1
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Berman A, Opara SCO, Wang YF, Woodworth MH, Steed DB. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae bacteremia treated with linezolid. J Infect Chemother 2024:S1341-321X(24)00242-3. [PMID: 39233121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2024.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a common zoonotic pathogen that rarely causes diseases in humans. It has three main disease manifestations: a localized cutaneous, a disseminated cutaneous, and a systemic form of infection, typically characterized as bacteremia with or without endocarditis. Human infections are often associated with occupational exposure to animals, animal products, or their excreta. We present a case of a 60-year-old woman found to have E. rhusiopathiae bacteremia associated with a leg laceration sustained after she fell into a sewer drain. Germane animal exposures were not identified; thus, the source of bacterium was attributed to sewage or sewage-contaminated water. She was initially treated with intravenous penicillin with clinical improvement. However, given the patient's social factors, prolonged oral antimicrobial therapy was considered. E. rhusiopathiae is routinely susceptible to penicillin, cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones but resistant to vancomycin. The data on alternatives to beta-lactam therapy are limited. We report a case of E. rhusiopathiae bacteremia successfully treated with oral linezolid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Berman
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Samuel C O Opara
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yun F Wang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael H Woodworth
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Danielle Barrios Steed
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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2
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Mileto I, Merla C, Corbella M, Gaiarsa S, Kuka A, Ghilotti S, De Cata P, Baldanti F, Cambieri P. Bloodstream Infection Caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in an Immunocompetent Patient. Microorganisms 2024; 12:942. [PMID: 38792772 PMCID: PMC11124489 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a facultative anaerobe Gram-positive bacillus, which is considered a zoonotic pathogen. E. rhusiopathiae causes erysipeloid, mainly in occupational groups such as veterinarians, slaughterhouse workers, farmers, and fishermen. Two cutaneous forms (localised and generalised) and a septicaemic form have been described. Here, we report the isolation of a strain of E. rhusiopathiae from a 56-year-old immunocompetent obese male admitted to Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Pavia (Italy). Blood cultures were collected and Gram-positive bacilli were observed. E. rhusiopathiae grew and was identified. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed and interpreted with EUCAST breakpoints (PK-PD). The strain was susceptible to all the antibiotics tested, while it was intrinsically resistant to vancomycin. The clinical diagnosis of E. rhusiopathiae can be challenging, due to the broad spectrum of symptoms and potential side effects, including serious systemic infections such as heart diseases. In the case described, bacteraemia caused by E. rhusiopathiae was detected in a immunocompetent patient. Bacteraemia caused by E. rhusiopathiae is rare in immunocompetent people and blood cultures were proven to be essential for the diagnosis and underdiagnosis of this pathogen, which is possible due to its resemblance to other clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Mileto
- Department of Microbiology & Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Specialization School of Microbiology and Virology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Merla
- Department of Microbiology & Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Corbella
- Department of Microbiology & Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Gaiarsa
- Department of Microbiology & Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Angela Kuka
- Department of Microbiology & Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Specialization School of Microbiology and Virology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Ghilotti
- Department of General Medicine, Istituti Clinici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Pasquale De Cata
- Department of General Medicine, Istituti Clinici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Department of Microbiology & Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cambieri
- Department of Microbiology & Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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3
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Chang RK, Miller MA, Tekedar HC, Rose D, García JC, LaFrentz BR, Older CE, Waldbieser GC, Pomaranski E, Shahin K, Camus AC, Batac F, Byrne BA, Murray MJ, Griffin MJ, Soto E. Pathology, microbiology, and genetic diversity associated with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and novel Erysipelothrix spp. infections in southern sea otters ( Enhydra lutris nereis). Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1303235. [PMID: 38361579 PMCID: PMC10867225 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1303235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Erysipelothrix spp., including E. rhusiopathiae, are zoonotic bacterial pathogens that can cause morbidity and mortality in mammals, fish, reptiles, birds, and humans. The southern sea otter (SSO; Enhydra lutris nereis) is a federally-listed threatened species for which infectious disease is a major cause of mortality. We estimated the frequency of detection of these opportunistic pathogens in dead SSOs, described pathology associated with Erysipelothrix infections in SSOs, characterized the genetic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of SSO isolates, and evaluated the virulence of two novel Erysipelothrix isolates from SSOs using an in vivo fish model. From 1998 to 2021 Erysipelothrix spp. were isolated from six of >500 necropsied SSOs. Erysipelothrix spp. were isolated in pure culture from three cases, while the other three were mixed cultures. Bacterial septicemia was a primary or contributing cause of death in five of the six cases. Other pathology observed included suppurative lymphadenopathy, fibrinosuppurative arteritis with thrombosis and infarction, bilateral uveitis and endophthalmitis, hypopyon, petechia and ecchymoses, mucosal infarction, and suppurative meningoencephalitis and ventriculitis. Short to long slender Gram-positive or Gram-variable bacterial rods were identified within lesions, alone or with other opportunistic bacteria. All six SSO isolates had the spaA genotype-four isolates clustered with spaA E. rhusiopathiae strains from various terrestrial and marine animal hosts. Two isolates did not cluster with any known Erysipelothrix spp.; whole genome sequencing revealed a novel Erysipelothrix species and a novel E. rhusiopathiae subspecies. We propose the names Erysipelothrix enhydrae sp. nov. and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae ohloneorum ssp. nov. respectively. The type strains are E. enhydrae UCD-4322-04 and E. rhusiopathiae ohloneorum UCD-4724-06, respectively. Experimental injection of tiger barbs (Puntigrus tetrazona) resulted in infection and mortality from the two novel Erysipelothrix spp. