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Coonahan E, Gage H, Chen D, Noormahomed EV, Buene TP, Mendes de Sousa I, Akrami K, Chambal L, Schooley RT, Winzeler EA, Cowell AN. Whole-genome surveillance identifies markers of Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance and novel genomic regions under selection in Mozambique. mBio 2023; 14:e0176823. [PMID: 37750720 PMCID: PMC10653802 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01768-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Malaria is a devastating disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. The evolution of parasite drug resistance continues to hamper progress toward malaria elimination, and despite extensive efforts to control malaria, it remains a leading cause of death in Mozambique and other countries in the region. The development of successful vaccines and identification of molecular markers to track drug efficacy are essential for managing the disease burden. We present an analysis of the parasite genome in Mozambique, a country with one of the highest malaria burdens globally and limited available genomic data, revealing current selection pressure. We contribute additional evidence to limited prior studies supporting the effectiveness of SWGA in producing reliable genomic data from complex clinical samples. Our results provide the identity of genomic loci that may be associated with current antimalarial drug use, including artemisinin and lumefantrine, and reveal selection pressure predicted to compromise the efficacy of current vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Coonahan
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hunter Gage
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Daisy Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Emilia Virginia Noormahomed
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Mozambique Institute of Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Titos Paulo Buene
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Mozambique Institute of Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Irina Mendes de Sousa
- Mozambique Institute of Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Kevan Akrami
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lucia Chambal
- Mozambique Institute of Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Maputo Central Hospital, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Robert T. Schooley
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Winzeler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Annie N. Cowell
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Insight into molecular diagnosis for antimalarial drug resistance of Plasmodium falciparum parasites: A review. Acta Trop 2023; 241:106870. [PMID: 36849091 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito and poses a severe threat to human health. At present, antimalarial drugs are the primary treatment for malaria. The widespread use of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) has dramatically reduced the number of malaria-related deaths; however, the emergence of resistance has the potential to reverse this progress. Accurate and timely diagnosis of drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium parasites via detecting molecular markers (such as Pfnhe1, Pfmrp, Pfcrt, Pfmdr1, Pfdhps, Pfdhfr, and Pfk13) is essential for malaria control and elimination. Here, we review the current techniques which commonly used for molecular diagnosis of antimalarial resistance in P. falciparum and discuss their sensitivities and specificities for different drug resistance-associated molecular markers, with the aim of providing insights into possible directions for future precise point-of-care testing (POCT) of antimalarial drug resistance of malaria parasites.
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Ahorhorlu SY, Quashie NB, Jensen RW, Kudzi W, Nartey ET, Duah-Quashie NO, Zoiku F, Dzudzor B, Wang CW, Hansson H, Alifrangis M, Adjei GO. Assessment of artemisinin tolerance in Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates in children with uncomplicated malaria in Ghana. Malar J 2023; 22:58. [PMID: 36803541 PMCID: PMC9938975 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04482-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is the first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in Ghana. Artemisinin (ART) tolerance in Plasmodium falciparum has arisen in Southeast Asia and recently, in parts of East Africa. This is ascribed to the survival of ring-stage parasites post treatment. The present study sought to assess and characterize correlates of potential ART tolerance based on post-treatment parasite clearance, ex vivo and in vitro drug sensitivity, and molecular markers of drug resistance in P. falciparum isolates from children with uncomplicated malaria in Ghana. METHODS Six months to fourteen years old children presenting with acute uncomplicated malaria (n = 115) were enrolled in two hospitals and a Health Centre in Ghana's Greater Accra region and treated with artemether-lumefantrine (AL) according to body weight. Pre- and post-treatment