. famata, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, followed by C. glabrata [70%], C. tropicalis [50%], C. albicans [29%], Saccharomyces cerevisiae [0.0%]. EDTA (0.3mg/ml) significantly inhibited biofilm formation in both C. albicans and non-albicans isolates (P=0.0001) presumably due to chelation of necessary metal cations for the process-completion. In contrast, heparin (-benzyl alcohol preservative) stimulated biofilm formation in all tested isolates, but not at significant level (P=0.567). Conversely, cycloheximide significantly (P=0.0001) inhibited biofilm formation in all C. albicans strains(126) and its effect was even 3 fold more pronounced than EDTA inhibition, probably due to its attenuation of proteins (enzymes) and/or complex molecules necessary for biofilm formation. Results also showed that all nonalbicans yeasts isolates were susceptible to 5-flucytosine (MIC50, 0.016 µg/ml; MIC90, 0.064 µg/ml), but 14% of C. albicans isolates were resistant (MIC50, 0.064 µg/ml; MIC90 >32 µg/ml). The MIC50 value of amphotricin B for all C. albicans and non-albicans isolates was at a narrow range of 0.023 µg /ml, and the MIC90 values were 0.047 µg/ml and 0.064 µg/ml respectively, thereby confirming its efficacy as a first line empiric- treatment of Candida spp infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raid A Al-akeel
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Talat A El-kersh
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yazeed A Al-Sheikh
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Mrozek N, Lautrette A, Timsit JF, Souweine B. How to deal with dialysis catheters in the ICU setting. Ann Intensive Care 2012; 2:48. [PMID: 23174157 PMCID: PMC3526537 DOI: 10.1186/2110-5820-2-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney insufficiency (AKI) occurs frequently in intensive care units (ICU). In the management of vascular access for renal replacement therapy (RRT), several factors need to be taken into consideration to achieve an optimal RRT dose and to limit complications. In the medium and long term, some individuals may become chronic dialysis patients and so preserving the vascular network is of major importance. Few studies have focused on the use of dialysis catheters (DC) in ICUs, and clinical practice is driven by the knowledge and management of long-term dialysis catheter in chronic dialysis patients and of central venous catheter in ICU patients. This review describes the appropriate use and management of DCs required to obtain an accurate RRT dose and to reduce mechanical and infectious complications in the ICU setting. To deliver the best RRT dose, the length and diameter of the catheter need to be sufficient. In patients on intermittent hemodialysis, the right internal jugular insertion is associated with a higher delivered dialysis dose if the prescribed extracorporeal blood flow is higher than 200 ml/min. To prevent DC colonization, the physician has to be vigilant for the jugular position when BMI < 24 and the femoral position when BMI > 28. Subclavian sites should be excluded. Ultrasound guidance should be used especially in jugular sites. Antibiotic-impregnated dialysis catheters and antibiotic locks are not recommended in routine practice. The efficacy of ethanol and citrate locks has yet to be demonstrated. Hygiene procedures must be respected during DC insertion and manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Mrozek
- Réanimation médicale, Hôpital Gabriel Montpied CHU-Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont Ferrand, 63000, France
- UMR CNRS 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Alexandre Lautrette
- Réanimation médicale, Hôpital Gabriel Montpied CHU-Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont Ferrand, 63000, France
- UMR CNRS 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Jean-François Timsit
- Medical Polyvalent Intensive Care Unit, University Joseph Fourier, Albert Michallon Hospital, BP 217, Grenoble Cedex 9, 38043, France
- University Joseph Fourier, EA U823, Albert Bonniot Institute, La Tronche Cedex, 38706, France
| | - Bertrand Souweine
- Réanimation médicale, Hôpital Gabriel Montpied CHU-Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont Ferrand, 63000, France
- UMR CNRS 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont Ferrand, 63000, France
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Abstract
The widespread use of intravascular devices, such as central venous and hemodialysis catheters, in the past 2 decades has paralleled the increasing incidence of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CR-BSIs). Candida albicans is the fourth leading cause of hospital-associated BSIs. The propensity of C. albicans to form biofilms on these catheters has made these infections difficult to treat due to multiple factors, including increased resistance to antifungal agents. Thus, curing CR-BSIs caused by Candida species usually requires catheter removal in addition to systemic antifungal therapy. Alternatively, antimicrobial lock therapy has received significant interest and shown promise as a strategy to treat CR-BSIs due to Candida species. The existing in vitro, animal, and patient data for treatment of Candida-related CR-BSIs are reviewed. The most promising antifungal lock therapy (AfLT) strategies include use of amphotericin, ethanol, or echinocandins. Clinical trials are needed to further define the safety and efficacy of AfLT.
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Abstract
The widespread use of intravascular devices, such as central venous and hemodialysis catheters, in the past 2 decades has paralleled the increasing incidence of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CR-BSIs). Candida albicans is the fourth leading cause of hospital-associated BSIs. The propensity of C. albicans to form biofilms on these catheters has made these infections difficult to treat due to multiple factors, including increased resistance to antifungal agents. Thus, curing CR-BSIs caused by Candida species usually requires catheter removal in addition to systemic antifungal therapy. Alternatively, antimicrobial lock therapy has received significant interest and shown promise as a strategy to treat CR-BSIs due to Candida species. The existing in vitro, animal, and patient data for treatment of Candida-related CR-BSIs are reviewed. The most promising antifungal lock therapy (AfLT) strategies include use of amphotericin, ethanol, or echinocandins. Clinical trials are needed to further define the safety and efficacy of AfLT.
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