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De Clercq E, Li G, Zhang Y, Huang J, Tan L. Unachieved antiviral strategies with acyclic nucleoside phosphonates: Dedicated to the memory of dr. Salvatore "Sam" Joseph Enna. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116448. [PMID: 39043335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Many acyclic nucleoside phosphonates such as cidofovir, adefovir dipivoxil, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and tenofovir alafenamide have been marketed for the treatment or prophylaxis of infectious diseases. Here, this review highlights potent acyclic nucleoside phosphonates for their potential in the treatment of retrovirus (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus) and DNA virus (e.g., adeno-, papilloma-, herpes- and poxvirus) infections. If properly assessed and/or optimized, some potent acyclic nucleoside phosphonates can be possibly applied in the control of current and emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Guangdi Li
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Huaihua City Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Clinical Molecular Diagnosis Center, Molecular Diagnostic Technology Hunan Engineering Research Center, Clinical Medical Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha 410011, China.
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2
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Choi SM, Nam YE, An YJ, Choi ER, Park H, Schinazi RF, Cho JH. Direct Synthesis of Aryloxy Phosphonamidate Nucleotide Prodrugs Using the Cross Metathesis Assisted by Ultrasonic Irradiation. Org Lett 2024; 26:4841-4846. [PMID: 38381649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
A direct synthetic strategy of aryloxy phosphonamidate nucleotide prodrugs (A, G, C, and U) was developed with the CM reaction assisted by ultrasonic irradiation and partitioned addition of 12 mol % of Hoveyda-Grubbs (H-G) II catalyst in 61-82% yields as a mixture of E-/Z-isomers (∼2:1) from aryloxy vinylphosponamidate and 5'-vinyl nucleoside moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Myeong Choi
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Ye Eun Nam
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Yeon Jin An
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Eun Rang Choi
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Hyejin Park
- Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
- Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
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3
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De Clercq E. Selected Milestones in Antiviral Drug Development. Viruses 2024; 16:169. [PMID: 38399945 PMCID: PMC10891914 DOI: 10.3390/v16020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This review article will describe the (wide) variety of approaches that I envisaged to develop a specific therapy for viral infections: (i) interferon and its inducers, (ii) HSV, VZV and CMV inhibitors, (iii) NRTIs (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors), NtRTIs (nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors) and NNRTIs (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors) as HIV inhibitors, (iv) NtRTIs as HBV inhibitors, and finally, (v) the transition of an HIV inhibitor to a stem cell mobilizer, as exemplified by AMD-3100 (Mozobil®).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Jia X, Kullik GA, Bufano M, Brancale A, Schols D, Meier C. Membrane-permeable tenofovir-di- and monophosphate analogues. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:116020. [PMID: 38086193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The development of new antiviral agents such as nucleoside analogues or acyclic nucleotide analogues (ANPs) and prodrugs thereof is an ongoing task. We report on the synthesis of three types of lipophilic triphosphate analogues of (R)-PMPA and dialkylated diphosphate analogues of (R)-PMPA. A highly selective release of the different nucleotide analogues ((R)-PMPA-DP, (R)-PMPA-MP, and (R)-PMPA) from these compounds was achieved. All dialkylated (R)-PMPA-prodrugs proved to be very stable in PBS as well as in CEM/0 cell extracts and human plasma. In primer extension assays, both the monoalkylated and the dialkylated (R)-PMPA-DP derivatives acted as (R)-PMPA-DP as a substrate for HIV-RT. In contrast, no incorporation events were observed using human polymerase γ. The dialkylated (R)-PMPA-compounds exhibited significant anti-HIV efficacy in HIV-1/2 infected cells (CEM/0 and CEM/TK-). Remarkably, the dialkylated (R)-PMPA-MP derivative 9a showed a 326-fold improved activity as compared to (R)-PMPA in HIV-2 infected CEM/TK- cells as well as a very high SI of 14,000. We are convinced that this study may significantly contribute to advancing antiviral agents developed based on nucleotide analogues in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giuliano A Kullik
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marianna Bufano
- Dipartimento Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Facoltà di Farmacia e Medicina, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Brancale
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Vysoká Škola Chemicko-Technologická v Praze, Technická 5, 16628, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany; Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, DESY Campus, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany.
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Zdun B, Reiter T, Kroutil W, Borowiecki P. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Tenofovir. J Org Chem 2023; 88:11045-11055. [PMID: 37467462 PMCID: PMC10407936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
We report on novel chemoenzymatic routes toward tenofovir using low-cost starting materials and commercial or homemade enzyme preparations as biocatalysts. The biocatalytic key step was accomplished either via stereoselective reduction using an alcohol dehydrogenase or via kinetic resolution using a lipase. By employing a suspension of immobilized lipase from Burkholderia cepacia (Amano PS-IM) in a mixture of vinyl acetate and toluene, the desired (R)-ester (99% ee) was obtained on a 500 mg scale (60 mM) in 47% yield. Alternatively, stereoselective reduction of 1-(6-chloro-9H-purin-9-yl) propan-2-one (84 mg, 100 mM) catalyzed by lyophilized E. coli cells harboring recombinant alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) from Lactobacillus kefir (E. coli/Lk-ADH Prince) allowed one to reach quantitative conversion, 86% yield and excellent optical purity (>99% ee) of the corresponding (R)-alcohol. The key (R)-intermediate was transformed into tenofovir through "one-pot" aminolysis-hydrolysis of (R)-acetate in NH3-saturated methanol, alkylation of the resulting (R)-alcohol with tosylated diethyl(hydroxymethyl) phosphonate, and bromotrimethylsilane (TMSBr)-mediated cleavage of the formed phosphonate ester into the free phosphonic acid. The elaborated enzymatic strategy could be applicable in the asymmetric synthesis of tenofovir prodrug derivatives, including 5'-disoproxil fumarate (TDF, Viread) and 5'-alafenamide (TAF, Vemlidy). The molecular basis of the stereoselectivity of the employed ADHs was revealed by molecular docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Zdun
- Laboratory
of Biocatalysis and Biotransformation, Department of Drugs Technology
and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tamara Reiter
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz,
BioTechMed Graz, Field of Excellence BioHealth, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz,
BioTechMed Graz, Field of Excellence BioHealth, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Paweł Borowiecki
- Laboratory
of Biocatalysis and Biotransformation, Department of Drugs Technology
and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
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De Clercq E. Hydrogen Bonding (Base Pairing) in Antiviral Activity. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051145. [PMID: 37243232 DOI: 10.3390/v15051145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Base pairing based on hydrogen bonding has, since its inception, been crucial in the antiviral activity of arabinosyladenine, 2'-deoxyuridines (i.e., IDU, TFT, BVDU), acyclic nucleoside analogues (i.e., acyclovir) and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Base pairing based on hydrogen bonding also plays a key role in the mechanism of action of various acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) such as adefovir, tenofovir, cidofovir and O-DAPYs, thus explaining their activity against a wide array of DNA viruses (human hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency (HIV) and human herpes viruses (i.e., human cytomegalovirus)). Hydrogen bonding (base pairing) also seems to be involved in the inhibitory activity of Cf1743 (and its prodrug FV-100) against varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and in the activity of sofosbuvir against hepatitis C virus and that of remdesivir against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Hydrogen bonding (base pairing) may also explain the broad-spectrum antiviral effects of ribavirin and favipiravir. This may lead to lethal mutagenesis (error catastrophe), as has been demonstrated with molnutegravir in its activity against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Chen JW, Cao XY, Qi X, Zhang JM. Effect of nucleos(t)ide analogues on blood lipid profiles in patients with chronic hepatitis B: A cross-sectional survey. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31980. [PMID: 36550809 PMCID: PMC9771272 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effects of the 3 nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) on lipid levels. We retrospectively included patients treated with NAs at 2 centers and collected their clinical data at their visiting points. Differences in blood lipid levels were analyzed by statistical methods, and factors related to hyperlipidemia were discussed. In these 2 centers, the prevalence rates of hypercholesterolemia were 12/181 (6.6%) for tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF)-, 0/158 (0%) for tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-, and 13/182 (7.1%) for entecavir (ETV)-treated individuals (P = .003). The prevalence rates of hypertriglyceridemia were 30/181 (16.6%) for TAF-, 11/158 (7.0%) for TDF-, and 26/182 (14.3%) for ETV-treated individuals (P = .025). In TAF (n = 181, 10 [6, 15] months), TDF (n = 158, 18 [7.5, 45] months), and ETV (n = 182, 24 [10, 60] months) groups, total cholesterol (TC) levels were 4.63 ± 0.91 mmol/L, 3.86 ± 0.61 mmol/L, and 4.53 ± 0.87 mmol/L, respectively; triglyceride (TG) levels were 1.27 ± 0.76 mmol/L, 0.87 ± 0.51 mmol/L, and 1.14 ± 0.67 mmol/L, respectively (P < .001). In multivariate regression analysis, factors associated with hypercholesterolemia were age (adjusted hazard risk [HR] = 1.055 [1.018-1.094]; P = .003) and body mass index (BMI) (adjusted HR = 0.817 [0.669-0.998]; P = .048). Factors associated with hypertriglyceridemia were TAF group (vs. TDF group) (adjusted HR = 0.405 [0.167-0.980]; P = .045), age (adjusted HR = 1.028 [1.002-1.055]; P = .038), and sex (adjusted HR = 0.190 [0.079-0.456]; P < .001). Among the patients treated with TAF (10 [6, 15] months), TDF (18 [7.5, 45] months), and ETV (24 [10, 60] months), the blood lipid levels in the TDF group were lower than those in the TAF group and ETV group, and the occurrence of hyperlipidemia was associated with age, sex, BMI, and different treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiong Yue Cao