parasitaemia (day 0 and day 3) was confirmed by microscopy. The ex vivo ring-stage survival assay (RSA) was used to detect percent ring survival while the 72 h SYBR Green I assay was used to measure the 50% inhibition concentration (IC50s) of ART and its derivatives and partner drugs. Genetic markers of drug tolerance /resistance were evaluated using selective whole genome sequencing. RESULTS Of the total of 115 participants, 85 were successfully followed up on day 3 post-treatment and 2/85 (2.4%) had parasitaemia. The IC50 values of ART, artesunate (AS), artemether (AM), dihydroartemisinin (DHA), amodiaquine (AQ), and lumefantrine (LUM) were not indicative of drug tolerance. However, 7/90 (7.8%) pre-treatment isolates had > 10% ring survival rates against DHA. Of the four isolates (2 RSA positive and 2 RSA negative) with high genomic coverage, P. falciparum (Pf) kelch 13 K188* and Pfcoronin V424I mutations were only present in the two RSA positive isolates with > 10% ring survival rates. CONCLUSIONS The observed low proportion of participants with day-3 post-treatment parasitaemia is consistent with rapid ART clearance. However, the increased rates of survival observed in the ex vivo RSA against DHA, maybe a pointer of an early start of ART tolerance. Furthermore, the role of two novel mutations in PfK13 and Pfcoronin genes, harboured by the two RSA positive isolates that had high ring survival in the present study, remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Yao Ahorhorlu
- grid.8652.90000 0004 1937 1485Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, P.O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana ,grid.8652.90000 0004 1937 1485West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Neils Ben Quashie
- grid.8652.90000 0004 1937 1485Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, P.O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana ,grid.8652.90000 0004 1937 1485West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Rasmus Weisel Jensen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XCentre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.475435.4Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William Kudzi
- grid.8652.90000 0004 1937 1485Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, P.O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana
| | - Edmund Tetteh Nartey
- grid.8652.90000 0004 1937 1485Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, P.O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nancy Odurowah Duah-Quashie
- grid.462644.60000 0004 0452 2500Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana ,grid.8652.90000 0004 1937 1485West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Felix Zoiku
- grid.462644.60000 0004 0452 2500Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bartholomew Dzudzor
- grid.8652.90000 0004 1937 1485Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Christian William Wang
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XCentre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.475435.4Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle Hansson
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XCentre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.475435.4Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Alifrangis
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XCentre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.475435.4Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - George Obeng Adjei
- Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, P.O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana.
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Mutation in Plasmodium falciparum BTB/POZ domain of K13 protein confers artemisinin resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 66:e0132021. [PMID: 34606334 PMCID: PMC8765297 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01320-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Partial artemisinin resistance, defined in patients as a delayed parasite clearance following artemisinin-based treatment, is conferred by non-synonymous mutations in the Kelch beta-propeller domain of the Plasmodium falciparum k13 (pfk13) gene. Here, we carried out in vitro selection over a one-year period on a West African P. falciparum strain isolated from Kolle (Mali) under a dose-escalating artemisinin regimen. After 18 cycles of sequential drug pressure, the selected parasites exhibited enhanced survival to dihydroartemisinin in the ring-stage survival assay (RSA0-3h = 9.2%). Sanger and whole-genome sequence analyses identified the PfK13 P413A mutation, localized in the BTB/POZ domain, upstream of the propeller domain. This mutation was sufficient to confer in vitro artemisinin resistance when introduced into the PfK13 coding sequence of the parasite strain Dd2 by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. These results together with structural studies of the protein demonstrate that the propeller domain is not the sole in vitro mediator of PfK13-mediated artemisinin resistance, and highlight the importance of monitoring for mutations throughout PfK13.
