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Potuck A, Webb J, Patel J. Perspective on the influence of suspension manufacturing unit operations on bioburden viability and selection of sampling points at the pilot scale. Pharm Dev Technol 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38938157 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2024.2372576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The suspension wet media milling manufacturing process is a complex multi-unit operation, resulting in drug substance comminution to a target particle size. As a result of this complexity, microbial contamination is of paramount concern, particularly for suspensions dosed for parenteral use. This perspective sought to review the influence of (4) critical manufacturing unit operations using a quality risk management approach to better identify and articulate impact of each unit operation on bioburden viability. The manufacturing unit operations in scope included slurry compounding, deaeration, milling, and filling. Bow tie risk analysis was used as a visual gap analysis tool to evaluate if conventional controls were appropriate to detect and mitigate potential for microbial contamination. A deep dive into these unit operations clarified that mechanisms such as turbohypobiosis, cavitation during deaeration, high energy milling, and inert overlay may have an appreciable influence on bioburden viability and proliferation. The resultant analysis also explicated that endotoxin oversight must be closely monitored through barriers (input material controls, water quality controls) to minimize impact to the product and patient. The identified manufacturing unit operations were not appropriate as mitigating controls for endotoxin. The output of this article relates risk intersections for microbial contamination during wet media milling and offers insights in critical areas for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Potuck
- Sterile Operations, Clinical Supply Chain, GSK, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Johnna Webb
- Microbiology, Systems, & Analytical Services, Analytical Development, GSK, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Jhanvee Patel
- Sterile Operations, Clinical Supply Chain, GSK, King of Prussia, PA, USA
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2
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Gong L, Zhu J, Yang Y, Qiao S, Ma L, Wang H, Zhang Y. Effect of polyethylene glycol on polysaccharides: From molecular modification, composite matrixes, synergetic properties to embeddable application in food fields. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 327:121647. [PMID: 38171672 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a flexible, water-soluble, non-immunogenic, as well as biocompatible polymer, and it could synergize with polysaccharides for food applications. The molecular modification strategies, including covalent bond interactions (amino groups, carboxyl groups, aldehyde groups, tosylate groups, etc.), and non-covalent bond interactions (hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, etc.) on PEG molecular chains are discussed. Its versatile structure, group modifiability, and amphiphilic block buildability could improve the functions of polysaccharides (e.g., chitosan, cellulose, starch, alginate, etc.) and adjust the properties of combined PEG/polysaccharides with outstanding chain tunability and matrix processability owing to plasticizing effects, compatibilizing effects, steric stabilizing effects and excluded volume effects by PEG, for achieving the diverse performance targets. The synergetic properties of PEG/polysaccharides with remarkable architecture were summarized, including mechanical properties, antibacterial activity, antioxidant performance, self-healing properties, carrier and delivery characteristics. The PEG/polysaccharides with excellent combined properties and embeddable merits illustrate potential applications including food packaging, food intelligent indication/detection, food 3D printing and nutraceutical food absorption. Additionally, prospects (like food innovation and preferable nutrient utilization) and key challenges (like structure-effectiveness-applicability relationship) for PEG/polysaccharides are proposed and addressed for food fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linshan Gong
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Juncheng Zhu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Shihao Qiao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Liang Ma
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, PR China; Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Key Laboratory of Condiment Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Chongqing 401121, PR China.
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, PR China; Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Key Laboratory of Condiment Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Chongqing 401121, PR China.
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3
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Bayer G, Shayganpour A, Bayer IS. Efficacy of a New Alcohol-Free Organic Acid-Based Hand Sanitizer against Foodborne Pathogens. TOXICS 2023; 11:938. [PMID: 37999590 PMCID: PMC10674435 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
In light of the global health crisis triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous experts have deemed the utilization of hand sanitizers imperative as a precautionary measure against the virus. Consequently, the demand for hand sanitizers has experienced a substantial surge. Since the beginning of 2020, the utilization of alcohol-free hand sanitizers has been increasingly favored due to the potential risks associated with alcohol poisoning, flammability, as well as the adverse effects on skin lipid dissolution, dehydration, and sebum reduction, which can lead to severe cases of eczema and norovirus infections. In this study, we developed an aqueous hand sanitizer that does not contain alcohol. The sanitizer consists of naturally occurring, food-grade organic acids, including lactic, citric, and azelaic acids. Additionally, food-grade ammonium sulfate and a small amount of povidone-iodine (PVPI) were included in the formulation to create a synergistic and potent antibacterial effect. The effectiveness of the hand sanitizer was evaluated against four common foodborne pathogens, namely Clostridium botulinum, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus, via in vitro testing. The organic acids exhibited a synergistic inhibitory function, resulting in a 3-log reduction in CFU/mL. Furthermore, the presence of povidone-iodine and ammonium sulfate enhanced their antibacterial effect, leading to a 4-log reduction in CFU/mL. The hand sanitizer solution remained stable even after 60 days of storage. During this period, the detection of additional triiodide (I3-) ions occurred, which have the ability to release broad-spectrum molecular iodine upon penetrating the cell walls. This alcohol-free hand sanitizer may offer extended protection and is anticipated to be gentle on the skin. This is attributed to the presence of citric and lactic acids, which possess cosmetic properties that soften and smoothen the skin, along with antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Bayer
- DS Bio ve Nanoteknoloji A. Ş, Lavida City Plaza 45/7, 06530 Ankara, Türkiye;
| | - Amirreza Shayganpour
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy;
| | - Ilker S. Bayer
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy;
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Sidiqa AN, Zakaria MN, Cahyanto A, Joni IM, Maskoen AM. Carbonation inhibitor by polyethylene glycol encapsulation of calcium hydroxide fine particles to improve antimicrobial and root canal penetration properties. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18005. [PMID: 37483813 PMCID: PMC10362243 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The carbonation of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is affected by humidity and a saturated atmosphere. Ca(OH)2 from nature is easily carbonation and self-aggregates into calcium carbonate (CaCO3), resulting in larger particle size impairing the antimicrobial properties due to lack of penetration into the dentinal tubules and lower ion dissociation. To reduce the particle size, the wet beads milling process with distilled water as the medium is commonly used, but often results in great carbonation of the final product. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) may inhibit the carbonation process as well as re-agglomeration. However, it requires intensive drying of the fine Ca(OH)2 particles. As an alternative, we used ethanol as a medium in the milling process, which is easily dried and compatible with PEG as a surfactant. This study aimed to evaluate PEG 400 as a dispersing agent in ethanol medium in the beads milling process to prevent carbonation of the fine Ca(OH)2 particles. The following groups were analysed CaP-PEG (Ca(OH)2-PEG) with ethanol as a medium, CaP-Eth (Ca(OH)2 with ethanol as a medium), CaP-DW (Ca(OH)2 with distilled water as a medium), CaPC (Ca(OH)2-carbonated) as the negative control and CaC (Ca(OH)2 analytical grade) as the positive control The final particle results were characterized to evaluate the crystal structure, functional groups, and particle size. The corresponding pH and antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis were assessed at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days. The penetration ability was evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscope. The data obtained were analysed by ANOVA with a significance level of 5%. PEG was able to inhibit carbonation and stabilize pH for up to 14 days, providing increased antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis. PEG also facilitates the ability of fine Ca(OH)2 particles to penetrate deeper into the dentine tubules by reducing particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atia Nurul Sidiqa
- Doctoral Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Ir. Soekarno KM. 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang, 45363, West Java, Indonesia
- Department of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Jalan Terusan Jenderal Sudirman, Cimahi, 40531, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Myrna Nurlatifah Zakaria
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Jalan Terusan Jenderal Sudirman, Cimahi, 40531, West Java, Indonesia
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Jalan Profesor Diraja Ungku Aziz, Seksyen 13, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Arief Cahyanto
- Department of Dental Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Ir. Soekarno KM. 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang, 45363, West Java, Indonesia
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Jalan Profesor Diraja Ungku Aziz, Seksyen 13, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I Made Joni
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Ir. Soekarno KM. 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang, 45363, West Java, Indonesia
- Functional Nano Powder University Center of Excellence, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Ir. Soekarno KM. 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang, 45363, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ani Melani Maskoen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Ir. Soekarno KM. 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang, 45363, West Java, Indonesia
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Retardation of Bacterial Biofilm Formation by Coating Urinary Catheters with Metal Nanoparticle-Stabilized Polymers. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071297. [PMID: 35889016 PMCID: PMC9319761 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary catheter infections remain an issue for many patients and can complicate their health status, especially for individuals who require long-term catheterization. Catheters can be colonized by biofilm-forming bacteria resistant to the administered antibiotics. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the efficacy of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) stabilized with different polymeric materials generated via a one-step simple coating technique for their ability to inhibit biofilm formation on urinary catheters. AgNPs were prepared and characterized to confirm their formation and determine their size, charge, morphology, and physical stability. Screening of the antimicrobial activity of nanoparticle formulations and determining minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and their cytotoxicity against PC3 cells were performed. Moreover, the antibiofilm activity and efficacy of the AgNPs coated on the urinary catheters under static and flowing conditions were examined against a clinical isolate of Escherichia coli. The results showed that the investigated polymers could form physically stable AgNPs, especially those prepared using polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and ethyl cellulose (EC). Preliminary screening and MIC determinations suggested that the AgNPs-EC and AgNPs-PVP had superior antibacterial effects against E. coli. AgNPs-EC and AgNPs-PVP inhibited biofilm formation to 58.2% and 50.8% compared with AgNPs-PEG, silver nitrate solution and control samples. In addition, coating urinary catheters with AgNPs-EC and AgNPs-PVP at concentrations lower than the determined IC50 values significantly (p < 0.05; t-test) inhibited bacterial biofilm formation compared with noncoated catheters under both static and static and flowing conditions using two different types of commercial Foley urinary catheters. The data obtained in this study provide evidence that AgNP-coated EC and PVP could be useful as potential antibacterial and antibiofilm catheter coating agents to prevent the development of urinary tract infections caused by E. coli.