- Department of Liver Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Qi
- Department of Liver Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Ming Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * Correspondence: Ji Ming Zhang, MD, PhD, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China (e-mail: )
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8
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Clercq ED. Reflections on the Rega Institute for Medical Research, at the fiftieth anniversary of the Rega Stichting vzw (Rega Instituut vzw, Rega Foundation). Antivir Chem Chemother 2022; 30:20402066221129979. [PMID: 36305032 PMCID: PMC9618749 DOI: 10.1177/20402066221129979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea to start the Rega Foundation was conceived in 1971 at an informal meeting organized by Prof. Piet De Somer (where Prof. Alfons Billiau, Prof. André Vlerick and I were also present), before the Foundation was formally created in 1972. From the early years some antiviral compounds, such as BVDU and the aminoacyl esters of acyclovir (from which ultimately valacyclovir evolved) originated. The advent of AIDS in 1981 and the discovery of the etiologic agent (HIV) thereof in 1983 have led to the identification of an avalanche of anti-HIV compounds in which the Rega Institute has played a primordial role. Foremost among these compounds was tenofovir, discovered in collaboration with Antonín Holý from the IOCB (Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry) in Prague. Tenofovir laid the basis for the treatment of HIV (AIDS) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections, and in combination with emtricitabine it was the first chemical ever approved by the US FDA (Food and Drug Administration) for the prophylaxis of HIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Erik De Clercq, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Amblard F, Patel D, Michailidis E, Coats SJ, Kasthuri M, Biteau N, Tber Z, Ehteshami M, Schinazi RF. HIV nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 240:114554. [PMID: 35792384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
More than 40 years into the pandemic, HIV remains a global burden and as of now, there is no cure in sight. Fortunately, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been developed to manage and suppress HIV infection. Combinations of two to three drugs targeting key viral proteins, including compounds inhibiting HIV reverse transcriptase (RT), have become the cornerstone of HIV treatment. This review discusses nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), including chain terminators, delayed chain terminators, nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitors (NRTTIs), and nucleotide competing RT inhibitors (NcRTIs); focusing on their history, mechanism of action, resistance, and current clinical application, including long-acting regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Amblard
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Dharmeshkumar Patel
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Eleftherios Michailidis
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Steven J Coats
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mahesh Kasthuri
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Nicolas Biteau
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zahira Tber
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Maryam Ehteshami
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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The Elegance of the Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates (ANPs), Honorary Tribute to Antonín Holý, Who Passed Away on 16 July 2012, at the 10th Anniversary of His Death. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091978. [PMID: 36146783 PMCID: PMC9503179 DOI: 10.3390/v14091978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
My collaboration with Prof. Antonín Holý, that spans a period of 3–4 decades (1976–2012), led to the discovery of several acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) which were clinically developed by Gilead Sciences: cidofovir, adefovir, and tenofovir. The latter was further converted to two orally bioavailable prodrug forms, TDF and TAF, and both TDF and TAF were further combined with other antiviral drugs, thus giving rise to a broad array of antiviral drug combinations for the treatment of HIV infections. TDF and TAF are both available for the treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections, and, in combination with emtricitabine, also applicable as Truvada® and Descovy®, respectively, for the prophylaxis of HIV infections.
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Hong X, Cai Z, Zhou F, Jin X, Wang G, Ouyang B, Zhang J. Improved pharmacokinetics of tenofovir ester prodrugs strengthened the inhibition of HBV replication and the rebalance of hepatocellular metabolism in preclinical models. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:932934. [PMID: 36105197 PMCID: PMC9465247 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.932934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenofovir (TFV) ester prodrugs, a class of nucleotide analogs (NAs), are the first-line clinical anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) drugs with potent antiviral efficacy, low resistance rate and high safety. In this work, three marketed TFV ester drugs, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) and tenofovir amibufenamide fumarate (TMF), were used as probes to investigate the relationships among prodrug structures, pharmacokinetic characteristics, metabolic activations, pharmacological responses and to reveal the key factors of TFV ester prodrug design. The results indicated that TMF and TAF exhibited significantly stronger inhibition of HBV DNA replication than did TDF in HBV-positive HepG2.2.15 cells. The anti-HBV activity of TMF was slightly stronger than TAF after 9 days of treatment (EC50 7.29 ± 0.71 nM vs. 12.17 ± 0.56 nM). Similar results were observed in the HBV decline period post drug administration to the HBV transgenic mouse model, although these three TFV prodrugs finally achieved the same anti-HBV effect after 42 days treatments. Furthermore, TFV ester prodrugs showed a correcting effect on disordered host hepatic biochemical metabolism, including TCA cycle, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, purine/pyrimidine metabolism, amino acid metabolism, ketone body metabolism and phospholipid metabolism. The callback effects of the three TFV ester prodrugs were ranked as TMF > TAF > TDF. These advantages of TMF were believed to be attributed to its greater bioavailability in preclinical animals (SD rats, C57BL/6 mice and beagle dogs) and better target loading, especially in terms of the higher hepatic level of the pharmacologically active metabolite TFV-DP, which was tightly related to anti-HBV efficacy. Further analysis indicated that stability in intestinal fluid determined the actual amount of TFV prodrug at the absorption site, and hepatic/intestinal stability determined the maintenance amount of prodrug in circulation, both of which influenced the oral bioavailability of TFV prodrugs. In conclusion, our research revealed that improved pharmacokinetics of TFV ester prodrugs (especially intestinal stability) strengthened the inhibition of HBV replication and the rebalance of hepatocellular metabolism, which provides new insights and a basis for the design, modification and evaluation of new TFV prodrugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Hong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zuhuan Cai
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoliang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Guangji Wang, ; Bingchen Ouyang, ; Jingwei Zhang,
| | - Bingchen Ouyang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Guangji Wang, ; Bingchen Ouyang, ; Jingwei Zhang,
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Guangji Wang, ; Bingchen Ouyang, ; Jingwei Zhang,
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12
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Tan S, Groaz E, Kalkeri R, Ptak R, Korba BE, Herdewijn P. Reshaping an Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate into a Selective Anti-hepatitis B Virus Compound. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9396-9417. [PMID: 35754374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Minor structural modifications of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates can dramatically affect their antiviral properties. This work discloses a shift in the selectivity spectrum of 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl (HPMP) nucleotides from herpesviruses toward hepatitis B virus (HBV) induced by their acyclic chain 2-substitution with a nonpolar group. Two series of racemic (R,S)-2-methyl-3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl (MHPMP) and (R,S)-2-ethynyl-3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl (EHPMP) nucleotides were initially synthesized. Among these, guanine-containing derivatives exhibited significant anti-HBV activities in the submicromolar range. Enantioenriched MHPMPG and EHPMPG analogues were subsequently obtained by Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation. The (S)-enantiomers possessed an 8- to 26-fold higher potency than the relative (R)-forms. A further comparison of the EC90 values indicated that (S)-EHPMPG inhibited HBV replication more effectively than its 2-methyl analogue. A phosphonodiamidate prodrug of (S)-EHPMPG was thus prepared and found to exert a remarkably high anti-HBV activity (EC50 = 9.27 nM) with excellent selectivity (SI50 > 10,787), proving to be a promising candidate for anti-HBV drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Tan
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Raj Kalkeri
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development, Southern Research Institute, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Roger Ptak
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development, Southern Research Institute, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Brent E Korba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 20057 Washington, D.C., United States
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Li G, Wang Y, De Clercq E. Approved HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors in the past decade. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1567-1590. [PMID: 35847492 PMCID: PMC9279714 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors are the important components of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAARTs) for anti-HIV treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis in clinical practice. Many RT inhibitors and their combination regimens have been approved in the past ten years, but a review on their drug discovery, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy is lacking. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of RT inhibitors (tenofovir alafenamide, rilpivirine, doravirine, dapivirine, azvudine and elsulfavirine) approved in the past decade, regarding their drug discovery, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy in randomized controlled trials. Novel RT inhibitors such as islatravir, MK-8504, MK-8507, MK8583, IQP-0528, and MIV-150 will be also highlighted. Future development may focus on the new generation of novel antiretroviral inhibitors with higher bioavailability, longer elimination half-life, more favorable side-effect profiles, fewer drug-drug interactions, and higher activities against circulating drug-resistant strains.
