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Prediction of lung exposure to anti-tubercular drugs using plasma pharmacokinetic data: implications for dose selection. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 173:106163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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2
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Spray-Dried Powder Formulation of Capreomycin Designed for Inhaled Tuberculosis Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122044. [PMID: 34959328 PMCID: PMC8706516 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a huge public health problem. The treatment regimen of MDR-TB requires prolonged chemotherapy with multiple drugs including second-line anti-TB agents associated with severe adverse effects. Capreomycin, a polypeptide antibiotic, is the first choice of second-line anti-TB drugs in MDR-TB therapy. It requires repeated intramuscular or intravenous administration five times per week. Pulmonary drug delivery is non-invasive with the advantages of local targeting and reduced risk of systemic toxicity. In this study, inhaled dry powder formulation of capreomycin targeting the lung was developed using spray drying technique. Among the 16 formulations designed, the one containing 25% capreomycin (w/w) and spray-dried at an inlet temperature of 90 °C showed the best overall performance with the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 3.38 μm and a fine particle fraction (FPF) of around 65%. In the pharmacokinetic study in mice, drug concentration in the lungs was approximately 8-fold higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (1.25 to 2.5 µg/mL) for at least 24 h following intratracheal administration (20 mg/kg). Compared to intravenous injection, inhaled capreomycin showed significantly higher area under the curve, slower clearance and longer mean residence time in both the lungs and plasma.
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3
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Landersdorfer CB, Kinzig M, Höhl R, Kempf P, Nation RL, Sörgel F. Physiologically Based Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach for Ciprofloxacin in Bone of Patients Undergoing Orthopedic Surgery. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:444-454. [PMID: 32566910 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin is highly active against bacteria that commonly cause bone infections. However, the time-course of ciprofloxacin in bone has not been characterized using population pharmacokinetic modeling. Thirty-nine patients received a 1-h infusion of 400 mg of ciprofloxacin before orthopedic surgery. Blood and bone samples were collected at 0.5 to 20 h following the start of the infusion. Bone samples were separated into cortical and cancellous bone and pulverized under liquid nitrogen using a cryogenic mill. Ciprofloxacin in plasma, and cortical and cancellous bone was quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling approach was utilized to describe the concentration-time profiles in plasma and bone. Ciprofloxacin concentrations ranged from 0.176 to 5.98 mg/L (median, 1.67; density, 1.99 g/cm3) in cortical, and 0.224 to 14.6 mg/L (median, 1.22; 1.92 g/cm3) in cancellous bone. The average observed cortical bone/plasma concentration ratio was 0.67 at 0.5 to 2 h (n = 7) and 5.1 at 13 to 20 h (n = 9). For cancellous bone the respective average ratios were 0.77 and 4.4. The population PK model included a central (blood) compartment, two peripheral tissue compartments, and compartments for the organic and inorganic (hydroxyapatite) matrix in cortical and cancellous bone. The population mean ciprofloxacin clearance was 20.7 L/h. The estimated partition coefficients of the organic bone matrix were 3.39 for cortical and 5.11 for cancellous bone. Ciprofloxacin achieved higher concentrations in bone than plasma. Slow redistribution from bone to plasma may have been due to binding to the inorganic bone matrix. The developed model presents a step toward optimized antibiotic dosing in osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia B Landersdorfer
- IBMP-Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, Nürnberg-Heroldsberg, 90562, Germany.,Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
| | - Martina Kinzig
- IBMP-Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, Nürnberg-Heroldsberg, 90562, Germany
| | - Rainer Höhl
- Institute for Clinical Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Clinical Infectiology, Paracelsus Medical Private University, Nürnberg Hospital, Nürnberg, 90419, Germany
| | - Peter Kempf
- Department of Surgery, Municipal Hospital, Rüsselsheim, 65428, Germany
| | - Roger L Nation
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
| | - Fritz Sörgel
- IBMP-Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, Nürnberg-Heroldsberg, 90562, Germany.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 47057, Germany
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Lee MW, de Anda J, Kroll C, Bieniossek C, Bradley K, Amrein KE, Wong GCL. How do cyclic antibiotics with activity against Gram-negative bacteria permeate membranes? A machine learning informed experimental study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183302. [PMID: 32311341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
