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Cornejal N, Pollack E, Kaur R, Persaud A, Plagianos M, Juliani HR, Simon JE, Zorde M, Priano C, Koroch A, Romero JAF. Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Theobroma cacao, Bourreria huanita, Eriobotrya japonica, and Elettaria cardamomum - Traditional Plants Used in Central America. JOURNAL OF MEDICINALLY ACTIVE PLANTS 2023; 12:1-17. [PMID: 38234988 PMCID: PMC10792510 DOI: 10.7275/wets-9869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The search for alternative naturally occurring antimicrobial agents will always continue, especially when emerging diseases like COVID-19 provide an urgency to identify and develop safe and effective ways to prevent or treat these infections. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential antimicrobial activity as well as antioxidant properties of commercial samples from four traditional medicinal plants used in Central America: Theobroma cacao, Bourreria huanita, Eriobotrya japonica, and Elettaria cardamomum. Ethanolic extracts were prepared from commercial products derived from the seeds or flowers of these plants. Total phenolics and antioxidant activity were assessed using commercial kits. The cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were evaluated using the XTT colorimetric assay and a SARS-CoV-2 delta pseudoviral model. The half-maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) and half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) were used to calculate the therapeutic index (TI). Additionally, the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis was tested using a spectrophotometric method. The extracts showed total phenolics in the range of 0.06 to 1.85 nM/μL catechin equivalents, with T. cacao bean extract showing the highest content. The antioxidant activity showed values between 0.02 and 0.44 mM Trolox equivalents. T. cacao bean extract showed the highest antioxidant activity. Most plant extracts showed zero to moderate selective antiviral activity; however, one T. cacao beans sample showed excellent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 with a TI value of 30.3, and one sample of E. japonica showed selective antiviral activity with a TI value of 18.7. Significant inhibition of E. coli and S. epidermidis by an E. japonica ethanolic extract (p<0.001) was observed using a spectrophotometric method that monitors bacterial growth over time. Additionally, ethanolic extracts of E. cardamomum showed significant inhibition of S. epidermidis growth (p<0.001). The results warrant further investigation of the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of these plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadjet Cornejal
- Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10007
- Brooklyn College, City University of New York, New York, NY, 11210
| | - Evian Pollack
- Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10007
| | - Rajvinder Kaur
- Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10007
| | - Ashanna Persaud
- Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10007
| | - Marlena Plagianos
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, 10065
| | - H. Rodolfo Juliani
- New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant Products, Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, NJ, 08901
| | - James E. Simon
- New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant Products, Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, NJ, 08901
| | - Martin Zorde
- New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant Products, Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, NJ, 08901
| | - Christine Priano
- Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10007
| | - Adolfina Koroch
- Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10007
| | - José A. Fernández Romero
- Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10007
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, 10065
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Zou P, Du Y, Yang C, Cao Y. Trace element zinc and skin disorders. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 9:1093868. [PMID: 36733937 PMCID: PMC9887131 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1093868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc is a necessary trace element and an important constituent of proteins and other biological molecules. It has many biological functions, including antioxidant, skin and mucous membrane integrity maintenance, and the promotion of various enzymatic and transcriptional responses. The skin contains the third most zinc in the organism. Zinc deficiency can lead to a range of skin diseases. Except for acrodermatitis enteropathic, a rare genetic zinc deficiency, it has also been reported in other diseases. In recent years, zinc supplementation has been widely used for various skin conditions, including infectious diseases (viral warts, genital herpes, cutaneous leishmaniasis, leprosy), inflammatory diseases (hidradenitis suppurativa, acne vulgaris, rosacea, eczematous dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, Behcet's disease, oral lichen planus), pigmentary diseases (vitiligo, melasma), tumor-associated diseases (basal cell carcinoma), endocrine and metabolic diseases (necrolytic migratory erythema, necrolytic acral erythema), hair diseases (alopecia), and so on. We reviewed the literature on zinc application in dermatology to provide references for better use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zou
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxin Du
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunguang Yang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Chunguang Yang ✉
| | - Yuchun Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Yuchun Cao ✉
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Zinc and Zinc Transporters in Dermatology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416165. [PMID: 36555806 PMCID: PMC9785331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an important trace mineral in the human body and a daily intake of zinc is required to maintain a healthy status. Over the past decades, zinc has been used in formulating topical and systemic therapies for various skin disorders owing to its wound healing and antimicrobial properties. Zinc transporters play a major role in maintaining the integrity of the integumentary system by controlling zinc homeostasis within dermal layers. Mutations and abnormal function of zinc-transporting proteins can lead to disease development, such as spondylocheirodysplastic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (SCD-EDS) and acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) which can be fatal if left untreated. This review discusses the layers of the skin, the importance of zinc and zinc transporters in each layer, and the various skin disorders caused by zinc deficiency, in addition to zinc-containing compounds used for treating different skin disorders and skin protection.
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Pacheco-Quito EM, Bedoya LM, Rubio J, Tamayo A, Ruiz-Caro R, Veiga MD. Layer-by-Layer Vaginal Films for Acyclovir Controlled Release to Prevent Genital Herpes. Int J Pharm 2022; 627:122239. [PMID: 36179927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Genital herpes is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. It mainly affects women, as the rate of sexual transmission from male-to-female is higher than from female-to-male. The application of vaginal antivirals drugs could reduce the prevalence of genital herpes and prevent future infections. Layer-by-layer vaginal films were prepared by the solvent evaporation method using iota-carrageenan, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and the polymethacrylates Eudragit® RS PO and Eudragit® S100, for the controlled release of acyclovir. The films were characterized by texture analysis and Raman spectroscopy. Swelling, mucoadhesion, and drug release studies were conducted in simulated vaginal fluid. The results show that Layer-by-Layer films exhibited adequate mechanical properties. The structuring of the layer-by-layer films allowed the controlled release of acyclovir and produced a prolonged mucoadhesion residence time of up to 192h. The films formed in layer 2 by the combination of Eudragit® RS PO and S100 showed a controlled release of acyclovir for eight days, and adequate mechanical properties. These promising formulations for the prevention of genital herpes deserve further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edisson-Mauricio Pacheco-Quito
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis-Miguel Bedoya
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Rubio
- Institute of Ceramics and Glass, Spanish National Research Council, C/ Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aitana Tamayo
- Institute of Ceramics and Glass, Spanish National Research Council, C/ Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Ruiz-Caro
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María-Dolores Veiga
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Shokouhi Targhi H, Mehrbod P, Fotouhi F, Amininasab M. In vitro anti-influenza assessment of anionic compounds ascorbate, acetate and citrate. Virol J 2022; 19:88. [PMID: 35606770 PMCID: PMC9125540 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01823-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection remains a serious public health threat. Due to drug resistance and side effects of the conventional antiviral drugs, repurposing the available natural compounds with high tolerability and fewer side effects has attracted researchers’ attention. The aim of this study was to screen in vitro anti-influenza activity of three anionic compounds ascorbate, acetate, and citrate.
Methods
The non-cytotoxic concentration of the compounds was determined by MTT assay and examined for the activity against IAV in simultaneous, pre-, and post-penetration combination treatments over 1 h incubation on Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell line. The virus titer and viral load were determined using hemagglutination assay (HA) and qPCR, respectively. Few pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated at RNA and protein levels by qPCR and ELISA, respectively.
Results
The non-cytotoxic concentrations of the ascorbate (200 mg/ml), acetate and citrate (both 3 mg/ml) reduced the viral titer by 6.5, 4.5, and 1.5 logs in the simultaneous combination treatment. The M protein gene copy number decreased significantly in simultaneous treatment (P < 0.01). The expression of cytokines was also affected by the treatment of these compounds.
Conclusions
These anionic compounds could affect the influenza virus load, thereby reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines levels.
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Carse S, Lang D, Katz AA, Schäfer G. Exogenous Vimentin Supplementation Transiently Affects Early Steps during HPV16 Pseudovirus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122471. [PMID: 34960740 PMCID: PMC8703489 DOI: 10.3390/v13122471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and modulating the early steps in oncogenic Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection has great cancer-preventative potential, as this virus is the etiological agent of virtually all cervical cancer cases and is associated with many other anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. Previous work from our laboratory has identified cell-surface-expressed vimentin as a novel HPV16 pseudovirus (HPV16-PsVs)-binding molecule modulating its infectious potential. To further explore its mode of inhibiting HPV16-PsVs internalisation, we supplemented it with exogenous recombinant human vimentin and show that only the globular form of the molecule (as opposed to the filamentous form) inhibited HPV16-PsVs internalisation in vitro. Further, this inhibitory effect was only transient and not sustained over prolonged incubation times, as demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, possibly due to full-entry molecule engagement by the virions once saturation levels have been reached. The vimentin-mediated delay of HPV16-PsVs internalisation could be narrowed down to affecting multiple steps during the virus’ interaction with the host cell and was found to affect both heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) binding as well as the subsequent entry receptor complex engagement. Interestingly, decreased pseudovirus internalisation (but not infection) in the presence of vimentin was also demonstrated for oncogenic HPV types 18, 31 and 45. Together, these data demonstrate the potential of vimentin as a modulator of HPV infection which can be used as a tool to study early mechanisms in infectious internalisation. However, further refinement is needed with regard to vimentin’s stabilisation and formulation before its development as an alternative prophylactic means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Carse
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Dirk Lang
- Department of Human Biology, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
| | - Arieh A. Katz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- SA-MRC-UCT Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Georgia Schäfer
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-21-404-7688
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Álvarez-Viñas M, Souto S, Flórez-Fernández N, Torres MD, Bandín I, Domínguez H. Antiviral Activity of Carrageenans and Processing Implications. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:437. [PMID: 34436276 PMCID: PMC8400836 DOI: 10.3390/md19080437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carrageenan and carrageenan oligosaccharides are red seaweed sulfated carbohydrates with well-known antiviral properties, mainly through the blocking of the viral attachment stage. They also exhibit other interesting biological properties and can be used to prepare different drug delivery systems for controlled administration. The most active forms are λ-, ι-, and κ-carrageenans, the degree and sulfation position being determined in their properties. They can be obtained from sustainable worldwide available resources and the influence of manufacturing on composition, structure, and antiviral properties should be considered. This review presents a survey of the antiviral properties of carrageenan in relation to the processing conditions, particularly those assisted by intensification technologies during the extraction stage, and discusses the possibility of further chemical modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Álvarez-Viñas
- CINBIO, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Ourense, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.Á.-V.); (N.F.-F.); (M.D.T.)
| | - Sandra Souto
- Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (S.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Noelia Flórez-Fernández
- CINBIO, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Ourense, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.Á.-V.); (N.F.-F.); (M.D.T.)
| | - Maria Dolores Torres
- CINBIO, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Ourense, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.Á.-V.); (N.F.-F.); (M.D.T.)
| | - Isabel Bandín
- Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (S.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Herminia Domínguez
- CINBIO, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Ourense, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.Á.-V.); (N.F.-F.); (M.D.T.)
