1
|
Spectrofluorimetric quantification of antibiotic drug concentration in bacterial cells for the characterization of translocation across bacterial membranes. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:1348-1361. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2018.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
2
|
Chierentin L, Salgado HRN. Review of Properties and Analytical Methods for the Determination of Norfloxacin. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 46:22-39. [PMID: 26398574 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2014.941456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The first-generation quinolones have their greatest potency against Gram-negative bacteria, but newly developed molecules have exhibited increased potency against Gram-positive bacteria, and existing agents are available with additional activity against anaerobic microorganisms. Norfloxacin is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone used against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (aerobic organisms). There are different analytical methods available to determine norfloxacin applied in quality control of this medicine in order to ensure its effectiveness and safety. The authors present an overview of the fourth generation of quinolones, followed by the properties, applications, and analytical methods of norfloxacin. These results show several existing analytical techniques that are flexible and broad-based methods of analysis in different matrices. This article focuses on bionalytical and pharmaceutical quality-control applications, such as thin-layer chromatography, microbiological assay, spectrophotometry, capillary electrophoresis (CE), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Chierentin
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University , Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Multiple response optimization of a liquid chromatographic method for determination of fluoroquinolone and nitroimidazole antimicrobials in serum and urine. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:587-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
4
|
Kaščáková S, Maigre L, Chevalier J, Réfrégiers M, Pagès JM. Antibiotic transport in resistant bacteria: synchrotron UV fluorescence microscopy to determine antibiotic accumulation with single cell resolution. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38624. [PMID: 22719907 PMCID: PMC3373604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A molecular definition of the mechanism conferring bacterial multidrug resistance is clinically crucial and today methods for quantitative determination of the uptake of antimicrobial agents with single cell resolution are missing. Using the naturally occurring fluorescence of antibacterial agents after deep ultraviolet (DUV) excitation, we developed a method to non-invasively monitor the quinolones uptake in single bacteria. Our approach is based on a DUV fluorescence microscope coupled to a synchrotron beamline providing tuneable excitation from 200 to 600 nm. A full spectrum was acquired at each pixel of the image, to study the DUV excited fluorescence emitted from quinolones within single bacteria. Measuring spectra allowed us to separate the antibiotic fluorescence from the autofluorescence contribution. By performing spectroscopic analysis, the quantification of the antibiotic signal was possible. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the intracellular accumulation of a clinical antibiotic could be determined and discussed in relation with the level of drug susceptibility for a multiresistant strain. This method is especially important to follow the behavior of quinolone molecules at individual cell level, to quantify the intracellular concentration of the antibiotic and develop new strategies to combat the dissemination of MDR-bacteria. In addition, this original approach also indicates the heterogeneity of bacterial population when the same strain is under environmental stress like antibiotic attack.
Collapse
|
5
|
Newcomer BW, Marley MS, Galik PK, Walz PH, Zhang Y, Riddell KP, Dykstra CC, Boykin DW, Kumar A, Cruz-Espindola C, Boothe DM, Joiner KS, Givens MD. Antiviral treatment of calves persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus. Antivir Chem Chemother 2012; 22:171-9. [PMID: 22182713 DOI: 10.3851/imp1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animals persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) are a key source of viral propagation within and among herds. Currently, no specific therapy exists to treat PI animals. The purpose of this research was to initiate evaluation of the pharmacokinetic and safety data of a novel antiviral agent in BVDV-free calves and to assess the antiviral efficacy of the same agent in PI calves. METHODS One BVDV-free calf was treated with 2-(2-benzimidazolyl)-5-[4-(2-imidazolino)phenyl]furan dihydrochloride (DB772) once at a dose of 1.6 mg/kg intravenously and one BVDV-free calf was treated three times a day for 6 days at 9.5 mg/kg intravenously. Subsequently, four PI calves were treated intravenously with 12 mg/kg DB772 three times a day