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Erysipelothrix isolates from SSOs shows similar susceptibility profiles to isolates from other terrestrial and aquatic animals. This is the first description of the pathology, microbial characteristics, and genetic diversity of Erysipelothrix isolates recovered from diseased SSOs. Methods presented here can facilitate case recognition, aid characterization of Erysipelothrix isolates, and illustrate assessment of virulence using fish models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri K. Chang
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA, United States
| | - Melissa A. Miller
- Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
- Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Hasan C. Tekedar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Divya Rose
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Julio C. García
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Benjamin R. LaFrentz
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Caitlin E. Older
- USDA-ARS, Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | | | - Eric Pomaranski
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Khalid Shahin
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Aquatic Animal Diseases Laboratory, Aquaculture Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Suez, Egypt
| | - Alvin C. Camus
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Francesca Batac
- Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Barbara A. Byrne
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Matt J. Griffin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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4
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Bobrek K, Gaweł A. Antimicrobial Resistance of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Strains Isolated from Geese to Antimicrobials Widely Used in Veterinary Medicine. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1339. [PMID: 37627759 PMCID: PMC10451561 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance of E. rhusiopathiae when isolated from clinical outbreaks of erysipelas in geese to antimicrobials commonly used in poultry production. All isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin alone or with clavulanic acid, with MIC values ranging from 0.016 to 0.125 μg/mL. Ninety-six percent of isolates were fully sensitive to penicillin G (MIC 0.125-0.5 μg/mL). All isolates were fully or moderately sensitive to erythromycin (MIC 0.125-0.5 μg/mL). Most E. rhusiopathiae isolates proved resistant to fluoroquinolones (76.6% of isolates were resistant to enrofloxacin, with MIC values ranging from 0.064 to 32 μg/mL, and 68% were resistant to norfloxacin, with MIC values ranging from 0.094 to 96 μg/mL), and tetracyclines (61.7% of isolates were resistant to doxycycline, with MIC values ranging from 0.25 to 64 μg/mL, and 63.8% were resistant to tetracycline, with MIC values ranging from 0.38 to 256 μg/mL). Point mutations in the gyrA gene (responsible for fluoroquinolone resistance) and the presence of the tetM gene (responsible for tetracycline resistance) were noted in most of the resistant isolates. Multidrug resistance, defined as resistance to at least one substance in three or more antimicrobial classes, was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrzej Gaweł
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland;
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Huang W, Han D, Cai Q, Yi X, Tang J, Fang Y, Lu Y. First identification of human infection with Erysipelothrix Piscisicarius by metagenomic next-generation sequencing. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2781-2784. [DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2140614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Huang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Han
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqing Cai
- Genoxor Medical Science and Technology Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Yi
- Genoxor Medical Science and Technology Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Genoxor Medical Science and Technology Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Yihan Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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6
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De Narvaez E, Schoenfeld D, Elshereye A, Tran JD, Oehler RL. Triple Threat: A Case of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Septicemia Complicated by Multi-Valvular Endocarditis, Spinal Osteomyelitis, and Septic Embolic Stroke. Cureus 2022; 14:e27789. [PMID: 36106220 PMCID: PMC9451597 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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7
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Challa H, Tayade A, Venkatesh S, Nambi PS. Erysipelothrix bacteremia; is endocarditis a rule? J Glob Infect Dis 2022; 15:31-34. [PMID: 37090149 PMCID: PMC10118208 DOI: 10.4103/jgid.jgid_30_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a Gram-positive bacillus, a zoonotic pathogen rarely causing human infections ranging from localized skin infections to invasive infections such as endocarditis. In this report, we present two cases of Erysipelothrix bacteremia. The first case is a native valve tricuspid endocarditis, which is a highly unusual valve to be involved. The second case is bacteremia, probably secondary to a minor skin breach, which did not involve heart valves. Erysipelothrix bacteremia is considered highly associated with infective endocarditis and a high mortality rate, which could be a bias due to underreporting of Erysipelothrix bacteremia without endocarditis. Erysipelothrix is intrinsically resistant to vancomycin, the first-line agent for Gram-positive bacteremia. Both the patients in this report were treated successfully with ceftriaxone.