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Alsaidi S, Cornejal N, Mahoney O, Melo C, Verma N, Bonnaire T, Chang T, O’Keefe BR, Sailer J, Zydowsky TM, Teleshova N, Romero JAF. Griffithsin and Carrageenan Combination Results in Antiviral Synergy against SARS-CoV-1 and 2 in a Pseudoviral Model. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19080418. [PMID: 34436255 PMCID: PMC8400000 DOI: 10.3390/md19080418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 182 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 and more than 4 million deaths have been reported to date around the world. It is essential to identify broad-spectrum antiviral agents that may prevent or treat infections by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) but also by other coronaviruses that may jump the species barrier in the future. We evaluated the antiviral selectivity of griffithsin and sulfated and non-sulfated polysaccharides against SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 using a cytotoxicity assay and a cell-based pseudoviral model. The half-maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) and half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) were determined for each compound, using a dose-response-inhibition analysis on GraphPad Prism v9.0.2 software (San Diego, CA, USA). The therapeutic index (TI = CC50/EC50) was calculated for each compound. The potential synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effect of different compound combinations was determined by CalcuSyn v1 software (Biosoft, Cambridge, UK), which estimated the combination index (CI) values. Iota and lambda carrageenan showed the most potent antiviral activity (EC50 between 3.2 and 7.5 µg/mL). Carrageenan and griffithsin combinations exhibited synergistic activity (EC50 between 0.2 and 3.8 µg/mL; combination index <1), including against recent SARS-CoV-2 mutations. The griffithsin and carrageenan combination is a promising candidate to prevent or treat infections by SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Alsaidi
- Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.A.); (N.C.); (O.M.); (C.M.); (N.V.); (T.B.); (J.S.); (T.M.Z.); (N.T.)
- Department of Science, Borough of Manhattan Community College, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10007, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Lehman College, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10468, USA
| | - Nadjet Cornejal
- Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.A.); (N.C.); (O.M.); (C.M.); (N.V.); (T.B.); (J.S.); (T.M.Z.); (N.T.)
- Department of Science, Borough of Manhattan Community College, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10007, USA
- Center for Achievement in Science Education, Department of Biology and Chemistry, School of Natural and Behavioral Sciences, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, New York, NY 11210, USA
| | - Oneil Mahoney
- Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.A.); (N.C.); (O.M.); (C.M.); (N.V.); (T.B.); (J.S.); (T.M.Z.); (N.T.)
- Department of Science, Borough of Manhattan Community College, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10007, USA
| | - Claudia Melo
- Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.A.); (N.C.); (O.M.); (C.M.); (N.V.); (T.B.); (J.S.); (T.M.Z.); (N.T.)
- Department of Science, Borough of Manhattan Community College, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10007, USA
- Center for Achievement in Science Education, Department of Biology and Chemistry, School of Natural and Behavioral Sciences, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, New York, NY 11210, USA
| | - Neeharika Verma
- Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.A.); (N.C.); (O.M.); (C.M.); (N.V.); (T.B.); (J.S.); (T.M.Z.); (N.T.)
| | - Thierry Bonnaire
- Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.A.); (N.C.); (O.M.); (C.M.); (N.V.); (T.B.); (J.S.); (T.M.Z.); (N.T.)
| | - Theresa Chang
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
| | - Barry R. O’Keefe
- Natural Products Branch, Molecular Targets Program, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Center for Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - James Sailer
- Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.A.); (N.C.); (O.M.); (C.M.); (N.V.); (T.B.); (J.S.); (T.M.Z.); (N.T.)
| | - Thomas M. Zydowsky
- Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.A.); (N.C.); (O.M.); (C.M.); (N.V.); (T.B.); (J.S.); (T.M.Z.); (N.T.)
| | - Natalia Teleshova
- Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.A.); (N.C.); (O.M.); (C.M.); (N.V.); (T.B.); (J.S.); (T.M.Z.); (N.T.)
| | - José A. Fernández Romero
- Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.A.); (N.C.); (O.M.); (C.M.); (N.V.); (T.B.); (J.S.); (T.M.Z.); (N.T.)
- Department of Science, Borough of Manhattan Community College, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10007, USA
- Correspondence:
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Liu ZH, Niu FJ, Xie YX, Xie SM, Liu YN, Yang YY, Zhou CZ, Wan XH. A review: Natural polysaccharides from medicinal plants and microorganisms and their anti-herpetic mechanism. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Lee C. Carrageenans as Broad-Spectrum Microbicides: Current Status and Challenges. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18090435. [PMID: 32825645 PMCID: PMC7551811 DOI: 10.3390/md18090435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Different kinds of red algae are enriched with chemically diverse carbohydrates. In particular, a group of sulfated polysaccharides, which were isolated from the cell walls of red algae, gained a large amount of attention due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. Within that group, carrageenans (CGs) were expected to be the first clinically applicable microbicides that could prevent various viral infections due to their superior antiviral potency and desirable safety profiles in subclinical studies. However, their anticipated beneficial effects could not be validated in human studies. To assess the value of a second attempt at pharmacologically developing CGs as a new class of preventive microbicides, all preclinical and clinical development processes of CG-based microbicides need to be thoroughly re-evaluated. In this review, the in vitro toxicities; in vivo safety profiles; and in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo antiviral activities of CGs are summarized according to the study volume of their target viruses, which include human immunodeficiency virus, herpesviruses, respiratory viruses, human papillomavirus, dengue virus, and other viruses along with a description of their antiviral modes of action and development of antiviral resistance. This evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of CGs will help provide future research directions that may lead to the successful development of CG-based antimicrobial prophylactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choongho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Korea
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Pacheco-Quito EM, Ruiz-Caro R, Rubio J, Tamayo A, Veiga MD. Carrageenan-Based Acyclovir Mucoadhesive Vaginal Tablets for Prevention of Genital Herpes. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E249. [PMID: 32403219 PMCID: PMC7281190 DOI: 10.3390/md18050249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Women are the most affected by genital herpes, which is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, affecting more than 400 million people worldwide. The application of vaginal microbicides could provide a safe method of protection. Acyclovir is a safe and effective medication for vaginal administration, and numerous benefits have been observed in the treatment of primary or recurrent lesions due to genital herpes. Vaginal tablets based on a combination of the polymers iota-carrageenan and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose were developed for the controlled release of acyclovir. Swelling, mucoadhesion and drug release studies were carried out in simulated vaginal fluid. The tablets, containing a combination of iota-carrageenan and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, have an adequate uptake of the medium that allows them to develop the precise consistency and volume of gel for the controlled release of acyclovir. Its high mucoadhesive capacity also allows the formulation to remain in the vaginal area long enough to ensure the complete release of acyclovir. These promising formulations for the prevention of genital herpes deserve further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edisson-Mauricio Pacheco-Quito
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.-M.P.-Q.); (M.-D.V.)
| | - Roberto Ruiz-Caro
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.-M.P.-Q.); (M.-D.V.)
| | - Juan Rubio
- Institute of Ceramics and Glass, Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.R.); (A.T.)
| | - Aitana Tamayo
- Institute of Ceramics and Glass, Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.R.); (A.T.)
| | - María-Dolores Veiga
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.-M.P.-Q.); (M.-D.V.)
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Surfactant Protein A Impairs Genital HPV16 Pseudovirus Infection by Innate Immune Cell Activation in A Murine Model. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040288. [PMID: 31817644 PMCID: PMC6963799 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) is the principle cause of cervical cancer and other anogenital cancers. The majority of cervical cancer cases occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Prophylactic vaccines exist to combat HPV infection but accessibility to these in LMIC is limited. Alternative preventative measures against HPV infection are therefore also needed to control cervical cancer risk. HPV employs multiple mechanisms to evade the host immune response. Therefore, an approach to promote HPV recognition by the immune system can reduce infection. Surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A and SP-D) are highly effective innate opsonins of pathogens. Their function is primarily understood in the lung, but they are also expressed at other sites of the body, including the female reproductive tract (FRT). We hypothesized that raised levels of SP-A and/or SP-D may enhance immune recognition of HPV and reduce infection. Co-immunoprecipitation and flow cytometry experiments showed that purified human SP-A protein directly bound HPV16 pseudovirions (HPV16-PsVs), and the resulting HPV16-PsVs/SP-A complex enhanced uptake of HPV16-PsVs by RAW264.7 murine macrophages. In contrast, a recombinant fragment of human SP-D bound HPV16-PsVs weakly and had no effect on viral uptake. To assess if SP-A modulates HPV16-PsVs infection in vivo, a murine cervicovaginal challenge model was applied. Surprisingly, neither naïve nor C57BL/6 mice challenged with HPV16-PsVs expressed SP-A in the FRT. However, pre-incubation of HPV16-PsVs with purified human SP-A at a 1:10 (w/w) ratio significantly reduced the level of HPV16-PsV infection. When isolated cells from FRTs of naïve C57BL/6 mice were incubated with HPV16-PsVs and stained for selected innate immune cell populations by flow cytometry, significant increases in HPV16-PsVs uptake by eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages were observed over time using SP-A-pre-adsorbed virions compared to control particles. This study is the first to describe a biochemical and functional association of HPV16 virions with the innate immune molecule SP-A. We show that SP-A impairs HPV16-PsVs infection and propose that SP-A is a potential candidate for use in topical microbicides which provide protection against new HPV infections.