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Key Words
- 3TC, (−)-2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine (common name, lamivudine)
- ABC, abacavir
- ATV, atazanavir
- AZT, 3′-azido-3′-deoxy-thymidine (common name, zidovudine)
- BIC, bictegravir
- CAB, cabotegravir
- CC50, the 50% cytotoxic concentration
- COBI, cobicistat
- Clinical efficacy
- DOR, doravirine
- DPV, dapivirine
- DRV, darunavir
- DTG, dolutegravir
- EACS, European AIDS Clinical Society
- EC50, half maximal effective concentration
- EFV, efavirenz
- ESV, elsulfavirine
- EVG, elvitegravir
- F, bioavailability
- FDA, US Food and Drug Administration
- FTC, (−)-2′,3′-dideoxy-5-fluoro-3′-thiacytidine (common name, emtricitabine)
- HAART
- HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy
- HIV treatment
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IAS-USA, International Antiviral Society-USA
- IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentration
- MSM, men who have sex with men
- NNRTI
- NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
- NRTI
- NRTI, nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor
- RPV, rilpivirine
- TAF, tenofovir alafenamide
- TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
- t1/2, elimination half-life
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdi Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
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14
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Abstract
Tenofovir alafenamide fumarate is a lipophilic prodrug of tenofovir which is preferentially metabolized in lymphatic tissue resulting in high concentrations of tenofovir (TFV) and its active diphosphate metabolite inside the cells that replicate HIV. Due to its selectivity for these tissues, lower total doses of TAF can be administered relative to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) which results in improved bone and renal biomarkers. Tenofovir alafenamide fumarate has become the “backbone” of multiple combination products for the treatment of HIV, combined with emtricitabine for PreP and as a monotherapy for the treatment or HBV.
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15
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Beus M, Persoons L, Daelemans D, Schols D, Savijoki K, Varmanen P, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Pavić K, Zorc B. Anthranilamides with quinoline and β-carboline scaffolds: design, synthesis, and biological activity. Mol Divers 2022; 26:2595-2612. [PMID: 34997441 PMCID: PMC8741576 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we report the design and synthesis of novel amide-type hybrid molecules based on anthranilic acid and quinoline or β-carboline heterocyclic scaffolds. Three types of biological screenings were performed: (i) in vitro antiproliferative screening against a panel of solid tumor and leukemia cell lines, (ii) antiviral screening against several RNA viruses, and (iii) anti-quorum sensing screening using gram-negative Chromobacterium violaceum as the reporter strain. Antiproliferative screening revealed a high activity of several compounds. Anthranilamides 12 and 13 with chloroquine core and halogenated anthranilic acid were the most active agents toward diverse cancer cell lines such as glioblastoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, lung carcinoma, acute lymphoblastic, acute myeloid, chronic myeloid leukemia, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, but also against noncancerous cell lines. Boc-protected analogs 2 and 3 showed moderate activities against the tested cancer cells without toxic effects against noncancerous cells. A nonhalogenated quinoline derivative 10 with N-benzylanthranilic acid residue was equally active as 12 and 13 and selective toward tumor cells. Chloroquine and quinoline anthranilamides 10-13 exerted pronounced antiviral effect against human coronaviruses 229E and OC43, whereas 12 and 13 against coronavirus OC43 (EC50 values in low micromolar range; selectivity indices from 4.6 to > 10.4). Anthranilamides 14 and 16 with PQ core inhibited HIV-1 with EC50 values of 9.3 and 14.1 µM, respectively. Compound 13 displayed significant anti-quorum/biofilm effect against the quorum sensing reporter strain (IC50 of 3.7 μM) with no apparent bactericidal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Beus
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Leentje Persoons
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kirsi Savijoki
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Varmanen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristina Pavić
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Branka Zorc
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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16
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Krečmerová M, Majer P, Rais R, Slusher BS. Phosphonates and Phosphonate Prodrugs in Medicinal Chemistry: Past Successes and Future Prospects. Front Chem 2022; 10:889737. [PMID: 35668826 PMCID: PMC9163707 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.889737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Compounds with a phosphonate group, i.e., -P(O)(OH)2 group attached directly to the molecule via a P-C bond serve as suitable non-hydrolyzable phosphate mimics in various biomedical applications. In principle, they often inhibit enzymes utilizing various phosphates as substrates. In this review we focus mainly on biologically active phosphonates that originated from our institute (Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry in Prague); i.e., acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs, e.g., adefovir, tenofovir, and cidofovir) and derivatives of non-nucleoside phosphonates such as 2-(phosphonomethyl) pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA). Principal strategies of their syntheses and modifications to prodrugs is reported. Besides clinically used ANP antivirals, a special attention is paid to new biologically active molecules with respect to emerging infections and arising resistance of many pathogens against standard treatments. These new structures include 2,4-diamino-6-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethoxy]pyrimidines or so-called "open-ring" derivatives, acyclic nucleoside phosphonates with 5-azacytosine as a base moiety, side-chain fluorinated ANPs, aza/deazapurine ANPs. When transformed into an appropriate prodrug by derivatizing their charged functionalities, all these compounds show promising potential to become drug candidates for the treatment of viral infections. ANP prodrugs with suitable pharmacokinetics include amino acid phosphoramidates, pivaloyloxymethyl (POM) and isopropoxycarbonyloxymethyl (POC) esters, alkyl and alkoxyalkyl esters, salicylic esters, (methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-yl) methyl (ODOL) esters and peptidomimetic prodrugs. We also focus on the story of cytostatics related to 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]guanine and its prodrugs which eventually led to development of the veterinary drug rabacfosadine. Various new ANP structures are also currently investigated as antiparasitics, especially antimalarial agents e.g., guanine and hypoxanthine derivatives with 2-(phosphonoethoxy)ethyl moiety, their thia-analogues and N-branched derivatives. In addition to ANPs and their analogs, we also describe prodrugs of 2-(phosphonomethyl)pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA), a potent inhibitor of the enzyme glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), also known as prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Glutamate carboxypeptidase II inhibitors, including 2-PMPA have been found efficacious in various preclinical models of neurological disorders which are caused by glutamatergic excitotoxicity. Unfortunately its highly polar character and hence low bioavailability severely limits its potential for clinical use. To overcome this problem, various prodrug strategies have been used to mask carboxylates and/or phosphonate functionalities with pivaloyloxymethyl, POC, ODOL and alkyl esters. Chemistry and biological characterization led to identification of prodrugs with 44-80 fold greater oral bioavailability (tetra-ODOL-2-PMPA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Krečmerová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Marcela Krečmerová,
| | - Pavel Majer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia
| | - Rana Rais
- Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neuroscience, Medicine, Oncology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, MD, United States
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17
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Tribute to John C. Martin at the Twentieth Anniversary of the Breakthrough of Tenofovir in the Treatment of HIV Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122410. [PMID: 34960679 PMCID: PMC8705530 DOI: 10.3390/v13122410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
At Bristol-Myers (BM) (1985–1990), John C. Martin started his HIV career with directing the clinical development of didanosine (ddI) and stavudine (d4T). During this period, he became aware of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs), such as (S)-HPMPA and PMEA, as potential antiviral drugs. Under his impulse, BM got involved in the evaluation of these ANPs, but the merger of BM with Squibb (to become BMS) incited John to leave BM and join Gilead Sciences, and the portfolio of the ANPs followed the transition. At Gilead, John succeeded in obtaining the approval from the US FDA for the use of cidofovir in the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients, which was reminiscent of John’s first experience with ganciclovir (at Syntex) as an anti-CMV agent. At Gilead, John would then engineer the development of tenofovir, first as TDF (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) and then as TAF (tenofovir alafenamide) and various combinations thereof, for the treatment of HIV infections (i), TDF and TAF for the treatment of hepatitis B (HBV) infections (ii), and TDF and TAF in combination with emtricitabine for the prophylaxis of HIV infections (iii).