All antibiotics have to engage bacterial amphiphilic barriers such as the lipopolysaccharide-rich outer membrane or the phospholipid-based inner membrane in some manner, either by disrupting them outright and/or permeating them and thereby allow the antibiotic to get into bacteria. There is a growing class of cyclic antibiotics, many of which are of bacterial origin, that exhibit activity against Gram-negative bacteria, which constitute an urgent problem in human health. We examine a diverse collection of these cyclic antibiotics, both natural and synthetic, which include bactenecin, polymyxin B, octapeptin, capreomycin, and Kirshenbaum peptoids, in order to identify what they have in common when they interact with bacterial lipid membranes. We find that they virtually all have the ability to induce negative Gaussian curvature (NGC) in bacterial membranes, the type of curvature geometrically required for permeation mechanisms such as pore formation, blebbing, and budding. This is interesting since permeation of membranes is a function usually ascribed to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from innate immunity. As prototypical test cases of cyclic antibiotics, we analyzed amino acid sequences of bactenecin, polymyxin B, and capreomycin using our recently developed machine-learning classifier trained on α-helical AMP sequences. Although the original classifier was not trained on cyclic antibiotics, a modified classifier approach correctly predicted that bactenecin and polymyxin B have the ability to induce NGC in membranes, while capreomycin does not. Moreover, the classifier was able to recapitulate empirical structure-activity relationships from alanine scans in polymyxin B surprisingly well. These results suggest that there exists some common ground in the sequence design of hybrid cyclic antibiotics and linear AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle W Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Jaime de Anda
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Carsten Kroll
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development Pharmaceutical Science, Roche, Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Bieniossek
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development Pharmaceutical Science, Roche, Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth Bradley
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development Pharmaceutical Science, Roche, Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kurt E Amrein
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development Pharmaceutical Science, Roche, Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerard C L Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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5
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Thuboy B, Kellermann T, Castel S, Norman J, Joubert A, Garcia-Prats AJ, Hesseling AC, Wiesner L. The determination of capreomycin in human plasma by LC-MS/MS using ion-pairing chromatography and solid-phase extraction. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4269. [PMID: 29726023 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A bioanalytical method was developed and validated for the quantification of capreomycin (Cm) analogs, Cm IA and Cm IB, in human plasma. This implemented ion-pairing solid phase extraction, followed by ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography, with tandem mass spectrometry detection. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Discovery C18 , 5 μm, 4.6 × 50 mm analytical column. An isocratic mobile phase consisting of water and acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid and 4mm heptafluorobutyric acid (80:20; v/v) was used at a flow-rate of 500 μL/min. An AB Sciex API 3000 mass spectrometer at unit resolution, in multiple reaction monitoring mode, was used for detection. Electrospray ionization was used for ion production. The method was successfully validated for the range 469-30,000 ng/mL for Cm IA and for Cm IB, with cefotaxime as the internal standard. The within- and between-day precision determinations for Cm IA and IB, expressed as the percentage coefficient of variation, were < 20.0% at the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) and < 8.2% at all other test concentrations. Recovery of both analogs was > 72.3% and reproducible at the low, medium and high end of the calibration range. No significant matrix effects were observed for the analyte. The assay performed well when applied to clinical samples generated from children in a clinical multidrug resistant tuberculosis research study in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessings Thuboy
- Pharmacy Department, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tracy Kellermann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sandra Castel
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Norman
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anton Joubert
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anthony J Garcia-Prats
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anneke C Hesseling
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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6
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Siddiqi MK, Alam P, Chaturvedi SK, Khan MV, Nusrat S, Malik S, Khan RH. Capreomycin inhibits the initiation of amyloid fibrillation and suppresses amyloid induced cell toxicity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:549-557. [PMID: 29496560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation and amyloid fibrillation are responsible for several serious pathological conditions (like type II diabetes, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases etc.) and protein drugs ineffectiveness. Therefore, a molecule that can inhibit the amyloid fibrillation and potentially clear amyloid fibrils is of great therapeutic value. In this manuscript, we investigated the antiamyloidogenic, fibril disaggregating, as well as cell protective effect of an anti-tuberculosis drug, Capreomycin (CN). Aggregation kinetics data, as monitored by ThT fluorescence, inferred that CN