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13
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Morguette AEB, Bigotto BG, Varella RDL, Andriani GM, Spoladori LFDA, Pereira PML, de Andrade FG, Lancheros CAC, Nakamura CV, Syogo Arakawa N, Bruschi ML, Carlos Tomaz J, Lonni AASG, Kerbauy G, Tavares ER, Yamauchi LM, Yamada-Ogatta SF. Hydrogel Containing Oleoresin From Copaifera officinalis Presents Antibacterial Activity Against Streptococcus agalactiae. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2806. [PMID: 31866975 PMCID: PMC6904337 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae or Group B Streptococcus (GBS) remains a leading cause of neonatal infections worldwide; and the maternal vaginal-rectal colonization increases the risk of vertical transmission of GBS to neonates and development of infections. This study reports the in vitro antibacterial effect of the oleoresin from Copaifera officinalis Jacq. L. in natura (copaiba oil) and loaded into carbomer-hydrogel against planktonic and sessile cells of GBS. First, the naturally extracted copaiba oil was tested for the ability to inhibit the growth and metabolic activity of planktonic and sessile GBS cells. The time-kill kinetics showed that copaiba oil exhibited a dose-dependent bactericidal activity against planktonic GBS strains, including those resistant to erythromycin and/or clindamycin [minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranged from 0.06 mg/mL to 0.12 mg/mL]. Copaiba oil did not inhibit the growth of different Lactobacillus species, the indigenous members of the human microbiota. The mass spectral analyses of copaiba oil showed the presence of diterpenes, and the kaurenoic acid appears to be one of the active components of oleoresin from C. officinalis related to antibacterial activity against GBS. Microscopy analyses of planktonic GBS cells treated with copaiba oil revealed morphological and ultrastructural alterations, displaying disruption of the cell wall, damaged cell membrane, decreased electron density of the cytoplasm, presence of intracellular condensed material, and asymmetric septa. Copaiba oil also exhibited antibacterial activity against established biofilms of GBS strains, inhibiting the viability of sessile cells. Low-cost and eco-friendly carbomer-based hydrogels containing copaiba oil (0.5% – CARB-CO 0.5; 1.0% – CARB-CO 1.0) were then developed. However, only CARB-CO 1.0 preserved the antibacterial activity of copaiba oil against GBS strains. This formulation was homogeneous, soft, exhibited a viscoelastic behavior, and showed good biocompatibility with murine vaginal mucosa. Moreover, CARB-CO 1.0 showed a slow and sustained release of the copaiba oil, killing the planktonic and sessile (established biofilm) cells and inhibiting the biofilm formation of GBS on pre-coated abiotic surface. These results indicate that carbomer-based hydrogels may be useful as topical systems for delivery of copaiba oil directly into de vaginal mucosa and controlling S. agalactiae colonization and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Elisa Belotto Morguette
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Briani Gisele Bigotto
- Laboratório de Habilidades Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Renata de Lima Varella
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Gabriella Maria Andriani
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Laís Fernanda de Almeida Spoladori
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Moraes Lopes Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Fabio Goulart de Andrade
- Laboratório de Análise Histopatológica, Departamento de Histologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Cesar Armando Contreras Lancheros
- Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Nilton Syogo Arakawa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Marcos Luciano Bruschi
- Laboratório de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Sistemas de Liberação de Fármacos, Departamento de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Tomaz
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Audrey Alesandra Stinghen Garcia Lonni
- Laboratório de Habilidades Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Gilselena Kerbauy
- Departamento de Enfermagem, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Eliandro Reis Tavares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Lucy Megumi Yamauchi
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Sueli Fumie Yamada-Ogatta
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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14
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Aliev G, Li Y, Chubarev VN, Lebedeva SA, Parshina LN, Trofimov BA, Sologova SS, Makhmutova A, Avila-Rodriguez MF, Klochkov SG, Galenko-Yaroshevsky PA, Tarasov VV. Application of Acyzol in the Context of Zinc Deficiency and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2104. [PMID: 31035445 PMCID: PMC6539662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is one of the most important essential trace elements. It is involved in more than 300 enzyme systems and is an indispensable participant in many biochemical processes. Zinc deficiency causes a number of disorders in the human body, the main ones being the delay of growth and puberty, immune disorders, and cognitive dysfunctions. There are over two billion people in the world suffering from zinc deficiency conditions. Acyzol, a zinc-containing medicine, developed as an antidote against carbon monoxide poisoning, demonstrates a wide range of pharmacological activities: Anti-inflammatory, reparative, detoxifying, immunomodulatory, bacteriostatic, hepatoprotective, adaptogenic, antioxidant, antihypoxic, and cardioprotective. The presence of zinc in the composition of Acyzol suggests the potential of the drug in the treatment and prevention of zinc deficiency conditions, such as Prasad's disease, immune system pathology, alopecia, allergodermatoses, prostate dysfunction, psoriasis, stomatitis, periodontitis, and delayed mental and physical development in children. Currently, the efficiency of Acyzol in the cases of zinc deficiency is shown in a large number of experimental studies. So, Acyzol can be used as a highly effective drug for pharmacologic therapy of a wide range of diseases and conditions and it opens up new perspectives in the treatment and prevention of zinc deficiency conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjumrakch Aliev
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia.
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia.
- GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive #330, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, TX 78363, USA.
| | - Vladimir N Chubarev
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Svetlana A Lebedeva
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Lidiya N Parshina
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Str., Irkutsk 664033, Russia.
| | - Boris A Trofimov
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Str., Irkutsk 664033, Russia.
| | - Susanna S Sologova
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Alfiya Makhmutova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia.
| | - Marco F Avila-Rodriguez
- Universidad del Tolima, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barrio Santa Helena, Ibagué 730006, Colombia.
| | - Sergey G Klochkov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia.
| | - Pavel A Galenko-Yaroshevsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuban State Medical University, 4 Sedin St., Krasnodar 350063, Russia.
| | - Vadim V Tarasov
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia.
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15
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Tavakoli A, Ataei-Pirkooh A, Mm Sadeghi G, Bokharaei-Salim F, Sahrapour P, Kiani SJ, Moghoofei M, Farahmand M, Javanmard D, Monavari SH. Polyethylene glycol-coated zinc oxide nanoparticle: an efficient nanoweapon to fight against herpes simplex virus type 1. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:2675-2690. [PMID: 30346253 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM We aimed to determine the possible inhibitory effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated ZnO-NPs (ZnO-PEG-NPs) on herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). MATERIALS & METHODS PEGylated ZnO-NPs were synthesized by the mechanical method. Antiviral activity was assessed by 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) and real-time PCR assays. To confirm the antiviral activity of ZnO-NPs on expression of HSV-1 antigens, indirect immunofluorescence assay was also conducted. RESULTS 200 μg/ml ZnO-PEG-NPs could result in 2.5 log10 TCID50 reduction in virus titer, with inhibition rate of approximately 92% in copy number of HSV-1 genomic DNA. CONCLUSION ZnO-PEG-NPs could be proposed as a new agent for efficient HSV-1 inhibition. Our results indicated that PEGylation is effective in reducing cytotoxicity and increasing antiviral activity of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Tavakoli
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 449614535, Iran
| | - Angila Ataei-Pirkooh
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 449614535, Iran
| | - Gity Mm Sadeghi
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1591634311, Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei-Salim
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 449614535, Iran
| | - Peyman Sahrapour
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Seyed J Kiani
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 449614535, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6716777816, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farahmand
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Davod Javanmard
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 449614535, Iran
| | - Seyed H Monavari
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 449614535, Iran
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16
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Derby N, Lal M, Aravantinou M, Kizima L, Barnable P, Rodriguez A, Lai M, Wesenberg A, Ugaonkar S, Levendosky K, Mizenina O, Kleinbeck K, Lifson JD, Peet MM, Lloyd Z, Benson M, Heneine W, O'Keefe BR, Robbiani M, Martinelli E, Grasperge B, Blanchard J, Gettie A, Teleshova N, Fernández-Romero JA, Zydowsky TM. Griffithsin carrageenan fast dissolving inserts prevent SHIV HSV-2 and HPV infections in vivo. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3881. [PMID: 30250170 PMCID: PMC6155161 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06349-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) strategies with proven in vivo efficacy rely on antiretroviral drugs, creating the potential for drug resistance and complicated treatment options in individuals who become infected. Moreover, on-demand products are currently missing from the PrEP development portfolio. Griffithsin (GRFT) is a non-antiretroviral HIV entry inhibitor derived from red algae with an excellent safety profile and potent activity in vitro. When combined with carrageenan (CG), GRFT has strong activity against herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) and human papillomavirus (HPV) in vitro and in vivo. Here, we report that GRFT/CG in a freeze-dried fast dissolving insert (FDI) formulation for on-demand use protects rhesus macaques from a high dose vaginal SHIV SF162P3 challenge 4 h after FDI insertion. Furthermore, the GRFT/CG FDI also protects mice vaginally against HSV-2 and HPV pseudovirus. As a safe, potent, broad-spectrum, on-demand non-antiretroviral product, the GRFT/CG FDI warrants clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Derby
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Manjari Lal
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave, Suite 200, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
| | - Meropi Aravantinou
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Larisa Kizima
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Patrick Barnable
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Aixa Rodriguez
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Manshun Lai
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave, Suite 200, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
| | - Asa Wesenberg
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Shweta Ugaonkar
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Keith Levendosky
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Olga Mizenina
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Kyle Kleinbeck
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, 8560 Progress Dr, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - M Melissa Peet
- MPI Research, 54943 N. Main St, Mattawan, MI, 49071, USA
| | - Zachary Lloyd
- MPI Research, 54943 N. Main St, Mattawan, MI, 49071, USA
| | - Michael Benson
- MPI Research, 54943 N. Main St, Mattawan, MI, 49071, USA
| | - Walid Heneine
- Centers for Disease Control, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Barry R O'Keefe
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, and Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Building 560, Room 21-105, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | | | - Elena Martinelli
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Brooke Grasperge
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Rd, Covington, LA, 70433-8915, USA
| | - James Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Rd, Covington, LA, 70433-8915, USA
