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Abele G, Cox S, Bergman S, Lindborg B, Vissgården A, Karlström A, Harmenberg J, Wahren B. Antiviral Activity against VZV and HSV Type 1 and Type 2 of the (+) and (−) Enantiomers of (R,S)-9-[4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)butyl]guanine, in Comparison to other Closely Related Acyclic Nucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029100200306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The separate (+) and (−) enantiomers of the acyclic guanosine analogue 9-[4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-butyl]guanine (2HM-HBG) were tested for inhibition of varicella-zoster virus (VZV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). In all cases the (−) enantiomer was the most active enantiomer. The (+) enantiomer was 10 times less active than the racemate against VZV and inactive against HSV-1 and -2. The parent compound, 9-(4-hydroxybutyl)guanine, containing an unbranched side chain, was inactive against VZV, whereas substitution with a hydroxymethyl group at the 2 or 3 position of the side chain conferred anti-VZV activity. The effect of hydroxymethyl substitution may increase the recognition of the compound by the VZV thymidine kinase by increasing its similarity to the natural substrate thymidine. Further substitution of the side chain of the parent compound with oxygen, fluorine or hydroxyl groups did not confer antiviral activity against VZV. Two VZV strains were isolated which could be grown in the presence of high concentrations of 2HM-HBG and which were also cross-resistant to other nucleoside analogues. These strains induced very little viral thymidine kinase activity in infected cells and thus were probably deficient for a functional thymidine kinase. 2HM-HBG exhibited a persistent antiviral effect even after the nucleoside was removed from the medium of VZV-infected cells, whereas acyclovir did not show this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Abele
- Department of Virology, National Bacteriological Laboratory, S-105 21 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Virology, Karolinska Institute, S-105 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. Cox
- Department of Virology, National Bacteriological Laboratory, S-105 21 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Virology, Karolinska Institute, S-105 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. Bergman
- Department of Virology, National Bacteriological Laboratory, S-105 21 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Virology, Karolinska Institute, S-105 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - A. Vissgården
- Department of Virology, National Bacteriological Laboratory, S-105 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A. Karlström
- Research Unit of Replication Enzymology, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J. Harmenberg
- Department of Virology, National Bacteriological Laboratory, S-105 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B. Wahren
- Department of Virology, National Bacteriological Laboratory, S-105 21 Stockholm, Sweden
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Gable J, Acker TM, Craik CS. Current and potential treatments for ubiquitous but neglected herpesvirus infections. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11382-412. [PMID: 25275644 PMCID: PMC4254030 DOI: 10.1021/cr500255e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan
E. Gable
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2280, United States
- Graduate
Group in Biophysics, University of California,
San Francisco, 600 16th
Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2280, United States
| | - Timothy M. Acker
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2280, United States
| | - Charles S. Craik
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2280, United States
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Li F, Maag H, Alfredson T. Prodrugs of nucleoside analogues for improved oral absorption and tissue targeting. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:1109-34. [PMID: 17696166 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues are widely used for the treatment of antiviral infections and anticancer chemotherapy. However, many nucleoside analogues suffer from poor oral bioavailability due to their high polarity and low intestinal permeability. In order to improve oral absorption of these polar drugs, prodrugs have been employed to increase lipophilicity by chemical modification of the parent. Alternatively, prodrugs targeting transporters present in the intestine have been exploited to facilitate the transport of the nucleoside analogues. Valacyclovir and valganciclovir are two successful valine ester prodrugs transported by the PepT1 transporter. Recently, research efforts have focused on design of prodrugs for tissue specific delivery to improve efficacy and safety. This review presents advances of prodrug approaches for improved oral absorption of nucleoside analogues and recent developments in tissue targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujun Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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Soike KF, Bohm R, Huang JL, Oberg B. Efficacy of (-)-9-[4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)butyl]guanine in African green monkeys infected with simian varicella virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37:1370-2. [PMID: 8392312 PMCID: PMC187969 DOI: 10.1128/aac.37.6.1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
(-)-9-[4-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)butyl]guanine was evaluated for its efficacy in African green monkeys infected with simian varicella virus. Treatment by intramuscular injection was initiated 48 h after virus inoculation and was continued for 10 days; the treatment showed therapeutic effects on rash and viremia at dosages down to 1 mg/kg of body weight per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Soike
- Tulane Regional Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana 70433
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Wiltink EH. Future prospects in antiviral therapy. PHARMACEUTISCH WEEKBLAD. SCIENTIFIC EDITION 1992; 14:268-74. [PMID: 1437509 DOI: 10.1007/bf01962549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Two important stumbling blocks to the development of effective and nontoxic antiviral drugs are the intracellular localization of the virus and the fact that a virus uses host cell functions to multiply. Therefore, new antiviral drugs must act on a virus-specific function. Most currently available useful antiviral drugs are the result of compound screening of large numbers of possible agents. Advances in our understanding of the molecular biology and biochemistry of the viral multiplication cycle and new laboratory techniques for determining the molecular sites of action have now made it possible to develop and screen new antiviral drugs in a more purposeful manner. Another possible option in antiviral therapy is combination therapy using drugs that enhance the therapeutic effect or diminish side-effects. The most promising new antiviral drugs are discussed according to the different steps they affect in the viral multiplication process. Combination therapy is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Wiltink
- Medical Centre, Department of Pharmacy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Chapter 14. Antiviral Agents. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)61201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Remmel RP, Huang SH, Hoff D, Zimmerman CL. Improved fluorometric high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for (-)-carbovir in rat blood and urine. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1990; 534:109-18. [PMID: 2094697 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbovir is a carbocyclic guanosine analogue with potent in vitro activity against the human immunodeficiency virus. All of the activity resides in the (-)-enantiomer. An ion-paired liquid chromatographic assay for (-)-carbovir was developed on a Spherisorb C8 column with fluorescence detection (275 nm excitation, 345 nm emission). Guanosine nucleosides are fluorescent at a pH less than 2.5, and fluorescence detection resulted in a four-fold improvement in the limit of quantitation (0.039 microgram/ml) compared to the previously developed assay with ultraviolet detection. Standard curves were processed with an internal standard at (-)-carbovir concentrations of 0.039-40 micrograms/ml in whole rat blood with a solid-phase extraction technique. Total variability was less than 16% at all concentrations and less than 10% at concentrations greater than 0.3 microgram/ml. Within-day variability was less than 7.5% at concentrations greater than 0.3 microgram/ml. Urine was analyzed directly after dilution and an diethyl ether wash to remove impurities. The total coefficients of variation were less than 10% from 0.5-20 micrograms/ml in urine. The concentrations of (-)-carbovir in rat blood were detectable for as long as 8 h after intravenous and oral doses of 20 and 60 mg/kg, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Remmel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
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