retards the insulin amyloid fibrillation by primarily targeting the fibril elongation step with little effect on lag time. Increasing the dose of CN boosted its inhibitory potency. Strikingly, CN arrested the growth of fibrils when added during the elongation phase, and disaggregated mature insulin fibrils. Our Circular Dichroism (CD) results showed that, although CN is not able to maintain the alpha helical structure of protein during fibrillation, reduces the formation of beta sheet rich structure. Furthermore, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Transmission Electronic Microscopy (TEM) analysis confirmed that CN treated samples exhibited different size distribution and morphology, respectively. In addition, molecular docking results revealed that CN interacts with insulin through hydrophobic interactions as well as hydrogen bonding, and the Hemolytic assay confirmed the non-hemolytic activity of CN on human RBCs. For future research, this study may assist in the rational designing of molecules against amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parvez Alam
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Chaturvedi
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohsin Vahid Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saima Nusrat
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sadia Malik
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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7
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Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling as a Tool To Characterize the Decrease in Ciprofloxacin Free Interstitial Levels Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Lung Infection in Wistar Rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02553-16. [PMID: 28461311 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02553-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation plays an important role in the persistence of pulmonary infections, for example, in cystic fibrosis patients. So far, little is known about the antimicrobial lung disposition in biofilm-associated pneumonia. This study aimed to evaluate, by microdialysis, ciprofloxacin (CIP) penetration into the lungs of healthy and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm-infected rats and to develop a comprehensive model to describe the CIP disposition under both conditions. P. aeruginosa was immobilized into alginate beads and intratracheally inoculated 14 days before CIP administration (20 mg/kg of body weight). Plasma and microdialysate were sampled from different animal groups, and the observations were evaluated by noncompartmental analysis (NCA) and population pharmacokinetic (popPK) analysis. The final model that successfully described all data consisted of an arterial and a venous central compartment and two peripheral distribution compartments, and the disposition in the lung was modeled as a two-compartment model structure linked to the venous compartment. Plasma clearance was approximately 32% lower in infected animals, leading to a significantly higher level of plasma CIP exposure (area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity, 27.3 ± 12.1 μg · h/ml and 13.3 ± 3.5 μg · h/ml in infected and healthy rats, respectively). Despite the plasma exposure, infected animals showed a four times lower tissue concentration/plasma concentration ratio (lung penetration factor = 0.44 and 1.69 in infected and healthy rats, respectively), and lung clearance (CLlung) was added to the model for these animals (CLlung = 0.643 liters/h/kg) to explain the lower tissue concentrations. Our results indicate that P. aeruginosa biofilm infection reduces the CIP free interstitial lung concentrations and increases plasma exposure, suggesting that plasma concentrations alone are not a good surrogate of lung concentrations.
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8
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Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Rifapentine and 25-Desacetyl Rifapentine Disposition in Humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:4860-8. [PMID: 27270284 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00031-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Rifapentine (RPT) is a rifamycin antimycobacterial and, as part of a combination therapy, is indicated for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Although the results from a number of studies indicate that rifapentine has the potential to shorten treatment duration and enhance completion rates compared to other rifamycin agents utilized in antituberculosis drug regimens (i.e., regimens 1 to 4), its optimal dose and exposure in humans are unknown. To help inform such an optimization, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to predict time course, tissue-specific concentrations of RPT and its active metabolite, 25-desacetyl rifapentine (dRPT), in humans after specified administration schedules for RPT. Starting with the development and verification of a PBPK model for rats, the model was extrapolated and then tested using human pharmacokinetic data. Testing and verification of the models included comparisons of predictions to experimental data in several rat tissues and time course RPT and dRPT plasma concentrations in humans from several single- and repeated-dosing studies. Finally, the model was used to predict RPT concentrations in the lung during the intensive and continuation phases of a current recommended TB treatment regimen. Based on these results, it is anticipated that the PBPK model developed in this study will be useful in evaluating dosing regimens for RPT and for characterizing tissue-level doses that could be predictors of problems related to efficacy or safety.
