1
|
Identification of anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis agents targeting the interaction of bacterial division proteins FtsZ and SepF. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:2056-2070. [PMID: 37250168 PMCID: PMC10213792 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the deadly diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which presents a significant public health challenge. Treatment of TB relies on the combination of several anti-TB drugs to create shorter and safer regimens. Therefore, new anti-TB agents working by different mechanisms are urgently needed. FtsZ, a tubulin-like protein with GTPase activity, forms a dynamic Z-ring in cell division. Most of FtsZ inhibitors are designed to inhibit GTPase activity. In Mtb, the function of Z-ring is modulated by SepF, a FtsZ binding protein. The FtsZ/SepF interaction is essential for FtsZ bundling and localization at the site of division. Here, we established a yeast two-hybrid based screening system to identify inhibitors of FtsZ/SepF interaction in M. tuberculosis. Using this system, we found compound T0349 showing strong anti-Mtb activity but with low toxicity to other bacteria strains and mice. Moreover, we have demonstrated that T0349 binds specifically to SepF to block FtsZ/SepF interaction by GST pull-down, fluorescence polarization (FP), surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and CRISPRi knockdown assays. Furthermore, T0349 can inhibit bacterial cell division by inducing filamentation and abnormal septum. Our data demonstrated that FtsZ/SepF interaction is a promising anti-TB drug target for identifying agents with novel mechanisms.
Collapse
|
2
|
Swain SS, Paidesetty SK, Padhy RN, Hussain T. Isoniazid-phytochemical conjugation: A new approach for potent and less toxic anti-TB drug development. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 96:714-730. [PMID: 32237023 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes one of the most grievous pandemic infectious diseases, tuberculosis (TB), with long-term morbidity and high mortality. The emergence of drug-resistant Mtb strains, and the co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus, challenges the current WHO-TB stewardship programs. The first-line anti-TB drugs, isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF), have become extensively obsolete in TB control from chromosomal mutations during the last decades. However, based on clinical trial statistics, the production of well-tolerated anti-TB drug(s) is miserably low. Alternately, semi-synthesis or structural modifications of first-line obsolete antitubercular drugs remain as the versatile approach for getting some potential medicines. The use of any suitable phytochemicals with INH in a hybrid formulation could be an ideal approach for the development of potent anti-TB drug(s). The primary objective of this review was to highlight and analyze available INH-phytochemical hybrid research works. The utilization of phytochemicals through chemical conjugation is a new trend toward the development of safer/non-toxic anti-TB drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shasank S Swain
- Division of Microbiology and NCDs, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India.,Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sudhir K Paidesetty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Rabindra N Padhy
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Tahziba Hussain
- Division of Microbiology and NCDs, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sathish M, Chetan Dushantrao S, Nekkanti S, Tokala R, Thatikonda S, Tangella Y, Srinivas G, Cherukommu S, Hari Krishna N, Shankaraiah N, Nagesh N, Kamal A. Synthesis of DNA interactive C3-trans-cinnamide linked β-carboline conjugates as potential cytotoxic and DNA topoisomerase I inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:4916-4929. [PMID: 30172625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A series of new C3-trans-cinnamide linked β-carboline conjugates has been synthesized by coupling between various β-carboline amines and substituted cinnamic acids. Evaluation of their anti-proliferative activity against a panel of selected human cancer cell lines such as A549 (lung cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer), B16 (melanoma), HeLa (cervical cancer) and a normal cell line NIH3T3 (mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line), suggested that the newly designed conjugates are considerably active against all the tested cancer cell lines with IC50 values 13-45 nM. Moreover, the conjugates 8v and 8x were the most active against MCF-7 cells (14.05 nM and 13.84 nM respectively) and also even potent on other cell lines tested. Further, detailed investigations such as cell cycle analysis, apoptosis induction study, topoisomerase I inhibition assay, DNA binding affinity and docking studies revealed that these new conjugates are DNA interactive topoisomerase I inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manda Sathish
- Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Sabanis Chetan Dushantrao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Shalini Nekkanti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Ramya Tokala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Soujanya Thatikonda
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Yellaiah Tangella
- Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Gunda Srinivas
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | | | - Namballa Hari Krishna
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India.
