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Kidd L. Emerging Spotted Fever Rickettsioses in the United States. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2022; 52:1305-1317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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2
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Insights from experience in the treatment of tick-borne bacterial coinfections with tick-borne encephalitis. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Gould AP, Winders HR, Stover KR, Bookstaver PB, Griffin B, Bland CM, Eiland LS, Murray M. Less common bacterial, fungal and viral infections: review of management in the pregnant patient. Drugs Context 2021; 10:dic-2021-4-3. [PMID: 34603460 PMCID: PMC8462995 DOI: 10.7573/dic.2021-4-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is a comprehensive summary of treatment options for pregnant patients with less common bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. It offers guidance to clinicians based on the most recently published evidence-based research and expert recommendations. A search of MEDLINE (inception to March 2021) and the CDC website was performed. Liposomal amphotericin B is the preferred therapy for cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, oesophageal candidiasis, and coccidioidomycosis, especially during the first trimester due to teratogenic concerns with azole antifungals. For oral candidiasis, clotrimazole troches or miconazole mucoadhesive buccal tablets are recommended. A β-lactam antimicrobial is preferred over doxycycline for various manifestations of Lyme disease and the drug of choice for Pneumocystis pneumonia is trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Acyclovir is the preferred antiviral for varicella zoster virus. Fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and aminoglycosides should be avoided if possible and there are alternate agents available for an effective treatment regimen. There is a scarcity of clinical data in pregnant patients with less common bacterial, fungal and viral infections. This population lacks definitive recommendations in many clinical practice guidelines. The key to optimizing therapy is a comprehensive review of the available evidence and a careful balance of risks and benefits before final treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hana R Winders
- University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Columbia, SC, USA.,Prisma Health Midlands, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Kayla R Stover
- University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | - Brooke Griffin
- Midwestern University College of Pharmacy, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | | | - Lea S Eiland
- Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Meridian, MS, USA
| | - Milena Murray
- Midwestern University College of Pharmacy, Downers Grove, IL, USA.,Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
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4
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Cohen R, Babushkin F, Shapiro M, Uda M, Atiya-Nasagi Y, Finn T. Case Report: Typhoid Fever and Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis Presenting Concomitantly in an Indian Immigrant. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 99:864-866. [PMID: 30062981 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a rare case of an Indian immigrant suffering from concomitant infection of Salmonella typhi and spotted fever group Rickettsia. We discuss the scarce reports of dual infections from the developing world and the related diagnostic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regev Cohen
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Sanz Medical Center, Laniado Hospital, Netanya, Israel.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Frida Babushkin
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Sanz Medical Center, Laniado Hospital, Netanya, Israel
| | - Maurice Shapiro
- Intensive Care Unit, Sanz Medical Center, Laniado Hospital, Netanya, Israel
| | - Martina Uda
- Intensive Care Unit, Sanz Medical Center, Laniado Hospital, Netanya, Israel
| | - Yafit Atiya-Nasagi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Talya Finn
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Sanz Medical Center, Laniado Hospital, Netanya, Israel
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Kidd L, Qurollo B, Lappin M, Richter K, Hart JR, Hill S, Osmond C, Breitschwerdt EB. Prevalence of Vector-Borne Pathogens in Southern California Dogs With Clinical and Laboratory Abnormalities Consistent With Immune-Mediated Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1081-1090. [PMID: 28558145 PMCID: PMC5508353 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies investigating the prevalence of vector-borne pathogens in southern California dogs are limited. Occult infections might be misdiagnosed as idiopathic immune-mediated disease. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES (1) To determine the prevalence of vector-borne pathogens in southern California dogs with compatible clinical findings using PCR and serologic panels and (2) to determine whether testing convalescent samples and repeating PCR on acute samples using the same and different gene targets enhance detection. ANIMALS Forty-two client-owned dogs with clinical signs of vector-borne disease presenting to specialty practices in San Diego County. METHODS Combined prospective and retrospective observational study. Forty-two acute and 27 convalescent samples were collected. Acute samples were prospectively tested for antibodies to Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Bartonella, Babesia, Borrelia, and Anaplasma species. PCR targeting Ehrlichia, Babesia, Anaplasma, hemotropic Mycoplasma, and Bartonella species was also performed. Retrospectively, convalescent samples were tested for the same organisms using serology, and for Ehrlichia, Babesia, Anaplasma, and Bartonella species using PCR. Acute samples were retested using PCR targeting Ehrlichia and Babesia species. RESULTS Evidence of exposure to or infection with a vector-borne pathogen was detected in 33% (14/42) of dogs. Ehrlichia and Babesia species were most common; each was identified in 5 dogs. Convalescent serologic testing, repeating PCR, and using novel PCR gene targets increased detection by 30%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Repeated testing using serology and PCR enhances detection of infection by vector-borne pathogens in dogs with clinical signs of immune-mediated disease. Larger prevalence studies of emerging vector-borne pathogens in southern California dogs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kidd