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Weiss A, Delavenne E, Matias C, Lagler H, Simon D, Li P, Hansen JU, Dos Santos TP, Jana B, Priemel P, Bangert C, Bauer M, Eberl S, Nussbaumer-Pröll A, Anne Österreicher Z, Matzneller P, Quint T, Weber M, Nielsen HM, Rades T, Johansen HK, Westh H, Kim W, Mylonakis E, Friis C, Guardabassi L, Pace J, Lundberg CV, M'Zali F, Butty P, Sørensen N, Nielsen HB, Toft-Kehler R, Guttman-Yassky E, Stingl G, Zeitlinger M, Sommer M. Topical niclosamide (ATx201) reduces Staphylococcus aureus colonization and increases Shannon diversity of the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis patients in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2 trial. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e790. [PMID: 35522900 PMCID: PMC9076020 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), Staphylococcus aureus frequently colonizes lesions and is hypothesized to be linked to disease severity and progression. Treatments that reduce S. aureus colonization without significantly affecting the skin commensal microbiota are needed. Methods and findings In this study, we tested ATx201 (niclosamide), a small molecule, on its efficacy to reduce S. aureus and propensity to evolve resistance in vitro. Various cutaneous formulations were then tested in a superficial skin infection model. Finally, a Phase 2 randomized, double‐blind and placebo‐controlled trial was performed to investigate the impact of ATx201 OINTMENT 2% on S. aureus colonization and skin microbiome composition in patients with mild‐to‐severe AD (EudraCT:2016‐003501‐33). ATx201 has a narrow minimal inhibitory concentration distribution (.125–.5 μg/ml) consistent with its mode of action – targeting the proton motive force effectively stopping cell growth. In murine models, ATx201 can effectively treat superficial skin infections of methicillin‐resistant S. aureus. In a Phase 2 trial in patients with mild‐to‐severe AD (N = 36), twice‐daily treatment with ATx201 OINTMENT 2% effectively reduces S. aureus colonization in quantitative colony forming unit (CFU) analysis (primary endpoint: 94.4% active vs. 38.9% vehicle success rate, p = .0016) and increases the Shannon diversity of the skin microbiome at day 7 significantly compared to vehicle. Conclusion These results suggest that ATx201 could become a new treatment modality as a decolonizing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Weiss
- UNION Therapeutics, Hellerup, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Heimo Lagler
- Department of Medicine 1, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | | | - Ping Li
- UNION Therapeutics, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jon U Hansen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Teresa Pires Dos Santos
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bimal Jana
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Petra Priemel
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Bangert
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Martin Bauer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Sabine Eberl
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | | | | | - Peter Matzneller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Tamara Quint
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Maria Weber
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle Krogh Johansen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Wooseong Kim
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Christian Friis
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Luca Guardabassi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - John Pace
- UNION Therapeutics, Hellerup, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Georg Stingl
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Morten Sommer
- UNION Therapeutics, Hellerup, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Effects of emulsion, dispersion, and blend electrospinning on hyaluronic acid nanofibers with incorporated antiseptics. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:726-735. [PMID: 34822823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanofibrous materials are used in drug delivery as carriers of active ingredients. These can be incorporated into the materials with various electrospinning methods that differ mainly in the way spinning solutions are prepared. Each method affects primarily the encapsulation efficiency and distribution of active ingredients in the materials. This study focuses on the incorporation of octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) and triclosan (TRI) into nanofibrous materials electrospun from native hyaluronic acid emulsions, dispersions, and blends. OCT had no substantial effect on fiber morphology, which is affected by the solvent system. All OCT encapsulation efficiencies were comparable (approximately 90%). TRI encapsulation efficiencies varied greatly depending on the method used. Merely 3% of TRI was encapsulated when it was spun from a dispersion. Encapsulation efficiency was higher, and TRI was incorporated in clusters when an emulsion was used. The best result was achieved with a blend, in which case 96% of TRI was encapsulated.
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8
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The Role of Common Solvents against Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Induced Pathogenicity in a Murine Burn Site Infection Model. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0023321. [PMID: 34346751 PMCID: PMC8552656 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00233-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are frequently used as potent excipients in pharmaceutical formulations. However, these agents also have an interesting antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory profile that could interfere with the efficacy testing of anti-infective compounds when the latter are solubilized in DMSO or PEGs. Here, we demonstrate the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of DMSO-PEG400 in a murine Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection model, aiming to draw attention to the appropriate selection of solvents for difficult-to-solubilize anti-infectives. IMPORTANCE Our study demonstrates the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of the combination of DMSO and PEG400 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in vivo in a murine infection model of heightened intestinal permeability. The aim of this study is to draw attention to the appropriate selection of solvents for difficult-to-solubilize anti-infective compounds, to avoid interference with the assay or system tested. This is an extremely important consideration, since potential antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of the solvent vehicle are detrimental to research studies on the efficacy of new anti-infective agents, given that the vehicle effect can mask the effect of the tested compounds. Our results can therefore be of great value to the scientific community, as they can guide researchers in the future to avoid this significant pitfall that can cost substantial amounts of money and valuable time during investigations of the effects of novel, difficult-to-solubilize antimicrobial compounds.
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Paramita P, Ramachandran M, Narashiman S, Nagarajan S, Sukumar DK, Chung TW, Ambigapathi M. Sol-gel based synthesis and biological properties of zinc integrated nano bioglass ceramics for bone tissue regeneration. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2021; 32:5. [PMID: 33471255 PMCID: PMC7817593 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06478-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a flexible and electro active tissue that is vulnerable to various traumatic injuries. The self-healing of damaged bone tissue towards reconstruction is limited due to the lack of proper niche compliances. Nevertheless, the classical grafting techniques like autograft/allograft for bone repair pose challenges like bacterial infections and donor-site morbidity with unsatisfactory outcomes. The use of appropriate biomaterial with osteogenic potential can meet these challenges. In this regard, bioactive glass ceramics is widely used as a bone filler or graft material because of its bonding affinity to bone leading towards bone reconstruction applications without the challenge of post implant infections. Hence, the current study is aimed at addressing this potentiality of zinc (Zn) for doped the bioglass at nano-scale advantages for bone tissue repair. Since, Zn has been demonstrated to have not only antibacterial property but also the stimulatory effect on osteoblasts differentiation, mineralization by enhancing the osteogenic genes expression. In view of these, the present study is focused on sol-gel synthesis and pysico-chemical characterization of Zinc-doped bioglass nanoparticles (Zn-nBGC) and also analyzing its biological implications. The surface morphological and physiochemical characterizations using SEM, EDX, FT-IR and XRD analysis has shown the increased surface area of Zn-nBGC particles providing a great platform for biomolecular interaction, cytocompatibility, cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. The obtaining hydroxy apatite groups have initiated in vitro mineralization towards osteogenic lineage formation. Zn has not only involved in enhancing cellular actions but also strengthen the ceramic nanoparticles towards antibacterial application. Hence the finding suggests a biomaterial synthesis of better biomaterial for bone tissue engineering application by preventing post-operative bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragyan Paramita
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
| | - Murugesan Ramachandran
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
| | - Srinivasan Narashiman
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
| | - Selvamurugan Nagarajan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Sukumar
- Department of Biomedical Science, Peptide Biochemistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Tze-Wen Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Moorthi Ambigapathi
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India.