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18
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Kalčic F, Zgarbová M, Hodek J, Chalupský K, Dračínský M, Dvořáková A, Strmeň T, Šebestík J, Baszczyňski O, Weber J, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Janeba Z. Discovery of Modified Amidate (ProTide) Prodrugs of Tenofovir with Enhanced Antiviral Properties. J Med Chem 2021; 64:16425-16449. [PMID: 34713696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the discovery of novel prodrugs bearing tyrosine derivatives instead of the phenol moiety present in FDA-approved tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF). The synthesis was optimized to afford diastereomeric mixtures of novel prodrugs in one pot (yields up to 86%), and the epimers were resolved using a chiral HPLC column into fast-eluting and slow-eluting epimers. In human lymphocytes, the most efficient tyrosine-based prodrug reached a single-digit picomolar EC50 value against HIV-1 and nearly 300-fold higher selectivity index (SI) compared to TAF. In human hepatocytes, the most efficient prodrugs exhibited subnanomolar EC50 values for HBV and up to 26-fold higher SI compared to TAF. Metabolic studies demonstrated markedly higher cellular uptake of the prodrugs and substantially higher levels of released tenofovir inside the cells compared to TAF. These promising results provide a strong foundation for further evaluation of the reported prodrugs and their potential utility in the development of highly potent antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kalčic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michala Zgarbová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hodek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Chalupský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Dvořáková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Timotej Strmeň
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Šebestík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Baszczyňski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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19
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Variability in the response of HBV D-subgenotypes to antiviral therapy: designing pan D-subgenotypic reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J Virol 2021; 96:e0180021. [PMID: 34730399 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01800-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleos(t)ide analogues entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) are recommended as first-line monotherapies for chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Multiple HBV genotypes/subgenotypes have been described, but their impact on treatment response remains largely elusive. We investigated the effectiveness of ETV/TDF on HBV/D-subgenotypes, D1/D2/D3/D5, studied the structural/functional differences in subgenotype-specific reverse transcriptase (RT) domains of viral polymerase and identified novel molecules with robust inhibitory activity on various D-subgenotypes. Transfection of Huh7 cells with full-length D1/D2/D3/D5 and in vitro TDF/ETV susceptibility assays demonstrated that D1/D2 had greater susceptibility to TDF/ETV while D3/D5 exhibited poorer response. Additionally, HBV load was substantially reduced in TDF-treated CHB patients carrying D1/D2 but minimally reduced in D3/D5-infected patients. Comparison of RT sequences of D-subgenotypes led to identification of unique subgenotype-specific residues and molecular modeling/docking/simulation studies depicted differential bindings of TDF/ETV to the active site of their respective RTs. Replacement of signature residues in D3/D5 HBV clones with corresponding amino acids seen in D1/D2 improved their susceptibility to TDF/ETV. Using high throughput virtual screening, we identified N(9)-[3-fluoro-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl] (FPMP) derivatives of purine bases, including N6-substituted (S)-FPMP derivative of 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP) (OB-123-VK), as potential binders of RT of different D-subgenotypes. We synthesized (S)-FPMPG prodrugs (FK-381-FEE/FK-381-SEE/FK-382) and tested their effectiveness along with OB-123-VK. Both OB-123-VK and FK-381-FEE exerted similar antiviral activities against all D-subgenotypes, although FK-381-FEE was more potent. Our study highlighted the natural variation in therapeutic response of D1/D2/D3/D5 and emphasized the need for HBV subgenotype determination before treatment. Novel molecules described here could benefit future design/discovery of pan-D-subgenotypic inhibitors. Importance: Current treatment of chronic hepatitis B relies heavily on nucleotide/nucleoside analogs in particular, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and entecavir (ETV) to keep HBV replication under control and prevent end-stage liver diseases. However, it was unclear whether the therapeutic effects of TDF/ETV differ among patients infected with different HBV genotypes and subgenotypes. HBV genotype D is the most widespread of all HBV genotypes and multiple D-subgenotypes have been described. We here report that different subgenotypes of HBV genotype-D exhibit variable response towards TDF and ETV and this could be attributed to naturally occurring amino acid changes in the reverse transcriptase domain of the subgenotype-specific polymerase. Further, we identified novel molecules and also synthesized prodrugs that are equally effective on different D-subgenotypes and could facilitate management of HBV/D-infected patients irrespective of D-subgenotype.
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20
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Cheng Z, Lin P, Cheng N. HBV/HIV Coinfection: Impact on the Development and Clinical Treatment of Liver Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:713981. [PMID: 34676223 PMCID: PMC8524435 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.713981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a common contributor to chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Approximately 10% of people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) also have chronic HBV co-infection, owing to shared transmission routes. HIV/HBV coinfection accelerates the progression of chronic HBV to cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, or hepatocellular carcinoma compared to chronic HBV mono-infection. HBV/HIV coinfection alters the natural history of hepatitis B and renders the antiviral treatment more complex. In this report, we conducted a critical review on the epidemiology, natural history, and pathogenesis of liver diseases related to HBV/HIV coinfection. We summarized the novel therapeutic options for these coinfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimeng Cheng
- Department of Bile Duct Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Panpan Lin
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nansheng Cheng
- Department of Bile Duct Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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21
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Precursors of Viral Proteases as Distinct Drug Targets. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101981. [PMID: 34696411 PMCID: PMC8537868 DOI: 10.3390/v13101981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral proteases are indispensable for successful virion maturation, thus making them a prominent drug target. Their enzyme activity is tightly spatiotemporally regulated by expression in the precursor form with little or no activity, followed by activation via autoprocessing. These cleavage events are frequently triggered upon transportation to a specific compartment inside the host cell. Typically, precursor oligomerization or the presence of a co-factor is needed for activation. A detailed understanding of these mechanisms will allow ligands with non-canonical mechanisms of action to be designed, which would specifically modulate the initial irreversible steps of viral protease autoactivation. Binding sites exclusive to the precursor, including binding sites beyond the protease domain, can be exploited. Both inhibition and up-regulation of the proteolytic activity of viral proteases can be detrimental for the virus. All these possibilities are discussed using examples of medically relevant viruses including herpesviruses, adenoviruses, retroviruses, picornaviruses, caliciviruses, togaviruses, flaviviruses, and coronaviruses.