- Western University of Health Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, Pomona, CA
| | - B Qurollo
- Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - M Lappin
- Center for Companion Animal Studies, Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Fort Collins, CO
| | - K Richter
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | - J R Hart
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | - S Hill
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | - C Osmond
- California Veterinary Specialists, Carlsbad, CA
| | - E B Breitschwerdt
- Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Lei Z, Liu Q, Yang B, Xiong J, Li K, Ahmed S, Hong L, Chen P, He Q, Cao J. Clinical Efficacy and Residue Depletion of 10% Enrofloxacin Enteric-Coated Granules in Pigs. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:294. [PMID: 28588496 PMCID: PMC5440587 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A new, more palatable formulation of 10% enrofloxacin enteric-coated granules was investigated to evaluate the pharmacokinetic effect in plasma, the residue elimination in tissues and the clinical efficacy against Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (APP) and Mycoplasam suis (MS) in pigs. In this study, the enrofloxacin concentrations in plasma and tissues were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography with phosphate buffer (pH = 3) and acetonitrile. The pharmacokinetics and elimination of enrofloxacin enteric-coated granules were performed after oral administration at a single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight (bw) and 5 mg/kg twice per day for 5 consecutive days, respectively. The in vivo antibacterial efficacy and clinical effectiveness of enrofloxacin enteric-coated granules against APP and MS were assayed at 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg, compared with tiamulin (8 mg/kg) based on establishment of APP and MS infection models. 56 APP strains were selected and tested for in vitro antibacterial activity of enrofloxacin enteric-coated granules. The main parameters of elimination half-life (t1/2β), Tmax, and area under the curve (AUC) were 14.99 ± 4.19, 3.99 ± 0.10, and 38.93 ± 1.52 μg h/ml, respectively, revealing that the enrofloxacin concentration remained high and with a sustainable distribution in plasma. Moreover, the analysis on the evaluation of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in muscle, fat, liver and kidney showed that the recovery were more than 84% recovery in accordance with the veterinary drug residue guidelines of United States pharmacopeia, and the withdrawal periods were 4.28, 3.81, 4.84, and 3.51 days, respectively, suggesting that the withdrawal period was 5 d after oral administration of 5 mg/kg twice per day. The optimal dosage of enrofloxacin enteric-coated granules against APP and MS was 5 mg/kg, with over 90% efficacy, which was significantly different (p < 0.05) to the 2.5 mg/kg group, but not to the 10 mg/kg group or the positive control group (tiamulin). In conclusion, 10% enrofloxacin enteric-coated granules had significant potential for treating APP and MS, and it provided an alternative enrofloxacin palatability formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Lei
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Qianying Liu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Jincheng Xiong
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Liping Hong
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Pin Chen
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Jiyue Cao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE:To review the data regarding the pharmacotherapy of Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), and the human ehrlichioses.DATA SOURCES:English-language literature was identified via MEDLINE (1966–January 2002) using the keywords Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and ehrlichiosis. Textbooks and other pertinent resources were also reviewed.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:All articles identified through the data sources above were evaluated and reviewed if pertinent to the objective.DATA SYNTHESIS:Tick-borne diseases are the most common vector-transmitted diseases in North America. Each disease causes significant morbidity and, in the case of RMSF, mortality if patients go untreated. If the disease syndromes are recognized early and treatment is initiated, complications are greatly reduced. Doxycycline is active against each of the causative organisms, simplifying empiric treatment.CONCLUSIONS:Effective pharmacotherapy exists to treat each of these diseases, assuming diagnosis is made quickly. The β-lactam and tetracycline antibiotics appear to be the most effective therapy for Lyme disease. The tetracyclines, but not the β-lactams, are effective for RMSF and the human ehrlichioses. Since Borrelia burgdorferi and the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent are becoming more common coinfecting pathogens, tetracycline or doxycycline should be considered the drugs of choice for patients from endemic areas where exposure to both pathogens may have occurred. Doxycycline is the preferred agent because of decreased frequency of administration and adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Donovan
