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Pokrovsky VS, Lukashev AN, Babayeva G, Karshieva SS, Arinbasarova AY, Medentzev AG, Komarova MV, Lukasheva EV. Plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of L-lysine α-oxidase from Trichoderma cf. aureoviride RIFAI VKM F- 4268D in mice. Amino Acids 2021; 53:111-118. [PMID: 33398529 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
L-lysine α-oxidase (LO) is an L-amino acid oxidase with antitumor, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies were carried out by measuring LO concentration in plasma and tissue samples by enzyme immunoassay. L-lysine concentration in samples was measured spectrophotometrically using LO. After single i.v. injection of 1.0, 1.5, 3.0 mg/kg the circulating T1/2 of enzyme in mice varied from 51 to 74 min and the AUC0-inf values were 6.54 ± 0.46, 8.66 ± 0.59, 9.47 ± 1.45 μg/ml × h, respectively. LO was distributed in tissues and determined within 48 h after administration with maximal accumulation in liver and heart tissues. Mean time to reach the maximum concentration was highest for the liver-9 h, kidney-1 h and 15 min for the tissues of heart, spleen and brain. T1/2 of LO in tissues ranged from 7.75 ± 0.73 to 26.10 ± 2.60 h. In mice, plasma L-lysine decreased by 79% 15 min after LO administration in dose 1.6 mg/kg. The serum L-lysine levels remained very low from 1 to 9 h (< 25 μM, 17%), indicating an acute lack of L-lysine in animals for at least 9 h. Concentration of L-lysine in serum restored only 24 h after LO administration. The results of LO PK study show that it might be considered as a promising enzyme for further investigation as a potential anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Pokrovsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia. .,Laboratory of Combined Treatment, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia.
| | - A N Lukashev
- Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - G Babayeva
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Combined Treatment, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - S Sh Karshieva
- Laboratory of Combined Treatment, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Yu Arinbasarova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - A G Medentzev
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - M V Komarova
- Department of Laser and Biotechnical Systems, Samara University, Samara, Russia
| | - E V Lukasheva
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Cambré A, Aertsen A. Bacterial Vivisection: How Fluorescence-Based Imaging Techniques Shed a Light on the Inner Workings of Bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 84:e00008-20. [PMID: 33115939 PMCID: PMC7599038 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00008-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in fluorescence-based imaging techniques over the past 3 decades has improved the ability of researchers to scrutinize live cell biology at increased spatial and temporal resolution. In microbiology, these real-time vivisections structurally changed the view on the bacterial cell away from the "watery bag of enzymes" paradigm toward the perspective that these organisms are as complex as their eukaryotic counterparts. Capitalizing on the enormous potential of (time-lapse) fluorescence microscopy and the ever-extending pallet of corresponding probes, initial breakthroughs were made in unraveling the localization of proteins and monitoring real-time gene expression. However, later it became clear that the potential of this technique extends much further, paving the way for a focus-shift from observing single events within bacterial cells or populations to obtaining a more global picture at the intra- and intercellular level. In this review, we outline the current state of the art in fluorescence-based vivisection of bacteria and provide an overview of important case studies to exemplify how to use or combine different strategies to gain detailed information on the cell's physiology. The manuscript therefore consists of two separate (but interconnected) parts that can be read and consulted individually. The first part focuses on the fluorescent probe pallet and provides a perspective on modern methodologies for microscopy using these tools. The second section of the review takes the reader on a tour through the bacterial cell from cytoplasm to outer shell, describing strategies and methods to highlight architectural features and overall dynamics within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Cambré
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abram Aertsen
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Chawla M, Mishra S, Anand K, Parikh P, Mehta M, Vij M, Verma T, Singh P, Jakkala K, Verma HN, AjitKumar P, Ganguli M, Narain Seshasayee AS, Singh A. Redox-dependent condensation of the mycobacterial nucleoid by WhiB4. Redox Biol 2018; 19:116-133. [PMID: 30149290 PMCID: PMC6111044 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress response in bacteria is mediated through coordination between the regulators of oxidant-remediation systems (e.g. OxyR, SoxR) and nucleoid condensation (e.g. Dps, Fis). However, these genetic factors are either absent or rendered non-functional in the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Therefore, how Mtb organizes genome architecture and regulates gene expression to counterbalance oxidative imbalance is unknown. Here, we report that an intracellular redox-sensor, WhiB4, dynamically links genome condensation and oxidative stress response in Mtb. Disruption of WhiB4 affects the expression of genes involved in maintaining redox homeostasis, central metabolism, and respiration under oxidative stress. Notably, disulfide-linked oligomerization of WhiB4 in response to oxidative stress activates the protein’s ability to condense DNA. Further, overexpression of WhiB4 