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22
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Zane D, Roller S, Shelton J, Singh R, Jain R, Wang Y, Yang B, Felx M, Alessi T, Feldman PL. A 28-Day Toxicity Study of Tenofovir Alafenamide Hemifumarate by Subcutaneous Infusion in Rats and Dogs. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0033921. [PMID: 34190595 PMCID: PMC8552772 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00339-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxicity of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) hemifumarate (HF) was evaluated when administered by continuous subcutaneous (s.c.) infusion via an external infusion pump for 28 days to rats and dogs. The toxicokinetics of TAF and two metabolites, tenofovir (TFV) and tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) were also evaluated. After administration of TAF HF in rats and dogs, primary systemic findings supported an inflammatory response that was considered minimal to mild. Gross pathology and histopathologic evaluation of tissue surrounding the s.c. infusion site revealed signs of inflammation, including edema, mass formation, fibrosis, and mononuclear cell inflammation in groups receiving ≥300 μg/kg/day in rats and ≥25 μg/day in dogs. Although these changes were observed in animals receiving vehicle, the severity was greater in animals receiving TAF HF. Changes in the local tissue were considered a TAF HF-mediated exacerbation of an inflammatory response to the presence of the catheter. In rats, systemic and local findings were considered not adverse due to their low severity and reversibility; therefore, the "no observed adverse effect level" (NOAEL) was set at 1,000 μg/kg/day. Because none of the systemic findings were related to systemic exposure to TAF, the systemic NOAEL was set at 250 μg/kg/day in dogs. Due to the severity of the observations noted, a NOAEL for local toxicity could not be established. Although these results might allow for exploration of tolerability and pharmacokinetics of s.c. administered TAF HF in humans, data suggest a local reaction may develop in humans at doses below a clinically relevant dose. IMPORTANCE Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection continues to be a serious global human health issue, with ∼38 million people living with HIV worldwide at the end of 2019. HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has introduced the use of antiretroviral therapies as another helpful tool for slowing the spread of HIV worldwide. One possible solution to the problem of inconsistent access and poor adherence to HIV PrEP therapies is the development of subcutaneous (s.c.) depots or s.c. implantable devices that continuously administer protective levels of an HIV PrEP therapy for weeks, months, or even years at a time. We evaluate here the toxicity of tenofovir alafenamide, a potent inhibitor or HIV replication, after continuous s.c. infusion in rats and dogs for HIV PrEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Zane
- Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Hayward, California, USA
| | - Shane Roller
- Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Research Triangle Park, California, USA
| | | | - Roshni Singh
- Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Hayward, California, USA
| | - Rachna Jain
- Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Hayward, California, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Hayward, California, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Hayward, California, USA
| | - Melanie Felx
- Charles River Laboratories, Senneville, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas Alessi
- Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Hayward, California, USA
| | - Paul L. Feldman
- Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Research Triangle Park, California, USA
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23
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Ruiz-Santaquiteria M, Illescas BM, Abdelnabi R, Boonen A, Mills A, Martí-Marí O, Noppen S, Neyts J, Schols D, Gago F, San-Félix A, Camarasa MJ, Martín N. Multivalent Tryptophan- and Tyrosine-Containing [60]Fullerene Hexa-Adducts as Dual HIV and Enterovirus A71 Entry Inhibitors. Chemistry 2021; 27:10700-10710. [PMID: 33851758 PMCID: PMC8361981 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Unprecedented 3D hexa‐adducts of [60]fullerene peripherally decorated with twelve tryptophan (Trp) or tyrosine (Tyr) residues have been synthesized. Studies on the antiviral activity of these novel compounds against HIV and EV71 reveal that they are much more potent against HIV and equally active against EV71 than the previously described dendrimer prototypes AL‐385 and AL‐463, which possess the same number of Trp/Tyr residues on the periphery but attached to a smaller and more flexible pentaerythritol core. These results demonstrate the relevance of the globular 3D presentation of the peripheral groups (Trp/Tyr) as well as the length of the spacer connecting them to the central core to interact with the viral envelopes, particularly in the case of HIV, and support the hypothesis that [60]fullerene can be an alternative and attractive biocompatible carbon‐based scaffold for this type of highly symmetrical dendrimers. In addition, the functionalized fullerenes here described, which display twelve peripheral negatively charged indole moieties on their globular surface, define a new and versatile class of compounds with a promising potential in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ruiz-Santaquiteria
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz M Illescas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Boonen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alberto Mills
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y Unidad Asociada IQM-UAH, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olaia Martí-Marí
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), IQM-CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sam Noppen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Federico Gago
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y Unidad Asociada IQM-UAH, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana San-Félix
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), IQM-CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA-Nanoscience, C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Liu FW, Ji S, Gao Y, Meng Y, Xu W, Wang H, Yang J, Huang H, Herdewijn P, Wang C. Synthesis and in vitro antitumour activity of 4(R)-methyl-3-O-phosphonomethyl-α-l-threose nucleosides. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 221:113513. [PMID: 34000485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel α-l-threose nucleoside phosphonate analogs, 4(R)-methyl-3-O-phosphonomethyl-α-l-threose nucleosides, were synthesized in multistep sequences starting from d-xylose. The synthetic sequence consisted of the following key stages: (i) the multistep synthesis of 1,2-O-isopropylidenyl-4(R)-methyl-3-O-phosphonomethyl-l-threose, (ii) the transformation of 1,2-O-isopropylidenyl sugar into suitable 1,2-di-O-acyl l-threose precursor, and (iii) the construction of target α-l-threose nucleoside phosphonate analogs by Vorbrüggen glycosidation reaction, deprotection of acyl group, and hydrolysis of diethyl group on phosphonate. The target nucleoside phosphonates were evaluated for their antitumour activities in cell culture-based assays. Compound 8g, 2-fluroadenosine phosphonate, showed remarkable activity against human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) with IC50 values of 0.476 and 0.391 μM, corresponding to 41- and 47-fold higher potency than the reference compound 5-FU, respectively. Subsequent investigations found that the compound 8g can inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells and cell cloning. The mechanistic studies indicated that compound 8g could cause DNA damage to breast cancer cells through the ATM-Chk1/Chk2-cdc25c pathway, leading to blockage of the G2/M phase cycle of breast cancer cells, which ultimately led to apoptosis. Moreover, 8g could inhibit the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and induce apoptosis. These results indicate that compound 8g holds promising potential as an antitumour agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Wu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| | - Shujie Ji
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Yingying Gao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Yao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Wenke Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Hao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
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25
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Tenofovir, Another Inexpensive, Well-Known and Widely Available Old Drug Repurposed for SARS-COV-2 Infection. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050454. [PMID: 34064831 PMCID: PMC8150375 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is spreading worldwide with different clinical manifestations. Age and comorbidities may explain severity in critical cases and people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) might be at particularly high risk for severe progression. Nonetheless, current data, although sometimes contradictory, do not confirm higher morbidity, risk of more severe COVID-19 or higher mortality in HIV-infected people with complete access to antiretroviral therapy (ART). A possible protective role of ART has been hypothesized to explain these observations. Anti-viral drugs used to treat HIV infection have been repurposed for COVID-19 treatment; this is also based on previous studies on severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome virus (MERS-CoV). Among them, lopinavir/ritonavir, an inhibitor of viral protease, was extensively used early in the pandemic but it was soon abandoned due to lack of effectiveness in clinical trials. However, remdesivir, a nucleotide analog that acts as reverse-transcriptase inhibitor, which was tested early during the pandemic because of its wide range of antiviral activity against several RNA viruses and its safety profile, is currently the only antiviral medication approved for COVID-19. Tenofovir, another nucleotide analog used extensively for HIV treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), has also been hypothesized as effective in COVID-19. No data on tenofovir's efficacy in coronavirus infections other than COVID-19 are currently available, although information relating to SARS-CoV-2 infection is starting to come out. Here, we review the currently available evidence on tenofovir's efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.
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26
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Tan S, Groaz E, Prichard MN, Kalkeri R, Ptak R, Herdewijn P. Introduction of a cyano group at the 2-position of an ( R, S)-3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl (HPMP) derivative of thymine elicits selective anti-HBV activity. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:804-808. [PMID: 34124679 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00086a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The substantial impact of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) on human medicine encourages the synthesis of new ANP analogues with a potentially differentiated antiviral spectrum. Herein, we demonstrate the functionalization of the 2-position of the (R,S)-3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl side-chain of an inactive ANP with a polar cyano group to generate a thymine analogue with selective inhibition of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication (SI > 302; EC50 = 0.33 μM), without significant antiretroviral activity. These findings suggest new strategies to synthesize unique ANPs with a targeted antiviral profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Tan
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry Herestraat 49-Box 1041 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry Herestraat 49-Box 1041 3000 Leuven Belgium .,Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova Via Marzolo 5 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Mark N Prichard
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL 35294-3412 USA
| | - Raj Kalkeri
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development, Southern Research Institute 431 Aviation Way Frederick Maryland 21701 USA
| | - Roger Ptak
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development, Southern Research Institute 431 Aviation Way Frederick Maryland 21701 USA
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry Herestraat 49-Box 1041 3000 Leuven Belgium
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27
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Dietz JP, Ferenc D, Jamison TF, Gupton BF, Opatz T. Di- tert-butyl Phosphonate Route to the Antiviral Drug Tenofovir. Org Process Res Dev 2021; 25:789-798. [PMID: 37556249 PMCID: PMC7901238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Di-tert-butyl oxymethyl phosphonates were investigated regarding their suitability for preparing the active pharmaceutical ingredient tenofovir (PMPA). First, an efficient and simple access to the crystalline di-tert-butyl(hydroxymethyl)phosphonate was developed. O-Mesylation gave high yields of the active phosphonomethylation reagent. For the synthesis of tenofovir, a two-step sequence was developed using Mg(OtBu)2 as the base for the alkylation of (R)-9-(2-hydroxypropyl)adenine. Subsequent deprotection could be achieved with aqueous acids. (Di-tert-butoxyphosphoryl)methyl methanesulfonate showed to be the most efficient electrophile tested, affording PMPA in 72% yield on a 5 g scale. The developed protocol could also be applied for the preparation of the hepatitis B drug adefovir (64% yield/1 g scale).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jule-Philipp Dietz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes
Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10−14, Mainz 55128,
Germany
| | - Dorota Ferenc
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes
Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10−14, Mainz 55128,
Germany
| | - Timothy F. Jamison
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge 02139,
Massachusetts, United States
| | - B. Frank Gupton
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering,
Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284,
United States
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes
Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10−14, Mainz 55128,
Germany
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28
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Li G, Xu M, Yue T, Gu W, Tan L. Life-long passion for antiviral research and drug development: 80th birthday of Prof. Dr. Erik De Clercq. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 185:114485. [PMID: 33617841 PMCID: PMC7895689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since the 1950s, great efforts have been made to develop antiviral agents against many infectious diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Among the list of nearly 106 antiviral agents approved in the past five decades, Prof. Erik De Clercq has contributed to the development of 7 antiviral drugs: tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Viread®) for HIV and HBV treatment, tenofovir alafenamide (Vemlidy®) for HIV and HBV treatment, brivudine (Zostex®) for HSV-1 and VZV treatment, valacyclovir (Valtrex®) for HSV and VZV treatment, adefovir dipivoxil (Hepsera®) for HBV treatment, stavudine (Zerit®) for HIV treatment, and cidofovir (Vistide®) for treating HCMV retinitis in AIDS patients. In addition to the above antiviral drugs, his contributions include two anti-cancer drugs: rabacfosadine (Tanovea®-CA1) for canine lymphoma and plerixafor (Mozobil®) for multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. These achievements are driven by his life-long passions for antiviral research and successful collaborations worldwide. To honor the 80th birthday of Prof. Erik De Clercq, this study highlights his scientific achievements and the importance of life-long passions and collaborations in the success of antiviral research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdi Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Tingting Yue
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Weijie Gu
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
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29
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Drug Discovery of Nucleos(t)ide Antiviral Agents: Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Erik De Clercq on Occasion of His 80th Birthday. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040923. [PMID: 33572409 PMCID: PMC7916218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside and nucleotide analogues are essential antivirals in the treatment of infectious diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). To celebrate the 80th birthday of Prof. Dr. Erik De Clercq on 28 March 2021, this review provides an overview of his contributions to eight approved nucleos(t)ide drugs: (i) three adenosine nucleotide analogues, namely tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Viread®) and tenofovir alafenamide (Vemlidy®) against HIV and HBV infections and adefovir dipivoxil (Hepsera®) against HBV infections; (ii) two thymidine nucleoside analogues, namely brivudine (Zostex®) against HSV-1 and VZV infections and stavudine (Zerit®) against HIV infections; (iii) two guanosine analogues, namely valacyclovir (Valtrex®, Zelitrex®) against HSV and VZV and rabacfosadine (Tanovea®-CA1) for the treatment of lymphoma in dogs; and (iv) one cytidine nucleotide analogue, namely cidofovir (Vistide®) for the treatment of HCMV retinitis in AIDS patients. Although adefovir dipivoxil, stavudine, and cidofovir are virtually discontinued for clinical use, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tenofovir alafenamide remain the most important antivirals against HIV and HBV infections worldwide. Overall, the broad-spectrum antiviral potential of nucleos(t)ide analogues supports their development to treat or prevent current and emerging infectious diseases worldwide.