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10
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Different cellulosic polymers for synthesizing silver nanoparticles with antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Sci Rep 2021; 11:84. [PMID: 33420131 PMCID: PMC7794214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of cellulosic polymers as efficient reducing, coating agents, and stabilizers in the formulation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with antioxidant and antibacterial activity was investigated. AgNPs were synthesized using different cellulosic polymers, polyethylene glycol, and without polymers using tri-sodium citrate, for comparison. The yield, morphology, size, charge, in vitro release of silver ion, and physical stability of the resulting AgNPs were evaluated. Their antioxidant activity was measured as a scavenging percentage compared with ascorbic acid, while their antibacterial activity was evaluated against different strains of bacteria. The amount of AgNPs inside bacterial cells was quantified using an ICP-OES spectrometer, and morphological examination of the bacteria was performed after AgNPs internalization. Cellulosic polymers generated physically stable AgNPs without any aggregation, which remained physically stable for 3 months at 25.0 ± 0.5 and 4.0 ± 0.5 °C. AgNPs formulated using ethylcellulose (EC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) had significant (p ≤ 0.05; ANOVA/Tukey) antibacterial activities and lower values of MIC compared to methylcellulose (MC), PEG, and AgNPs without a polymeric stabilizer. Significantly (p ≤ 0.05; ANOVA/Tukey) more AgNPs-EC and AgNPs-HPMC were internalized in Escherichia coli cells compared to other formulations. Thus, cellulosic polymers show promise as polymers for the formulation of AgNPs with antioxidant and antibacterial activities.
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11
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Qiao J, Purro M, Liu Z, Xiong MP. Effects of Polyethyelene Glycol-Desferrioxamine:Gallium Conjugates on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Outer Membrane Permeability and Vancomycin Potentiation. Mol Pharm 2020; 18:735-742. [PMID: 33147036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibits a broad spectrum of intrinsic antibiotic resistance because of the limited permeability of its outer membrane. Given this situation, molecules that could make Gram-negative bacteria more permeable and more susceptible to large-scaffold Gram-positive antibiotics may be advantageous. Herein, we evaluate the antimicrobial activity of a series of targeted poly(ethylene glycol)-desferrioxamine/gallium (PEG-DG) conjugates that can improve the sensitivity of P. aeruginosa to the glycopeptide vancomycin (VAN). We observed that single-ended mPEG-DG and double-ended PEG-DG2 conjugates characterized by PEG MW ≥2000 synergistically enhanced the sensitivity of VAN against P. aeruginosa reference strains PAO1 and ATCC 27853 and three clinically isolated carbapenem-resistant strains, but not Escherichia coli strain ATCC 25922. Although the exact mechanism of this phenomenon is currently under investigation, PEG-DG conjugates enhanced nitrocefin (NCF), hexidium iodide (HI), and VAN permeability only when PEG and DG were directly conjugated. The two most important physicochemical factors contributing to the synergistic activity observed with VAN relate to (1) the final concentration of DG ligands conjugated to the polymer and (2) the polymer length, wherein MW ≥2000 yielded a similar fractional inhibitory concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Max Purro
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - May P Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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12
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Khalid A, Bai D, Abraham AN, Jadhav A, Linklater D, Matusica A, Nguyen D, Murdoch BJ, Zakhartchouk N, Dekiwadia C, Reineck P, Simpson D, Vidanapathirana AK, Houshyar S, Bursill CA, Ivanova EP, Gibson BC. Electrospun Nanodiamond-Silk Fibroin Membranes: A Multifunctional Platform for Biosensing and Wound-Healing Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:48408-48419. [PMID: 33047948 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Next generation wound care technology capable of diagnosing wound parameters, promoting healthy cell growth, and reducing pathogenic infections noninvasively would provide patients with an improved standard of care and accelerated wound repair. Temperature is one of the indicating biomarkers specific to chronic wounds. This work reports a hybrid, multifunctional optical material platform-nanodiamond (ND)-silk membranes as biopolymer dressings capable of temperature sensing and promoting wound healing. The hybrid structure was fabricated through electrospinning, and 3D submicron fibrous membranes with high porosity were formed. Silk fibers are capable of compensating for the lack of an extracellular matrix at the wound site, supporting the wound-healing process. Negatively charged nitrogen vacancy (NV-) color centers in NDs exhibit optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) and act as nanoscale thermometers. This can be exploited to sense temperature variations associated with the presence of infection or inflammation in a wound, without physically removing the dressing. Our results show that the presence of NDs in the hybrid ND-silk membranes improves the thermal stability of silk fibers. NV- color centers in NDs embedded in silk fibers exhibit well-retained fluorescence and ODMR. Using the NV- centers as fluorescent nanoscale thermometers, we achieved temperature sensing in 25-50 °C, including the biologically relevant temperature window, for cell-grown ND-silk membranes. An enhancement (∼1.5× on average) in the temperature sensitivity of the NV- centers was observed for the hybrid materials. The hybrid membranes were further tested in vivo in a murine wound-healing model and demonstrated biocompatibility and equivalent wound closure rates as the control wounds. Additionally, the hybrid ND-silk membranes exhibited selective antifouling and biocidal propensity toward Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, while no effect was observed on Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Khalid
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Dongbi Bai
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Amanda N Abraham
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Amit Jadhav
- School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, Brunswick, Victoria 3056, Australia
| | - Denver Linklater
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Alex Matusica
- School of Computer Science, Engineering and Mathematics, Flinders University, Clovelly Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Duy Nguyen
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Philipp Reineck
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - David Simpson
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Achini K Vidanapathirana
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Shadi Houshyar
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Christina A Bursill
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Elena P Ivanova
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Brant C Gibson
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
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13
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Shetty P, Mu L, Shi Y. Fat mimicking compounds as grease thickeners in Poly(ethylene glycol)/water: Adopting the solution from history. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 578:619-628. [PMID: 32554144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Water-based lubricants are thought to be the next generation green lubricants, however, there are very few developments of aqueous grease lubricants. Here, water-based grease lubricants were developed using the food fat replacers. The concept of using fat replacers was inspired by the historical usage of fat as a lubricant. Dextrins were chosen as the fat replacers and mixture of water and PEG as the base fluid. Dextrins with different molecular weights were selected to study its effect on the rheological, tribological and thermal behavior of the gels. It was found that only higher molecular weight dextrins will form the colloidal gels, whereas low molecular weight dextrins will form the colloidal solution. The SEM images of the dried samples showed the agglomerated micro-spherical network with the void to hold the base fluid. It was found that, at an optimum concentration, the fat replacers showed 35-58% lower friction and 29-41% lower wear than the pure PEG200/water solution regardless of their molecular weight. The spherical shaped colloidal particles will form the film over the metal surface by nano-filling and these particles will act as nano-bearings which will reduce the wear and friction. These gel lubricants can be used where the highly biodegradable and bio-compatible green lubricant is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Shetty
- Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå 97187, Sweden
| | - Liwen Mu
- Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå 97187, Sweden.
| | - Yijun Shi
- Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå 97187, Sweden.