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8
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Maillard A, Wakim Y, Itani O, Ousser F, Bleibtreu A, Caumes E, Monsel G. Osteoarticular Infections Caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: Case Report and Literature Review. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab461. [PMID: 34708142 PMCID: PMC8545653 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae spondylodiscitis in an otherwise healthy man, occurring 1 year after exposure. The patient was cured after 6 weeks of treatment with amoxicillin followed by ciprofloxacin without surgery. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae can cause severe osteoarticular infections with a delayed presentation following exposure to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Maillard
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Yara Wakim
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Oula Itani
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Fateh Ousser
- Department of Bacteriology and Hygiene, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Bleibtreu
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Eric Caumes
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Inserm Unité Mixte de Recheche-S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Paris, France
| | - Gentiane Monsel
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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9
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Wang T, Khan D, Mobarakai N. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae endocarditis. IDCases 2020; 22:e00958. [PMID: 32995274 PMCID: PMC7508995 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a zoonotic gram positive coccobacillus. It is rarely found in humans as an occupational pathogen that mainly infects animal handlers. There are three forms of human infection: localized erysipeloid, diffuse cutaneous form and lastly, bacteremia that could progress to infective endocarditis. We present a case of a 59-year-old male who was found to have E. rhusiopathiae bacteremia that was diagnosed as aortic valve endocarditis with severe aortic regurgitation. The patient was treated with ampicillin-sulbactam then transitioned to six weeks of intravenous ampicillin. This report summarizes a rare organism that causes a serious human infection and discusses its epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Wang
- Department of Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, 475 Seaview Avenue, Staten Island, New York, 10305, USA
| | - Danyal Khan
- Department of Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, 475 Seaview Avenue, Staten Island, New York, 10305, USA
| | - Neville Mobarakai
- Department of Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, 475 Seaview Avenue, Staten Island, New York, 10305, USA
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Marshall KR, Walton SA, Boyd M, Bishop B, Wellehan J, Craft W, Santoro D. Erysipeloid lesions caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in a dog: clinical and histopathological findings, molecular diagnosis and treatment. Vet Dermatol 2019; 30:434-e134. [PMID: 31364229 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a widespread Gram-positive, nonsporulating rod bacterium predominantly associated with skin disease in swine and cetaceans. Cutaneous lesions have yet to be described in dogs. OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical presentation, molecular and histopathological diagnosis, and treatment of a case of erysipeloid caused by E. rhusiopathiae in a dog. ANIMALS A 6-month-old spayed female standard poodle dog presented with lethargy, fever, vomiting and diarrhoea. Skin lesions appeared 20 days post first examination. METHODS AND MATERIALS Complete blood count, serum chemistry profile, urinalysis, urine culture, blood culture, computed topography, forelimb radiography, joint and cerebrospinal fluid aspiration were performed; samples were collected for skin cytological evaluation, culture and histopathological analysis. RESULTS Blood cultures yielded Gram-positive, catalase-negative bacilli. Histopathological evaluation of skin biopsies revealed lymphoplasmacytic, neutrophilic and histiocytic perivascular and periadnexal dermatitis, and vasculitis. Cutaneous and blood PCR and sequencing of 16S rRNA identified the bacteria as E. rhusiopathiae. Clinical resolution was observed following the use of of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ciprofloxacin therapies. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first confirmed case of erysipeloid caused by E. rhusiopathiae in a dog. Clinical resolution was attained with the extended use of antibiotics. After 13 months, no clinical signs had returned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalie R Marshall
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, PO Box 100126, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Stuart A Walton
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, PO Box 100126, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Megan Boyd
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, PO Box 100126, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Bradley Bishop
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, PO Box 100126, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - James Wellehan
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, PO Box 100126, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - William Craft
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, PO Box 100126, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, PO Box 100126, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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11
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A Comparison of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Bacteremia With and Without Endocarditis in Frequent Fish Handlers. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000000725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Ugochukwu ICI, Samuel F, Orakpoghenor O, Nwobi OC, Anyaoha CO, Majesty-Alukagberie LO, Ugochukwu MO, Ugochukwu EI. Erysipelas, the opportunistic zoonotic disease: history, epidemiology, pathology, and diagnosis—a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-018-2856-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Answer to June 2018 Photo Quiz. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:56/6/e00886-16. [PMID: 29802237 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00886-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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14
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Novel case of penicillin resistant E. rhusiopathiae septicemia: Case report with review of the literature. IDCases 2018; 11:67-69. [PMID: 29619324 PMCID: PMC5881438 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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15
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Tan EM, Marcelin JR, Adeel N, Lewis RJ, Enzler MJ, Tosh PK. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae bloodstream infection - A 22-year experience at Mayo Clinic, Minnesota. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 64:e65-e72. [PMID: 28206705 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a facultatively anaerobic Gram-positive bacillus found mostly in swine, fish and sheep. E. rhusiopathiae classically causes cutaneous eruptions in butchers, fish handlers and veterinarians. Based solely on case reports, 90% of E. rhusiopathiae bloodstream infections (BSI) have been associated with infective endocarditis (IE). To assess the true frequency of IE in E. rhusiopathiae BSI as well as other clinical associations, we performed a retrospective cohort analysis of E. rhusiopathiae BSI at Mayo Clinic. This is a single-centre, retrospective study conducted between 1/1/1994 and 20/6/2016 at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN. Medical records were reviewed for demographics, E. rhusiopathiae BSI, anti-microbial susceptibilities, incidence of IE, patient comorbidities, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and duration of antibiotics. Five cases of E. rhusiopathiae BSI were identified. Risk factors included animal exposures, immunosuppression, diabetes and kidney disease. All cases involved penicillin-sensitive strains and high-grade BSI. Four cases showed no signs of IE on transesophageal echocardiogram. All patients recovered fully with intravenous antibiotics. Our retrospective review illustrates that E. rhusiopathiae can cause invasive BSI in the absence of IE and that the previously reported 90% association between BSI and IE may be overestimated due to reporting bias. E. rhusiopathiae should be suspected in any patient with Gram-positive bacilli in blood cultures and the aforementioned risk factors. A limitation of our study was the low sample size, and future studies may involve multicentre collaborations and the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or serologic testing to increase the number of diagnoses..