led to hypercondensation of nucleoids, redox imbalance and increased susceptibility to oxidative stress, whereas WhiB4 disruption reversed this effect. In accordance with the findings in vitro, ChIP-Seq data demonstrated non-specific binding of WhiB4 to GC-rich regions of the Mtb genome. Lastly, data indicate that WhiB4 deletion affected the expression of ~ 30% of genes preferentially bound by the protein, suggesting both direct and indirect effects on gene expression. We propose that WhiB4 structurally couples Mtb’s response to oxidative stress with genome organization and transcription. Genome condensation is involved in the management of oxidative stress in bacteria. A relation between the genome condensation and oxidative stress is unclear in Mtb. A redox sensor WhiB4 calibrates genome-condensation and antioxidants in Mtb. Over-expression of WhiB4 hyper-condensed genome and induced killing by oxidants. WhiB4 deficiency delayed genome condensation and promoted oxidative stress survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manbeena Chawla
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Saurabh Mishra
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Kushi Anand
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Pankti Parikh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mansi Mehta
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Manika Vij
- Department of Structural Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, South Campus, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Taru Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering (BSSE), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Parul Singh
- National Centre for Biological Science, Bangalore 560065, India; SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kishor Jakkala
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - H N Verma
- Jaipur National University, Jagatpura, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Parthasarathi AjitKumar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Munia Ganguli
- Department of Structural Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, South Campus, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110001, India
| | | | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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Derby CD, Gilbert ES, Tai PC. Molecules and Mechanisms Underlying the Antimicrobial Activity of Escapin, an l-Amino Acid Oxidase from the Ink of Sea Hares. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2018; 235:52-61. [PMID: 30160994 DOI: 10.1086/699175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many marine animals use chemicals to defend themselves and their eggs from predators. Beyond their ecologically relevant functions, these chemicals may also have properties that make them beneficial for humans, including biomedical and industrial applications. For example, some chemical defenses are also powerful antimicrobial or antitumor agents with relevance to human health and disease. One such chemical defense, escapin, an l-amino acid oxidase in the defensive ink of the sea hare Aplysia californica, and related proteins have been investigated for their biomedical properties. This review details our current understanding of escapin's antimicrobial activity, including the array of molecules generated by escapin's oxidation of its major substrates, l-lysine and l-arginine, and mechanisms underlying these molecules' bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects on planktonic cells and the prevention of formation and removal of bacterial biofilms. Models of escapin's effects are presented, and future directions are proposed.
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Inhibition and Dispersal of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms by Combination Treatment with Escapin Intermediate Products and Hydrogen Peroxide. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:5554-62. [PMID: 27401562 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02984-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escapin is an l-amino acid oxidase that acts on lysine to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ammonia, and equilibrium mixtures of several organic acids collectively called escapin intermediate products (EIP). Previous work showed that the combination of synthetic EIP and H2O2 functions synergistically as an antimicrobial toward diverse planktonic bacteria. We initiated the present study to investigate how the combination of EIP and H2O2 affected bacterial biofilms, using Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a model. Specifically, we examined concentrations of EIP and H2O2 that inhibited biofilm formation or fostered disruption of established biofilms. High-throughput assays of biofilm formation using microtiter plates and crystal violet staining showed a significant effect from pairing EIP and H2O2, resulting in inhibition of biofilm formation relative to biofilm formation in untreated controls or with EIP or H2O2 alone. Similarly, flow cell analysis and confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that the EIP and H2O2 combination reduced the biomass of established biofilms relative to that of the controls. Area layer analysis of biofilms posttreatment indicated that disruption of biomass occurs down to the substratum. Only nanomolar to micromolar concentrations of EIP and H2O2 were required to impact biofilm formation or disruption, and these concentrations are significantly lower than those causing bactericidal effects on planktonic bacteria. Micromolar concentrations of EIP and H2O2 combined enhanced P. aeruginosa swimming motility compared to the effect of either EIP or H2O2 alone. Collectively, our results suggest that the combination of EIP and H2O2 may affect biofilms by interfering with bacterial attachment and destabilizing the biofilm matrix.