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9
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Gaohua L, Wedagedera J, Small BG, Almond L, Romero K, Hermann D, Hanna D, Jamei M, Gardner I. Development of a Multicompartment Permeability-Limited Lung PBPK Model and Its Application in Predicting Pulmonary Pharmacokinetics of Antituberculosis Drugs. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 4:605-13. [PMID: 26535161 PMCID: PMC4625865 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Achieving sufficient concentrations of antituberculosis (TB) drugs in pulmonary tissue at the optimum time is still a challenge in developing therapeutic regimens for TB. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model incorporating a multicompartment permeability-limited lung model was developed and used to simulate plasma and pulmonary concentrations of seven drugs. Passive permeability of drugs within the lung was predicted using an in vitro-in vivo extrapolation approach. Simulated epithelial lining fluid (ELF):plasma concentration ratios showed reasonable agreement with observed clinical data for rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and erythromycin. For clarithromycin, itraconazole and pyrazinamide the observed ELF:plasma ratios were significantly underpredicted. Sensitivity analyses showed that changing ELF pH or introducing efflux transporter activity between lung tissue and ELF can alter the ELF:plasma concentration ratios. The described model has shown utility in predicting the lung pharmacokinetics of anti-TB drugs and provides a framework for predicting pulmonary concentrations of novel anti-TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gaohua
- Simcyp Limited (a Certara company) Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - J Wedagedera
- Simcyp Limited (a Certara company) Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - B G Small
- Simcyp Limited (a Certara company) Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - L Almond
- Simcyp Limited (a Certara company) Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - K Romero
- Critical Path Institute Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - D Hermann
- Certara USA, Inc. Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - D Hanna
- Critical Path Institute Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - M Jamei
- Simcyp Limited (a Certara company) Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - I Gardner
- Simcyp Limited (a Certara company) Sheffield, United Kingdom
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10
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Cambronero-Rojas A, Torres-Vergara P, Godoy R, von Plessing C, Sepúlveda J, Gómez-Gaete C. Capreomycin oleate microparticles for intramuscular administration: Preparation, in vitro release and preliminary in vivo evaluation. J Control Release 2015; 209:229-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Linderman JJ, Cilfone NA, Pienaar E, Gong C, Kirschner DE. A multi-scale approach to designing therapeutics for tuberculosis. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:591-609. [PMID: 25924949 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00295d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Limited information about how the immune system fights M. tuberculosis and what constitutes protection from the bacteria impact our ability to develop effective therapies for tuberculosis. We present an in vivo systems biology approach that integrates data from multiple model systems and over multiple length and time scales into a comprehensive multi-scale and multi-compartment view of the in vivo immune response to M. tuberculosis. We describe computational models that can be used to study (a) immunomodulation with the cytokines tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 10, (b) oral and inhaled antibiotics, and
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Linderman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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12
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Electroanalysis of antitubercular drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological fluids: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 853:59-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Pienaar E, Cilfone NA, Lin PL, Dartois V, Mattila JT, Butler JR, Flynn JL, Kirschner DE, Linderman JJ. A computational tool integrating host immunity with antibiotic dynamics to study tuberculosis treatment. J Theor Biol 2014; 367:166-179. [PMID: 25497475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
While active tuberculosis (TB) is a treatable disease, many complex factors prevent its global elimination. Part of the difficulty in developing optimal therapies is the large design space of antibiotic doses, regimens and combinations. Computational models that capture the spatial and temporal dynamics of antibiotics at the site of infection can aid in reducing the design space of costly and time-consuming animal pre-clinical and human clinical trials. The site of infection in TB is the granuloma, a collection of immune cells and bacteria that form in the lung, and new data suggest that penetration of drugs throughout granulomas is problematic. Here we integrate our computational model of granuloma formation and function with models for plasma pharmacokinetics, lung tissue pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics for two first line anti-TB antibiotics. The integrated model is calibrated to animal data. We make four predictions. First, antibiotics are frequently below effective concentrations inside granulomas, leading to bacterial growth between doses and contributing to the long treatment periods required for TB. Second, antibiotic concentration gradients form within granulomas, with lower concentrations toward their centers. Third, during antibiotic treatment, bacterial subpopulations are similar for INH and RIF treatment: mostly intracellular with extracellular bacteria located in areas non-permissive for replication (hypoxic areas), presenting a slowly increasing target population over time. Finally, we find that on an individual granuloma basis, pre-treatment infection severity (including bacterial burden, host cell activation and host cell death) is predictive of treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsje Pienaar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas A Cilfone