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - J R Marcelin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - N Adeel
- Department of Internal Medicine, UnityPoint Health, University of Iowa - Des Moines, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - R J Lewis
- Department of Internal Medicine, UnityPoint Health, University of Iowa - Des Moines, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - M J Enzler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - P K Tosh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Hofseth K, Dalen H, Kibsgaard L, Nebb S, Kümmel A, Mehl A. Infectious tenosynovitis with bloodstream infection caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, a case report on an occupational pathogen. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:12. [PMID: 28056818 PMCID: PMC5217415 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is an established animal pathogen, which may cause infections in humans. It is a gram-positive rod and found in the tonsils or the digestive tracts of animals. The bacterium is occupationally related, as usually only people with frequent animal contacts are infected. We report a case of a patient who was admitted with an infectious tenosynovitis with bloodstream infection due to E. rhusiopathiae, and to our knowledge, this is the first report of a tenosynovitis with systemic manifestation associated with this bacterium. Case presentation A 52-year old Norwegian man, who worked with transportation of swine cadavers, was admitted to the local hospital with sepsis and unknown focus of infection. A few days earlier he had an injury to the skin of one of his fingers that later proved to be infected with E. rhusiopathiae. There were no other causes for his symptoms than the infectious tenosynovitis with systemic manifestation. The infection resolved on treatment with antibiotics and surgery. A transoesophageal echocardiogram was performed to exclude endocarditis, which may be associated with this pathogen. Conclusions This case report highlights the importance of clinicians being aware of this bacterium, and we describe risk factors for infection, differences in the clinical manifestations of the disease, challenges with diagnosing the bacterium and adverse effects of immunosuppressive drugs. Recommended treatment is appropriate antibiotic therapy and adequate debridement and surgical drainage of the tendon sheath. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-2102-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Hofseth
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway
| | - Håvard Dalen
- Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway.,Cardiac Exercise Research Group, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Cardiology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Leif Kibsgaard
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway
| | - Solrun Nebb
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway
| | - Angela Kümmel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway
| | - Arne Mehl
- Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway. .,Mid-Norway Sepsis Research Group, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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Chong RSM, Shinwari MW, Amigh MJ, Aravena-Roman M, Riley TV. First report of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae-associated septicaemia and histologic changes in cultured Australian eels, Anguilla reinhardtii (Steindachner, 1867) and A. australis (Richardson, 1841). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2015; 38:839-847. [PMID: 25080974 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R S-M Chong
- Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (QDAFF), Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, 4108, Australia
| | - M W Shinwari
- Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (QDAFF), Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, 4108, Australia
| | - M J Amigh
- Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (QDAFF), Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, 4108, Australia
| | - M Aravena-Roman
- Microbiology & Immunology, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, 6009, Australia
| | - T V Riley
- Microbiology & Immunology, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, 6009, Australia
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18
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Skin, soft tissue and systemic bacterial infections following aquatic injuries and exposures. Am J Med Sci 2015; 349:269-75. [PMID: 25374398 DOI: 10.1097/maj.0000000000000366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
: Bacterial infections following aquatic injuries occur commonly in fishermen and vacationers after freshwater and saltwater exposures. Internet search engines were queried with the key words to describe the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic and treatment strategies and outcomes of both the superficial and the deeper invasive infections caused by more common, newly emerging and unusual aquatic bacterial pathogens. Main findings included the following: (1) aquatic injuries often result in gram-negative polymicrobial infections with marine bacteria; (2) most marine bacteria are resistant to 1st- and 2nd-generation penicillins and cephalosporins; (3) nontuberculous, mycobacterial infections should be considered in late-onset, culture-negative and antibiotic-resistant marine infections; (4) superficial marine infections and pre-existing wounds exposed to seawater may result in deeply invasive infections and sepsis in immunocompromised patients. With the exception of minor marine wounds demonstrating localized cellulitis, most other marine infections and all gram-negative and mycobacterial marine infections will require therapy with antibiotic combinations.
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Kwok AHY, Li Y, Jiang J, Jiang P, Leung FC. Complete genome assembly and characterization of an outbreak strain of the causative agent of swine erysipelas--Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae SY1027. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:176. [PMID: 24993343 PMCID: PMC4105556 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is the causative agent of animal erysipelas and, to a fewer occurrences, human erysipeloid. It is ubiquitous in nature and commensal in diverse species of animals, wild or domestic, from mammals and birds to reptiles and fish. Mechanisms of its virulence and pathogenicity are poorly understood. Results Making use of the complete genome sequencing of E. rhusiopathiae strain SY1027 and comparative genome analysis between the three highly pathogenic strains (SY1027, Fujisawa and ATCC19414), the genomic structure and putative functional elements, such as pathogenicity island (PAI)-like regions, potential virulence factors and horizontal transferring genes of the bacteria are identified. Strain SY1027 genome is 1,752,910 base pairs long, just 30 kilobases smaller than strain Fujisawa, with the same GC level of 36.36%. It contains 1,845 open reading frames (ORF) predicted by GLIMMER 3.02, of which 1,775 were annotated by PGAAP, 1,757 (~95.23%) were annotated by NCBI nr blast, 1,209 by COG database and 1,076 by KEGG database. 37 potential virulence factors were annotated in strain SY1027 by VFDB, while 19 (~51.35%) of them are common in the 2 strains, 7 of which are potentially related to antibiotic resistance and highly conserved (~98-100% match identity (ID)) amongst the three strains of E. rhusiopathiae and modestly homologous to other gastrointestinal tract-inhabiting Firmicutes (~40% match ID), e.g. Clostridium spp., Enterococcus spp. Genomic island- and pathogenicity island-like regions were also predicted, in which some showed association with tRNA and potential virulence factors. Conclusion Complete genome sequencing of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, the causative agent of animal erysipelas, was performed. Molecular identification of various genomic elements pave the way to the better understanding of mechanisms underlying metabolic capabilities, pathogenicity of swine erysipelas and prospective vaccine targets besides the widely used SpaA antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Frederick C Leung
- Bioinformatics Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, F202, South Block, Faculty of Science Complex, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
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20