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, 455 1st Ave. #7, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Natalia Teleshova
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - José A Fernández-Romero
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Science Department, Borough of Manhattan Community College, 199 Chambers St, New York, NY, 10007, USA
| | - Thomas M Zydowsky
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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17
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Kaushik N, Anang S, Ganti KP, Surjit M. Zinc: A Potential Antiviral Against Hepatitis E Virus Infection? DNA Cell Biol 2018; 37:593-599. [PMID: 29897788 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of viral hepatitis worldwide. Owing to its feco oral transmission route, sporadic as well as epidemic outbreaks recurrently occur. No specific antiviral therapy is available against the disease caused by HEV. Broad spectrum antivirals such as ribavirin and interferon alfa are prescribed in severe and chronic HEV cases. However, the side effects, cost, and limitations of usage render the available treatment unsuitable for several categories of patients. We recently reported the ability of zinc to inhibit viral replication in mammalian cell culture models of HEV infection. Zinc will be a safe and economical antiviral therapy option if it inhibits HEV replication during the natural course of infection. This essay discusses the putative mechanism(s) by which zinc inhibits HEV replication and provides an overview of the possible therapeutic potential of zinc in HEV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Kaushik
- 1 Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute , NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Saumya Anang
- 1 Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute , NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | | | - Milan Surjit
- 1 Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute , NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
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18
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Mizenina O, Hsu M, Jean-Pierre N, Aravantinou M, Levendosky K, Paglini G, Zydowsky TM, Robbiani M, Fernández-Romero JA. MIV-150 and zinc acetate combination provides potent and broad activity against HIV-1. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 7:859-866. [PMID: 28812250 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-017-0421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that the combination of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) MIV-150 with zinc acetate (ZA) formulated in a carrageenan (CG; MZC) gel provided macaques significant protection against vaginal simian-human immunodeficiency virus-RT (SHIV-RT) challenge, better than either MIV-150/CG or ZA/CG. The MZC gel was shown to be safe in a phase 1 clinical trial. Herein, we used in vitro approaches to study the antiviral properties of ZA and the MIV-150/ZA combination, compared to other NNRTIs. Like other NNRTIs, MIV-150 has EC50 values in the subnanomolar to nanomolar range against wild type and NNRTI or RT-resistant HIVs. While less potent than NNRTIs, ZA was shown to be active in primary cells against laboratory-adapted and primary HIV-1 isolates and HIV-1 isolates/clones with NNRTI and RT resistance mutations, with EC50 values between 20 and 110 μM. The MIV-150/ZA combination had a potent and broad antiviral activity in primary cells. In vitro resistance selection studies revealed that previously described NNRTI-resistant mutations were selected by MIV-150. ZA-resistant virus retained susceptibility to MIV-150 (and other RTIs) and MIV-150-selected virus remained sensitive to ZA. Notably, resistant virus was not selected when cultured in the presence of both ZA and MIV-150. This underscores the potency and breadth of the MIV-150/ZA combination, supporting preclinical macaque studies and the advancement of MZC microbicides into clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mizenina
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mayla Hsu
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Keith Levendosky
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabriela Paglini
- Instituto de Virología J.M.Vanella-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Thomas M Zydowsky
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa Robbiani
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | - José A Fernández-Romero
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA. .,Science Department, Borough of Manhattan Community College, The City University of New York, 199 Chambers Street, New York, NY, 10007, USA.
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19
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Lal M, Lai M, Ugaonkar S, Wesenberg A, Kizima L, Rodriguez A, Levendosky K, Mizenina O, Fernández-Romero J, Zydowsky T. Development of a Vaginal Fast-Dissolving Insert Combining Griffithsin and Carrageenan for Potential Use Against Sexually Transmitted Infections. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2601-2610. [PMID: 29902477 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Precoital, on-demand topical microbicides to reduce a woman's risk of sexually transmitted infections have been in development for nearly 3 decades, but no product has been approved due to acceptability issues and poor adherence in clinical trials. We set out to develop a self-administered vaginal fast-dissolving insert (FDI) produced by freeze-drying that would deliver safe and effective amounts of the antiviral agents griffithsin (GRFT) and carrageenan (CG) and would have properties women and their partners find acceptable. We evaluated FDI physical criteria, attributes of the gel produced upon dissolving, and GRFT stability. The lead formulation, FDI-024, was selected from 13 candidates and contains 4 mg of GRFT, 15 mg of CG, and excipients (the cryoprotectant sucrose and bulking agents dextran 40 and mannitol). The FDI exhibits good friability and hardness and is stable for at least 6 months at up to 40°C/75% relative humidity. It disintegrates in less than 60 s in a physiologically relevant volume (∼1 mL) of simulated vaginal fluid, forming a viscous semi-solid gel with favorable mucoadhesive and spreading properties. The formulation retains the antiviral activity of GRFT and CG against HIV type 1 and human papillomavirus, respectively, in cell-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjari Lal
- PATH, PO Box 900922, Seattle, Washington 98109.
| | - Manshun Lai
- PATH, PO Box 900922, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Shweta Ugaonkar
- Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, New York, New York 10065
| | - Asa Wesenberg
- Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, New York, New York 10065
| | - Larisa Kizima
- Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, New York, New York 10065
| | - Aixa Rodriguez
- Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, New York, New York 10065
| | - Keith Levendosky
- Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, New York, New York 10065
| | - Olga Mizenina
- Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, New York, New York 10065
| | - José Fernández-Romero
- Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, New York, New York 10065; The City University of New York, Borough of Manhattan Community College, Science Department, New York, New York 10007
| | - Thomas Zydowsky
- Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, New York, New York 10065
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Inic-Kanada A, Stein E, Stojanovic M, Schuerer N, Ghasemian E, Filipovic A, Marinkovic E, Kosanovic D, Barisani-Asenbauer T. Effects of iota-carrageenan on ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2018; 30:2601-2610. [PMID: 30147240 PMCID: PMC6096786 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-018-1435-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ocular chlamydial infections with the ocular serovars A, B, Ba, and C of Chlamydia trachomatis represent the world's leading cause of infectious blindness. Carrageenans are naturally occurring, sulfated polysaccharides generally considered safe for food and topical applications. Carrageenans can inhibit infection caused by a variety of viruses and bacteria. To investigate whether iota-carrageenan (I-C) isolated from the red alga Chondrus crispus could prevent ocular chlamydial infection, we assessed if targeted treatment of the conjunctival mucosa with I-C affects chlamydial attachment, entry, and replication in the host cell. Immortalized human conjunctival epithelial cells were treated with I-C prior to C. trachomatis infection and analyzed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. In vivo effects were evaluated in an ocular guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis model. Ocular pathology was graded daily, and chlamydial clearance was investigated. Our study showed that I-C reduces the infectivity of C. trachomatis in vitro. In vivo results showed a slight reduced ocular pathology and significantly less shedding of infectious elementary bodies by infected animals. Our results indicate that I-C could be a promising agent to reduce the transmission of ocular chlamydial infection and opens perspectives to develop prophylactic approaches to block C. trachomatis entry into the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Inic-Kanada
- OCUVAC – Center of Ocular Inflammation and Infection, Laura Bassi Centres of Expertise, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Stein
- OCUVAC – Center of Ocular Inflammation and Infection, Laura Bassi Centres of Expertise, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marijana Stojanovic
- Department of Research and Development, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera – TORLAK, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadine Schuerer
- OCUVAC – Center of Ocular Inflammation and Infection, Laura Bassi Centres of Expertise, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ehsan Ghasemian
- OCUVAC – Center of Ocular Inflammation and Infection, Laura Bassi Centres of Expertise, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Filipovic
- Department of Research and Development, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera – TORLAK, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Emilija Marinkovic
- Department of Research and Development, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera – TORLAK, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejana Kosanovic
- Department of Research and Development, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera – TORLAK, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Talin Barisani-Asenbauer
- OCUVAC – Center of Ocular Inflammation and Infection, Laura Bassi Centres of Expertise, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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21
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Derby N, Aravantinou M, Kenney J, Ugaonkar SR, Wesenberg A, Wilk J, Kizima L, Rodriguez A, Zhang S, Mizenina O, Levendosky K, Cooney ML, Seidor S, Gettie A, Grasperge B, Blanchard J, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Fernández-Romero J, Zydowsky TM, Robbiani M. An intravaginal ring that releases three antiviral agents and a contraceptive blocks SHIV-RT infection, reduces HSV-2 shedding, and suppresses hormonal cycling in rhesus macaques. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2017; 7:840-858. [PMID: 28600625 PMCID: PMC5656733 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-017-0389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Women globally need access to multipurpose prevention technologies (MPTs) that prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), sexually transmitted infections that increase HIV acquisition/transmission risk, and unintended pregnancy. Seeking an MPT with activity against HIV, herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), and human papillomavirus (HPV), we developed a prototype intravaginal ring (IVR), the MZCL IVR, which released the antiviral agents MIV-150, zinc acetate, and carrageenan (MZC for short) and the contraceptive levonorgestrel (LNG). Previously, we showed that an MZC gel has potent activity against immunodeficiency viruses, HSV-2, and HPV and that the MZCL (MZC with LNG) IVR releases all four components in macaques in vivo at levels associated with efficacy. Vaginal fluid from treated macaques has in vitro activity against HIV, HSV-2, and HPV. Herein, we assessed the ability of the MZCL IVR to protect macaques against repeated co-challenge with HSV-2 and SHIV-RT (simian immunodeficiency virus [SIV] containing the reverse transcriptase gene from HIV) and prevent hormonal cycling. We evaluated in vivo drug release in co-challenged macaques by measuring drug levels in blood and vaginal fluid and residual drug levels in used IVRs. The MZCL IVR significantly prevented SHIV-RT infection, reduced HSV-2 vaginal shedding, and prevented cycling. No non-nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-resistant SHIV was detected in macaques that became infected after continuous exposure to MZC from the IVR. Macaques wearing the MZCL IVR also had carrageenan levels in vaginal fluid expected to protect from HPV (extrapolated from mice) and LNG levels in blood associated with contraceptive efficacy. The MZCL IVR is a promising MPT candidate that warrants further development.