for 6 days and two PI control calves were treated with an equivalent volume of diluent only. RESULTS Prior to antiviral treatment, the virus isolated from each calf was susceptible to DB772 in vitro. The antiviral treatment effectively inhibited virus for 14 days in one calf and at least 3 days in three calves. Subsequent virus isolated from the three calves was resistant to DB772 in vitro. No adverse effects of DB772 administration were detected. CONCLUSIONS Results demonstrate that DB772 administration is safe and exhibits antiviral properties in PI calves while facilitating the rapid development of viral resistance to this novel therapeutic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Newcomer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kobayashi T, Homma M, Momo K, Kobayashi D, Kohda Y. A simple chromatographic method for determining norfloxacin and enoxacin in pharmacokinetic study assessing CYP1A2 inhibition. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 25:435-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
7
|
Kato M, Ihara Y, Kasai D, Kodaira T. The development of release-competitive assay to detect residual quinolones in contaminated milk. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100802124442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mihoko Kato
- a Frontier Institute Co. Ltd , Ishikari, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Daisuke Kasai
- b Hokkaido Tokachi Area Regional Food Processing Technology Center , Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kato M, Ihara Y, Nakata E, Miyazawa M, Sasaki M, Kodaira T, Nakazawa H. Development of enrofloxacin ELISA using a monoclonal antibody tolerating an organic solvent with broad cross-reactivity to other newquinolones. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100701763365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
9
|
Marcelín-Jiménez G, Angeles AP, Martínez-Rossier L, Fernández S A. Ciprofloxacin bioavailability is enhanced by oral co-administration with phenazopyridine: a pharmacokinetic study in a Mexican population. Clin Drug Investig 2007; 26:323-8. [PMID: 17163266 DOI: 10.2165/00044011-200626060-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND and objective: In Mexico, urinary tract infections (UTIs) constitute the second most frequent type of infections treated at primary-care clinics. Ciprofloxacin has played a major role in the treatment of UTIs because it has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. In addition to antimicrobial agents, phenazopyridine has been used to alleviate symptoms that occur during episodes of UTI. Thus, the present study was designed to compare the pharmacokinetic behaviour of ciprofloxacin administered alone versus ciprofloxacin combined with phenazopyridine. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-four healthy male Mexican volunteers participated in this project. The study was carried out with a single oral dose of ciprofloxacin 500mg. The double-blind, crossover, randomised, balanced trial design comprised two treatments, two periods and two sequences. After administration of the study medication, serial blood samples were collected for a period of 12 hours. The harvested plasma was analysed for ciprofloxacin by high-performance liquid chromatography. The area under the concentration-time curve to last measurable concentration (AUC(t)), area under the concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC(infinity)), peak plasma concentration (C(max)), time to reach C(max) (t(max)), mean residence time (MRT), elimination constant (k(e)) and elimination half-life (t(1/2)) were determined from plasma concentrations of both treatments and considered as primary variables for statistical analysis. RESULTS While there were no differences between the two treatments in terms of C(max) and k(e), AUC(t )and AUC(infinity) were 35% and 29% higher, respectively, in the combined treatment arm. Moreover, a significant delay in t(max )(from 1 to 1.5 hours) and a statistical increase of 29% in MRT were also observed with phenazopyridine co-administration. CONCLUSION Oral co-administration of phenazopyridine increases ciprofloxacin bioavailability with regard to the amount absorbed (AUC) and permanence in the body (MRT), which could be useful during treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Marcelín-Jiménez
- Servicio de Investigación de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Imre S, Dogaru MT, Vari CE, Muntean T, Kelemen L. Validation of an HPLC method for the determination of ciprofloxacin in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 33:125-30. [PMID: 12946539 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A simple HPLC method with fluorescence detection of ciprofloxacin in human plasma was developed and validated. After protein precipitation, chromatographic separation of ciprofloxacin in plasma was achieved at 35 degrees C with a C18 column and acetonitrile-phosphate mixture, pH 3, as mobile phase. Quantitative determination was performed by fluorimetry after excitation at 278 nm. The method was specific and validated with a limit of quantification of 41 ng/ml. The intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation were between 0.5 and 6.6% and accuracy between -2.02 and 7.04%. Ciprofloxacin was stable in plasma for 40 days at -20 degrees C and after three freezing-thawing cycles. The method has been applied in a bioequivalence study of two formulation of 500 mg ciprofloxacin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Imre