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14
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Shahriyari F, Yaarali D, Ahmadi R, Hassan S, Wei W. Synthesis and characterization of Cu-Sn oxides nanoparticles via wire explosion method with surfactants, evaluation of in-vitro cytotoxic and antibacterial properties. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2020.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Rubiano ME, Maillard JY, Rubino JR, Ijaz MK. Use of a small-scale, portable test chamber for determining the bactericidal efficacy of aerosolized glycol formulations. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 70:356-364. [PMID: 32092165 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the efficacy and mechanisms of action of an aerosolized glycol-ethanol formulations against bacteria. We validated a small-scale in-house test chamber to determine the microbicidal efficacy of four aerosolized formulations combining dipropylene glycol and ethanol against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli embedded in alginate. The aerosolized glycol/ethanol formulation decreased bacterial viability by 3 log10 and was more efficacious than an ethanol only control formulation. Electron microscopic examination indicated extensive structural damage in both bacteria, and membrane damage was confirmed with potassium release in S. aureus and DNA release in E. coli. The development of a small test chamber facilitated the measurement of the microbicidal efficacy and experiments to understand the mechanism of action of an aerosolized microbicidal formulation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: There is an increased interest in developing effective microbicidal-aerosolized formulations. The development of a small in-house test chamber allowed the measurement of the microbicidal efficacy of an aerosolized glycol/ethanol formulation at a low cost. We showed that a glycol/ethanol aerosolized formulation caused extensive structural damage in Gram-negative and -positive bacteria resulting in a 3 log10 reduction in viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Rubiano
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - J-Y Maillard
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - J R Rubino
- Research & Development, RB, Montvale, NJ, USA
| | - M K Ijaz
- Research & Development, RB, Montvale, NJ, USA.,Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College of the City University of New York (CUNY), Brooklyn, NY, USA
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16
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Shetty P, Mu L, Shi Y. Polyelectrolyte cellulose gel with PEG/water: Toward fully green lubricating grease. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115670. [PMID: 31887933 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Developing a fully green lubricant is an urgent need due to the growing consciousness of environmental protection and dwindling resources. In this work, fully green gel lubricants were developed out of cellulose derivatives as gelator and mixture of water and poly(ethylene glycol) 200 (PEG 200) as the base fluid. The non-ionic hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and anionic sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) were chosen to understand the effect of ionic and non-ionic gelators on the thermal, rheological and the tribological properties of the gel lubricant. HEC or NaCMC is demonstrated as effective additive to reduce wear, stabilize friction coefficient and enhance the thermal stability of developed lubricants. It is shown that anionic gelator will result in producing lower friction and wear in comparison to non-ionic gelator, which may be attributed to the possible tribo-film formation due to the negative charge in the NaCMC molecules and its larger molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Shetty
- Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 97187, Sweden
| | - Liwen Mu
- Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 97187, Sweden.
| | - Yijun Shi
- Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 97187, Sweden.
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17
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Lafond M, Shekhar H, Panmanee W, Collins SD, Palaniappan A, McDaniel CT, Hassett DJ, Holland CK. Bactericidal Activity of Lipid-Shelled Nitric Oxide-Loaded Microbubbles. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1540. [PMID: 32082143 PMCID: PMC7002315 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of antibiotic resistance is an ever-burgeoning public health challenge, motivating the development of adjunct bactericidal therapies. Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent bioactive gas that induces a variety of therapeutic effects, including bactericidal and biofilm dispersion properties. The short half-life, high reactivity, and rapid diffusivity of NO make therapeutic delivery challenging. The goal of this work was to characterize NO-loaded microbubbles (MB) stabilized with a lipid shell and to assess the feasibility of antibacterial therapy in vitro. MB were loaded with either NO alone (NO-MB) or with NO and octafluoropropane (NO-OFP-MB) (9:1 v/v and 1:1 v/v). The size distribution and acoustic attenuation coefficient of NO-MB and NO-OFP-MB were measured. Ultrasound-triggered release of the encapsulated gas payload was demonstrated with 3-MHz pulsed Doppler ultrasound. An amperometric microelectrode sensor was used to measure NO concentration released from the MB and compared to an NO-OFP-saturated solution. The effect of NO delivery on the viability of planktonic (free living) Staphylococcus aureus (SA) USA 300, a methicillin-resistant strain, was evaluated in a 96 well-plate format. The co-encapsulation of NO with OFP increased the total volume and attenuation coefficient of MB. The NO-OFP-MB were destroyed with a clinical ultrasound scanner with an output of 2.48 MPa peak negative pressure (in situ MI of 1.34) but maintained their echogenicity when exposed to 0.02 MPa peak negative pressure (in situ MI of 0.01. The NO dose in NO-MB and NO-OFP-MB was more than 2-fold higher than the NO-OFP-saturated solution. Delivery of NO-OFP-MB increased bactericidal efficacy compared to the NO-OFP-saturated solution or air and OFP-loaded MB. These results suggest that encapsulation of NO with OFP in lipid-shelled MB enhances payload delivery. Furthermore, these studies demonstrate the feasibility and limitations of NO-OFP-MB for antibacterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Lafond
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Himanshu Shekhar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Warunya Panmanee
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Sydney D. Collins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Arunkumar Palaniappan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Cameron T. McDaniel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Daniel J. Hassett
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Christy K. Holland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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18
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Reyes-Batlle M, Mura-Escorche G, Sifaoui I, Otero-Ruiz A, Alfaro-Sifuentes R, López-Arencibia A, Rocha-Cabrera P, Chiboub O, Rizo-Liendo A, Zamora-Herrera J, Bethencourt-Estrella CJ, Rodríguez-Expósito RL, Nicolás-Hernández DS, Piñero JE, Lorenzo-Morales J. In Vitro Evaluation of Combined Commercialized Ophthalmic Solutions Against Acanthamoeba Strains. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030109. [PMID: 31349717 PMCID: PMC6789763 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba is a free-living amoebae genus which is present worldwide in natural and artificial environments. These amoebae are clinically important as causative agents of diseases in humans and other animals such as a fatal encephalitis or a sight threatening Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK). Lately; studies have focused on the search of novel therapeutic options for AK but also to prevent infections. Furthermore; the evaluation of commercialized products seems to be an option for this case since not clinical assays would be required. Thus; we aimed to test the amoebicidal activity of different mixtures of two commercial ophthalmic solutions: Systane® Ultra; which has already shown anti-Acanthamoeba properties; and Naviblef® Daily Care. In addition, we tested their cytotoxic effect against murine macrophages. At the individual level; Naviblef® Daily Care showed to be the most active product against Acanthamoeba spp. Nevertheless; the combinations of Systane® Ultra and Naviblef® Daily Care; showed an improvement in the activity against trophozoites and cysts of Acanthamoeba castellanii Neff. Moreover; the concentration necessary to generate cytotoxic effect against murine macrophages (J774.1) was much higher than the required for the amoebicidal and cysticidal effect achieved in the most effective mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Reyes-Batlle
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna. Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, 38203 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Glorian Mura-Escorche
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna. Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, 38203 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ines Sifaoui
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna. Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, 38203 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alejandro Otero-Ruiz
- Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Cd. Obregón, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Rosalía Alfaro-Sifuentes
- Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Cd. Obregón, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Atteneri López-Arencibia
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna. Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, 38203 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Pedro Rocha-Cabrera
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna. Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, 38203 Tenerife, Spain
- Departmento de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Olfa Chiboub
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna. Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, 38203 Tenerife, Spain
- Laboratoire Matériaux-Molécules et Applications, La Marsa, University of Carthage, Tunisia, Tunisia
| | - Aitor Rizo-Liendo
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna. Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, 38203 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jonadab Zamora-Herrera
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna. Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, 38203 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carlos J Bethencourt-Estrella
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna. Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, 38203 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Rubén L Rodríguez-Expósito