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30
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Selected Thoughts on Hydrophobicity in Drug Design. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040875. [PMID: 33562230 PMCID: PMC7914489 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamental aim of drug design in research and development is to invent molecules with selective affinity towards desired disease-associated targets. At the atomic loci of binding surfaces, systematic structural variations can define affinities between drug candidates and biomolecules, and thereby guide the optimization of safety, efficacy and pharmacologic properties. Hydrophobic interaction between biomolecules and drugs is integral to binding affinity and specificity. Examples of antiviral drug discovery are discussed.
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31
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Cilento ME, Kirby KA, Sarafianos SG. Avoiding Drug Resistance in HIV Reverse Transcriptase. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3271-3296. [PMID: 33507067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme that plays a major role in the replication cycle of HIV and has been a key target of anti-HIV drug development efforts. Because of the high genetic diversity of the virus, mutations in RT can impart resistance to various RT inhibitors. As the prevalence of drug resistance mutations is on the rise, it is necessary to design strategies that will lead to drugs less susceptible to resistance. Here we provide an in-depth review of HIV reverse transcriptase, current RT inhibitors, novel RT inhibitors, and mechanisms of drug resistance. We also present novel strategies that can be useful to overcome RT's ability to escape therapies through drug resistance. While resistance may not be completely avoidable, designing drugs based on the strategies and principles discussed in this review could decrease the prevalence of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Cilento
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30307, United States
| | - Karen A Kirby
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30307, United States
| | - Stefan G Sarafianos
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30307, United States
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32
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Groaz E, De Jonghe S. Overview of Biologically Active Nucleoside Phosphonates. Front Chem 2021; 8:616863. [PMID: 33490040 PMCID: PMC7821050 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.616863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of the phosphonate motif featuring a carbon-phosphorous bond as bioisosteric replacement of the labile P–O bond is widely recognized as an attractive structural concept in different areas of medicinal chemistry, since it addresses the very fundamental principles of enzymatic stability and minimized metabolic activation. This review discusses the most influential successes in drug design with special emphasis on nucleoside phosphonates and their prodrugs as antiviral and cancer treatment agents. A description of structurally related analogs able to interfere with the transmission of other infectious diseases caused by pathogens like bacteria and parasites will then follow. Finally, molecules acting as agonists/antagonists of P2X and P2Y receptors along with nucleotidase inhibitors will also be covered. This review aims to guide readers through the fundamentals of nucleoside phosphonate therapeutics in order to inspire the future design of molecules to target infections that are refractory to currently available therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Groaz
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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33
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Sun S, Yang Q, Sheng Y, Fu Y, Sun C, Deng C. Investigational drugs with dual activity against HBV and HIV (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 21:35. [PMID: 33262821 PMCID: PMC7690342 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are global public health problems that pose a significant health burden. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection is common, as these viruses have similar transmission routes, such as blood transmission, sexual transmission and mother-to-child transmission. Coinfection frequently leads to accelerated disease progression. For individuals coinfected with HIV/HBV, combination antiretroviral therapy containing dual anti-HBV drugs is recommended. Certain studies have also indicated the benefits of antiretroviral drugs with anti-HBV activity in patients with coinfection. A total of four Food and Drug Administration-approved HIV drugs also have anti-HBV activity; namely, emtricitabine, lamivudine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tenofovir alafenamide, which are all nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. However, various issues, including drug resistance and side effects, limit their application. Therefore, it is necessary to develop more drugs with dual activity against HBV and HIV. The present review outlines the mechanisms, safety and efficacy of certain drugs that have been investigated for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,Department of Tuberculosis, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,Department of Infection and Immunity Laboratory, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,Department of Tuberculosis, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,Department of Infection and Immunity Laboratory, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Yunjian Sheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,Department of Tuberculosis, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,Department of Infection and Immunity Laboratory, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Yi Fu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Changfeng Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,Department of Tuberculosis, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,Department of Infection and Immunity Laboratory, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Cunliang Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,Department of Tuberculosis, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China.,Department of Infection and Immunity Laboratory, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
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34
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Luo M, Groaz E, Snoeck R, Andrei G, Herdewijn P. Amidate Prodrugs of O-2-Alkylated Pyrimidine Acyclic Nucleosides Display Potent Anti-Herpesvirus Activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1410-1415. [PMID: 32676147 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Three series of amidate prodrugs of O-2-alkylated acyclic nucleosides of the 3-fluoro-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl (FPMP), cyclic 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxypropyl) (cHPMP), and 2-(phosphonomethoxypropyl) (PMP)-type featuring cytosine and 5-fluorocytosine as nucleobases were readily synthesized. Both the aspartic acid ester and valine ester prodrugs of (R)-O-2-alkylated FPMPC exhibited potent anti-HCMV and VZV activity in the micromolar range. In addition, the valine ester prodrugs of 5-fluorocytosine (R)-O-2-alkylated FPMP and (R)-O-2-alkylated cHPMPC showed inhibitory activity at molar concentrations against these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Luo
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Derstine BP, Tomlin JW, Peck CL, Dietz JP, Herrera BT, Cardoso FSP, Paymode DJ, Yue AC, Arduengo AJ, Opatz T, Snead DR, Stringham RW, McQuade DT, Gupton BF. An Efficient Synthesis of Tenofovir (PMPA): A Key Intermediate Leading to Tenofovir-Based HIV Medicines. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brenden P. Derstine
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - John W. Tomlin
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Cheryl L. Peck
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Jule-Phillip Dietz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Brenden T. Herrera
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Flavio S. P. Cardoso
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Dinesh J. Paymode
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Andrew C. Yue
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Anthony J. Arduengo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - David R. Snead
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Rodger W. Stringham
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - D. Tyler McQuade
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - B. Frank Gupton
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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36
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Andrei G, Gillemot S, Topalis D, Snoeck R. The Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Drug Tenofovir, a Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor, Also Targets the Herpes Simplex Virus DNA Polymerase. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:790-801. [PMID: 29186456 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genital herpes is an important cofactor for acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and effective prophylaxis is a helpful strategy to halt both HIV and herpes simplex virus (HSV) transmission. The antiretroviral agent tenofovir, formulated as a vaginal microbicide gel, was shown to reduce the risk of HIV and HSV type 2 (HSV-2) acquisition. Methods HSV type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 mutants were selected for resistance to tenofovir and PMEO-DAPy (6-phosphonylmethoxyethoxy-2,4-diaminopyrimidine, an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate with dual anti-HSV and anti-HIV activity) by stepwise dose escalation. Several plaque-purified viruses were characterized phenotypically (drug resistance profiling) and genotypically (sequencing of the viral DNA polymerase gene). Results Tenofovir resistant and PMEO-DAPy-resistant viruses harbored specific amino acid substitutions associated with resistance not only to tenofovir and PMEO-DAPy but also to acyclovir and foscarnet. These amino acid changes (A719V, S724N, and L802F [HSV-1] and M789T and A724V [HSV-2]) were also found in clinical isolates recovered from patients refractory to acyclovir and/or foscarnet therapy or in laboratory-derived strains. A total of 10 (HSV-1) and 18 (HSV-2) well-characterized DNA polymerase mutants had decreased susceptibility to tenofovir and PMEO-DAPy. Conclusions Tenofovir and PMEO-DAPy target the HSV DNA polymerase, and clinical isolates with DNA polymerase mutations emerging under acyclovir and/or foscarnet therapy showed cross-resistance to tenofovir and PMEO-DAPy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gillemot
- Laboratory of Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dimitrios Topalis
- Laboratory of Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Laboratory of Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
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37
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Abstract