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MESH Headings
- Alphapapillomavirus/drug effects
- Alphapapillomavirus/physiology
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Carrageenan/administration & dosage
- Carrageenan/pharmacology
- Contraceptive Agents, Female/administration & dosage
- Contraceptive Agents, Female/pharmacology
- Contraceptive Devices, Female
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Therapy, Combination/methods
- Female
- Herpes Simplex/prevention & control
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Macaca mulatta
- Menstrual Cycle
- Pyridines/administration & dosage
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
- Urea/administration & dosage
- Urea/analogs & derivatives
- Urea/pharmacology
- Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies/administration & dosage
- Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies/pharmacology
- Virus Shedding/drug effects
- Zinc Acetate/administration & dosage
- Zinc Acetate/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Derby
- Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | | | - Jessica Kenney
- Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Asa Wesenberg
- Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jolanta Wilk
- Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Larisa Kizima
- Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Aixa Rodriguez
- Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Olga Mizenina
- Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | | | - Samantha Seidor
- Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, 455 First Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Brooke Grasperge
- Tulane Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433-8915, USA
| | - James Blanchard
- Tulane Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433-8915, USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - José Fernández-Romero
- Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Science Department, Borough of Manhattan Community College, The City University of New York, 199 Chambers Street, New York, NY, 10007, USA
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Ariza-Sáenz M, Espina M, Bolaños N, Calpena AC, Gomara MJ, Haro I, García ML. Penetration of polymeric nanoparticles loaded with an HIV-1 inhibitor peptide derived from GB virus C in a vaginal mucosa model. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 120:98-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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23
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MZC Gel Inhibits SHIV-RT and HSV-2 in Macaque Vaginal Mucosa and SHIV-RT in Rectal Mucosa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 74:e67-e74. [PMID: 27552154 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Population Council's microbicide gel MZC (also known as PC-1005) containing MIV-150 and zinc acetate dihydrate (ZA) in carrageenan (CG) has shown promise as a broad-spectrum microbicide against HIV, herpes simplex virus (HSV), and human papillomavirus. Previous data show antiviral activity against these viruses in cell-based assays, prevention of vaginal and rectal simian-human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase (SHIV-RT) infection, and reduction of vaginal HSV shedding in rhesus macaques and also excellent antiviral activity against HSV and human papillomavirus in murine models. Recently, we demonstrated that MZC is safe and effective against SHIV-RT in macaque vaginal explants. Here we established models of ex vivo SHIV-RT/HSV-2 coinfection of vaginal mucosa and SHIV-RT infection of rectal mucosa in macaques (challenge of rectal mucosa with HSV-2 did not result in reproducible tissue infection), evaluated antiviral activity of MZC, and compared quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay readouts for monitoring SHIV-RT infection. MZC (at nontoxic dilutions) significantly inhibited SHIV-RT in vaginal and rectal mucosas and HSV-2 in vaginal mucosa when present during viral challenge. Analysis of SHIV-RT infection and MZC activity by 1-step simian immunodeficiency virus gag quantitative RT-PCR and p27 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated similar virus growth dynamics and MZC activity by both methods and higher sensitivity of quantitative RT-PCR. Our data provide more evidence that MZC is a promising dual compartment multipurpose prevention technology candidate.
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24
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First-in-Human Trial of MIV-150 and Zinc Acetate Coformulated in a Carrageenan Gel: Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Acceptability, Adherence, and Pharmacodynamics. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 73:489-496. [PMID: 27437826 PMCID: PMC5172848 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of MIV-150 and zinc acetate in a carrageenan gel (PC-1005). Acceptability, adherence, and pharmacodynamics were also explored. DESIGN A 3-day open-label safety run-in (n = 5) preceded a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in healthy, HIV-negative, abstinent women randomized (4:1) to vaginally apply 4 mL of PC-1005 or placebo once daily for 14 days. METHODS Assessments included physical examinations, safety labs, colposcopy, biopsies, cervicovaginal lavages (CVLs), and behavioral questionnaires. MIV-150 (plasma, CVL, tissue), zinc (plasma, CVL), and carrageenan (CVL) concentrations were determined with LC-MS/MS, ICP-MS, and ELISA, respectively. CVL antiviral activity was measured using cell-based assays. Safety, acceptability, and adherence were analyzed descriptively. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental techniques and actual sampling times. CVL antiviral EC50 values were calculated using a dose-response inhibition analysis. RESULTS Participants (n = 20) ranged from 19-44 years old; 52% were black or African American. Among those completing the trial (13/17, PC-1005; 3/3, placebo), 11/17 reported liking the gel overall; 7 recommended reducing the volume. Adverse events, which were primarily mild and/or unrelated, were comparable between groups. Low systemic MIV-150 levels were observed, without accumulation. Plasma zinc levels were unchanged from baseline. Seven of seven CVLs collected 4-hour postdose demonstrated antiviral (HIV, human papillomavirus) activity. High baseline CVL anti-herpes-simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) activity precluded assessment of postdose activity. CONCLUSIONS PC-1005 used vaginally for 14 days was well tolerated. Low systemic levels of MIV-150 were observed. Plasma zinc levels were unchanged. Postdose CVLs had anti-HIV and anti-human papillomavirus activity. These data warrant further development of PC-1005 for HIV and sexually transmitted infection prevention.
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25
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Besednova NN, Makarenkova ID, Zvyagintseva TN, Imbs TI, Somova LM, Zaporozhets TS. [Antiviral action and pathogenetic targets for seaweed sulfated polysaccharides in herpesvirus infections]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2017; 62:217-27. [PMID: 27420612 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20166203217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The review summarizes results of studies of effects of sulfated polysaccharides from seaweed on herpesviruses and the course of herpesvirus infections. Importance of this problem is determined by the prevalence of herpesviruses that can persist in the human body and demonstrate a high degree of immune mimicry and resistance to antiviral agents. A wide range of physiological action of sulfated polysaccharides, receptor agonists of innate and adaptive immune cells, which possess potent antiviral, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, open the possibility of their use for creation of new generation pharmacological substances and agents with associated activity for the treatment of herpesvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Besednova
- Somov Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - I D Makarenkova
- Somov Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - T N Zvyagintseva
- Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - T I Imbs
- Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - L M Somova
- Somov Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - T S Zaporozhets
- Somov Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Vladivostok, Russia
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26
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Formulation and Evaluation of Antibacterial Creams and Gels Containing Metal Ions for Topical Application. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS 2016; 2016:5754349. [PMID: 27885352 PMCID: PMC5112321 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5754349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background. Skin infections occur commonly and often present therapeutic challenges to practitioners due to the growing concerns regarding multidrug-resistant bacterial, viral, and fungal strains. The antimicrobial properties of zinc sulfate and copper sulfate are well known and have been investigated for many years. However, the synergistic activity between these two metal ions as antimicrobial ingredients has not been evaluated in topical formulations. Objective. The aims of the present study were to (1) formulate topical creams and gels containing zinc and copper alone or in combination and (2) evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of these metal ions in the formulations. Method. Formulation of the gels and creams was followed by evaluating their organoleptic characteristics, physicochemical properties, and in vitro antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Results. Zinc sulfate and copper sulfate had a strong synergistic antibacterial activity in the creams and gels. The minimum effective concentration was found to be 3 w/w% for both active ingredients against the two tested microorganisms. Conclusions. This study evaluated and confirmed the synergistic in vitro antibacterial effect of copper sulfate and zinc sulfate in a cream and two gels.
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27
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Netanel Liberman G, Ochbaum G, (Malis) Arad S, Bitton R. The sulfated polysaccharide from a marine red microalga as a platform for the incorporation of zinc ions. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 152:658-664. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Besednova NN, Makarenkova ID, Zvyagintseva TN, Imbs TI, Somova LM, Zaporozhets TS. Antiviral activity and pathogenetic targets for seaweed sulfated polysaccharides in herpesvirus infections. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750816010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Friend DR. An update on multipurpose prevention technologies for the prevention of HIV transmission and pregnancy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:533-45. [PMID: 26742698 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2016.1134485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multipurpose Prevention Technologies (MPTs) are designed to address two or more indications from a single product. The overall goal is to prevent unintended pregnancy and transmission of one or more STIs including HIV-1. AREAS COVERED The topics covered herein are advances in over the past three years. Advances include development of novel intravaginal rings capable of releasing microbicides to prevent transmission of HIV-1 and unintended pregnancy. These rings include the potential to prevent transmission of more than one STI and unintended pregnancy. There are also gels that can potentially accomplish the same thing. Finally, combination of a drug and barrier device are also covered. EXPERT OPINION There has been considerable advance in this field over the past three years. There is one ring currently in a Phase I clinical trial and others are soon to follow. Some of these drug delivery systems are by necessity rather complicated and hence could be prohibitively expensive in the developing world. Conducting multiple clinical trials to support regulatory approval of two or more indications represents a significant barrier. It remains unclear that women will be more motivated to use MPT products than has been observed in recent microbicide-only clinical trials. Despite these challenges, the need for MPTs remain acute hopefully ensuring they will continue to be developed over the coming years.
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30
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Multipurpose Prevention Approaches with Antiretroviral-Based Formulations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:1141-4. [PMID: 26596943 PMCID: PMC4750675 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02468-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the preclinical safety and efficacy of tenofovir (TFV) 1% gel with that of MZC gel [containing 50 μM MIV-150, 14 mM Zn(O2CCH3)2(H2O)2, and 3% carrageenan] through a series of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo assays. The two gels showed good antiviral therapeutic indexes (50% cytotoxic concentration/50% effective concentration ratios; range, >25 to 800). MZC showed greater anti-simian-human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase (SHIV-RT) activity than TFV 1% gel in rhesus macaque vaginal explants. MZC protected mice from vaginal herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) challenge (P < 0.0001), but the TFV 1% gel did not.