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna. Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, 38203 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Desirée San Nicolás-Hernández
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna. Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, 38203 Tenerife, Spain
| | - José E Piñero
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna. Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, 38203 Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna. Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, 38203 Tenerife, Spain
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19
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Jack AA, Nordli HR, Powell LC, Farnell DJJ, Pukstad B, Rye PD, Thomas DW, Chinga-Carrasco G, Hill KE. Cellulose Nanofibril Formulations Incorporating a Low-Molecular-Weight Alginate Oligosaccharide Modify Bacterial Biofilm Development. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:2953-2961. [PMID: 31251598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) from wood pulp are a renewable material possessing advantages for biomedical applications because of their customizable porosity, mechanical strength, translucency, and environmental biodegradability. Here, we investigated the growth of multispecies wound biofilms on CNF formulated as aerogels and films incorporating the low-molecular-weight alginate oligosaccharide OligoG CF-5/20 to evaluate their structural and antimicrobial properties. Overnight microbial cultures were adjusted to 2.8 × 109 colony-forming units (cfu) mL-1 in Mueller Hinton broth and growth rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and Staphylococcus aureus 1061A monitored for 24 h in CNF dispersions sterilized by γ-irradiation. Two CNF formulations were prepared (20 g m-2) with CNF as air-dried films or freeze-dried aerogels, with or without incorporation of an antimicrobial alginate oligosaccharide (OligoG CF-5/20) as a surface coating or bionanocomposite, respectively. The materials were structurally characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser profilometry (LP). The antimicrobial properties of the formulations were assessed using single- and mixed-species biofilms grown on the materials and analyzed using LIVE/DEAD staining with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and COMSTAT software. OligoG-CNF suspensions significantly decreased the growth of both bacterial strains at OligoG concentrations >2.58% (P < 0.05). SEM showed that aerogel-OligoG bionanocomposite formulations had a more open three-dimensional structure, whereas LP showed that film formulations coated with OligoG were significantly smoother than untreated films or films incorporating PEG400 as a plasticizer (P < 0.05). CLSM of biofilms grown on films incorporating OligoG demonstrated altered biofilm architecture, with reduced biomass and decreased cell viability. The OligoG-CNF formulations as aerogels or films both inhibited pyocyanin production (P < 0.05). These novel CNF formulations or bionanocomposites were able to modify bacterial growth, biofilm development, and virulence factor production in vitro. These data support the potential of OligoG and CNF bionanocomposites for use in biomedical applications where prevention of infection or biofilm growth is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison A Jack
- Advanced Therapies Group, Oral and Biomedical Sciences , Cardiff University School of Dentistry , Cardiff CF14 4XY , U.K
| | - Henriette R Nordli
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine , NTNU , NO-7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Lydia C Powell
- Advanced Therapies Group, Oral and Biomedical Sciences , Cardiff University School of Dentistry , Cardiff CF14 4XY , U.K
| | - Damian J J Farnell
- Advanced Therapies Group, Oral and Biomedical Sciences , Cardiff University School of Dentistry , Cardiff CF14 4XY , U.K
| | - Brita Pukstad
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine , NTNU , NO-7491 Trondheim , Norway.,Department of Dermatology, St. Olavs Hospital , Trondheim University Hospital , 7030 Trondheim , Norway
| | | | - David W Thomas
- Advanced Therapies Group, Oral and Biomedical Sciences , Cardiff University School of Dentistry , Cardiff CF14 4XY , U.K
| | | | - Katja E Hill
- Advanced Therapies Group, Oral and Biomedical Sciences , Cardiff University School of Dentistry , Cardiff CF14 4XY , U.K
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20
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Palmieri V, Bugli F, Cacaci M, Perini G, Maio FD, Delogu G, Torelli R, Conti C, Sanguinetti M, Spirito MD, Zanoni R, Papi M. Graphene oxide coatings prevent Candida albicans biofilm formation with a controlled release of curcumin-loaded nanocomposites. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:2867-2879. [PMID: 30431405 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Fabrication of graphene oxide (GO)-based medical devices coatings that limit adhesion of Candida albicans, a main issue of healthcare-associated infections. METHODS The GO composites noncovalently functionalized with curcumin (CU), a hydrophobic molecule with active antimicrobial action, polyethylene glycol (PEG) that hinders the absorption of biomolecules or a combination of CU and PEG (GO-CU-PEG) were drop-casted on surfaces and antifungal efficacy was assessed. RESULTS We demonstrate that GO-CU-PEG coatings can reduce fungal adhesion, proliferation and biofilm formation. Furthermore, in an aqueous environment, surfaces release curcumin-PEG nanocomposites that have a minimum inhibitory concentration of 9.25 μg/ml against C. albicans. CONCLUSION Prevention of early cell adhesion and creation of a proximal environment unfavorable for growth make these GO-supported biomaterials attractive for innovative medical device manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Palmieri
- Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore. Istituto di Fisica, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.,Institute for Complex Systems, National Research Council (ISC-CNR), Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Bugli
- Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore. Istituto di Microbiologia, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Cacaci
- Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore. Istituto di Microbiologia, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Giordano Perini
- Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore. Istituto di Fisica, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavio De Maio
- Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore. Istituto di Microbiologia, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Delogu
- Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore. Istituto di Microbiologia, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Torelli
- Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore. Istituto di Microbiologia, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Conti
- Institute for Complex Systems, National Research Council (ISC-CNR), Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore. Istituto di Microbiologia, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco De Spirito
- Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore. Istituto di Fisica, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Robertino Zanoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Papi
- Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore. Istituto di Fisica, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
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21
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Puschmann J, Herbig ME, Müller-Goymann CC. Correlation of antimicrobial effects of phenoxyethanol with its free concentration in the water phase of o/w-emulsion gels. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 131:152-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Comparison of Antibacterial Adhesion When Salivary Pellicle Is Coated on Both Poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate)- and Polyethylene-glycol-methacrylate-grafted Poly(methyl methacrylate). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092764. [PMID: 30223440 PMCID: PMC6164387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) and polyethylene glycol methacrylate (PEGMA) have been demonstrated to inhibit bacterial adhesion, no study has compared antibacterial adhesion when salivary pellicle is coated on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) grafted with pHEMA and on PMMA grafted with PEGMA. In this study, PMMA discs were fabricated from a commercial orthodontic acrylic resin system (Ortho-Jet). Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectra taken before and after grafting confirmed that pHEMA and PEGMA were successfully grafted on PMMA. Contact angle measurements revealed PMMA-pHEMA to be the most hydrophilic, followed by PMMA-PEGMA, and then by PMMA. Zeta potential analysis revealed the most negative surface charges on PMMA-PEGMA, followed by PMMA-pHEMA, and then by PMMA. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed green fluorescence in the background, indicating images that influenced the accuracy of the quantification of live bacteria. Both the optical density value measured at 600 nm and single plate-serial dilution spotting showed that pHEMA was more effective than PEGMA against Escherichia coli and Streptococcus mutans, although the difference was not significant. Therefore, the grafting of pHEMA and PEGMA separately on PMMA is effective against bacterial adhesion, even after the grafted PMMA were coated with salivary pellicle. Surface hydrophilicity, bactericidality, and Coulomb repulsion between the negatively charged bacteria and the grafted surface contributed to the effectiveness.
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Toxic effects of selected proprietary dry eye drops on Acanthamoeba. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8520. [PMID: 29867132 PMCID: PMC5986802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26914-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba are ubiquitous protists that have been isolated from many sources such as soils, water and the air. They are responsible for infections including fatal encephalitis and a severe keratitis in humans. To date, there is no satisfactorily effective therapeutic agent against this pathogen and the infections it causes are exacerbated by the existence of a resistant cyst stage produced by this amoeba. As dry eye syndrome is a risk factor for Acanthamoeba keratitis, we aimed to evaluate the anti-Acanthamoeba activity of a variety of proprietary eye drops intended to treat dry eye syndrome. From the nine eye drop formulations tested, "Systane Ultra" was determined to be the most active against all tested Acanthamoeba strains. During our investigations into the mode of action of Systane Ultra, we discovered that it decreases mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels, induces chromatin condensation, and increases the permeability of the plasma-membrane.