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Shen F, Tang X, Cheng W, Wang Y, Wang C, Shi X, An Y, Zhang Q, Liu M, Liu B, Yu L. Fosfomycin enhances phagocyte-mediated killing of Staphylococcus aureus by extracellular traps and reactive oxygen species. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19262. [PMID: 26778774 PMCID: PMC4726045 DOI: 10.1038/srep19262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful treatment of bacterial infections is the achievement of a synergy between the host's immune defences and antibiotics. Here, we examined whether fosfomycin (FOM) could improve the bactericidal effect of phagocytes, and investigated the potential mechanisms. FOM enhanced the phagocytosis and extra- or intracellular killing of S. aureus by phagocytes. And FOM enhanced the extracellular killing of S. aureus in macrophage (MФ) and in neutrophils mediated by extracellular traps (ETs). ET production was related to NADPH oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, FOM increased the intracellular killing of S. aureus in phagocytes, which was mediated by ROS through the oxidative burst process. Our results also showed that FOM alone induced S. aureus producing hydroxyl radicals in order to kill the bacterial cells in vitro. In a mouse peritonitis model, FOM treatment increased the bactericidal extra- and intracellular activity in vivo, and FOM strengthened ROS and ET production from peritoneal lavage fluid ex vivo. An IVIS imaging system assay further verified the observed in vivo bactericidal effect of the FOM treatment. This work may provide a deeper understanding of the role of the host's immune defences and antibiotic interactions in microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengge Shen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xudong Tang
- Key Lab for New Drug Research of TCM, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaochen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanan An
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiaoli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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7
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Campillo-Brocal JC, Lucas-Elío P, Sanchez-Amat A. Distribution in Different Organisms of Amino Acid Oxidases with FAD or a Quinone As Cofactor and Their Role as Antimicrobial Proteins in Marine Bacteria. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:7403-18. [PMID: 26694422 PMCID: PMC4699246 DOI: 10.3390/md13127073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid oxidases (AAOs) catalyze the oxidative deamination of amino acids releasing ammonium and hydrogen peroxide. Several kinds of these enzymes have been reported. Depending on the amino acid isomer used as a substrate, it is possible to differentiate between l-amino acid oxidases and d-amino acid oxidases. Both use FAD as cofactor and oxidize the amino acid in the alpha position releasing the corresponding keto acid. Recently, a novel class of AAOs has been described that does not contain FAD as cofactor, but a quinone generated by post-translational modification of residues in the same protein. These proteins are named as LodA-like proteins, after the first member of this group described, LodA, a lysine epsilon oxidase synthesized by the marine bacterium Marinomonas mediterranea. In this review, a phylogenetic analysis of all the enzymes described with AAO activity has been performed. It is shown that it is possible to recognize different groups of these enzymes and those containing the quinone cofactor are clearly differentiated. In marine bacteria, particularly in the genus Pseudoalteromonas, most of the proteins described as antimicrobial because of their capacity to generate hydrogen peroxide belong to the group of LodA-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan C Campillo-Brocal
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | - Patricia Lucas-Elío
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | - Antonio Sanchez-Amat
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
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8
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Yost AD, Joshi SG. Atmospheric Nonthermal Plasma-Treated PBS Inactivates Escherichia coli by Oxidative DNA Damage. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139903. [PMID: 26461113 PMCID: PMC4603800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) treated with nonthermal dielectric-barrier discharge plasma (plasma) acquires strong antimicrobial properties, but the mechanisms underlying bacterial inactivation were not known. The goal of this study is to understand the cellular responses of Escherichia coli and to investigate the properties of plasma-activated PBS. The plasma-activated PBS induces severe oxidative stress in E. coli cells and reactive-oxygen species scavengers, α-tocopherol and catalase, protect E. coli from cell death. Here we show that the response of E. coli to plasma-activated PBS is regulated by OxyR and SoxyRS regulons, and mediated predominantly through the expression of katG that deactivates plasma-generated oxidants. During compensation of E. coli in the absence of both katG and katE, sodA and sodB are significantly overexpressed in samples exposed to plasma-treated PBS. Microarray analysis found that up-regulation of genes involved in DNA repair, and E. coli expressing recA::lux fusion was extremely sensitive to the SOS response upon exposure to plasma-treated PBS. The cellular changes include rapid loss of E. coli membrane potential and membrane integrity, lipid peroxidation, accumulation of 8-hydroxy-deoxyguinosine (8OHdG), and severe oxidative DNA damage; reveal ultimate DNA disintegration, and cell death. Together, these data suggest that plasma-treated PBS contains hydrogen peroxide and superoxide like reactive species or/and their products which lead to oxidative changes to cell components, and are eventually responsible for cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Yost