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31
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Fernández Romero JA. Not just HIV: preventing other viral sexually transmitted infections. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José A Fernández Romero
- Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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32
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Sánchez-Sánchez MP, Martín-Illana A, Ruiz-Caro R, Bermejo P, Abad MJ, Carro R, Bedoya LM, Tamayo A, Rubio J, Fernández-Ferreiro A, Otero-Espinar F, Veiga MD. Chitosan and Kappa-Carrageenan Vaginal Acyclovir Formulations for Prevention of Genital Herpes. In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluation. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:5976-92. [PMID: 26393621 PMCID: PMC4584363 DOI: 10.3390/md13095976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaginal formulations for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections are currently gaining importance in drug development. Polysaccharides, such as chitosan and carrageenan, which have good binding capacity with mucosal tissues, are now included in vaginal delivery systems. Marine polymer-based vaginal mucoadhesive solid formulations have been developed for the controlled release of acyclovir, which may prevent the sexual transmission of the herpes simplex virus. Drug release studies were carried out in two media: simulated vaginal fluid and simulated vaginal fluid/simulated seminal fluid mixture. The bioadhesive capacity and permanence time of the bioadhesion, the prepared compacts, and compacted granules were determined ex vivo using bovine vaginal mucosa as substrate. Swelling processes were quantified to confirm the release data. Biocompatibility was evaluated through in vitro cellular toxicity assays, and the results showed that acyclovir and the rest of the materials had no cytotoxicity at the maximum concentration tested. The mixture of hydroxyl-propyl-methyl-cellulose with chitosan- or kappa-carrageenan-originated mucoadhesive systems that presented a complete and sustained release of acyclovir for a period of 8–9 days in both media. Swelling data revealed the formation of optimal mixed chitosan/hydroxyl-propyl-methyl-cellulose gels which could be appropriated for the prevention of sexual transmission of HSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Pilar Sánchez-Sánchez
- Departamento Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain; E-Mails: (M.-P.S.-S.); (A.M.-I.); (R.R.-C.)
| | - Araceli Martín-Illana
- Departamento Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain; E-Mails: (M.-P.S.-S.); (A.M.-I.); (R.R.-C.)
| | - Roberto Ruiz-Caro
- Departamento Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain; E-Mails: (M.-P.S.-S.); (A.M.-I.); (R.R.-C.)
| | - Paulina Bermejo
- Departamento Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain; E-Mails: (P.B.); (M.-J.A.); (R.C.); (L.-M.B.)
| | - María-José Abad
- Departamento Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain; E-Mails: (P.B.); (M.-J.A.); (R.C.); (L.-M.B.)
| | - Rubén Carro
- Departamento Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain; E-Mails: (P.B.); (M.-J.A.); (R.C.); (L.-M.B.)
| | - Luis-Miguel Bedoya
- Departamento Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain; E-Mails: (P.B.); (M.-J.A.); (R.C.); (L.-M.B.)
| | - Aitana Tamayo
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049-Madrid, Spain, E-Mails: (A.T.); (J.R.)
| | - Juan Rubio
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049-Madrid, Spain, E-Mails: (A.T.); (J.R.)
| | - Anxo Fernández-Ferreiro
- Departamento Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; E-Mails: (A.F.-F.); (F.O.-E.)
| | - Francisco Otero-Espinar
- Departamento Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; E-Mails: (A.F.-F.); (F.O.-E.)
| | - María-Dolores Veiga
- Departamento Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain; E-Mails: (M.-P.S.-S.); (A.M.-I.); (R.R.-C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-913-942091; Fax: +34-913-941736
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Fernández-Romero JA, Teleshova N, Zydowsky TM, Robbiani M. Preclinical assessments of vaginal microbicide candidate safety and efficacy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 92:27-38. [PMID: 25543007 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections like HIV, HPV, and HSV-2, as well as unplanned pregnancy, take a huge toll on women worldwide. Woman-initiated multipurpose prevention technologies that contain antiviral/antibacterial drugs (microbicides) and a contraceptive to simultaneously target sexually transmitted infections and unplanned pregnancy are being developed to reduce these burdens. This review will consider products that are applied topically to the vagina. Rectally administered topical microbicides in development for receptive anal intercourse are outside the scope of this review. Microbicide and microbicide/contraceptive candidates must be rigorously evaluated in preclinical models of safety and efficacy to ensure that only candidates with favorable risk benefit ratios are advanced into human clinical trials. This review describes the comprehensive set of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models used to evaluate the preclinical safety and antiviral efficacy of microbicide and microbicide/contraceptive candidates.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intravaginal
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage
- Antiviral Agents/adverse effects
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Contraceptive Agents, Female/administration & dosage
- Contraceptive Agents, Female/adverse effects
- Contraceptive Agents, Female/pharmacokinetics
- Contraceptive Agents, Female/therapeutic use
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/standards
- Female
- HIV Infections/prevention & control
- Haplorhini
- Herpes Genitalis/prevention & control
- Humans
- Mice
- Models, Biological
- Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy, Unplanned
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral/prevention & control
- Vagina/physiology
- Vaginal Absorption
- Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies/pharmacokinetics
- Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Teleshova
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas M Zydowsky
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa Robbiani
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
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Griffithsin and Carrageenan Combination To Target Herpes Simplex Virus 2 and Human Papillomavirus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:7290-8. [PMID: 26369967 PMCID: PMC4649164 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01816-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive preclinical evaluation of griffithsin (GRFT) has identified this lectin to be a promising broad-spectrum microbicide. We set out to explore the antiviral properties of a GRFT and carrageenan (CG) combination product against herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) and human papillomavirus (HPV) as well as determine the mechanism of action (MOA) of GRFT against both viruses. We performed the experiments in different cell lines, using time-of-addition and temperature dependence experiments to differentiate inhibition of viral attachment from entry and viral receptor internalization. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was used to assess GRFT binding to viral glycoproteins, and immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemistry were used to identify the specific glycoprotein involved. We determined the antiviral activity of GRFT against HSV-2 to be a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 230 nM and provide the first evidence that GRFT has moderate anti-HPV activity (EC50 = 0.429 to 1.39 μM). GRFT blocks the entry of HSV-2 and HPV into target cells but not the adsorption of HSV-2 and HPV onto target cells. The results of the SPR, immunoprecipitation, and immunohistochemistry analyses of HSV-2 combined suggest that GRFT may block viral entry by binding to HSV-2 glycoprotein D. Cell-based assays suggest anti-HPV activity through α6 integrin internalization. The GRFT-CG combination product but not GRFT or CG alone reduced HSV-2 vaginal infection in mice when given an hour before challenge (P = 0.0352). While GRFT significantly protected mice against vaginal HPV infection when dosed during and after HPV16 pseudovirus challenge (P < 0.026), greater CG-mediated protection was afforded by the GRFT-CG combination for up to 8 h (P < 0.0022). These findings support the development of the GRFT-CG combination as a broad-spectrum microbicide.
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35
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Ugaonkar SR, Wesenberg A, Wilk J, Seidor S, Mizenina O, Kizima L, Rodriguez A, Zhang S, Levendosky K, Kenney J, Aravantinou M, Derby N, Grasperge B, Gettie A, Blanchard J, Kumar N, Roberts K, Robbiani M, Fernández-Romero JA, Zydowsky TM. A novel intravaginal ring to prevent HIV-1, HSV-2, HPV, and unintended pregnancy. J Control Release 2015; 213:57-68. [PMID: 26091920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Women urgently need a self-initiated, multipurpose prevention technology (MPT) that simultaneously reduces their risk of acquiring HIV-1, HSV-2, and HPV (latter two associated with increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition) and prevents unintended pregnancy. Here, we describe a novel core-matrix intravaginal ring (IVR), the MZCL IVR, which effectively delivered the MZC combination microbicide and a contraceptive. The MZCL IVR contains four active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs): MIV-150 (targets HIV-1), zinc acetate (ZA; targets HIV-1 and HSV-2), carrageenan (CG; targets HPV and HSV-2), and levonorgestrel (LNG; targets unintended pregnancy). The elastomeric IVR body (matrix) was produced by hot melt extrusion of the non-water swellable elastomer, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA-28), containing the hydrophobic small molecules, MIV-150 and LNG. The solid hydrophilic core, embedded within the IVR by compression, contained the small molecule ZA and the macromolecule CG. Hydrated ZA/CG from the core was released by diffusion via a pore on the IVR while the MIV-150/LNG diffused from the matrix continuously for 94 days (d) in vitro and up to 28 d (study period) in macaques. The APIs released in vitro and in vivo were active against HIV-1ADA-M, HSV-2, and HPV16 PsV in cell-based assays. Serum LNG was at levels associated with local contraceptive effects. The results demonstrate proof-of-concept of a novel core-matrix IVR for sustained and simultaneous delivery of diverse molecules for the prevention of HIV, HSV-2 and HPV acquisition, as well as unintended pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brooke Grasperge
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, NY 10065, USA
| | - James Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA
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Alternative divalent cations (Zn²⁺, Co²⁺, and Mn²⁺) are not mutagenic at conditions optimal for HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 16:12. [PMID: 25934642 PMCID: PMC4472245 DOI: 10.1186/s12858-015-0041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fidelity of DNA polymerases can be influenced by cation co-factors. Physiologically, Mg(2+) is used as a co-factor by HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) to perform catalysis; however, alternative cations including Mn(2+), Co(2+), and Zn(2+) can also support catalysis. Although Zn(2+) supports DNA synthesis, it inhibits HIV RT by significantly modifying RT catalysis. Zn(2+) is currently being investigated as a component of novel treatment options against HIV and we wanted to investigate the fidelity of RT with Zn(2+). METHODS We used PCR-based and plasmid-based alpha complementation assays as well as steady-state misinsertion and misincorporation assays to examine the fidelity of RT with Mn(2+), Co(2+), and Zn(2+). RESULTS The fidelity of DNA synthesis by HIV-1 RT was approximately 2.5 fold greater in Zn(2+) when compared to Mg(2+) at cation conditions optimized for nucleotide catalysis. Consistent with this, RT extended primers with mismatched 3' nucleotides poorly and inserted incorrect nucleotides less efficiently using Zn(2+) than Mg(2+). In agreement with previous literature, we observed that Mn(2+) and Co(2+) dramatically decreased the fidelity of RT at highly elevated concentrations (6 mM). However, surprisingly, the fidelity of HIV RT with Mn(2+) and Co(2+) remained similar to Mg(2+) at lower concentrations that are optimal for catalysis. CONCLUSION This study shows that Zn(2+), at optimal extension conditions, increases the fidelity of HIV-1 RT and challenges the notion that alternative cations capable of supporting polymerase catalysis are inherently mutagenic.