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Butt U, ElShaer A, Snyder LAS, Chaidemenou A, Alany RG. Fatty acid microemulsion for the treatment of neonatal conjunctivitis: quantification, characterisation and evaluation of antimicrobial activity. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2017; 6:722-734. [PMID: 27766599 PMCID: PMC5097082 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-016-0338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are used by many organisms as defence mechanism against virulent bacteria. The high safety profile and broad spectrum of activity make them potential alternatives to currently used topical antibiotics for the treatment of eye infections in neonates. The current study utilised a Design of Experiment approach to optimise the quantification of five fatty acids namely; lauric acid, tridecanoic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid and α-linolenic acid. The significance of the influence of the experimental parameters such as volume of catalyst, volume of n-hexane, incubation temperature, incubation time and the number of extraction steps on derivatisation was established by statistical screening with a factorial approach. Derivatisation was confirmed using attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR) and 1H NMR spectrum. A gas chromatographic method (GC-FID) was developed and validated according to ICH guidelines for the identification and quantification of fatty acids. The results were found to be linear over the concentration range studied with coefficient of variation greater than 0.99 and high recovery values and low intra-day and inter-day variation values for all FAs. Then, different α-linolenic acid-based microemulsions (MEs) were prepared using Tween 80 as surfactant, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) as co surfactant and water as aqueous phase. The developed GC method was used to quantify the FA content in ME formulations. The results indicated that the developed GC method is very effective to quantify the FA content in the ME formulations. The antimicrobial efficacy of FA-based MEs were tested against Staphylococcus aureus. It was concluded that the FA-based MEs have strong antimicrobial effect against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummara Butt
- Drug Discovery, Delivery and Patient Care (DDDPC) Theme, School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Amr ElShaer
- Drug Discovery, Delivery and Patient Care (DDDPC) Theme, School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Lori A S Snyder
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Athina Chaidemenou
- Drug Discovery, Delivery and Patient Care (DDDPC) Theme, School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Raid G Alany
- Drug Discovery, Delivery and Patient Care (DDDPC) Theme, School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK.,School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Aspects of Solvent Chemistry for Calcium Hydroxide Medicaments. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10101219. [PMID: 29065542 PMCID: PMC5667025 DOI: 10.3390/ma10101219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Calcium hydroxide pastes have been used in endodontics since 1947. Most current calcium hydroxide endodontic pastes use water as the vehicle, which limits the dissolution of calcium hydroxide that can be achieved and, thereby, the maximum pH that can be achieved within the root canal system. Using polyethylene glycol as a solvent, rather than water, can achieve an increase in hydroxyl ions release compared to water or saline. By adopting non-aqueous solvents such as the polyethylene glycols (PEG), greater dissolution and faster hydroxyl ion release can be achieved, leading to enhanced antimicrobial actions, and other improvements in performance and biocompatibility.
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Nepomuceno NC, Barbosa MA, Bonan RF, Oliveira JE, Sampaio FC, Medeiros ES. Antimicrobial activity of PLA/PEG nanofibers containing terpinen-4-ol against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neymara C. Nepomuceno
- Materials and Biosystems Laboratory (LAMAB), Department of Materials Science and Engineering (DEMAT); Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB); João Pessoa PB 58.051-900 Brazil
| | - Mariângela A. Barbosa
- Post-Graduation Program in Dentistry (PPGO/CCS/UFPB); Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB); João Pessoa PB C58.051-900 Brazil
- Health Sciences Center (CCS); Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB); João Pessoa PB C58.051-900 Brazil
| | - Roberta F. Bonan
- Health Sciences Center (CCS); Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB); João Pessoa PB C58.051-900 Brazil
| | - Juliano E. Oliveira
- Department of Materials Engineering (DEMat); Federal University of Lavras (UFLA); Lavras-MG CEP 37200-000 Brazil
| | - Fábio C. Sampaio
- Post-Graduation Program in Dentistry (PPGO/CCS/UFPB); Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB); João Pessoa PB C58.051-900 Brazil
- Social and Clinical Dentistry Department (DCOS); Paraiba Federal University (UFPB), Bucal Biology Laboratory-LABIAL; João Pessoa PB 58.051-900 Brazil
| | - Eliton S. Medeiros
- Materials and Biosystems Laboratory (LAMAB), Department of Materials Science and Engineering (DEMAT); Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB); João Pessoa PB 58.051-900 Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Dentistry (PPGO/CCS/UFPB); Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB); João Pessoa PB C58.051-900 Brazil
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Moghayedi M, Ahmadzadeh H, Ghazvini K, Goharshadi E. Neglected antibacterial activity of ethylene glycol as a common solvent. Microb Pathog 2017; 107:457-461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Javed R, Ahmed M, Haq IU, Nisa S, Zia M. PVP and PEG doped CuO nanoparticles are more biologically active: Antibacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic and cytotoxic perspective. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017. [PMID: 28628996 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Search for biologically active nanoparticles is prerequisite for biomedical applications. CuO nanoparticles synthesized by co-precipitation method are capped by polyethylene-glycol (PEG) and polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP) on the surface by simple adsorption. Physical and chemical properties carried out by SEM, XRD and FTIR confirm nanometer in size and efficient capping of PVP and PEG on CuO NPs. Biological assays reveal higher activities of CuO-PEG and CuO-PVP as compared to the uncapped CuO nanoparticles. CuO-PEG shows better antitumor activity against Streptomyces as compared with CuO-PVP and CuO NPs. Both the capped NPs are significantly active for α-amylase inhibition assay. CuO-PVP demonstrates significantly better activity against bacterial strains followed by CuO-PEG and uncapped CuO. PVP coated CuO NPs also shows strong DPPH based free radical scavenging activity, total reducing power potential, total antioxidative potential and also carries flavonoid and phenolics properties determines to querecetin and gallic acid equivalence, respectively. It can be concluded that PVP and PEG capped CuO NPs are more capable to be used in biomedical applications as drug and diagnostic carrier molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Javed
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Madiha Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ihsan Ul Haq
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Nisa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zia
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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Bornstein E. Eradication of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and MRSA in the Nares: A Historical Perspective of the Ecological Niche, with Suggestions for Future Therapy Considerations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2017.76034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Khan MIH, Islam JM, Kabir W, Rahman A, Mizan M, Rahman MF, Amin J, Khan MA. Development of hydrocolloid Bi-layer dressing with bio-adhesive and non-adhesive properties. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 69:609-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Sadeghinejad L, Cvitkovitch DG, Siqueira WL, Santerre JP, Finer Y. Triethylene Glycol Up-Regulates Virulence-Associated Genes and Proteins in Streptococcus mutans. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165760. [PMID: 27820867 PMCID: PMC5098727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) is a diluent monomer used pervasively in dental composite resins. Through hydrolytic degradation of the composites in the oral cavity it yields a hydrophilic biodegradation product, triethylene glycol (TEG), which has been shown to promote the growth of Streptococcus mutans, a dominant cariogenic bacterium. Previously it was shown that TEG up-regulated gtfB, an important gene contributing to polysaccharide synthesis function in biofilms. However, molecular mechanisms related to TEG’s effect on bacterial function remained poorly understood. In the present study, S. mutans UA159 was incubated with clinically relevant concentrations of TEG at pH 5.5 and 7.0. Quantitative real-time PCR, proteomics analysis, and glucosyltransferase enzyme (GTF) activity measurements were employed to identify the bacterial phenotypic response to TEG. A S. mutans vicK isogenic mutant (SMΔvicK1) and its associated complemented strain (SMΔvicK1C), an important regulatory gene for biofilm-associated genes, were used to determine if this signaling pathway was involved in modulation of the S. mutans virulence-associated genes. Extracted proteins from S. mutans biofilms grown in the presence and absence of TEG were subjected to mass spectrometry for protein identification, characterization and quantification. TEG up-regulated gtfB/C, gbpB, comC, comD and comE more significantly in biofilms at cariogenic pH (5.5) and defined concentrations. Differential response of the vicK knock-out (SMΔvicK1) and complemented strains (SMΔvicK1C) implicated this signalling pathway in TEG-modulated cellular responses. TEG resulted in increased GTF enzyme activity, responsible for synthesizing insoluble glucans involved in the formation of cariogenic biofilms. As well, TEG increased protein abundance related to biofilm formation, carbohydrate transport, acid tolerance, and stress-response. Proteomics data was consistent with gene expression findings for the selected genes. These findings demonstrate a mechanistic pathway by which TEG derived from commercial resin materials in the oral cavity promote S. mutans pathogenicity, which is typically associated with secondary caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Sadeghinejad