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Gh. Marinescu Street, 38, Tg. Mures 4300, Romania.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Holtzapple CK, Buckley SA, Stanker LH. Determination of fluoroquinolones in serum using an on-line clean-up column coupled to high-performance immunoaffinity-reversed-phase liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 754:1-9. [PMID: 11318402 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00575-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and reliable method for the simultaneous analysis of the fluoroquinolones ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, sarafloxacin, and difloxacin in bovine serum has been developed. Upon injection of serum samples, an on-line protein G-linked column was employed to automatically remove serum components that otherwise would interfere with analyses. A high-performance immunoaffinity chromatography (HPIAC) column containing covalently bound anti-sarafloxacin antibodies was then used to capture the fluoroquinolones while allowing the remainder of the serum components to elute to waste. After binding to the HPIAC column, the fluoroquinolones were eluted directly onto a reversed-phase (RP) column for final separation of the compounds prior to fluorescence detection at excitation and emission wavelengths of 280 and 444 nm, respectively. Due to use of a clean-up column in tandem with a highly selective HPIAC column, the only off-line sample preparation required was dilution (10-fold) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and passage of the samples through a 0.2-microm filter to remove particulate matter prior to injection. No significant interferences from the sample matrix were observed, indicating good selectivity with the HPIAC column. The method yielded high recoveries from fortified bovine serum that were >95% for all four fluoroquinolones with good reproducibility (C.V. values <7.0%). The on-line, automated method described here provides a simple, sensitive and specific assay for multiresidue detection of fluoroquinolones in serum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C K Holtzapple
- Food Animal Protection Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Holtzapple CK, Buckley SA, Stanker LH. Immunosorbents coupled on-line with liquid chromatography for the determination of fluoroquinolones in chicken liver. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 1999; 47:2963-2968. [PMID: 10552594 DOI: 10.1021/jf990200y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Four fluoroquinolones were analyzed in fortified chicken liver using an automated, on-line immunoaffinity extraction method. The fluoroquinolones were extracted from the liver matrix using an immunoaffinity capture column containing anti-sarafloxacin antibodies covalently cross-linked to protein G. After interfering liver matrix components had been washed away, the captured fluoroquinolones were automatically eluted directly onto a reversed phase column. Liquid chromatographic analyses were performed by isocratic elution using 2% acetic acid/acetonitrile (85:15) as the mobile phase and an Inertsil phenyl column with fluorescence detection at excitation and emission wavelengths of 280 and 444 nm, respectively. No significant interferences from the sample matrix were observed, indicating good selectivity with the immunoaffinity column. Overall recoveries from fortified liver samples (20, 50, and 100 ng/g) ranged between 85.7 and 93.5% with standard deviations of <5%. The limit of quantification for each fluoroquinolone was 1 ng/mL. The limits of detection, based on a signal-to-noise ratio of 5:1, were 0.47, 0.32, 0.87, and 0.53 ng/mL for ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, sarafloxacin, and difloxacin, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C K Holtzapple
- Food Animal Protection Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Carlucci G. Analysis of fluoroquinolones in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1998; 812:343-67. [PMID: 9691331 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatographic methods for the analysis of fluoroquinolones in biological fluids are reviewed. In particular, sample preparation and handling procedures, chromatographic conditions, and detection methods are discussed. A summary of published high-performance liquid chromatographic assays for individual fluoroquinolones is included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Carlucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universitá dell'Aquila, Coppito (L 'Aquila), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Stein GE, Schooley S, McMillan J. Urinary pharmacodynamics of low-dose ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 30:261-5. [PMID: 9582586 DOI: 