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37
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Multipurpose prevention technologies: the future of HIV and STI protection. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:429-436. [PMID: 25759332 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Every day, more than 1 million people are newly infected with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that can lead to morbidity, mortality, and an increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition. Existing prevention and management strategies, including behavior change, condom promotion, and therapy have not reduced the global incidence and prevalence, pointing to the need for novel innovative strategies. This review summarizes important issues raised during a satellite session at the first HIV Research for Prevention (R4P) conference, held in Cape Town, on October 31, 2014. We explore key STIs that are challenging public health today, new biomedical prevention approaches including multipurpose prevention technologies (MPTs), and the scientific and regulatory hurdles that must be overcome to make combination prevention tools a reality.
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38
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Abstract
Condoms remain the most effective barrier against the sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Male condoms have proven to be 80% to 90% effective, and female condoms have similar results. Poor adherence and improper use limit their effectiveness. In addition to condoms, microbicides are a promising barrier against HIV transmission. More than 50 candidate topical microbicide compounds have undergone preclinical or clinical testing in the last 10 years, but there are currently no US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compounds. Rectal microbicides are also being developed, as anal receptive sex is an effective mode of HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen F Eaton
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Alabama, Birmingham, 229 Tinsley Harrison Tower, 1720 Second Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Craig J Hoesley
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Alabama, Birmingham, 229 Tinsley Harrison Tower, 1720 Second Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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39
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Fernández Romero JA, Gil PI, Ré V, Robbiani M, Paglini G. [Microbicides for preventing sexually transmitted infections: Current status and strategies for preclinical evaluation of new candidates]. Rev Argent Microbiol 2014; 46:256-68. [PMID: 25444135 DOI: 10.1016/s0325-7541(14)70080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbicides are a new tool, still under investigation, which could help prevent infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Increasing evidence shows that the complexity of sexual transmission of viral pathogens requires the identification of compounds able to block the early events during the cycle of viral infection. In this manuscript we provide a comprehensive review of the different microbicide strategies that have been studied or are currently being considered for STI prevention, particularly emphasizing those having the potential to block HIV infection. The manuscript also reviews the complex process that is required to conduct future clinical studies in humans and concludes with a brief discussion of the strategies that could be part of the immediate future in microbicide research.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Fernández Romero
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, Nueva York, Nueva York, EE. UU; Instituto de Virología "Dr. J.M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pedro I Gil
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J.M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Viviana Ré
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J.M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Melissa Robbiani
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, Nueva York, Nueva York, EE. UU
| | - Gabriela Paglini
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J.M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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40
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Shankar GN, Alt C. Prophylactic treatment with a novel bioadhesive gel formulation containing aciclovir and tenofovir protects from HSV-2 infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69:3282-93. [PMID: 25139839 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Over-the-counter access to an inexpensive, effective topical microbicide could reduce the transmission of HIV and would increase women's control over their health and eliminate the need to obtain their partners' consent for prophylaxis. Chronic infection with herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), also known as human herpes virus 2, has been shown to facilitate HIV infection and speed the progression to immunodeficiency disease. Our objective is to develop a drug formulation that protects against both HSV-2 and HIV infection and adheres to the vaginal surface with extended residence time. METHODS We developed a formulation using two approved antiviral active pharmaceutical ingredients, aciclovir and tenofovir, in a novel bioadhesive vaginal delivery platform (designated SR-2P) composed of two polymers, poloxamer 407 NF (Pluronic(®) F-127) and polycarbophil USP (Noveon(®) AA-1). The efficacy of the formulation to protect from HSV-2 infection was tested in vitro and in vivo. In addition to its efficacy, it is essential for a successful microbicide to be non-irritating to the vaginal mucosa. We therefore tested our SR-2P platform gel in the FDA gold-standard microbicide safety model in rabbits and also in a rat vaginal irritation model. RESULTS Our studies indicated that SR-2P containing 1% aciclovir and 5% tenofovir protects (i) Vero cells from HSV-2 infection in vitro and (ii) mice from HSV-2 infection in vivo. Our results further demonstrated that SR-2P was not irritating in either vaginal irritation model. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that SR-2P containing aciclovir and tenofovir may be a suitable candidate microbicide to protect humans from vaginal HSV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gita N Shankar
- Pharmaceutical Development, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Carsten Alt
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research (PAVIR), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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41
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Zinc therapy in dermatology: a review. Dermatol Res Pract 2014; 2014:709152. [PMID: 25120566 PMCID: PMC4120804 DOI: 10.1155/2014/709152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc, both in elemental or in its salt forms, has been used as a therapeutic modality for centuries. Topical preparations like zinc oxide, calamine, or zinc pyrithione have been in use as photoprotecting, soothing agents or as active ingredient of antidandruff shampoos. Its use has expanded manifold over the years for a number of dermatological conditions including infections (leishmaniasis, warts), inflammatory dermatoses (acne vulgaris, rosacea), pigmentary disorders (melasma), and neoplasias (basal cell carcinoma). Although the role of oral zinc is well-established in human zinc deficiency syndromes including acrodermatitis enteropathica, it is only in recent years that importance of zinc as a micronutrient essential for infant growth and development has been recognized. The paper reviews various dermatological uses of zinc.
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Rodríguez A, Kleinbeck K, Mizenina O, Kizima L, Levendosky K, Jean-Pierre N, Villegas G, Ford BE, Cooney ML, Teleshova N, Robbiani M, Herold BC, Zydowsky T, Fernández Romero JA. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of two carrageenan-based formulations to prevent HPV acquisition. Antiviral Res 2014; 108:88-93. [PMID: 24909570 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Commercial vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV) have low uptake due to parental autonomy, dosing regimen, cost, and cold chain storage requirements. Carrageenan (CG)-based formulations prevent HPV infection in vitro and in vivo but data are needed on the durability of anti-HPV activity and the effect of seminal plasma (SP). The Population Council's PC-515 gel and the lubricant Divine 9 were tested for their physicochemical properties and anti-HPV activity against HPV16, 18, and 45 pseudoviruses (PsVs). Anti-PsV activity was estimated using the luciferase assay in HeLa cells and the HPV PsV luciferase mouse model. Formulations were applied intravaginally either 2h pre/2h post (-2h/+2h) or 24h pre (-24h) relative to challenge with HPV16 or 45 PsV in PBS or SP/PBS. Both formulations showed broad-spectrum anti-HPV activity in vitro (IC50: 1-20ng/ml), significantly decreasing HPV PsV infection in the mouse model (-2h/+2h, p<0.0001). PC-515 protected better than Divine 9 in the -24h dosing regimen (p<0.0001) and comparable to Divine 9 in the -2h/+2h regimen (p=0.9841). PC-515 retained full activity in the murine model when PsV solutions contained human SP. The durable, potential broad-spectrum anti-HPV activity of CG formulations in the presence of SP supports their further development to prevent HPV acquisition.