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dennis G. Cvitkovitch
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Walter L. Siqueira
- Schulich Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J. Paul Santerre
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yoav Finer
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Mantil E, Daly G, Avis TJ. Effect of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil as a natural antimicrobial agent in lipophilic formulations. Can J Microbiol 2015; 61:82-8. [PMID: 25515896 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2014-0667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There has been increased interest surrounding the use of tea tree oil (TTO) as a natural antimicrobial. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of TTO and its components were investigated in vitro and in a predominantly lipid-based personal care formulation. In vitro, TTO showed minimal inhibitory concentrations of 0.2% (for Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pythium sulcatum), 0.4% (for Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Rhizopus stolonifer), and 0.8% (for Botrytis cinerea). TTO at 0.08%-0.8% was often as efficient as parabens. Comparison of the antimicrobial activities of TTO components showed that terpinen-4-ol and γ-terpinene were generally most effective in inhibiting microbial growth. TTO activity in a personal care product was evaluated through air and water exposure, artificial inoculation, and shelf life studies. While TTO did not increase shelf life of unopened products, it decreased microbial load in products exposed to water and air. Results from this study support that antimicrobial activity of TTO can be attributed to varying levels of its components and that low levels of TTO were effective in reducing microbial growth during the use of the product. This study showed that TTO can act as a suitable preservative system within an oil-based formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Mantil
- a Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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Nalawade TM, Bhat K, Sogi SHP. Bactericidal activity of propylene glycol, glycerine, polyethylene glycol 400, and polyethylene glycol 1000 against selected microorganisms. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2015; 5:114-9. [PMID: 25992336 PMCID: PMC4415329 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.155736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bactericidal activity of propylene glycol, glycerine, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), and polyethylene glycol 1000 (PEG 1000) against selected microorganisms in vitro. Materials and Methods: Five vehicles, namely propylene glycol, glycerine, PEG 400, PEG 1000, and combination of propylene glycol with PEG 400, were tested for their bactericidal activity. The minimum bactericidal concentration was noted against four standard strains of organisms, i.e. Streptococcus mutans American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 25175, Streptococcus mutans ATCC 12598, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 35550, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, using broth dilution assay. Successful endodontic therapy depends upon thorough disinfection of root canals. In some refractory cases, routine endodontic therapy is not sufficient, so intracanal medicaments are used for proper disinfection of canals. Intracanal medicaments are dispensed with vehicles which aid in increased diffusion through the dentinal tubules and improve their efficacy. Among the various vehicles used, glycerine is easily available, whereas others like propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol have to be procured from appropriate sources. Also, these vehicles, being viscous, aid in sustained release of the medicaments and improve their handling properties. The most commonly used intracanal medicaments like calcium hydroxide are ineffective on many microorganisms, while most of the other medicaments like MTAD (Mixture of Tetracycline, an Acid, and a Detergent) and Triple Antibiotic Paste (TAP) consist of antibiotics which can lead to development of antibiotic resistance among microorganisms. Thus, in order to use safer and equally effective intracanal medicaments, newer alternatives like chlorhexidine gluconate, ozonized water, etc., are being explored. Similarly, the five vehicles mentioned above are being tested for their antimicrobial activity in this study. Results: All vehicles exhibited bactericidal activity at 100% concentration. Conclusion: Propylene glycol was effective against three organisms namely S. mutans E. faecalis and E. coli and its bactericidal activity was at 50%, 25% and 50% respectively. PEG 1000 was effective against S. mutans and E. coli at 25%. Hence propylene glycol was effective on more number of organisms of which E. faecalis is a known resistant species. PEG 1000 was bactericidal at a lower concentration but was effective on two organisms only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triveni Mohan Nalawade
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Kishore Bhat
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Prabhakar Kore's Basic Science Research Centre, KLE University, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Suma H P Sogi
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Dental Sciences and Research, Ambala, Haryana, India
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Bactericidal Activity of Nanopolymers Against Shrimp Pathogenic Bacterium Vibrio harveyi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-015-0517-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Photoinactivation of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms and suspensions by the hydrophobic photosensitizer curcumin – Effect of selected nanocarrier. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 47:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Mohammadi Z, Dummer PMH. Properties and applications of calcium hydroxide in endodontics and dental traumatology. Int Endod J 2011; 44:697-730. [PMID: 21535021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Calcium hydroxide has been included within several materials and antimicrobial formulations that are used in a number of treatment modalities in endodontics. These include, inter-appointment intracanal medicaments, pulp-capping agents and root canal sealers. Calcium hydroxide formulations are also used during treatment of root perforations, root fractures and root resorption and have a role in dental traumatology, for example, following tooth avulsion and luxation injuries. The purpose of this paper is to review the properties and clinical applications of calcium hydroxide in endodontics and dental traumatology including its antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, effect on bacterial biofilms, the synergism between calcium hydroxide and other agents, its effects on the properties of dentine, the diffusion of hydroxyl ions through dentine and its toxicity. Pure calcium hydroxide paste has a high pH (approximately 12.5-12.8) and is classified chemically as a strong base. Its main actions are achieved through the ionic dissociation of Ca(2+) and OH(-) ions and their effect on vital tissues, the induction of hard-tissue deposition and the antibacterial properties. The lethal effects of calcium hydroxide on bacterial cells are probably due to protein denaturation and damage to DNA and cytoplasmic membranes. It has a wide range of antimicrobial activity against common endodontic pathogens but is less effective against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Calcium hydroxide is also an effective anti-endotoxin agent. However, its effect on microbial biofilms is controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Mohammadi
- Department of Endodontics, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran.
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Anstee QM, Concas D, Kudo H, Levene A, Pollard J, Charlton P, Thomas HC, Thursz MR, Goldin RD. Impact of pan-caspase inhibition in animal models of established steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 2010; 53:542-50. [PMID: 20557969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a progressive condition comprising steatosis, steatohepatitis, and cirrhosis. Caspase activation mediates apoptosis and the inflammatory response. Studies demonstrate increased apoptotic activity in NASH although its pathophysiological importance is uncertain. We sought to determine the effects of irreversible pan-caspase inhibition in murine models of established steatosis (high fat diet, HFD) and steatohepatitis (methionine-choline deficient diet, MCD). METHODS In one study arm, male C3H/HeN mice were fed HFD; in the other, Db/Db mice were fed MCD. Once disease was established, animals were randomised to receive caspase inhibitor (VX-166), TPGS/PEG vehicle or no additional therapy until the end of the study. Biochemical and histological indices were examined to determine NASH activity and tissue oxidative stress. Apoptotic activity and cell turnover were assessed immunohistochemically by staining for caspase-cleaved CK-18 and PCNA. RESULTS MCD and HFD significantly increased apoptosis, which was reduced by VX-166 treatment. VX-166 did not reduce steatosis but reduced histological inflammation, serum ALT levels, and oxidative stress, particularly in the MCD model. TPGS/PEG vehicle also exhibited some anti-inflammatory activity. CONCLUSIONS In both models, VX-166 inhibited apoptosis and reduced histological inflammatory infiltrate although there was a more modest impact on other indices of liver injury. In addition, TPGS/PEG vehicle also exhibited some anti-inflammatory activity, likely through the antioxidant effects of vitamin E and changes in gut flora/mucosal interactions. These data suggest that caspase inhibition may represent a valid therapeutic approach; however, further studies to assess the long-term value of more selective caspase inhibition are merited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin M Anstee
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, St Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, UK.