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Diaz JH. Skin and soft tissue infections following marine injuries and exposures in travelers. J Travel Med 2014; 21:207-13. [PMID: 24628985 DOI: 10.1111/jtm.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in travelers often follow insect bites and can present a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from impetigo to necrotizing cellulitis. Significant SSTIs can also follow marine injuries and exposures in travelers, and the etiologies are often marine bacteria. METHODS To meet the objectives of describing the pathogen-specific presenting clinical manifestations, diagnostic and treatment strategies, and outcomes of superficial and deep invasive infections in travelers caused by commonly encountered and newly emerging marine bacterial pathogens, Internet search engines were queried with the key words as MESH terms. RESULTS Travel medicine practitioners should maintain a high index of suspicion regarding potentially catastrophic, invasive bacterial infections, especially Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio vulnificus, Chromobacterium violaceum, and Shewanella infections, following marine injuries and exposures. CONCLUSIONS Travelers with well-known risk factors for the increasing severity of marine infections, including those with open wounds, suppressed immune systems, liver disease, alcoholism, hemochromatosis, hematological disease, diabetes, chronic renal disease, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and cancer, should be cautioned about the risks of marine infections through exposures to marine animals, seawater, the preparation of live or freshly killed seafood, and the accidental ingestion of seawater or consumption of raw or undercooked seafood, especially shellfish. With the exception of minor marine wounds demonstrating localized cellulitis or spreading erysipeloid-type reactions, most other marine infections and all Gram-negative and mycobacterial marine infections will require therapy with antibiotic combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Diaz
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health; Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (LSUHSC), New Orleans, LA, USA
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21
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Huh HJ, Kim HY, Ha YE, Ki CS, Lee NY. Identification of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiaeby DNA Sequencing in a Culture-Negative Intra-Abdominal Abscess. ANNALS OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.5145/acm.2014.17.4.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jae Huh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Young Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Eun Ha
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Ki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Yong Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Septicemia and Aortic Valve Endocarditis due to Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in a Homeless Man. Case Rep Infect Dis 2013; 2013:923034. [PMID: 23662222 PMCID: PMC3639695 DOI: 10.1155/2013/923034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of bacterial endocarditis due to Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in a homeless man with no animal exposure. His course was complicated by an allergic reaction to ampicillin, urinary bladder infection, respiratory failure, and acute kidney injury. He recovered completely after aortic valve replacement and a 6-week course of intravenous ceftriaxone.
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23
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Esposito S, Bassetti M, Borre' S, Bouza E, Dryden M, Fantoni M, Gould IM, Leoncini F, Leone S, Milkovich G, Nathwani D, Segreti J, Sganga G, Unal S, Venditti M. Diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTI): a literature review and consensus statement on behalf of the Italian Society of Infectious Diseases and International Society of Chemotherapy. J Chemother 2012; 23:251-62. [PMID: 22005055 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2011.23.5.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections, posing considerable diagnostic and therapeutic challenges and resulting in significant morbidity and mortality among patients as well as increased healthcare costs. eight members of the SSTI working group of the Italian Society of infectious Diseases prepared a draft of the statements, grading the quality of each piece of evidence after a careful review of the current literature using MEDLINE database and their own clinical experience. Statements were graded for their strength and quality using a system based on the one adopted by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). The manuscript was successively reviewed by seven members of the SSTI working group of the international Society of Chemotherapy, and ultimately re-formulated by all e xperts. the microbiological and clinical aspects together with diagnostic features were considered for uncomplicated and complicated SSTIs. Antimicrobial therapy was considered as well -both empirical and targeted to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and/or other main pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Esposito
- Department Infectious Diseases, University Naples, Italy
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24
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Phenotypic and molecular characterization of recent and archived Erysipelothrix spp. isolated from Brazilian swine. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 69:123-9. [PMID: 21251554 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One hundred fifty-one Erysipelothrix spp. isolates from Brazilian swine were characterized by serotyping, determination of antimicrobial susceptibility, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Among all isolates, 139 were classified in 18 different serotypes and serotype 2b was the most frequent. The susceptibility profiles of the isolates were very similar among each other, which did not permit subtyping Erysipelothrix spp. isolates by the antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Despite the fact that AFLP and PFGE provided the same discriminatory index (0.98), PFGE was more discriminatory than AFLP, given the types of groups it generates. Regardless the technique employed (AFLP or PFGE), no discrimination between recent and historical isolates was established, neither a fixed epidemiologic pattern for their grouping was observed. Nevertheless, AFLP could be an interesting alternative for discriminating the Erysipelothrix species, while PFGE could be an indication for discerning this bacterium according to the serotypes.
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25
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Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae endocarditis and presumed osteomyelitis. Can J Infect Dis 2011; 12:254-6. [PMID: 18159347 DOI: 10.1155/2001/912086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/1999] [Accepted: 05/06/2000] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is known to cause infections in humans following exposure to decaying organic matter or animals colonized with the organism, such as swine and fish. Invasive infections with this organism are unusual and are manifested primarily as infective endocarditis. The present report is believed to be the first to report a case of E rhusiopathiae endocarditis and presumptive osteomyelitis. E rhusiopathiae appears to have intrinsic resistance to vancomycin. Because vancomycin is often used empirically for the treatment of endocarditis, rapid differentiation of E rhusiopathiae from other Gram-positive organisms is critical. In patients with endocarditis caused by a Gram-positive bacillus and epidemiological risk factors for E rhusiopathiae exposure, empirical treatment with vancomycin should be reconsidered.
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Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is the causative agent of swine erysipelas. Systemic infections caused by E. rhusiopathiae are rare, but often (90%) associated with endocarditis. In about 60% of cases endocarditis develops on normal heart valves, and despite appropriate antibiotic therapy about one-third of the patients requires valve replacement. We report the case of a housewife, who developed a mitral valve endocarditis due to E. rhusiopathiae after preparing meat for the Turkish "Festival of Sacrifice".