10.1016/s0732-8893(98)00002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of resistant uropathogens to the fluoroquinolones is increasing, but their effectiveness in the urine against these strains is unknown. In this investigation, we studied the urinary pharmacodynamics of ciprofloxacin (100 mg) and ofloxacin (200 mg) against urinary isolates that were moderately resistant to ciprofloxacin (Escherichia coli, MIC = 4; Klebsiella pneumoniae, MIC = 4. Staphylococcus saprophyticus, MIC = 8) and ofloxacin. Seven healthy female volunteers received three doses (one dose every 12 h) of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin in a randomized, crossover design with a 1-week washout period between regimens. Urine bactericidal activity was determined after the first and third dose of each drug. Both ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin exhibited prolonged (> or = 6 h) urine bactericidal activity against the E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates after the first dose. No bactericidal activity was demonstrated for ciprofloxacin against the S. saprophyticus strain. In contrast, ofloxacin exhibited urine bactericidal activity for 8 h against this isolate. Similar findings were observed after the third dose, with the exception that ciprofloxacin exhibited a short period (4 h) of bactericidal activity against the S. saprophyticus strain. In summary, low-dose regimens of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin exhibited prolonged bactericidal activity against moderately resistant strains of common bacterial uropathogens. Only ofloxacin demonstrated bactericidal activity in the urine during the first dosing interval against a moderately resistant isolate of S. saprophyticus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G E Stein
- Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Holtzapple CK, Buckley SA, Stanker LH. Development of antibodies against the fluoroquinolone sarafloxacin and molecular modeling studies of cross‐reactive compounds. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/09540109709354930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
|
16
|
Panadero S, Gómez-Hens A, Pérez-Bendito D. Stopped flow kinetic determination of nalidixic acid and norfloxacin based on lanthanide-sensitized fluorescence. Anal Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(94)00487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
17
|
Amin AS, El-Sayed GO, Issa YM. Utility of certain π-acceptors for the spectrophotometric determination of norfloxacin. Analyst 1995. [DOI: 10.1039/an9952001189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
18
|
Davis JD, Aarons L, Houston JB. Simultaneous assay of fluoroquinolones and theophylline in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 621:105-9. [PMID: 8308080 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80083-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of theophylline in plasma simultaneously with either ciprofloxacin, enoxacin or norfloxacin has been developed. It involves extraction of plasma with chloroform-isopropanol or dichloromethane-isopropanol prior to chromatography on a Spherisorb ODS2 column. The mobile phase is 15% acetonitrile in a phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) containing tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulphate (4.4 mM) as an ion-pairing agent. Ultraviolet detection is carried out at 280 nm. Run time is less than 10 min for all three separations. The assays have been used to determine the effect of plasma concentrations of fluoroquinolone on theophylline clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Davis
- Pharmacy Department, University of Manchester, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
McDermott ML, Tran TD, Cowden JW, Buggé CJ. Corneal stromal penetration of topical ciprofloxacin in humans. Ophthalmology 1993; 100:197-200. [PMID: 8437827 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(13)31672-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Use of fluoroquinolone agents as single drug treatment for severe bacterial keratitis requires that adequate stromal drug concentrations are achievable that exceed the MIC90 for common corneal pathogens. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to document the human stromal penetration of the fluoroquinolone, ciprofloxacin, in human tissue obtained from patients undergoing penetrating keratoplasty. METHODS Twelve patients, all with intact corneal epithelia, received 0.3% ciprofloxacin (Ciloxan) eyedrops every 15 minutes for the first hour and then every hour for 10 hours before their scheduled keratoplasty. Corneal tissue samples obtained from the excised buttons at the time of surgery were frozen and subsequently analyzed for drug concentration using high-pressure liquid chromatography. RESULTS A mean corneal tissue concentration of 5.28 +/- 3.4 micrograms/g tissue (mean +/- standard deviation) of ciprofloxacin was determined. Tissue levels ranged from 1.43 micrograms/g of tissue to 10.58 micrograms/g of tissue. CONCLUSION Ciprofloxacin penetration was variable in patients with an intact epithelium and, in some cases, did not exceed the MIC90 for some gram-positive organisms. The presence of an epithelial defect is expected to potentiate the penetration of ciprofloxacin to most likely exceed the MIC90 for most corneal pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L McDermott