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Buyon LE, Elsworth B, Duraisingh MT. The molecular basis of antimalarial drug resistance in Plasmodium vivax. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2021; 16:23-37. [PMID: 33957488 PMCID: PMC8113647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most geographically widespread cause of human malaria and is responsible for the majority of cases outside of the African continent. While great progress has been made towards eliminating human malaria, drug resistant parasite strains pose a threat towards continued progress. Resistance has arisen to multiple antimalarials in P. vivax, including to chloroquine, which is currently the first line therapy for P. vivax in most regions. Despite its importance, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in this species remains elusive, in large part due to the complex biology of P. vivax and the lack of in vitro culture. In this review, we will cover the extent and challenges of measuring clinical and in vitro drug resistance in P. vivax. We will consider the roles of candidate drug resistance genes. We will highlight the development of molecular approaches for studying P. vivax biology that provide the opportunity to validate the role of putative drug resistance mutations as well as identify novel mechanisms of drug resistance in this understudied parasite. Validated molecular determinants and markers of drug resistance are essential for the rapid and cost-effective monitoring of drug resistance in P. vivax, and will be useful for optimizing drug regimens and for informing drug policy in control and elimination settings. Drug resistance is emerging in Plasmodium vivax, an important cause of malaria. The complex biology of P. vivax and the limited range of research tools make it difficult to identify drug resistance. The molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in P. vivax remain elusive. This review highlights the extent of drug resistance, the putative mechanisms of resistance and new technologies for the study of P. vivax drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas E Buyon
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Brendan Elsworth
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Manoj T Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.
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Gendrot M, Delandre O, Robert MG, Foguim FT, Benoit N, Amalvict R, Fonta I, Mosnier J, Madamet M, Pradines B. Absence of Association between Methylene Blue Reduced Susceptibility and Polymorphisms in 12 Genes Involved in Antimalarial Drug Resistance in African Plasmodium falciparum. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040351. [PMID: 33918981 PMCID: PMC8069138 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Half the human population is exposed to malaria. Plasmodium falciparum antimalarial drug resistance monitoring and development of new drugs are major issues related to the control of malaria. Methylene blue (MB), the oldest synthetic antimalarial, is again a promising drug after the break of its use as an antimalarial drug for more than 80 years and a potential partner for triple combination. Very few data are available on the involvement of polymorphisms on genes known to be associated with standard antimalarial drugs and parasite in vitro susceptibility to MB (cross-resistance). In this context, MB susceptibility was evaluated against 482 isolates of imported malaria from Africa by HRP2-based ELISA chemosusceptibility assay. A total of 12 genes involved in antimalarial drug resistance (Pfcrt, Pfdhfr, Pfmdr1, Pfmdr5, Pfmdr6, PfK13, Pfubq, Pfcarl, Pfugt, Pfact, Pfcoronin, and copy number of Pfpm2) were sequenced by Sanger method and quantitative PCR. On the Pfmdr1 gene, the mutation 86Y combined with 184F led to more susceptible isolates to MB (8.0 nM vs. 11.6 nM, p = 0.03). Concerning Pfmdr6, the isolates bearing 12 Asn repetitions were more susceptible to MB (4.6 nM vs. 11.6 nM, p = 0.005). None of the polymorphisms previously described as involved in antimalarial drug resistance was shown to be associated with reduced susceptibility to MB. Some genes (particularly PfK13, Pfugt, Pfact, Pfpm2) did not present enough genetic variability to draw conclusions about their involvement in reduced susceptibility to MB. None of the polymorphisms analyzed by multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) had an impact on the MB susceptibility of the samples successfully included in the analysis. It seems that there is no in vitro cross-resistance between MB and commonly used antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Gendrot
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.G.); (O.D.); (M.G.R.); (F.T.F.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (M.M.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Océane Delandre
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.G.); (O.D.); (M.G.R.); (F.T.F.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (M.M.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Marie Gladys Robert
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.G.); (O.D.); (M.G.R.); (F.T.F.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (M.M.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Francis Tsombeng Foguim
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.G.); (O.D.); (M.G.R.); (F.T.F.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (M.M.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Benoit