Fifty years of research (1968-2018) toward the identification of selective antiviral drugs have been primarily focused on antiviral compounds active against DNA viruses (HSV, VZV, CMV, HBV) and retroviruses (HIV). For the treatment of HSV infections the aminoacyl esters of acyclovir were designed, and valacyclovir became the successor of acyclovir in the treatment of HSV and VZV infections. BVDU (brivudin) still stands out as the most potent among the marketed compounds for the treatment of VZV infections (i.e., herpes zoster). In the treatment of HIV infections 10 tenofovir-based drug combinations have been marketed, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) have also proved effective in the treatment of HBV infections. As a spin-off of our anti-HIV research, a CXCR4 antagonist AMD-3100 was found to be therapeutically useful as a stem cell mobilizer, and has since 10 years been approved for the treatment of some hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research , KU Leuven , Herestraat 49 , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
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38
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Alpha-carboxynucleoside phosphonates: direct-acting inhibitors of viral DNA polymerases. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:137-154. [PMID: 30648904 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates represent a well-defined class of clinically used nucleoside analogs. All acyclic nucleoside phosphonates need intracellular phosphorylation before they can bind viral DNA polymerases. Recently, a novel class of alpha-carboxynucleoside phosphonates have been designed to mimic the natural 2'-deoxynucleotide 5'-triphosphate substrates of DNA polymerases. They contain a carboxyl group in the phosphonate moiety linked to the nucleobase through a cyclic or acyclic bridge. Alpha-carboxynucleoside phosphonates act as viral DNA polymerase inhibitors without any prior requirement of metabolic conversion. Selective inhibitory activity against retroviral reverse transcriptase and herpesvirus DNA polymerases have been demonstrated. These compounds have a unique mechanism of inhibition of viral DNA polymerases, and provide possibilities for further modifications to optimize and fine tune their antiviral DNA polymerase spectrum.
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39
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Coey AT, Larsen KP, Choi J, Barrero DJ, Puglisi JD, Puglisi EV. Dynamic Interplay of RNA and Protein in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Reverse Transcription Initiation Complex. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:5137-5150. [PMID: 30201267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The initiation of reverse transcription in human immunodeficiency virus-1 is a key early step in the virus replication cycle. During this process, the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase (RT) copies the single-stranded viral RNA (vRNA) genome into double-stranded DNA using human tRNALys3 as a primer for initiation. The tRNA primer and vRNA genome contain several complementary sequences that are important for regulating reverse transcription initiation kinetics. Using single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer spectroscopy, we demonstrate that the vRNA-tRNA initiation complex is conformationally heterogeneous and dynamic in the absence of RT. As shown previously, nucleic acid-RT interaction is characterized by rapid dissociation constants. We show that extension of the vRNA-tRNA primer binding site helix from 18 base pairs to 22 base pairs stabilizes RT binding to the complex and that the tRNA 5' end has a role in modulating RT binding. RT occupancy on the complex stabilizes helix 1 formation and reduces global structural heterogeneity. The stabilization of helix 1 upon RT binding may serve to destabilize helix 2, the first pause site for RT during initiation, during later steps of reverse transcription initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Coey
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 943055126, USA; Biophysics Program Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5126, USA
| | - Kevin P Larsen
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 943055126, USA; Biophysics Program Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5126, USA
| | - Junhong Choi
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 943055126, USA; Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5126, USA
| | - Daniel J Barrero
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 943055126, USA
| | - Joseph D Puglisi
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 943055126, USA
| | - Elisabetta Viani Puglisi
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 943055126, USA.
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40
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Pasquier A, Alais S, Roux L, Thoulouze MI, Alvarez K, Journo C, Dutartre H, Mahieux R. How to Control HTLV-1-Associated Diseases: Preventing de Novo Cellular Infection Using Antiviral Therapy. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:278. [PMID: 29593659 PMCID: PMC5859376 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Five to ten million individuals are infected by Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1). HTLV-1 is transmitted through prolonged breast-feeding, by sexual contacts and by transmission of infected T lymphocytes through blood transfusion. One to ten percent of infected carriers will develop a severe HTLV-1-associated disease: Adult-T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), or a neurological disorder named Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy (TSP/HAM). In vivo, HTLV-1 is mostly detected in CD4+ T-cells, and to a lesser extent in CD8+ T cells and dendritic cells. There is a strong correlation between HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) and clinical status of infected individuals. Thus, reducing PVL could be part of a strategy to prevent or treat HTLV-1-associated diseases among carriers. Treatment of ATLL patients using conventional chemotherapy has very limited benefit. Some chronic and acute ATLL patients are, however, efficiently treated with a combination of interferon α and zidovudine (IFN-α/AZT), to which arsenic trioxide is added in some cases. On the other hand, no efficient treatment for TSP/HAM patients has been described yet. It is therefore crucial to develop therapies that could either prevent the occurrence of HTLV-1-associated diseases or at least block the evolution of the disease in the early stages. In vivo, reverse transcriptase (RT) activity is low in infected cells, which is correlated with a clonal mode of viral replication. This renders infected cells resistant to nucleoside RT inhibitors such as AZT. However, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) associated to AZT efficiently induces viral expression and prevent de novo cellular infection. In asymptomatic STLV-1 infected non-human primates, HDACi/AZT combination allows a strong decrease in the PVL. Unfortunately, rebound in the PVL occurs when the treatment is stopped, highlighting the need for better antiviral compounds. Here, we review previously used strategies targeting HTLV-1 replication. We also tested a series of HIV-1 RT inhibitors in an in vitro anti-HTLV-1 screen, and report that bis-POM-PMEA (adefovir dipivoxil) and bis-POC-PMPA (tenofovir disoproxil) are much more efficient compared to AZT to decrease HTLV-1 cell-to-cell transmission in vitro. Our results suggest that revisiting already established antiviral drugs is an interesting approach to discover new anti-HTLV-1 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Pasquier
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Alais
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Loic Roux
- CNRS UMR 7257, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolecules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Maria-Isabel Thoulouze
- "Biofilm and Viral Transmission" Team, Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Karine Alvarez
- CNRS UMR 7257, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolecules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Chloé Journo
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
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41
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de Castro S, Camarasa MJ. Polypharmacology in HIV inhibition: can a drug with simultaneous action against two relevant targets be an alternative to combination therapy? Eur J Med Chem 2018. [PMID: 29529501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection still has a serious health and socio-economical impact and is one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality all over the world. HIV infection and the AIDS pandemic are still matters of great concern, especially in less developed countries where the access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is limited. Patient compliance is another serious drawback. Nowadays, HAART is the treatment of choice although it is not the panacea. Despite the fact that it suppresses viral replication at undetectable viral loads and prevents progression of HIV infection into AIDS HAART has several pitfalls, namely, long-term side-effects, drug resistance development, emergence of drug-resistant viruses, low compliance and the intolerance of some patients to these drugs. Moreover, another serious health concern is the event of co-infection with more than one pathogen at the same time (e.g. HIV and HCV, HBV, herpes viruses, etc). Currently, the multi-target drug approach has become an exciting strategy to address complex diseases and overcome drug resistance development. Such multifunctional molecules combine in their structure pharmacophores that may simultaneously interfere with multiple targets and their use may eventually be more safe and efficacious than that involving a mixture of separate molecules because of avoidance or delay of drug resistance, lower incidence of unwanted drug-drug interactions and improved compliance. In this review we focus on multifunctional molecules with dual activity against different targets of the HIV life cycle or able to block replication, not only of HIV but also of other viruses that are often co-pathogens of HIV. The different approaches are documented by selected examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia de Castro
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM, CSIC) Juan de La Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-José Camarasa
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM, CSIC) Juan de La Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
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42
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Rational CCL5 mutagenesis integration in a lactobacilli platform generates extremely potent HIV-1 blockers. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1890. [PMID: 29382912 PMCID: PMC5790001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to improve existing anti-HIV-1 therapies or develop preventatives have identified CCR5 as an important target and CCL5 as an ideal scaffold to sculpt potent HIV-1 entry inhibitors. We created novel human CCL5 variants that exhibit exceptional anti-HIV-1 features using recombinant lactobacilli (exploited for live microbicide development) as a screening platform. Protein design, expression and anti-HIV-1 activity flowed in iterative cycles, with a stepwise integration of successful mutations and refinement of an initial CCL5 mutant battery towards the generation of two ultimate CCL5 derivatives, a CCR5 agonist and a CCR5 antagonist with similar anti-HIV-1 potency. The CCR5 antagonist was tested in human macrophages and against primary R5 HIV-1 strains, exhibiting cross-clade low picomolar IC50 activity. Moreover, its successful combination with several HIV-1 inhibitors provided the ground for conceiving therapeutic and preventative anti-HIV-1 cocktails. Beyond HIV-1 infection, these CCL5 derivatives may now be tested against several inflammation-related pathologies where the CCL5:CCR5 axis plays a relevant role.