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27
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Lee JJ, Kim DH, Lim JJ, Kim DG, Chang HH, Lee HJ, Kim SH, Rhee MH, Endale M, Imada Y, Kim OJ, Kim S. Characterization and identification of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolated from an unnatural host, a cat, with a clinical manifestation of depression. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 73:149-54. [PMID: 20834197 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is pathogenic for humans, many domestic animals and wild birds, but infectious cases with clinical symptoms in cats have not been reported. E. rhusiopathiae was recovered from a 4-month Russian blue breed cat with a very poor body condition score of 1 (BCS: 1/5). The isolate was typed as serotype 2b. Mice experimentally infected with the clinical isolate of E. rhusiopathiae through subcutaneous or intraperitoneal routes survived, and the organism was recovered from the spleen and synovial and pericardial fluids. Cats experimentally inoculated with the isolate either orally or subcutaneously survived but commonly exhibited depression and emaciation together with localized erythemal lesion of the skin accompanied by purulent ocular discharge. On hematological analysis, the number of total white blood cells was high compared with that in normal cats. Histological examination revealed congestion and moderate inflammation with focal necrosis. This observation may provide insight on E. rhusiopathiae infection in cats with the possible epidemiological significance and implications as a potential source of infection to other animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ju Lee
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Korea
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28
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Shin SJ, Gwak WG. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae peritonitis in a patient undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Korean Med Sci 2010; 25:1234-6. [PMID: 20676340 PMCID: PMC2908798 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.8.1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is known as a pathogen of occupational diseases or a zoonosis. We report a case of E. rhusiopathiae peritonitis in a 50-yr-old male undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). He was suffered from mild abdominal pain with a distinctive erysipeloid skin lesion. E. rhusiopathiae was considered to be introduced through a lacerated wound on his hand when he was exposed to contaminated materials. He was treated successfully with a first generation cephalosporin. To our knowledge, CAPD peritonitis due to E. rhusiopathiae is very rare, and this is a report of the first case in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Joon Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea.
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29
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Chuma T, Kawamoto T, Shahada F, Fujimoto H, Okamoto K. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolated from pigs in Southern Japan with a modified agar dilution method. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:643-5. [PMID: 20068270 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The determination of antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae by using the agar dilution method has not been covered by the Clinical and Laboratory Institute (CLSI). Only the broth microdilution method has been outlined. This report describes a modification of the agar dilution procedure for E. rhusiopathiae using Trypto-soy agar supplemented with 0.1% Tween 80 and incubation in ambient air at 37 degrees C for 24 hr. The MICs of the assay were in agreement with those of the broth microdilution method recommended by the CLSI. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using this method for 149 E. rhusiopathiae isolates from 2 meat processing plants in Kagoshima Prefecture during the period of April 2004 to March 2005. The number of strains resistant to oxytetracycline, erythromycin, lincomycin, ofloxacin and enrofloxacin were 56 (37.6%), 4 (2.7%), 18 (12.1%), 21 (14.1%) and 19 (12.8%), respectively. All strains were susceptible to ampicillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehisa Chuma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima890-0065, Japan
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Ribeiro NFF, Heath CH, Kierath J, Rea S, Duncan-Smith M, Wood FM. Burn wounds infected by contaminated water: case reports, review of the literature and recommendations for treatment. Burns 2009; 36:9-22. [PMID: 19501977 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
First-aid education for the management of burns advocates cool running water over burnt skin to limit soft tissue damage. However, the water used may itself constitute a risk. We report three cases of severe invasive and necrotizing infection in patients who used or immersed themselves in contaminated water in an attempt to extinguish the fire following acute major burns. Wound cultures from all patients yielded Aeromonas hydrophila and two yielded Bacillus cereus. One patient had a complex polymicrobial infection, including zygomycosis with Rhizomucor variabilis. All patients were treated aggressively with wound débridement, including one patient who required bilateral lower limb amputations to control progressive infection. All infections were successfully treated and all patients survived their burn injuries. We review the management of burns complicated by exposure to contaminated water leading to burn wound infections. We describe commonly reported organisms from various water sources, the appropriate initial empirical antimicrobial chemotherapy and present the clinician with a proposed algorithm for managing these serious infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel F F Ribeiro
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia (WA), Australia.
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31
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Feasi M, Bacigalupo L, Cappato S, Pontali E, Usiglio D, Rollandi GA, Filauro M, Mori M, Cassola G. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae intra-abdominal abscess. Int J Infect Dis 2009; 14:e81-3. [PMID: 19481488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a Gram-positive bacillus that is infrequently responsible for infections in humans. Most human cases present as localized or generalized cutaneous infections. An invasive septic form, usually associated with endocarditis, has rarely been described. We report here an invasive infection caused by E. rhusiopathiae without endocardium involvement. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an intra-abdominal abscess due to this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Feasi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Galliera Hospital, Via Volta, 16128 Genoa, Italy
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32
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Yamamoto Y, Shioshita K, Takazono T, Seki M, Izumikawa K, Kakeya H, Yanagihara K, Tashiro T, Otsuka Y, Ohkusu K, Kohno S. An autopsy case of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae endocarditis. Intern Med 2008; 47:1437-40. [PMID: 18670152 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.47.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 58-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with fever. The vegetation was confirmed by echocardiography on the tricuspid valve and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was isolated by blood culture. The patient died due to heart failure, and tricuspid valve vegetation was confirmed on autopsy and the sample of Gram's staining showed gram-positive microcolonies. Although about 60 cases of E. rhusiopathiae endocarditis have been reported, Japanese cases are extremely rare.