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin was used successfully in a neonate with ventriculitis caused by a multiply resistant strain of Enterobacter cloacae. Limited pharmacokinetic data indicated that adequate concentrations of drug could be attained in cerebrospinal fluid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J G Goepp
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Soriano F, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Castilla C, Avilés P. Treatment of encrusted cystitis caused by Corynebacterium group D2 with norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and teicoplanin in an experimental model in rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35:2587-90. [PMID: 1839760 PMCID: PMC245435 DOI: 10.1128/aac.35.12.2587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral doses of norfloxacin (80 mg/kg of body weight per day) and ciprofloxacin (25 and 80 mg/kg/day) and intramuscular doses of teicoplanin (5 mg/kg/day), all administered once a day for 10 days, were evaluated as a means of preventing encrusted cystitis caused by Corynebacterium group D2. Zinc disks dipped into a 24-h broth culture of these microorganisms were inserted into the bladders of female Wistar rats, and treatment was started 14 days after bacterial challenge. The appearance of encrusted cystitis was directly related to a documented urinary tract infection by these coryneforms (71.7 and 0% for rats with positive and negative urine cultures, respectively). All rats that died between days 18 to 43 after bacterial challenge presented very severe encrusted cystitis, which was prevented by teicoplanin and high doses of ciprofloxacin. Rats surviving up to day 44 after bacterial challenge were sacrificed; they presented a lower incidence of encrusted cystitis which was also less severe, with teicoplanin and a high dose of ciprofloxacin being more active in reducing the rate of positive cultures (78.8 and 65.7% reduction, respectively). All antibiotics and doses used were active in vivo at preventing encrusted cystitis by Corynebacterium group D2, but the best therapeutic effect was obtained with teicoplanin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Soriano
- Department of Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pascual A, García I, Conejo MC, Perea EJ. Fluorometric and high-performance liquid chromatographic measurement of quinolone uptake by human neutrophils. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1991; 10:969-71. [PMID: 1665416 DOI: 10.1007/bf02005456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A fluorometric assay, based on the natural fluorescence of the quinolone nucleus, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were compared to determine the penetration of six quinolones (norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, fleroxacin, lomefloxacin and temafloxacin) into human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). Intracellular concentrations after 20 min incubation of the cells with 10 and 25 mg/l were three or more times higher than the extracellular ones. There were no statistical differences between the two methods. At lower extracellular concentrations (2 and 5 mg/l) the intracellular levels of all the quinolones tested were undetectable by HPLC. Fluorometry is a useful method for determining the intracellular penetration of quinolones. The usefulness of HPLC, however, is questionable since it requires great volumes of cells and extracellular concentrations much higher than the therapeutic ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Pascual
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Weinstein MP, Deeter RG, Swanson KA, Gross JS. Crossover assessment of serum bactericidal activity and pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin alone and in combination in healthy elderly volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35:2352-8. [PMID: 1804008 PMCID: PMC245384 DOI: 10.1128/aac.35.11.2352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To better define the pharmacokinetics and serum bactericidal activity (SBA) of ciprofloxacin and other antimicrobial agents in the elderly, six healthy (greater than 65 years) volunteers with normal renal function were given ciprofloxacin alone orally, ciprofloxacin plus rifampin orally, ciprofloxacin plus clindamycin orally, rifampin alone orally (three volunteers), and, for comparison of SBA against gram-positive cocci, vancomycin intravenously. Mean peak ciprofloxacin concentrations and other pharmacokinetic parameters were not altered significantly by coadministration of either rifampin or clindamycin. Ciprofloxacin had somewhat greater SBA against the oxacillin-susceptible and oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains tested than did vancomycin, but rifampin was by far the most active single agent tested. The SBA of rifampin against S. aureus was modestly