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Lawson MC, Shoemaker R, Hoth KB, Bowman CN, Anseth KS. Polymerizable vancomycin derivatives for bactericidal biomaterial surface modification: structure-function evaluation. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:2221-34. [PMID: 19606854 PMCID: PMC2936007 DOI: 10.1021/bm900410a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
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Surface modification of implantable biomaterials with biologically active functionalities, including antimicrobials, has wide potential for addressing implant-related design problems. Here, four polymerizable vancomycin derivatives bearing either acrylamide or poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-acrylate were synthesized and then polymerized through a surface-mediated reaction. Functionalization of vancomycin at either the V3 or the X1 position decreased monomeric activity by 6−75-fold depending on the modification site and the nature of the adduct (P < 0.08 for all comparisons). A 5000 Da PEG chain showed an order of magnitude decrease in activity relative to a 3400 Da counterpart. Molecular dynamics computational simulations were used to explore the mechanisms of this decreased activity. Assays were also conducted to demonstrate the utility of a living radical photopolymerization to create functional, polymeric surfaces with these monomers and to demonstrate surface-based activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis. In particular, the vancomycin−PEG-acrylate derivatives demonstrated a 7−8 log reduction in bacterial colony forming units (CFU) with respect to nonfunctionalized control surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKinley C Lawson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Athanassiadis B, Abbott PV, George N, Walsh LJ. Anin vitrostudy of the antimicrobial activity of some endodontic medicaments and their bases using an agar well diffusion assay. Aust Dent J 2009; 54:141-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2009.01107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Draing C, Traub S, Deininger S, Mang P, Möller HM, Manso M, Rossi F, Morath S, Hartung T, von Aulock S. Polypropylene glycol is a selective binding inhibitor for LTA and other structurally related TLR2 agonists. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:797-808. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Draing C, Sigel S, Deininger S, Traub S, Munke R, Mayer C, Hareng L, Hartung T, von Aulock S, Hermann C. Cytokine induction by Gram-positive bacteria. Immunobiology 2008; 213:285-96. [PMID: 18406374 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite similar clinical relevance of Gram-positive and Gram-negative infections, immune activation by Gram-positive bacteria is by far less well understood than immune activation by Gram-negative bacteria. Our group has made available highly purified lipoteichoic acids (LTA) as a key Gram-positive immunostimulatory component. We have characterized the reasons for lower potency of LTA compared to Gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS), identifying lack of IL-12/IFNgamma induction as a general characteristic of TLR2 agonists, and need for presentation of LTA on surfaces for enhanced immunostimulatory potency, as major aspects. Aspects of chemokine induction, where LTA is more potent than LPS, have been addressed. Furthermore, novel complement and plant defence activation, as well as CD36 as a new LTA receptor, were identified. The bacterial costimuli and modulators of LTA inducible responses are being investigated: LTA isolated from so far 16 bacterial species, although different in structure, behave remarkably similar while whole live and killed bacteria differ with regard to the pattern of induced responses. The purification and characterization of the respective components of the bacterial cell wall has begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Draing
- Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Athanassiadis B, Abbott PV, Walsh LJ. The use of calcium hydroxide, antibiotics and biocides as antimicrobial medicaments in endodontics. Aust Dent J 2007; 52:S64-82. [PMID: 17546863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2007.tb00527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria have been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of pulp and periapical diseases. The primary aim of endodontic treatment is to remove as many bacteria as possible from the root canal system and then to create an environment in which any remaining organisms cannot survive. This can only be achieved through the use of a combination of aseptic treatment techniques, chemomechanical preparation of the root canal, antimicrobial irrigating solutions and intracanal medicaments. The choice of which intracanal medicament to use is dependent on having an accurate diagnosis of the condition being treated, as well as a thorough knowledge of the type of organisms likely to be involved and their mechanisms of growth and survival. Since the disease is likely to have been caused by the presence of bacteria within the root canal, the use of an antimicrobial agent is essential. Many medicaments have been used in an attempt to achieve the above aims but no single preparation has been found to be completely predictable or effective. Commonly used medicaments include calcium hydroxide, antibiotics, non-phenolic biocides, phenolic biocides and iodine compounds. Each has advantages and disadvantages, and further research is required to determine which is best suited for root canal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Athanassiadis
- School of Dentistry, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mazereeuw-Hautier
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Rangueil, 1, avenue Jean Poulhès, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 09.
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Saha SP, Patra A, Paul AK. Incorporation of polyethylene glycol in polyhydroxyalkanoic acids accumulated by Azotobacter chroococcum MAL-201. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 33:377-83. [PMID: 16550437 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-006-0079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Azotobacter chroococcum MAL-201 (MTCC 3853), a free-living nitrogen-fixing bacterium accumulates poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) [PHB, 69% of cell dry weight (CDW)] when grown on glucose and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) [PHBV with 19.2 mol% 3HV] when grown on glucose and valerate. Use of ethylene glycol (EG) and/or polyethylene glycols (PEGs) of low molecular weight as sole carbon source were detrimental to A. chroococcum growth and polymer yields. PEG-200, however, in the presence of glucose was incorporated into the polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymer. Addition of PEG-200 (150 mM) to culture medium during mid-log phase growth favored increased incorporation of EG units (12.48 mol%) into the PHB polymer. In two-step culture experiments, where valerate and PEG simultaneously were used in fresh medium, EG was incorporated most effectively in the absence of glucose, leading to the formation of a copolymer containing 18.05 mol% 3HV and 14.78 mol% EG. The physico-mechanical properties of PEG-containing copolymer (PHBV-PEG) were compared with those of the PHB homopolymer and the PHBV copolymer. The PHBV-PEG copolymer appeared to have less crystallinity and greater flexibility than the short-chain-length (SCL) PHA polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Pal Saha
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, 700019 Kolkata, India
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Farhat A, Maddox CW, Edwards ME, Costell MH, Hadley JA, Vasilatos-Younken R. Oral lavage with polyethylene glycol reduces microbial colonization in the gastrointestinal tract of broilers. Poult Sci 2002; 81:585-9. [PMID: 11989760 DOI: 10.1093/ps/81.4.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral lavage of 7-wk-old broiler chickens with polyethylene glycol (PEG) was conducted to induce rapid evacuation of the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) before processing. Three groups of birds were fed ad libitum (FF), subjected to feed withdrawal 12 h before processing (FW), or received 115 mL of PEG by oral lavage 3 h before processing (PEG(L)). The crop, a section of small intestine, and the right cecum were aseptically collected for determination of contents and Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) counts. The PEG(L) effectively cleansed the upper GIT and intestine of treated birds within 3 h before processing. However, the ceca were not completely empty for all the birds subjected to PEG(L). The PEG(L) group had a significantly lower crop and cecal GNB concentrations than the FW group. Birds on FW and PEG(L) treatments had significantly lower GNB concentrations in the small intestine than FF birds. Polyethylene glycol resulted in complete evacuation of the upper GIT, as well as the intestine, within 3 h of use, and significantly reduced GNB concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Farhat
- Department of Poultry Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Booth
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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Ambrose U, Middleton K, Seal D. In vitro studies of water activity and bacterial growth inhibition of sucrose-polyethylene glycol 400-hydrogen peroxide and xylose-polyethylene glycol 400-hydrogen peroxide pastes used to treat infected wounds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35:1799-803. [PMID: 1952851 PMCID: PMC245271 DOI: 10.1128/aac.35.9.1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Water activity and bacterial growth inhibition have been studied in formulations comprising either sucrose or xylose along with polyethylene glycol 400 and hydrogen peroxide. The pastes are chemically stable for 6 months if stored at 2 to 8 degrees C and have been shown to lower water activity to levels below those essential for bacterial growth and to be bactericidal even when diluted up to 50% with serum. Of the organisms tested, Staphylococcus aureus proved the least susceptible to the bactericidal effects of these pastes, and candida and gram-negative organisms proved the most susceptible. Pastes without hydrogen peroxide were less rapidly bactericidal than pastes with hydrogen peroxide, while polyethylene glycol 400 itself was found to have considerable antimicrobial activity. It is suggested that sucrose paste may be of benefit as a treatment for infected and malodorous wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Ambrose
- Department of Pharmacy, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, United Kingdom
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Cookson B. Failure of mupirocin-resistant staphylococci to inactivate mupirocin. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1989; 8:1038-40. [PMID: 2515962 DOI: 10.1007/bf01975165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Isolates from four UK centres, comprising four Staphylococcus aureus strains and one Staphylococcus epidermidis strain with high-level mupirocin resistance, and one strain each of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis with low-level mupirocin resistance, were assessed for intracellular or extracellular enzymatic alteration of the antibiotic. No change was seen in a number of assays, which included comparative disk diffusion, well diffusion and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Other mechanisms of resistance need to be explored in these isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cookson
- Department of Microbiology, St. Thomas' Hospital, United Medical School of Guy's Hospitals, London, UK
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