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Philana Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Children׳s Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Véronique Dartois
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Joshua T Mattila
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J Russell Butler
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Adventist University of Health Sciences, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Denise E Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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14
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Hao K, Qi Q, Wan P, Zhang J, Hao H, Liang Y, Xie L, Wang G, Sun J. Prediction of human pharmacokinetics from preclinical information of rhein, an antidiabetic nephropathy drug, using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 114:160-7. [PMID: 24118734 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of rhein to predict human pharmacokinetics before dosing for the first time in human beings. After oral administration of rhein at the doses of 35, 70 and 140 mg/kg in rat, rhein had the following mean plasma pharmacokinetic properties: t1/2 of 3.2, 3.6 and 4.3 hr, AUC∞ of 69.5, 164.3 and 237.8 μg/h/ml and CL/F of 503.4, 426.1 and 588.8 ml/hr/kg, respectively. In vitro, the intrinsic clearance (Clint ) of rhein in cytochrome P450 (CYP450), UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) and sulfotransferase (SULT) metabolism of rat was 0.6, 7.8, and 5.5 μl/min/mg protein, respectively. The Clint of rhein in CYP450, UGT and SULT of human beings was 0.10, 1.36 and 0.68 μl/min/mg protein. The rat pharmacokinetics and the metabolism data in vitro were used to construct the PBPK model of rhein, and the observed plasma drug concentration profiles of rhein in rat were validated by a PBPK model. Subsequently, the plasma drug concentration profiles of human beings by the present PBPK model were validated by experimental data in human beings accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Phase I, single-dose, dose-escalating study of inhaled dry powder capreomycin: a new approach to therapy of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:2613-9. [PMID: 23529740 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02346-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) threatens global TB control. The lengthy treatment includes one of the injectable drugs kanamycin, amikacin, and capreomycin, usually for the first 6 months. These drugs have potentially serious toxicities, and when given as intramuscular injections, dosing can be painful. Advances in particulate drug delivery have led to the formulation of capreomycin as the first antituberculosis drug available as a microparticle dry powder for inhalation and clinical study. Delivery by aerosol may result in successful treatment with lower doses. Here we report a phase I, single-dose, dose-escalating study aimed at demonstrating safety and tolerability in healthy subjects and measuring pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. Twenty healthy adults (n = 5 per group) were recruited to self-administer a single dose of inhaled dry powder capreomycin (25-mg, 75-mg, 150-mg, or 300-mg nominal dose) using a simple, handheld delivery device. Inhalations were well tolerated by all subjects. The most common adverse event was mild to moderate transient cough, in five subjects. There were no changes in lung function, audiometry, or laboratory parameters. Capreomycin was rapidly absorbed after inhalation. Systemic concentrations were detected in each dose group within 20 min. Peak and mean plasma concentrations of capreomycin were dose proportional. Serum concentrations exceeded 2 μg/ml (MIC for Mycobacterium tuberculosis) following the highest dose; the half-life (t1/2) was 4.8 ± 1.0 h. A novel inhaled microparticle dry powder formulation of capreomycin was well tolerated. A single 300-mg dose rapidly achieved serum drug concentrations above the MIC for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, suggesting the potential of inhaled therapy as part of an MDR-TB treatment regimen.
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A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of rifampin in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:1763-71. [PMID: 23357766 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01567-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One problem associated with regimen-based development of antituberculosis (anti-TB) drugs is the difficulty of a systematic and thorough in vivo evaluation of the large number of possible regimens that arise from consideration of multiple drugs tested together. A mathematical model capable of simulating the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of experimental combination chemotherapy of TB offers a way to mitigate this problem by extending the use of available data to investigate regimens that are not initially tested. In order to increase the available mathematical tools needed to support such a model for preclinical anti-TB drug development, we constructed a preliminary whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of rifampin in mice, using data from the literature. Interindividual variability was approximated using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation with assigned probability distributions for the model parameters. An MC sensitivity analysis was also performed to determine correlations between model parameters and plasma concentration to inform future model development. Model predictions for rifampin concentrations in plasma, liver, kidneys, and lungs, following oral administration, were generally in agreement with published experimental data from multiple studies. Sensitive model parameters included those descriptive of oral absorption, total clearance, and partitioning of rifampin between blood and muscle. This PBPK model can serve as a starting point for the integration of rifampin pharmacokinetics in mice into a larger mathematical framework, including the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and pharmacokinetic models for other anti-TB drugs.
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