- Center for Surgical Infections and Biofilms, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Drexel University School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Suresh G. Joshi
- Center for Surgical Infections and Biofilms, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Drexel University School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Kasai K, Ishikawa T, Nakamura T, Miura T. Antibacterial properties of L-amino acid oxidase: mechanisms of action and perspectives for therapeutic applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7847-57. [PMID: 26243056 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Venom, the mucus layer covering the body surface, ink glands, mammary glands, milk, and various animal secretory functions as both a physical and chemical defense barrier against bacteria and virus infections. Previously, several studies reported that L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) present in animal secretary fluids have strong antimicrobial activities and selective cytotoxic activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, various pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and parasite species. These LAAOs catalyze oxidative deamination of an L-amino acid substrate with the generation of hydrogen peroxide. The antibacterial activity of LAAOs is completely inhibited by catalase; thus, LAAOs kill bacteria by the hydrogen peroxide generated from the oxidation of L-amino acid substrates. This review focuses on the selective, specific, and local antibacterial actions of various LAAOs that may be used as novel therapeutic agents against infectious diseases. LAAOs that are suitable leads for combating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections are also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kasai
- Department of Pathologic Analysis, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
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10
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Baharoglu Z, Mazel D. SOS, the formidable strategy of bacteria against aggressions. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:1126-45. [PMID: 24923554 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of an abnormal amount of single-stranded DNA in the bacterial cell constitutes a genotoxic alarm signal that induces the SOS response, a broad regulatory network found in most bacterial species to address DNA damage. The aim of this review was to point out that beyond being a repair process, SOS induction leads to a very strong but transient response to genotoxic stress, during which bacteria can rearrange and mutate their genome, induce several phenotypic changes through differential regulation of genes, and sometimes acquire characteristics that potentiate bacterial survival and adaptation to changing environments. We review here the causes and consequences of SOS induction, but also how this response can be modulated under various circumstances and how it is connected to the network of other important stress responses. In the first section, we review articles describing the induction of the SOS response at the molecular level. The second section discusses consequences of this induction in terms of DNA repair, changes in the genome and gene expression, and sharing of genomic information, with their effects on the bacteria's life and evolution. The third section is about the fine tuning of this response to fit with the bacteria's 'needs'. Finally, we discuss recent findings linking the SOS response to other stress responses. Under these perspectives, SOS can be perceived as a powerful bacterial strategy against aggressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Baharoglu
- Institut Pasteur, Département Génomes et Génétique, Unité Plasticité du Génome Bactérien, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR3525, Paris, France
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Shechter N, Zaltzman L, Weiner A, Brumfeld V, Shimoni E, Fridmann-Sirkis Y, Minsky A. Stress-induced condensation of bacterial genomes results in re-pairing of sister chromosomes: implications for double strand DNA break repair. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25659-25667. [PMID: 23884460 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.473025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome condensation is increasingly recognized as a generic stress response in bacteria. To better understand the physiological implications of this response, we used fluorescent markers to locate specific sites on Escherichia coli chromosomes following exposure to cytotoxic stress. We find that stress-induced condensation proceeds through a nonrandom, zipper-like convergence of sister chromosomes, which is proposed to rely on the recently demonstrated intrinsic ability of identical double-stranded DNA molecules to specifically identify each other. We further show that this convergence culminates in spatial proximity of homologous sites throughout chromosome arms. We suggest that the resulting apposition of homologous sites can explain how repair of double strand DNA breaks might occur in a mechanism that is independent of the widely accepted yet physiologically improbable genome-wide search for homologous templates. We claim that by inducing genome condensation and orderly convergence of sister chromosomes, diverse stress conditions prime bacteria to effectively cope with severe DNA lesions such as double strand DNA breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vlad Brumfeld
- Chemical Research Support, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Eyal Shimoni
- Chemical Research Support, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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