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Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Everett ED, Dellinger P, Goldstein EJC, Gorbach SL, Hirschmann JV, Kaplan EL, Montoya JG, Wade JC. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:1373-406. [PMID: 16231249 DOI: 10.1086/497143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 926] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis L Stevens
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho 83702, USA.
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34
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Mackowiak P, McNamara DR, Zitterkopf NL, Baddour LM. A Woman with a Lesion on Her Finger and Bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2005. [DOI: 10.1086/433193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Abstract
A woman with diabetes mellitus type 2 had a thigh infection that drained foul-smelling pus. Necrotizing fasciitis was diagnosed surgically and histopathologically, with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae being the predominant organism. A pet goldfish might have been the source.
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Boo TW, Hone R, Hurley J. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae endocarditis: a preventable zoonosis? Ir J Med Sci 2003; 172:81-2. [PMID: 12930059 DOI: 10.1007/bf02915253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a bacterium ubiquitous in the environment. It can cause a variety of diseases and the risk of infection is closely related to the level of occupational exposure to infected or colonised animals. AIMS To discuss the clinical features and treatment of this zoonosis, to increase awareness of this pathogen and to emphasise the need for meticulous attention to hygienic work practices in reducing the risk of infection. METHOD A case report of a farmer with E. rhusiopathiae endocarditis and the management of the infection. RESULTS The patient was successfully treated with valve replacement surgery and antimicrobial therapy. CONCLUSIONS Early identification of this microorganism is essential for appropriate treatment of endocarditis. Greater awareness and safe work practices can help reduce the risk of human infection by this microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Boo
- Department of Microbiology, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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Fidalgo SG, Longbottom CJ, Rjley TV. Susceptibility of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae to antimicrobial agents and home disinfectants. Pathology 2002; 34:462-5. [PMID: 12408347 DOI: 10.1080/0031302021000009405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae causes the occupationally-related infection erysipeloid in humans, and may be responsible for infections in lobster fishermen in Western Australia. There are little recent data pertaining to antimicrobial susceptibility, or susceptibility to disinfectants that might be used in the environment. The aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility of E. rhusiopathiae from human, animal and environmental sources to various antimicrobial agents and disinfectants. METHODS The susceptibility of 60 E rhusiopathiae isolates was determined using a recommended agar dilution procedure. Susceptibility to disinfectants was achieved using a broth microdilution method. RESULTS Penicillin and ceftriaxone, with low minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) (MIC90 0.03 mg/l and 0.125 mg/l, respectively), remained active against E. rhusiopathiae and should continue to be recommended for treatment. Ciprofloxacin MICs were particularly low (MIC90 0.06 mg/l), offering an alternative agent for the penicillin allergic patient. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is still resistant to vancomycin (MIC90 64 mg/l), highlighting the importance of early diagnosis of E. rhusiopathiae infection in cases of endocarditis. In addition, 31 E. rhusiopathiae isolates were tested against several commercially available home disinfectants. Most were effective in killing E. rhusiopathiae with minimum bactericidal concentrations of 0.001% for Pine O Cleen, and 0.03% for Domestos, Linely and the Wheelie Bin Phenyl Cleanser. CONCLUSIONS There appeared to be no new emergence of antibiotic resistance in E. rhusiopathiae. Various disinfectants could be used following mechanical cleaning of work environments, such as fishing boats, and equipment, to reduce the risk of infection with E. rhusiopathiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana G Fidalgo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
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Abstract
This review presents data on in vitro susceptibilities of aerobically growing Gram-positive rods and in vivo activities of antibiotics used against Gram-positive rods. While in some instances susceptibility and efficacy are predictable (e.g. penicillin vs. Listeria and microaerophilic coryneforms, or metronidazole vs. Gardnerella) susceptibility testing by dilution techniques seems necessary for many Gram-positive rods as long as they are deemed clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A von Graevenitz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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Yamamoto K, Kijima M, Yoshimura H, Takahashi T. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolated from pigs with swine erysipelas in Japan, 1988-1998. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. B, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH 2001; 48:115-26. [PMID: 11315521 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2001.00427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility to 21 antimicrobial agents of 214 strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolated from pigs affected with swine erysipelas in Japan between 1988 and 1998 was determined. Ampicillin, cloxacillin, benzylpenicillin, ceftiofur, tylosin, enrofloxacin and danofloxacin were the most active agents [minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs); < or = 0.025-0.78 microgram/ml], followed by cefazolin, virginiamycin, tiamulin, chloramphenicol, florphenicol and oxolinic acid (MICs; 0.1-25 micrograms/ml). Activity was poor or absent with kanamycin and sulfadimethoxine. Strains resistant to dihydrostreptomycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, oxytetracycline and doxycycline were detected. The susceptibilities to dihydrostreptomycin and oxytetracycline tended to decrease. Investigation of the differences in antimicrobial susceptibility of the 214 strains according to their serotypes, sources, isolation years and regions, showed that the strains resistant to dihydrostreptomycin were most frequently found in the strains of serotype 1a and in strains from septicaemic cases. Strains resistant to oxytetracycline were detected in all serotypes and all sources, and most of the strains resistant to erythromycin were detected in the strains of serotype 2. The frequency of strains resistant to dihydrostreptomycin gradually increased from 1988 to 1996, but then decreased between 1997 and 1998. The frequency of strains resistant to oxytetracycline was remained more than 38% from 1988 to 1998. It was suggested that the strains resistant to dihydrostreptomycin and oxytetracycline were distributed over almost all districts of Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamamoto
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1, Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo, 185-8511, Japan
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Abstract