- Infectious Diseases Pharmacotherapy, Department of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Hospitals, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Clinical presentation, convalescence, and relapse of rocky mountain spotted fever in dogs experimentally infected via tick bite. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115105. [PMID: 25542001 PMCID: PMC4277292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a tick-borne disease caused by R. rickettsii in North and South America. Domestic dogs are susceptible to infection and canine RMSF can be fatal without appropriate treatment. Although clinical signs of R. rickettsii infection in dogs have been described, published reports usually include descriptions of either advanced clinical cases or experimental infections caused by needle-inoculation of cultured pathogen rather than by tick bite. The natural progression of a tick-borne R. rickettsii infection has not been studied in sufficient detail. Here, we provide a detailed description of clinical, hematological, molecular, and serological dynamics of RMSF in domestic dogs from the day of experimental exposure to infected ticks through recovery. Presented data indicate that neither the height/duration of fever nor detection of rickettsial DNA in dogs' blood by PCR are good indicators for clinical prognosis. Only the apex and subsequent subsidence of neutrophilia seem to mark the beginning of recovery and allow predicting a favorable outcome in Rickettsia-infected dogs, even despite the continuing persistence of mucosal petechiae and skin rash. On the other hand the appropriate (doxycycline) antibiotic therapy of sufficient duration is crucial in prevention of RMSF relapses in dogs.
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Dana AN. Diagnosis and treatment of tick infestation and tick-borne diseases with cutaneous manifestations. Dermatol Ther 2009; 22:293-326. [PMID: 19580576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hard and soft ticks may be associated directly or indirectly with a number of dermatoses, both infectious and inflammatory in origin. Morbidity may occur as a result of tick bites, tick toxicosis, and even infestation. These arthropod vectors may transmit life-threatening protozoan, bacterial, rickettsial, and viral diseases with systemic and cutaneous findings. Additionally, ticks may transmit more than one pathogen with subsequent human coinfection. This article reviews the presentation of tick-borne illnesses and the medical management of these diseases. Among others, diseases such as ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, tularemia, borrelioses, tick-borne encephalitides, rickettsial spotted fevers, and tick typhus are discussed in this article. The recognition of skin manifestations associated with these diseases is paramount to early diagnosis and treatment initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali N Dana
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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10
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Frazier DL, Thompson L, Trettien A, Evans EI. Comparison of fluoroquinolone pharmacokinetic parameters after treatment with marbofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and difloxacin in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2000.00285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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FU LX, JIANG ZG, DING HZ, LIU YH. Population pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin in ill cows. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008; 31:240-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Kidd L, Hegarty B, Sexton D, Breitschwerdt E. Molecular characterization of Rickettsia rickettsii infecting dogs and people in North Carolina. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1078:400-9. [PMID: 17114748 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1374.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMST) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in people and dogs in the United States. Disease manifestations are strikingly similar in both species, and illness in dogs can precede illness in people. R. rickettsii has been identified as a Select Agent by the CDC as a Category C priority pathogen by the National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Diseases because it is amenable to use as a bioterror agent. The clinical and temporal relationship of naturally occurring diseases in dogs and people suggests that dogs could serve as sentinels for natural infection and bioterrorist attacks using this organism. Recognizing genetic modifications in naturally occurring disease agents in order to distinguish them from intentionally released agents are priorities put forth by the NIAID. To determine whether the rickettsiae naturally infecting dogs is the same as those that infect persons in a given geographical region, we characterized rickettsial isolates obtained from three dogs and two persons diagnosed with RMSF in North Carolina. Portions of three genes (ompA, rrs, and gltA) amplified by PCR were cloned and sequenced or directly sequenced. Reactions were run in duplicate in forward and reverse directions. Gene sequences were aligned with known sequences deposited in GenBank and with each other. Sequences of the 5' region of the ompA gene were 100% homologous with a tick strain (Bitterroot) of R. rickettsii for all five isolates. Sequences of the rrs gene were 99.8 99.9% homologous with a tick strain (Sawtooth) of R. rickettsii. rrs gene sequences from one dog and the two persons was identical. Sequences of one dog isolate differed from these by one base pair. Sequences from another dog isolate differed by two base pairs. Sequences of the gltA gene are pending. This confirms on a molecular level that R. rickettsii causing naturally occurring RMSF in dogs in North Carolina is highly homologous to R. rickettsii that causes the disease in people in the same region. Sequence data will be deposited in GenBank, thereby providing genetic information regarding naturally occurring R. rickettsii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Kidd
- TheScripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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13
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Ober CP, Spaulding K, Breitschwerdt EB, Malarkey DE, Hegarty BC. ORCHITIS IN TWO DOGS WITH ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2004; 45:458-65. [PMID: 15487571 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2004.04079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two dogs with testicular swelling were sonographically diagnosed with orchitis and were subsequently diagnosed with Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). Use of both gray scale and color Doppler sonography allowed for differentiation of orchitis from neoplasia and torsion. While only experimentally induced RMSF is reported to cause orchitis in dogs, it should be considered in any dog with vascular insult to the testes, especially when other signs of systemic illness are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Ober
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Smith BE, Tompkins MB, Breitschwerdt EB. Antinuclear Antibodies Can Be Detected in Dog Sera Reactive to Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, Ehrlichia canis, or Leishmania infantum Antigens. J Vet Intern Med 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb00134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate some of the pharmacokinetic parameters of pefloxacin in lactating goats (n = 5) following intravenous (i.v.) or intramuscular (i.m.) injections of 10 mg/kg bw. Serially obtained serum, milk and urine samples were collected at precise time intervals, and the drug concentrations were assayed using a microbiological assay. A two-compartment open model best described the decrease of pefloxacin concentration in the serum after intravenous administration. The maximum serum concentration (C0(p)) was 8.4 +/- 0.48 microg/ml; elimination half-life (t 1/2 beta) was 1.6 +/- 0.3 h; total body clearance (Cl(tot) was 3.6 +/- 0.3 L/kg/h; steady-state volume of distribution (V(dss)) was 5.14 +/- 0.21 L/kg; and the area under the curve (AUC) was 2.78 +/- 0.22 microg.ml/h. Pefloxacin was absorbed rapidly after i.m. injection with an absorption half-life (t 1/2 ab) of 0.32 +/- 0.02 h. The peak serum concentration (Cmax) of 0.86 +/- 0.08 microg/ml was attained at 0.75 h (Tmax). The absolute bioavailability after i.m. administration was 70.63 +/- 1.13% and the serum protein-bound fraction ranged from 7.2% to 14.3%, with an average value of 9.8 +/- 1.6%. Penetration of pefloxacin from the blood into the milk was rapid and extensive, and the pefloxacin concentration in milk exceeded that in serum from 1 h after administration. The drug was detected in milk and urine for 10 and 72 h, respectively; no samples were taken after 72 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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16
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Neer TM, Breitschwerdt EB, Greene RT, Lappin MR. Consensus Statement on Ehrlichial Disease of Small Animals from the Infectious Disease Study Group of the ACVIM. J Vet Intern Med 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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17
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Abstract
Rocky mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a fulminant tick-borne infection by Rickettsia rickettsii. The classical diagnostic triad is fever, headache and rash in a patient with a recent tick bite. With prompt, appropriate antimicrobial therapy, patient outcomes are excellent. However, RMSF is often misdiagnosed, particularly during the initial stages of illness, and as a result, patient outcomes are sometimes suboptimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Sexton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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18
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Abrahamian FM. Consequences of delayed diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in children--West Virginia, Michigan, Tennessee, and Oklahoma, May--July 2000. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 37:537-40. [PMID: 11326190 DOI: 10.1067/mem.2001.114907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Frazier DL, Thompson L, Trettien A, Evans EI. Comparison of fluoroquinolone pharmacokinetic parameters after treatment with marbofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and difloxacin in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2000; 23:293-302. [PMID: 11107003 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.2000.00285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasma, urine, and skin drug concentrations were determined for dogs (n=12) given five daily oral doses of marbofloxacin (MAR) (2.75 mg/kg), enrofloxacin (ENR) (5.0 mg/kg) or difloxacin (DIF) (5.0 mg/kg). Concentrations of the active metabolite of ENR, ciprofloxacin (CIP), were also determined. The three-period, three-treatment crossover experimental design included a 21-day washout period between treatments. Area under the plasma drug concentration vs. time curve (AUC0-last, microg/mLxh of MAR was greater than for ENR, CIP, ENR/CIP combined, and DIF. Maximum concentration (Cmax) of MAR was greater than ENR, CIP, and DIF. Time of maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) was similar for MAR and DIF; Tmax occurred earlier for ENR and later for CIP. Plasma half-life (t1/2) of MAR was longer than for ENR, CIP, and DIF. Urine concentrations of DIF were less than MAR or ENR/CIP combined, but urine concentrations of MAR and ENR/CIP combined did not differ. DIF skin concentrations were less than the concentrations of MAR or ENR/CIP combined 2 h after dosing, but skin concentrations of MAR and ENR/CIP combined did not differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Frazier