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.G.); (O.D.); (M.G.R.); (F.T.F.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (M.M.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Rémy Amalvict
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.G.); (O.D.); (M.G.R.); (F.T.F.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (M.M.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Fonta
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.G.); (O.D.); (M.G.R.); (F.T.F.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (M.M.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Joel Mosnier
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.G.); (O.D.); (M.G.R.); (F.T.F.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (M.M.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Marylin Madamet
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.G.); (O.D.); (M.G.R.); (F.T.F.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (M.M.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Pradines
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.G.); (O.D.); (M.G.R.); (F.T.F.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (M.M.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 13005 Marseille, France
- Correspondence:
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The Key Glycolytic Enzyme Phosphofructokinase Is Involved in Resistance to Antiplasmodial Glycosides. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.02842-20. [PMID: 33293381 PMCID: PMC7733947 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02842-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites, continues to be a devastating global health issue, causing 405,000 deaths and 228 million cases in 2018. Understanding key metabolic processes in malaria parasites is critical to the development of new drugs to combat this major infectious disease. The Plasmodium glycolytic pathway is essential to the malaria parasite, providing energy for growth and replication and supplying important biomolecules for other essential Plasmodium anabolic pathways. Despite this overreliance on glycolysis, no current drugs target glycolysis, and there is a paucity of information on critical glycolysis targets. Our work addresses this unmet need, providing new mechanistic insights into this key pathway. Plasmodium parasites rely heavily on glycolysis for ATP production and for precursors for essential anabolic pathways, such as the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. Here, we show that mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum glycolytic enzyme, phosphofructokinase (PfPFK9), are associated with in vitro resistance to a primary sulfonamide glycoside (PS-3). Flux through the upper glycolysis pathway was significantly reduced in PS-3-resistant parasites, which was associated with reduced ATP levels but increased flux into the pentose phosphate pathway. PS-3 may directly or indirectly target enzymes in these pathways, as PS-3-treated parasites had elevated levels of glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates. PS-3 resistance also led to reduced MEP pathway intermediates, and PS-3-resistant parasites were hypersensitive to the MEP pathway inhibitor, fosmidomycin. Overall, this study suggests that PS-3 disrupts core pathways in central carbon metabolism, which is compensated for by mutations in PfPFK9, highlighting a novel metabolic drug resistance mechanism in P. falciparum.
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Pramanik PK, Alam MN, Roy Chowdhury D, Chakraborti T. Drug Resistance in Protozoan Parasites: An Incessant Wrestle for Survival. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 18:1-11. [PMID: 30685461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, drug resistance in parasites is considered to be one of the foremost concerns in health and disease management. It is interconnected worldwide and undermines the health of millions of people, threatening to grow worse. Unfortunately, it does not receive serious attention from every corner of society. Consequently, drug resistance in parasites is gradually complicating and challenging the treatment of parasitic diseases. In this context, we have dedicated ourselves to review the incidence of drug resistance in the protozoan parasites Plasmodium, Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Entamoeba and Toxoplasma gondii. Moreover, understanding the role of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in drug resistance is essential in the control of parasitic diseases. Therefore, we also focused on the involvement of ABC transporters in drug resistance, which will be a superior approach to find ways for better regulation of diseases caused by parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pijush Kanti Pramanik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Md Nur Alam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Dibyapriya Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Tapati Chakraborti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India.