antagonized during combination therapy with ciprofloxacin, but substantial SBA still was present. The ciprofloxacin SBA against S. aureus was completely antagonized by clindamycin if the strains were susceptible to the latter agent. Ciprofloxacin had modest SBA against group A streptococci and no SBA against the three pneumococcal strains tested. All of the regimens had poor to absent SBA against Enterococcus faecalis. By contrast, ciprofloxacin had excellent SBA against Escherchia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae and moderate SBA against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Combination therapy with rifampin or clindamycin in general enhanced the SBA against the nonenterococcal streptococci and had no effect on the SBA against the gram-negative bacilli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Weinstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick 08901
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lee HS, Zee OP, Woo BH, Lee YJ. Column‐switching high‐performance liquid chromatographic determination of ciprofloxacin in serum using amberlite XAD‐7. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1080/10934529109375695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
25
|
Gadebusch HH, Shungu DL. Norfloxacin, the first of a new class of fluoroquinolone antimicrobials, revisited. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1991; 1:3-28. [DOI: 10.1016/0924-8579(91)90019-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
26
|
Mazuel C. Norfloxacin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0099-5428(08)60540-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
|
27
|
Bauer JF, Elrod L, Fornnarino JR, Heathcote DE, Krogh SK, Linton CL, Norris BJ, Quick JE. Determination of temafloxacin, sarafloxacin, and difloxacin in bulk drug and dosage forms by high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharm Res 1990; 7:1177-80. [PMID: 2293219 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015992511885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The fluoroquinolones, temafloxacin, sarafloxacin, and difloxacin, are determined in the bulk drug substances and in a variety of dosage form using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC system used is also applicable for ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. The procedure uses UV detection at 280 nm, which provides a linear response of the subject compounds to at least 20 micrograms/ml. Assay precision (RSD) values were +/- 1.2% or better for the bulk drugs and ranged from +/- 0.42 to +/- 2.3% for suspension, capsule, and tablet formulations. Drug recoveries were quantitative from the dosage forms tested. Sensitivity of the subject compounds is approximately 50 ng/ml (2.5 ng on column).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J F Bauer
- Analytical Research Department, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-4000
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nangia A, Lam F, Hung CT. Reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of fluoroquinolones in human plasma. J Pharm Sci 1990; 79:988-91. [PMID: 2292775 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600791109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive method is described for the determination of fluoroquinolones by HPLC on a C-18 column using fluorescence detection. Using a mobile phase of 25% (v/v) acetonitrile phosphate buffer (pH 2.0), adequate retention and separation among the solutes norfloxacin, amifloxacin, enoxacin, and pipemidic acid have been obtained using sodium lauryl sulphate as the pairing ion and tetrabutylammonium bromide as the counter ion. The chromatographic conditions selected have been used for the quantitation of norfloxacin, amifloxacin, and enoxacin in human plasma using pipemidic acid as the internal standard. A simple single-step protein precipitation procedure has been employed for pretreatment of plasma samples. The detection limits of the assay for enoxacin, amifloxacin, and norfloxacin are approximately 100, approximately 10, and approximately 20 ng/mL, respectively. The method has been employed for the determination of amifloxacin in plasma samples from a healthy volunteer following oral administration of a 400-mg amifloxacin capsule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Nangia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
O'Dea P, García AC, Ordieres AJM, Blanco PT, Smyth MR. Determination of ciprofloxacin by differential pulse polarography. ELECTROANAL 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140020811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
30
|
Jehl F, Gallion C, Monteil H. High-performance liquid chromatography of antibiotics. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1990; 531:509-48. [PMID: 2258424 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) monitoring of antimicrobial agents has recently become more widely used, and represents an interesting alternative to other methods. The methodology is characterized by good specificity and accuracy, and it is applicable to almost all antibiotics. This review first describes the successive steps to investigate for the development of an HPLC method for a new antibiotic, and how to make use of it. Particular emphasis is put on the problems related to the standardization of sample preparation and to the development of mobile phases for use with different molecules belonging to the same class. The second part of the review describes one or more HPLC techniques for a representative antibiotic of each major class.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Jehl