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, USA
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20
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Abstract
Dogs that live in tick-infested areas are at risk for contracting rickettsial infections. Clinical signs associated with ehrlichiosis or Rocky Mountain spotted fever may be dramatic or mild. Clinicians must consider the possibility of rickettsial diseases to request laboratory tests that will permit a proper diagnosis. Specific antimicrobial therapy usually brings about clinical improvement, although some dogs may not be cleared of rickettsial organisms, even with prolonged treatment. A small percentage of dogs die of rickettsial infections, either in the acute stage or owing to chronic bone marrow suppression and generalized debilitation. Ocular lesions are an important clinical sign in canine rickettsial infections and may aid the clinician in making a diagnosis and monitoring response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stiles
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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21
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Neer TM, Eddlestone SM, Gaunt SD, Corstvet RE. Efficacy of Enrofloxacin for the Treatment of Experimentally Induced Ehrlichia canis Infection. J Vet Intern Med 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1999.tb01470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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22
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Breitschwerdt EB, Papich MG, Hegarty BC, Gilger B, Hancock SI, Davidson MG. Efficacy of doxycycline, azithromycin, or trovafloxacin for treatment of experimental Rocky Mountain spotted fever in dogs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:813-21. [PMID: 10103185 PMCID: PMC89211 DOI: 10.1128/aac.43.4.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs were experimentally inoculated with Rickettsia rickettsii (canine origin) in order to compare the efficacies of azithromycin and trovafloxacin to that of the current antibiotic standard, doxycycline, for the treatment of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Clinicopathologic parameters, isolation of rickettsiae in tissue culture, and PCR amplification of rickettsial DNA were used to evaluate the response to therapy or duration of illness (untreated infection control group) in the four groups. Concentrations of the three antibiotics in plasma and blood cells were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Doxycycline and trovafloxacin treatments resulted in more-rapid defervescence, whereas all three antibiotics caused rapid improvement in attitudinal scores, blood platelet numbers, and the albumin/total-protein ratio. Based upon detection of retinal vascular lesions by fluorescein angiography, trovafloxacin and doxycycline substantially decreased rickettsia-induced vascular injury to the eye, whereas the number of ocular lesions in the azithromycin group did not differ from that in the infection control group. As assessed by tissue culture isolation, doxycycline resulted in the earliest apparent clearance of viable circulating rickettsiae; however, rickettsial DNA could still be detected in the blood of some dogs from all four groups on day 21 postinfection, despite our inability to isolate viable rickettsiae at that point. As administered in this study, trovafloxacin was as efficacious as doxycycline but azithromycin proved less efficacious, possibly due to the short duration of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Breitschwerdt
- Department of Companion Animal, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA.
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Drost WT, Berry CR, Breitschwerdt EB, Davidson MG. Thoracic radiographic findings in dogs infected with Rickettsia rickettsii. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1997; 38:260-6. [PMID: 9262680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.1997.tb00852.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sixteen beagle dogs were injected intradermally with Rickettsia rickettsii. The dogs were divided into four groups (n = 4): 1) infected, non-treated control; 2) infected, treated with doxycycline; 3) infected, treated with doxycycline and an anti-inflammatory dose of corticosteroid; and 4) infected, treated with doxycycline and an immunosuppressive dose of corticosteroid. Thoracic radiographs were made and ocular fluorescein angiography was performed on days 6, 10, 17 post-inoculation. A mild interstitial lung opacity was noted in 4/16 dogs on day 6, 5/16 on day 10 and 3/16 on day 17 post-inoculation. Increased retinal vascular permeability was noted in 8/16 dogs on day 6, 3/16 on day 10 and 1/16 on day 17 post-inoculation. Correlation between the presence of radiographic and retinal lesions was not significant (p = 0.08). Eleven, naturally infected, dogs with thoracic radiographs and a final diagnosis of RMSF were also evaluated. Four of the 11 dogs had an unstructured interstitial pattern. Dogs with acute, experimentally-infected or naturally-occurring RMSF may have subtle pulmonary changes characterized by an unstructured interstitial pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Drost
- Department of Anatomy, Physiological Sciences and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA
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Breitschwerdt EB, Davidson MG, Hegarty BC, Papich MG, Grindem CB. Prednisolone at anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive dosages in conjunction with doxycycline does not potentiate the severity of Rickettsia rickettsii infection in dogs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:141-7. [PMID: 8980770 PMCID: PMC163675 DOI: 10.1128/aac.41.1.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs were experimentally inoculated with Rickettsia rickettsii to determine if anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive dosages of prednisolone, when administered in conjunction with an antirickettsial antibiotic (doxycycline), induced therapeutically relevant pathophysiological consequences that ultimately influence disease outcome. Although the duration of rickettsemia was prolonged in dogs receiving immunosuppressive, but not anti-inflammatory, corticosteroids, concurrent administration of doxycycline and corticosteroids conferred no other detected detrimental effects. Treatment with doxycycline or doxycycline in conjunction with prednisolone resulted in decreased R. rickettsii-specific antibody titers; however, examination of appropriately timed acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples would have facilitated an accurate diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) in all 16 dogs. We conclude that the concurrent use of anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive doses of prednisolone in conjunction with doxycycline, early in the course of experimental RMSF, confers no clinically relevant detrimental effects and that additional studies might be indicated to detect possible beneficial effects in cases of severe or potentially fulminant RMSF. However, because the illness induced in these dogs was of mild to moderate severity, the results of this study should definitely not be construed as supporting the safety or efficacy of prednisolone for treatment of severe canine or human RMSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Breitschwerdt
- Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA.
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Davidson MG, Lappin MR, Rottman JR, Tompkins MB, English RV, Bruce AT, Jayawickrama J. Paradoxical effect of clindamycin in experimental, acute toxoplasmosis in cats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:1352-9. [PMID: 8726000 PMCID: PMC163330 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.6.1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cats were experimentally inoculated parenterally with the ME49 strain of Toxoplasma gondii to characterize the efficacies of two different dosages of orally administered clindamycin hydrochloride in the treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis. Concentrations of clindamycin hydrochloride at levels previously suggested to be inhibitory to T. gondii replication in vitro were achieved in the serum and aqueous humor but not in the cerebrospinal fluid. Antibiotic therapy, initiated 7 days after inoculation, resulted in no significant difference in the morphometric severity of ocular posterior segment lesions compared with that in the control groups. Treatment appeared to blunt T. gondii-specific immunoglobulin M production but had no significant effect on immunoglobulin G titers. Paradoxically, clindamycin administration was associated with increased morbidity and mortality from hepatitis and interstitial pneumonia, which are characteristic of generalized toxoplasmosis. Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha activity was detected at moderate levels in all groups of cats and correlated with the severity of clinical disease. The results of the study suggest that clindamycin, when administered at this specific time interval following inoculation, does not ameliorate ocular lesions and has a detrimental effect on the clinical course of acute, experimental toxoplasmosis in cats. The factors responsible for and the relevance of this detrimental effect to naturally occurring toxoplasmosis in humans and pet cats were not clear from the study but may relate to an antibiotic-associated decrease in the antitoxoplasmic activity of phagocytic cells responsible for the control of T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Davidson
- Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
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Abstract
Intracellular parasites are those which spend most of their lives within host cells. The fluoroquinolones demonstrate favourable intracellular pharmacokinetics for the treatment of intracellular infections; these agents diffuse and accumulate in the phagocytes, mainly in the cytosol, and do not associate with cellular organelles. The fluoroquinolones are generally active against Salmonella spp. in vitro, and have been used successfully in the treatment of typhoid fever, Salmonella bacteraemia in patients with AIDS, and chronic enteric carriage. Fluoroquinolone monotherapy has also been found satisfactory in the treatment of tularaemia and Mediterranean spotted fever. Quinolones, alone or in combination with other agents, have also shown promise in animal models of legionellosis and in limited clinical studies. Quinolones, particularly ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, have notable antimycobacterial activity. Both agents have been used in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs in the treatment of infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. avium-intracellulare complex, rapidly growing mycobacteria and M. leprae, and deserve consideration as part of a multi-drug regimen in otherwise untreatable mycobacterial infections. Clinical data regarding fluoroquinolone monotherapy in brucellosis indicate unacceptable failure rates which preclude the use of these agents in this indication. The quinolones have some efficacy in genital chlamydial infections, but may have limitations in this indication also. In conclusion, as a result of the in vitro activity of the quinolones and their favourable pharmacokinetics, these agents are now an important part of the armamentarium against intracellular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Pechère
- Département de Génétique et Microbiologie, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
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