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Dwivedi A, Reynes C, Kuehn A, Roche DB, Khim N, Hebrard M, Milanesi S, Rivals E, Frutos R, Menard D, Mamoun CB, Colinge J, Cornillot E. Functional analysis of Plasmodium falciparum subpopulations associated with artemisinin resistance in Cambodia. Malar J 2017; 16:493. [PMID: 29258508 PMCID: PMC5735551 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum malaria is one of the most widespread parasitic infections in humans and remains a leading global health concern. Malaria elimination efforts are threatened by the emergence and spread of resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapy, the first-line treatment of malaria. Promising molecular markers and pathways associated with artemisinin drug resistance have been identified, but the underlying molecular mechanisms of resistance remains unknown. The genomic data from early period of emergence of artemisinin resistance (2008–2011) was evaluated, with aim to define k13 associated genetic background in Cambodia, the country identified as epicentre of anti-malarial drug resistance, through characterization of 167 parasite isolates using a panel of 21,257 SNPs. Results Eight subpopulations were identified suggesting a process of acquisition of artemisinin resistance consistent with an emergence-selection-diffusion model, supported by the shifting balance theory. Identification of population specific mutations facilitated the characterization of a core set of 57 background genes associated with artemisinin resistance and associated pathways. The analysis indicates that the background of artemisinin resistance was not acquired after drug pressure, rather is the result of fixation followed by selection on the daughter subpopulations derived from the ancestral population. Conclusions Functional analysis of artemisinin resistance subpopulations illustrates the strong interplay between ubiquitination and cell division or differentiation in artemisinin resistant parasites. The relationship of these pathways with the P. falciparum resistant subpopulation and presence of drug resistance markers in addition to k13, highlights the major role of admixed parasite population in the diffusion of artemisinin resistant background. The diffusion of resistant genes in the Cambodian admixed population after selection resulted from mating of gametocytes of sensitive and resistant parasite populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-017-2140-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Dwivedi
- Institut de Biologie Computationnelle (IBC), 34095, Montpellier, France. .,Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer Montpellier & Université de Montpellier, IRCM-INSERM U1194, 34298, Montpellier, France. .,Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Christelle Reynes
- Laboratoire de Biostatistiques, Informatique et Physique Pharmaceutique, UFR Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, 34093, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle-CNRS, 34094, Montpellier, France
| | - Axel Kuehn
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer Montpellier & Université de Montpellier, IRCM-INSERM U1194, 34298, Montpellier, France
| | - Daniel B Roche
- Institut de Biologie Computationnelle (IBC), 34095, Montpellier, France.,Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS-UMR 5237, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Nimol Khim
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Maxim Hebrard
- Institut de Biologie Computationnelle (IBC), 34095, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire d'informatique, de robotique et de microélectronique de Montpellier, LIRMM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France.,Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sylvain Milanesi
- Institut de Biologie Computationnelle (IBC), 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Rivals
- Institut de Biologie Computationnelle (IBC), 34095, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire d'informatique, de robotique et de microélectronique de Montpellier, LIRMM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Roger Frutos
- CIRAD, UMR Intertryp, 34398, Montpellier, France.,IES, UMR 5214, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Menard
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.,Biology of Host-Parasite Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Choukri Ben Mamoun
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jacques Colinge
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer Montpellier & Université de Montpellier, IRCM-INSERM U1194, 34298, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Cornillot
- Institut de Biologie Computationnelle (IBC), 34095, Montpellier, France. .,Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer Montpellier & Université de Montpellier, IRCM-INSERM U1194, 34298, Montpellier, France.
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10
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Association between Polymorphisms in the Pf mdr6 Gene and Ex Vivo Susceptibility to Quinine in Plasmodium falciparum Parasites from Dakar, Senegal. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.01183-16. [PMID: 28052850 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01183-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms and the overexpression of transporter genes, especially of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily, have been involved in antimalarial drug resistance. The objective of this study was to use 77 Senegalese Plasmodium falciparum isolates to evaluate the association between the number of Asn residues in the polymorphic microsatellite region of the Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance 6 gene (Pfmdr6) and the ex vivo susceptibility to antimalarials. A significant association was observed between the presence of 7 or 9 Asn repeats and reduced susceptibility to quinine.