- Institute of Bacteriology, University Hospital Center, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
A simple and rapid fluorimetric method for the determination of 9-fluoro-10-[N-(4'-methyl)piperazinyl]-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-pyrido[1,2,3 - d,e][1-4]benzothyazin-6-carboxylic acid hydrochloride (MF 934), in serum and in pharmaceutical formulations, has been developed based on its strong fluorescence, in 0.1 N H2SO4, at 526 nm (excitation wavelength at 340 nm). The procedure which involves the direct dilution of the sample requires only a few minutes and the sample volume is only 20-100 microliters of serum, depending on the drug concentration. Tedious sample preparation procedures such as extraction, deproteinization, or centrifugation are not necessary. The minimum concentration that can be detected is 0.3 ng ml-1, the standard curve in 0.1 N H2SO4 was found to be linear from 0.005 to 1.5 micrograms ml-1 and from 0.01 to 0.07 g in plasma after dilution with 0.1 N H2SO4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Farina
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chapman JS, Georgopapadakou NH. Fluorometric assay for fleroxacin uptake by bacterial cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989; 33:27-9. [PMID: 2540707 PMCID: PMC171415 DOI: 10.1128/aac.33.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A sensitive and convenient method for quinolone determination has been developed, based on the natural fluorescence of the quinolone nucleus. Fleroxacin (Ro 23-6240; AM 833), used as a prototype quinolone in these studies, had an excitation maximum at 282 nm and an admission maximum at 442 nm (pH 3.0). Fluorescence intensity was pH dependent, being maximal at pH 3.0 and linear at quinolone concentrations between 1 and 200 ng/ml. A protocol for the fluorometric monitoring of fleroxacin uptake in Escherichia coli was developed. Intracellular quinolone concentrations measured by the fluorometric assay correlated well with values obtained by the bioassay. The results indicate that the fluorometric assay is an attractive alternative to the more laborious bioassay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Chapman
- Roche Research Center, Nutley, New Jersey 07110
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
LeBel M. Ciprofloxacin: chemistry, mechanism of action, resistance, antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, and adverse reactions. Pharmacotherapy 1988; 8:3-33. [PMID: 2836821 DOI: 10.1002/j.1875-9114.1988.tb04058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin, considered a benchmark when comparing new fluoroquinolones, shares with these agents a common mechanism of action: inhibition of DNA gyrase. While ciprofloxacin demonstrated a fairly good activity against gram-positive bacteria, it is against gram-negative organisms that it proved to be more potent than other fluoroquinolones. It is the most active quinolone against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with MIC90s on the order of 0.5 micrograms/ml. When given orally, ciprofloxacin exhibited 70% bioavailability and attained peak serum levels ranging between 1.5 and 2.9 micrograms/ml after a single 500-mg dose. Nineteen percent of an oral dose was excreted as metabolites in both urine and feces. In most cases, body fluids and tissue concentrations equaled or exceeded those in concurrent serum samples. In clinical trials, oral and intravenous ciprofloxacin yielded similar clinical and bacteriologic results compared to standard therapy in a wide array of systemic infections, including lower and upper urinary tract infections; gonococcal urethritis; skin, skin structure, and bone infections; and respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract infections. Major benefits with the oral form of this quinolone are expected in chronic pyelonephritis and bone infections, and in pulmonary exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis. Emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant microorganisms has been noted in clinical practice, primarily Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The most frequent side effects are related to the gastrointestinal tract; but attention should be given to adverse central nervous system effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M LeBel
- Ecole de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nilsson-Ehle I. Assay of ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin in serum and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1987; 416:207-11. [PMID: 3597639 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(87)80504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|