Although the emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci can be attributed, in part, to the increasing use of vancomycin in clinical practice, and glycopeptide use in animal husbandry, the origins of the enterococcal vancomycin resistance genes are not clear. The vancomycin resistance-associated genes in Enterococcus gallinarum, Enterococcus casseliflavus/flavescens, Lactobacillus spp., Leuconostoc spp., Pediococcus spp., and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, are not the source of the high-level vancomycin resistance-associated genes in enterococci. There are, however, environmental organisms which have been found to have gene clusters homologous to the enterococcal vanA, vanB and vanC gene clusters; these include the biopesticide Paenibacillus popilliae, and, to a lesser extent, the glycopeptide-producing organisms Amycolatopsis orientalis and Streptomyces toyocaensis. Still, the exact sources of the enterococcal vancomycin resistance genes remain a mystery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Patel
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Nelson RR. Intrinsically vancomycin-resistant gram-positive organisms: clinical relevance and implications for infection control. J Hosp Infect 1999; 42:275-82. [PMID: 10467540 DOI: 10.1053/jhin.1998.0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic resistance to vancomycin in gram-positive bacteria presumably predates acquired vancomycin resistance in enterococci but it has only recently generated interest. Intrinsically resistant enterococci possessing the vanC gene and the non-enterococcal genera Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, Pediococcus and Erysipelothrix are known to cause human infection. This review examines the available data on their identification, resistance mechanisms, epidemiology, clinical infections and antimicrobial susceptibility. Intrinsically vancomycin-resistant gram-positives are usually opportunistic pathogens. Although serious infections may occur, treatment options remain available. No additional infection control measures for the intrinsically resistant genera appear justified with currently available evidence, although vigilance should be maintained to detect future changes in susceptibility patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Nelson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Western Infirmary, Glasgow
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Woodford N, Johnson AP, Morrison D, Speller DC. Current perspectives on glycopeptide resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995; 8:585-615. [PMID: 8665471 PMCID: PMC172877 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.8.4.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last 5 years, clinical isolates of gram-positive bacteria with intrinsic or acquired resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics have been encountered increasingly. In many of these isolates, resistance arises from an alteration of the antibiotic target site, with the terminal D-alanyl-D-alanine moiety of peptidoglycan precursors being replaced by groups that do not bind glycopeptides. Although the criteria for defining resistance have been revised frequently, the reliable detection of low-level glycopeptide resistance remains problematic and is influenced by the method chosen. Glycopeptide-resistant enterococci have emerged as a particular problem in hospitals, where in addition to sporadic cases, clusters of infections with evidence of interpatient spread have occurred. Studies using molecular typing methods have implicated colonization of patients, staff carriage, and environmental contamination in the dissemination of these bacteria. Choice of antimicrobial therapy for infections caused by glycopeptide-resistant bacteria may be complicated by resistance to other antibiotics. Severe therapeutic difficulties are being encountered among patients infected with enterococci, with some infections being untreatable with currently available antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Woodford
- Antibiotic Reference Unit, Central Public Health Laboratory, London, England
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Cormican MG, Jones RN. Antimicrobial activity of cefotaxime tested against infrequently isolated pathogenic species (unusual pathogens). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1995; 22:43-8. [PMID: 7587049 DOI: 10.1016/0732-8893(95)00042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The cefotaxime sodium spectrum of activity is very broad and includes many common species and a variety of less frequently isolated pathogens. We have reviewed the clinical microbiology literature (44 references) and the data base of the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics (Iowa City, IA) to collect data on the activity of cefotaxime against the less common species. Cefotaxime was consistently active against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Capnocytophaga spp., Eikenella corrodens, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Pasteurella multocida, Plesiomonas shigelloides, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. The species Alcaligenes xylosoxidans, Flavobacterium spp., Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) maltophilia, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Rhodococcus equi were uniformly cefotaxime resistant. For many other species there was considerable variation in reported minimum inhibitory concentrations. These data may be helpful in guiding therapy of unusual infections, particularly in the case of fastidious species, where the appropriate susceptibility testing methodology may not be immediately or routinely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Cormican
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA
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Markowska-Daniel I, Pejsak Z, Szmigielski S, Sokolska G, Jeljaszewicz J, Pulverer G. Adjuvant properties of Propionibacterium avidum KP-40 in vaccination against endemic viral and bacterial infections. III. Swine immunized with live attenuated Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae vaccine and experimentally infected with virulent strains R203 and R270B of E. rhusiopathiae. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1992; 277:547-53. [PMID: 1303697 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fifty 4-month old piglets were treated with immunomodulating Propionibacterium avidum KP-40 (PA) and/or immunized with live attenuated Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae vaccine (Orvac). Four weeks after vaccination all animals were inoculated with viable Erysipelothrix rhusipathiae. The vaccine induced the appearance of high titers of specific IgG antibodies with peak values (1:115-1:200) three weeks after immunization. Administration of PA together with the vaccine did not influence antibody titers. Analysis of the course of experimental erysipelas infection in vaccinated and/or PA-treated swine revealed the prophylactic and beneficial effects of PA. PA-treated animals showed a significantly lower lethality rate than untreated controls and the course of the disease was considerably milder, with a shorter period of fever and a faster recovery. Vaccination provided good protection of swine against the development of erysipelas and therefore, the only significant difference in animals treated with PA applied together with the vaccine was a higher gain of body mass after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Markowska-Daniel
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Pulawy, Poland
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Lemarie C, Cottin J, Mahaza C, Carbonnelle B. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. 4 nouvelles observations de septicémie. Med Mal Infect 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(05)80907-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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