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11
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Rijpma SR, van der Velden M, Annoura T, Matz JM, Kenthirapalan S, Kooij TWA, Matuschewski K, van Gemert GJ, van de Vegte-Bolmer M, Siebelink-Stoter R, Graumans W, Ramesar J, Klop O, Russel FGM, Sauerwein RW, Janse CJ, Franke-Fayard BM, Koenderink JB. Vital and dispensable roles of Plasmodium multidrug resistance transporters during blood- and mosquito-stage development. Mol Microbiol 2016; 101:78-91. [PMID: 26991313 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins belong to the B subfamily of the ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters, which export a wide range of compounds including pharmaceuticals. In this study, we used reverse genetics to study the role of all seven Plasmodium MDR proteins during the life cycle of malaria parasites. Four P. berghei genes (encoding MDR1, 4, 6 and 7) were refractory to deletion, indicating a vital role during blood stage multiplication and validating them as potential targets for antimalarial drugs. Mutants lacking expression of MDR2, MDR3 and MDR5 were generated in both P. berghei and P. falciparum, indicating a dispensable role for blood stage development. Whereas P. berghei mutants lacking MDR3 and MDR5 had a reduced blood stage multiplication in vivo, blood stage growth of P. falciparum mutants in vitro was not significantly different. Oocyst maturation and sporozoite formation in Plasmodium mutants lacking MDR2 or MDR5 was reduced. Sporozoites of these P. berghei mutants were capable of infecting mice and life cycle completion, indicating the absence of vital roles during liver stage development. Our results demonstrate vital and dispensable roles of MDR proteins during blood stages and an important function in sporogony for MDR2 and MDR5 in both Plasmodium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna R Rijpma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert-Grooteplein 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten van der Velden
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert-Grooteplein 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Takeshi Annoura
- Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Post code 105-8461 Nishi-shinbashi 3-25-8, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joachim M Matz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert-Grooteplein 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanketha Kenthirapalan
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Taco W A Kooij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert-Grooteplein 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert-Grooteplein 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kai Matuschewski
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Geert-Jan van Gemert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert-Grooteplein 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marga van de Vegte-Bolmer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert-Grooteplein 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne Siebelink-Stoter
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert-Grooteplein 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Graumans
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert-Grooteplein 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jai Ramesar
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Onny Klop
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert-Grooteplein 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert W Sauerwein
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert-Grooteplein 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J Janse
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Blandine M Franke-Fayard
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan B Koenderink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert-Grooteplein 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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12
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Miotto O, Amato R, Ashley EA, MacInnis B, Almagro-Garcia J, Amaratunga C, Lim P, Mead D, Oyola SO, Dhorda M, Imwong M, Woodrow C, Manske M, Stalker J, Drury E, Campino S, Amenga-Etego L, Thanh TNN, Tran HT, Ringwald P, Bethell D, Nosten F, Phyo AP, Pukrittayakamee S, Chotivanich K, Chuor CM, Nguon C, Suon S, Sreng S, Newton PN, Mayxay M, Khanthavong M, Hongvanthong B, Htut Y, Han KT, Kyaw MP, Faiz MA, Fanello CI, Onyamboko M, Mokuolu OA, Jacob CG, Takala-Harrison S, Plowe CV, Day NP, Dondorp AM, Spencer CCA, McVean G, Fairhurst RM, White NJ, Kwiatkowski DP. Genetic architecture of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Nat Genet 2015; 47:226-34. [PMID: 25599401 PMCID: PMC4545236 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We report a large multicenter genome-wide association study of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinin, the frontline antimalarial drug. Across 15 locations in Southeast Asia, we identified at least 20 mutations in kelch13 (PF3D7_1343700) affecting the encoded propeller and BTB/POZ domains, which were associated with a slow parasite clearance rate after treatment with artemisinin derivatives. Nonsynonymous polymorphisms in fd (ferredoxin), arps10 (apicoplast ribosomal protein S10), mdr2 (multidrug resistance protein 2) and crt (chloroquine resistance transporter) also showed strong associations with artemisinin resistance. Analysis of the fine structure of the parasite population showed that the fd, arps10, mdr2 and crt polymorphisms are markers of a genetic background on which kelch13 mutations are particularly likely to arise and that they correlate with the contemporary geographical boundaries and population frequencies of artemisinin resistance. These findings indicate that the risk of new resistance-causing mutations emerging is determined by specific predisposing genetic factors in the underlying parasite population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivo Miotto
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [2] Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [3] Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Roberto Amato
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [2] Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [3] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Ashley
- 1] Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. [2] Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bronwyn MacInnis