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Kizima L, Rodríguez A, Kenney J, Derby N, Mizenina O, Menon R, Seidor S, Zhang S, Levendosky K, Jean-Pierre N, Pugach P, Villegas G, Ford BE, Gettie A, Blanchard J, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Paglini G, Teleshova N, Zydowsky TM, Robbiani M, Fernández-Romero JA. A potent combination microbicide that targets SHIV-RT, HSV-2 and HPV. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94547. [PMID: 24740100 PMCID: PMC3989196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalent infection with human herpes simplex 2 (HSV-2) or human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with increased human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition. Microbicides that target HIV as well as these sexually transmitted infections (STIs) may more effectively limit HIV incidence. Previously, we showed that a microbicide gel (MZC) containing MIV-150, zinc acetate (ZA) and carrageenan (CG) protected macaques against simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-RT) infection and that a ZC gel protected mice against HSV-2 infection. Here we evaluated a modified MZC gel (containing different buffers, co-solvents, and preservatives suitable for clinical testing) against both vaginal and rectal challenge of animals with SHIV-RT, HSV-2 or HPV. MZC was stable and safe in vitro (cell viability and monolayer integrity) and in vivo (histology). MZC protected macaques against vaginal (p<0.0001) SHIV-RT infection when applied up to 8 hours (h) prior to challenge. When used close to the time of challenge, MZC prevented rectal SHIV-RT infection of macaques similar to the CG control. MZC significantly reduced vaginal (p<0.0001) and anorectal (p = 0.0187) infection of mice when 10(6) pfu HSV-2 were applied immediately after vaginal challenge and also when 5×10(3) pfu were applied between 8 h before and 4 h after vaginal challenge (p<0.0248). Protection of mice against 8×10(6) HPV16 pseudovirus particles (HPV16 PsV) was significant for MZC applied up to 24 h before and 2 h after vaginal challenge (p<0.0001) and also if applied 2 h before or after anorectal challenge (p<0.0006). MZC provides a durable window of protection against vaginal infection with these three viruses and, against HSV-2 and HPV making it an excellent candidate microbicide for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Kizima
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Aixa Rodríguez
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jessica Kenney
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nina Derby
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Olga Mizenina
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Radhika Menon
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Samantha Seidor
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Keith Levendosky
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ninochka Jean-Pierre
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pavel Pugach
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Guillermo Villegas
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Brian E. Ford
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - James Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (Formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (Formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Paglini
- Instituto de Virología J.M.Vanella-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia Teleshova
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Zydowsky
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Melissa Robbiani
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - José A. Fernández-Romero
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
- Instituto de Virología J.M.Vanella-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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44
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Hsu M, Aravantinou M, Menon R, Seidor S, Goldman D, Kenney J, Derby N, Gettie A, Blanchard J, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Fernández-Romero JA, Zydowsky TM, Robbiani M. A combination microbicide gel protects macaques against vaginal simian human immunodeficiency virus-reverse transcriptase infection, but only partially reduces herpes simplex virus-2 infection after a single high-dose cochallenge. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:174-83. [PMID: 24117013 PMCID: PMC3910668 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2013.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infection increases HIV susceptibility. We previously established a rhesus macaque model of vaginal HSV-2 preexposure followed by cochallenge with HSV-2 and simian/human immunodeficiency virus-reverse transcriptase (SHIV-RT). Using this model, we showed that a gel containing the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) MIV-150 in carrageenan (CG) reduced SHIV-RT infection. To evaluate the efficacy of new generation microbicides against both viruses, we first established dual infection after single vaginal cochallenge with SHIV-RT and HSV-2 in HSV-2-naive macaques. All animals (6/6) became HSV-2 infected, with 4/6 coinfected with SHIV-RT. In a control group cochallenged with SHIV-RT and UV-inactivated HSV-2, 2/4 became SHIV-RT infected, and none had detectable HSV-2. Low-level HSV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses were detected in some HSV-2-infected animals. To test a CG gel containing MIV-150 and zinc acetate (MZC), which provided naive animals full protection from SHIV-RT for at least 8 h, MZC (vs. CG) was applied daily for 14 days followed by cochallenge 8 h later. MZC prevented SHIV-RT infection (0/9 infected, p=0.04 vs. 3/6 in CG controls), but only reduced HSV-2 infection by 20% (6/9 infected vs. 5/6 in CG, p=0.6). In HSV-2-infected animals, none of the gel-treated animals seroconverted, and only the CG controls had measurable HSV-2-specific T cell responses. This study shows the promise of MZC to prevent immunodeficiency virus infection (even in the presence of HSV-2) and reduce HSV-2 infection after exposure to a high-dose inoculum. Additionally, it demonstrates the potential of a macaque coinfection model to evaluate broad-spectrum microbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayla Hsu
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
| | | | - Radhika Menon
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
| | - Samantha Seidor
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
| | - Daniel Goldman
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
| | - Jessica Kenney
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
| | - Nina Derby
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - James Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick Maryland
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick Maryland
| | | | | | - Melissa Robbiani
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
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Romano J, Manning J, Hemmerling A, McGrory E, Young Holt B. Prioritizing multipurpose prevention technology development and investments using a target product profile. Antiviral Res 2013; 100 Suppl:S32-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gupta SK, Nutan. Clinical use of vaginal or rectally applied microbicides in patients suffering from HIV/AIDS. HIV AIDS-RESEARCH AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2013; 5:295-307. [PMID: 24174883 PMCID: PMC3808211 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s39164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Microbicides, primarily used as topical pre-exposure prophylaxis, have been proposed to prevent sexual transmission of HIV. This review covers the trends and challenges in the development of safe and effective microbicides to prevent sexual transmission of HIV Initial phases of microbicide development used such surfactants as nonoxynol-9 (N-9), C13G, and sodium lauryl sulfate, aiming to inactivate the virus. Clinical trials of microbicides based on N-9 and C31G failed to inhibit sexual transmission of HIV. On the contrary, N-9 enhanced susceptibility to sexual transmission of HIV-1. Subsequently, microbicides based on polyanions and a variety of other compounds that inhibit the binding, fusion, or entry of virus to the host cells were evaluated for their efficacy in different clinical setups. Most of these trials failed to show either safety or efficacy for prevention of HIV transmission. The next phase of microbicide development involved antiretroviral drugs. Microbicide in the form of 1% tenofovir vaginal gel when tested in a Phase IIb trial (CAPRISA 004) in a coitally dependent manner revealed that tenofovir gel users were 39% less likely to become HIV-infected compared to placebo control. However, in another trial (VOICE MTN 003), tenofovir gel used once daily in a coitally independent mode failed to show any efficacy to prevent HIV infection. Tenofovir gel is currently in a Phase III safety and efficacy trial in South Africa (FACTS 001) employing a coitally dependent dosing regimen. Further, long-acting microbicide-delivery systems (vaginal ring) for slow release of such antiretroviral drugs as dapivirine are also undergoing clinical trials. Discovering new markers as correlates of protective efficacy, novel long-acting delivery systems with improved adherence in the use of microbicides, discovering new compounds effective against a broad spectrum of HIV strains, developing multipurpose technologies incorporating additional features of efficacy against other sexually transmitted infections, and contraception will help in moving the field of microbicide development forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar Gupta
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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Friend DR, Kiser PF. Assessment of topical microbicides to prevent HIV-1 transmission: Concepts, testing, lessons learned. Antiviral Res 2013; 99:391-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kenney J, Rodríguez A, Kizima L, Seidor S, Menon R, Jean-Pierre N, Pugach P, Levendosky K, Derby N, Gettie A, Blanchard J, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Paglini G, Zydowsky TM, Robbiani M, Fernández Romero JA. A modified zinc acetate gel, a potential nonantiretroviral microbicide, is safe and effective against simian-human immunodeficiency virus and herpes simplex virus 2 infection in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:4001-9. [PMID: 23752515 PMCID: PMC3719770 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00796-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that a prototype gel comprising zinc acetate (ZA) in carrageenan (CG) protected mice against vaginal and rectal herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) challenge as well as macaques against vaginal simian-human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase (SHIV-RT) challenge. In this work, we modified buffers and cosolvents to obtain a stable, nearly iso-osmolal formulation and evaluated its safety and efficacy against SHIV-RT and HSV-2. In vitro toxicity to lactobacilli and Candida albicans was determined. Macaques were given daily doses of ZA and CG (ZA/CG) or CG alone vaginally for 14 days and challenged with SHIV-RT 24 h later. Mice were challenged vaginally or rectally with HSV-2 immediately after a single gel treatment to measure efficacy or vaginally 12 h after daily gel treatment for 7 days to evaluate the gel's impact on susceptibility to HSV-2 infection. The modified ZA/CG neither affected the viability of lactobacilli or C. albicans nor enhanced vaginal HSV-2 infection after daily ZA/CG treatment. Vaginal SHIV-RT infection of macaques was reduced by 66% (P = 0.006) when macaques were challenged 24 h after the last dose of gel. We observed 60% to 80% uninfected mice after vaginal (P < 0.0001) and rectal (P = 0.008) high-dose HSV-2 challenge. The modified ZA/CG gel is safe and effective in animal models and represents a potential candidate to limit the transmission of HIV and HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kenney
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aixa Rodríguez
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - Larisa Kizima
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - Samantha Seidor
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - Radhika Menon
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Pavel Pugach
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - Keith Levendosky
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nina Derby
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - James Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Gabriela Paglini
- Instituto de Virología J.M.Vanella, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Thomas M. Zydowsky
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - Melissa Robbiani
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - José A. Fernández Romero
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
- Instituto de Virología J.M.Vanella, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Vincent KL, Vargas G, Wei J, Bourne N, Motamedi M. Monitoring vaginal epithelial thickness changes noninvasively in sheep using optical coherence tomography. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 208:282.e1-7. [PMID: 23333551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High-resolution optical coherence tomography can be used noninvasively to evaluate vaginal morphologic features, including epithelial thickness, to assess this protective barrier in transmission of sexually transmitted infections and to monitor tissue response to topical medications and hormonal fluctuations. We examined the use of optical coherence tomography to measure epithelial thickness noninvasively before and after topical treatment with a drug that causes epithelial thinning. STUDY DESIGN Twelve female sheep were treated with intravaginal placebo (n = 4) or nonoxynol-9 (n = 8). Vaginal optical coherence tomography images were obtained before and 24 hours after treatment. Four sheep in the nonoxynol-9 group were also examined on days 3 and 7. Vaginal biopsies were obtained on the last examination day. Epithelial thickness was measured in optical coherence tomography images and in hematoxylin and eosin-stained histologic sections from biopsies. Statistical analysis was performed using analyses of variance (significance P < .05). RESULTS Baseline optical coherence tomography epithelial thickness measurements were similar (85 ± 19 μm placebo, 78 ± 20 μm nonoxynol-9; P = .52). Epithelial thinning was significant after nonoxynol-9 (32 ± 22 μm) compared with placebo (80 ± 15 μm) 24 hours after treatment (P < .0001). In the 4 nonoxynol-9-treated sheep followed for 7 days, epithelial thickness returned to baseline by day 3, and increased significantly on day 7. Epithelial thickness measurements from histology were not significantly different than optical coherence tomography (P = .98 nonoxynol-9, P = .93 hydroxyethyl cellulose). CONCLUSION Drug-induced changes in the epithelium were clearly detectable using optical coherence tomography imaging. Optical coherence tomography and histology epithelial thickness measurements were similar, validating optical coherence tomography as a noninvasive method for epithelial thickness measurement, providing an important tool for quantitative and longitudinal monitoring of vaginal epithelial changes.
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Filoviruses utilize glycosaminoglycans for their attachment to target cells. J Virol 2013; 87:3295-304. [PMID: 23302881 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01621-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses are the cause of severe hemorrhagic fever in human and nonhuman primates. The envelope glycoprotein (GP), responsible for both receptor binding and fusion of the virus envelope with the host cell membrane, has been demonstrated to interact with multiple molecules in order to enhance entry into host cells. Here we have demonstrated that filoviruses utilize glycosaminoglycans, and more specifically heparan sulfate proteoglycans, for their attachment to host cells. This interaction is mediated by GP and does not require the presence of the mucin domain. Both the degree of sulfation and the structure of the carbohydrate backbone play a role in the interaction with filovirus GPs. This new step of filovirus interaction with host cells can potentially be a new target for antiviral strategies. As such, we were able to inhibit filovirus GP-mediated infection using carrageenan, a broad-spectrum microbicide that mimics heparin, and also using the antiviral dendrimeric peptide SB105-A10, which interacts with heparan sulfate, antagonizing the binding of the virus to cells.
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