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43
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Kim YK, Choi MJ, Oh TY, Yu KS, Lee S. A comparative pharmacokinetic and tolerability analysis of the novel orotic acid salt form of tenofovir disoproxil and the fumaric acid salt form in healthy subjects. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:3171-3177. [PMID: 29158663 PMCID: PMC5683794 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s149125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel orotic acid salt form of tenofovir disoproxil (DA-2802) was developed and is expected to replace the fumaric acid salt form. The pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics and tolerability profiles of DA-2802 were compared to those of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF, Viread®) in healthy subjects. A randomized, open-label, single-dose study was conducted in 36 healthy subjects using a two-treatment, two-period, and two-sequence crossover design. Subjects received a single oral dose of 319 mg DA-2802 or 300 mg TDF, during each period, with a 7-day washout. Serial blood samples were collected pre-dosing and up to 72 hours post-dosing in each period, for determination of serum tenofovir concentration, which was measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A non-compartmental method was used to obtain PK parameters of tenofovir. For comparison between the two tenofovir disoproxil salts, the 90% confidence intervals (90% CIs) of geometric mean ratios of DA-2802 to TDF for the maximum concentration (Cmax) and the area under the concentration–time curve to the last quantifiable concentration (AUC0–t) were determined. The tolerability profiles of tenofovir were assessed by evaluation of adverse events and vital signs, physical examination, ECG, and clinical laboratory tests. The serum tenofovir concentration–time profiles of DA-2802 or TDF were comparable in 32 subjects who completed the study. In both profiles, a two-compartmental elimination with first-order elimination kinetics in the terminal phase was reported in a few subjects, showing a secondary peak in the initial phase of elimination. The geometric mean ratio (90% CI) of DA-2802 to TDF was 0.898 (0.815–0.990) for Cmax and 0.904 (0.836–0.978) for AUC0–t. There were no clinically significant findings in the tolerability assessments. DA-2802 showed comparable PK characteristics and tolerability profiles to TDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kyong Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital
| | - Mun Ju Choi
- Dong-A ST Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kyung-Sang Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital
| | - SeungHwan Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital
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44
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Murphy RA, Valentovic MA. Factors Contributing to the Antiviral Effectiveness of Tenofovir. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 363:156-163. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.243139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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45
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Luo M, Groaz E, Andrei G, Snoeck R, Kalkeri R, Ptak RG, Hartman T, Buckheit RW, Schols D, De Jonghe S, Herdewijn P. Expanding the Antiviral Spectrum of 3-Fluoro-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates: Diamyl Aspartate Amidate Prodrugs. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6220-6238. [PMID: 28682067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acyclic nucleosides containing a 3-fluoro-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl (FPMP) side chain are known to be moderately potent antihuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) agents, while being completely devoid of antiviral activity against a wide range of DNA viruses. The derivatization of the phosphonic acid functionality of FPMPs with a diamyl aspartate phenoxyamidate group led to a novel generation of compounds that not only demonstrate drastically improved antiretroviral potency but also are characterized by an expanded spectrum of activity that also covers hepatitis B and herpes viruses. The best compound, the (S)-FPMPA amidate prodrug, exerts anti-HIV-1 activity in TZM-bl and peripheral blood mononuclear cells at low nanomolar concentrations and displays excellent potency against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). This prodrug is stable in acid and human plasma media, but it is efficiently processed in human liver microsomes with a half-life of 2 min. The (R) isomeric guanine derivative emerged as a selectively active anti-HIV and anti-HBV inhibitor, while being nontoxic to human hepatoblastoma cells. Notably, the pyrimidine containing prodrug (S)-Asp-FPMPC is the only congener within this series to demonstrate micromolar antihuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Luo
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Herestraat 49 bus 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Herestraat 49 bus 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raj Kalkeri
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research Institute , 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Roger G Ptak
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research Institute , 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Tracy Hartman
- Anti-Infective Research, ImQuest BioSciences , Frederick, Maryland 21704, United States
| | - Robert W Buckheit
- Anti-Infective Research, ImQuest BioSciences , Frederick, Maryland 21704, United States
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Herestraat 49 bus 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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46
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Pertusati F, Serafini S, Albadry N, Snoeck R, Andrei G. Phosphonoamidate prodrugs of C5-substituted pyrimidine acyclic nucleosides for antiviral therapy. Antiviral Res 2017; 143:262-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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47
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Arimilli M, Kim C, Dougherty J, Mulato A, Oliyai R, Shaw J, Cundy K, Bischofberger N. Synthesis, in Vitro Biological Evaluation and Oral Bioavailability of 9-[2-(Phosphonomethoxy)Propyl]Adenine (PMPA) Prodrugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mn Arimilli
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Cu Kim
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - J Dougherty
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - A Mulato
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - R Oliyai
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Jp Shaw
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Kc Cundy
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - N Bischofberger
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
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48
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Mcguigan C, Velázquez S, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Synthesis and Evaluation of 5-Halo 2′,3′-Didehydro-2′,3′-Dideoxynucleosides and their Blocked Phosphoramidates as Potential Anti-Human Immunodeficiency virus Agents: An Example of ‘Kinase Bypass’. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Mcguigan
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF1 3XF, UK
| | - S Velázquez
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF1 3XF, UK
| | - E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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49
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Shida H, Okada H, Suzuki H, Zhang X, Chen J, Tsunetsugu-Yokota Y, Tanaka Y, Yakushiji F, Hayashi Y. HIV-1 susceptibility of transgenic rat-derived primary macrophage/T cells and a T cell line that express human receptors, CyclinT1 and CRM1 genes. Genes Cells 2017; 22:424-435. [PMID: 28326644 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We developed transgenic (Tg) rats that express human CD4, CCR5, CXCR4, CyclinT1, and CRM1 genes. Tg rat macrophages were efficiently infected with HIV-1 and supported production of infectious progeny virus. By contrast, both rat primary CD4+ T cells and established T cell lines expressing human CD4, CCR5, CyclinT1, and CRM1 genes were infected inefficiently, but this was ameliorated by inhibition of cyclophilin A. The infectivity of rat T cell-derived virus was lower than that of human T cell-derived virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisatoshi Shida
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okada
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Hajime Suzuki
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Xianfeng Zhang
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Yasuko Tsunetsugu-Yokota
- Department of Medical Technology, Tokyo University of Technology, 5-23-22 Nishikamata, Ohta-ku, Tokyo, 144-8535, Japan
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0125, Japan
| | - Fumika Yakushiji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hayashi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
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Bessières M, Sari O, Roy V, Warszycki D, Bojarski AJ, Nolan SP, Snoeck R, Andrei G, Schinazi RF, Agrofoglio LA. Sonication-Assisted Synthesis of(E)-2-Methyl-but-2-enyl Nucleoside Phosphonate Prodrugs. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ozkan Sari
- Univ. Orléans et CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311; F-45067 Orléans France
| | - Vincent Roy
- Univ. Orléans et CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311; F-45067 Orléans France
| | - Dawid Warszycki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences; 12 Smętna Street 31-343 Kraków Poland
| | - Andrzej J. Bojarski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences; 12 Smętna Street 31-343 Kraków Poland
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 - S3 9000 Gent Belgium
- King Saud university; College of Science; Chemistry Department; PO Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research; Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics; Emory University
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