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [2] Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jacob Almagro-Garcia
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [2] Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [3] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chanaki Amaratunga
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pharath Lim
- 1] Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. [2] National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Daniel Mead
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Mehul Dhorda
- 1] Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [3] WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Asia Regional Centre, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mallika Imwong
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Charles Woodrow
- 1] Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. [2] Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Magnus Manske
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [2] Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jim Stalker
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [2] Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Susana Campino
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [2] Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucas Amenga-Etego
- 1] Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Thuy-Nhien Nguyen Thanh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hien Tinh Tran
- 1] Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Pascal Ringwald
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Delia Bethell
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMC-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Francois Nosten
- 1] Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. [2] Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [3] Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Aung Pyae Phyo
- 1] Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. [2] Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [3] Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | | | | | - Char Meng Chuor
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chea Nguon
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Seila Suon
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sokunthea Sreng
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Paul N Newton
- 1] Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Lao Oxford Mahosot Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Mayfong Mayxay
- 1] Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Lao Oxford Mahosot Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos. [3] Faculty of Postgraduate Studies, University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Maniphone Khanthavong
- Center of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Bouasy Hongvanthong
- Center of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Ye Htut
- Department of Medical Research, Lower Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Kay Thwe Han
- Department of Medical Research, Lower Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Myat Phone Kyaw
- Department of Medical Research, Lower Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Md Abul Faiz
- Malaria Research Group and Dev Care Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Caterina I Fanello
- 1] Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. [2] Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marie Onyamboko
- 1] Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Olugbenga A Mokuolu
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Christopher G Jacob
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shannon Takala-Harrison
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher V Plowe
- 1] Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas P Day
- 1] Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. [2] Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Arjen M Dondorp
- 1] Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. [2] Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chris C A Spencer
- 1] Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gilean McVean
- 1] Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [3] Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rick M Fairhurst
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas J White
- 1] Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. [2] Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dominic P Kwiatkowski
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [2] Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [3] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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13
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van der Velden M, Rijpma SR, Russel FGM, Sauerwein RW, Koenderink JB. PfMDR2 and PfMDR5 are dispensable for Plasmodium falciparum asexual parasite multiplication but change in vitro susceptibility to anti-malarial drugs. Malar J 2015; 14:76. [PMID: 25884516 PMCID: PMC4350286 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Membrane-associated ATP binding cassette (ABC) transport proteins hydrolyze ATP in order to translocate a broad spectrum of substrates, from single ions to macromolecules across membranes. In humans, members from this transport family have been linked to drug resistance phenotypes, e.g., tumour resistance by enhanced export of chemotherapeutic agents from cancer cells due to gene amplifications or polymorphisms in multidrug resistance (MDR) protein 1. Similar mechanisms have linked the Plasmodium falciparum PfMDR1 transporter to anti-malarial drug resistance acquisition. In this study, the possible involvement of two related MDR proteins, PfMDR2 and PfMDR5, to emerging drug resistance is investigated by a reverse genetics approach. Methods A homologous double crossover strategy was used to generate P. falciparum parasites lacking the Pfmdr2 (PfΔmdr2) or Pfmdr5 (PfΔmdr5) gene. Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase activity was used as read-out for sensitivity to artemisinin (ART), atovaquone (ATO), dihydroartemisinin (DHA), chloroquine (CQ), lumefantrine (LUM), mefloquine (MQ), and quinine (QN). Differences in half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values between wild type and each mutant line were determined using a paired t-test. Results Both PfΔmdr2 and PfΔmdr5 clones were capable of asexual multiplication. Upon drug exposure, PfΔmdr2 showed a marginally decreased sensitivity to ATO (IC50 of 1.2 nM to 1.8 nM), MQ (124 nM to 185 nM) and QN (40 nM to 70 nM), as compared to wild type (NF54) parasites. On the other hand, PfΔmdr5 showed slightly increased sensitivity to ART (IC50 of 26 nM to 19 nM). Conclusion Both Pfmdr2 and Pfmdr5 are dispensable for blood stage development while the deletion lines show altered sensitivity profiles to commonly used anti-malarial drugs. The findings show for the first time that next to PfMDR2, the PfMDR5 transport protein could play a role in emerging drug resistance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0581-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten van der Velden
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sanna R Rijpma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert W Sauerwein
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan B Koenderink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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14
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Migliani R, Pradines B, Michel R, Aoun O, Dia A, Deparis X, Rapp C. Malaria control strategies in French armed forces. Travel Med Infect Dis 2014; 12:307-17. [PMID: 25069406 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Each year, 40,000 French soldiers deploy or travel through malaria-endemic areas. Despite the effective control measures that were successively implemented, malaria remains a public health concern in French armed forces with several important outbreaks and one lethal case every two years. This article describes the malaria control strategy in French armed forces which is based on three combined strategies: i) Anopheles vector control to prevent infection with the implementation of personal protection against vectors (PPAV) adapted to the field living conditions of the troops. ii) Chemoprophylaxis (CP) to prevent the disease based on prescription of effective and well tolerated doxycycline. iii) Management of cases through early diagnosis and appropriate treatment to prevent death. In isolated conditions in endemic areas, rapid diagnosis tests (RDT) are used as first-line tests by military doctors. Treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) malaria is based either on the piperaquine tetraphosphate-dihydroartemisinin association since 2013, or on the atovaquone-proguanil association. First-line treatment of severe P. falciparum malaria is based on IV artesunate. These measures are associated with constant education of the military, epidemiological surveillance of malaria cases and monitoring of parasite chemosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B Pradines
- Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France
| | - R Michel
- Centre d'épidémiologie et de santé publique des armées, Marseille, France
| | - O Aoun
- Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Hôpital d'instruction des armées Bégin, Saint-Mandé, France
| | - A Dia
- Centre d'épidémiologie et de santé publique des armées, Marseille, France
| | - X Deparis
- Ecole du Val de Grâce, Paris, France; Centre d'épidémiologie et de santé publique des armées, Marseille, France
| | - C Rapp
- Ecole du Val de Grâce, Paris, France; Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Hôpital d'instruction des armées Bégin, Saint-Mandé, France
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15
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Abstract
As it grows and replicates within the erythrocytes of its host the malaria parasite takes up nutrients from the extracellular medium, exports metabolites and maintains a tight control over its internal ionic composition. These functions are achieved via membrane transport proteins, integral membrane proteins that mediate the passage of solutes across the various membranes that separate the biochemical machinery of the parasite from the extracellular environment. Proteins of this type play a key role in antimalarial drug resistance, as well as being candidate drug targets in their own right. This review provides an overview of recent work on the membrane transport biology of the malaria parasite-infected erythrocyte, encompassing both the parasite-induced changes in the membrane transport properties of the host erythrocyte and the cell physiology of the intracellular parasite itself.
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16
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Lee SJ, Seo E, Cho Y. Proposal for a new therapy for drug-resistant malaria using Plasmodium synthetic lethality inference. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2013; 3:119-28. [PMID: 24533301 PMCID: PMC3862410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Many antimalarial drugs kill malaria parasites, but antimalarial drug resistance (ADR) and toxicity to normal cells limit their usefulness. To solve this problem, we suggest a new therapy for drug-resistant malaria. The approach consists of data integration and inference through homology analysis of yeast-human-Plasmodium. If one gene of a Plasmodium synthetic lethal (SL) gene pair has a mutation that causes ADR, a drug targeting the other gene of the SL pair might be used as an effective treatment for drug-resistant strains of malaria. A simple computational tool to analyze the inferred SL genes of Plasmodium species (malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax for human malarial therapy, and rodent parasite Plasmodium berghei for in vivo studies of human malarias) was established to identify SL genes that can be used as drug targets. Information on SL gene pairs with ADR genes and their first neighbors was inferred from yeast SL genes to search for pertinent antimalarial drug targets. We not only suggest drug target gene candidates for further experimental validation, but also provide information on new usage for already-described drugs. The proposed specific antimalarial drug candidates can be inferred by searching drugs that cause a fitness defect in yeast SL genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Joon Lee
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja Dong, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunseok Seo
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja Dong, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghyun Cho
- Samsumg SDS, Trade Center ASEM Tower, Samseong 1-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-798, Republic of Korea
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Folate metabolism in human malaria parasites—75 years on. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2013; 188:63-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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