| | - Narayana Nagesh
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
| | - Ahmed Kamal
- Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India; School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110 062, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumar V, Patel S, Jain R. New structural classes of antituberculosis agents. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:684-740. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vajinder Kumar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research; S.A.S. Nagar Punjab India
- Present address: Department of Chemistry; Akal University; Talwandi Sabo Punjab 151 302 India
| | - Sanjay Patel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research; S.A.S. Nagar Punjab India
| | - Rahul Jain
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research; S.A.S. Nagar Punjab India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hu YQ, Zhang S, Zhao F, Gao C, Feng LS, Lv ZS, Xu Z, Wu X. Isoniazid derivatives and their anti-tubercular activity. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 133:255-267. [PMID: 28390957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), which has been a scourge of humanity for thousands of years, is a worldwide pandemic disease caused mainly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). The emergence of drug-resistant TB (DR-TB), multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) and totally drug-resistant TB (TDR-TB) increase the challenges to eliminate TB worldwide. Isoniazid (INH), a critical frontline anti-TB drug, is one of the most effective drugs used to treatment of TB infection for more than 60 years. Unfortunately, bacterial strains resistant to INH are becoming common which mainly due to the long-term widely use even abuse. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel anti-TB agents. Numerous efforts have been undertaken to develop new anti-TB agents, but no new drug has been introduced for more than 5 decades. It has been suggested that the incorporation of lipophilic moieties into the framework of INH can increase permeation of the drug into bacterial cells, thereby enhancing the anti-TB. Therefore, INH derivatives with greater lipophilicity are emerging as one of the most potential anti-TB agents. Indeed, the INH derivative LL-3858 is in initial stages of phase II clinical trial for the treatment of TB and may be approved to treat TB in the near future. This review aims to summarize the recent advances made towards the discovery anti-TB agents holding INH as a nucleus including INH hybrids and INH hydrazide-hydrazone derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Qiang Hu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Hubei, PR China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Pony Testing International Group (Wuhan), Hubei, PR China
| | - Feng Zhao
- WuXi AppTec (Wuhan), Hubei, PR China
| | - Chuan Gao
- WuXi AppTec (Wuhan), Hubei, PR China
| | | | - Zao-Sheng Lv
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhi Xu
- WuXi AppTec (Wuhan), Hubei, PR China; Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Xiang Wu
- WuXi AppTec (Wuhan), Hubei, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pavić K, Perković I, Gilja P, Kozlina F, Ester K, Kralj M, Schols D, Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Pontiki E, Zorc B. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Primaquine-Cinnamic Acid Conjugates of the Amide and Acylsemicarbazide Type. Molecules 2016; 21:E1629. [PMID: 27916811 PMCID: PMC6273687 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper design and synthesis of a scaffold comprising primaquine (PQ) motif and cinnamic acid derivatives (CADs) bound directly (compounds 3a-k) or via a spacer (compounds 7a-k) are reported. In the first series of compounds, PQ and various CADs were connected by amide bonds and in the second series by acylsemicarbazide functional groups built from the PQ amino group, CONHNH spacer and the carbonyl group originating from the CADs. PQ-CAD amides 3a-k were prepared by a simple one-step condensation reaction of PQ with a series of CAD chlorides (method A) or benzotriazolides 2 (method B). The synthesis of acylsemicarbazides 7a-k included activation of PQ with benzotriazole, preparation of PQ-semicarbazide 6 and its condensation with CAD chlorides 4. All synthesized PQ-CAD conjugates were evaluated for their anticancer, antiviral and antioxidative activities. Almost all compounds from series 3 were selective towards the MCF-7 cell line and active at micromolar concentrations. The o-fluoro derivative 3h showed high activity against HeLa, MCF-7 and in particular against the SW 620 cell line, while acylsemicarbazide 7f with a benzodioxole ring and 7c, 7g and especially 7j with methoxy-, chloro- or trifluoromethyl-substituents in the para position showed high selectivity and high inhibitory activity against MCF-7 cell line at micromolar (7c, 7f, 7g) and nanomolar (7j) levels. Acylsemicarbazide derivatives with trifluoromethyl group(s) 7i, 7j and 7k showed specific activity against human coronavirus (229E) at concentrations which did not alter the normal cell morphology. The same compounds exerted the most potent reducing activity in the DPPH test, together with 7d and 7g, while methoxy (compounds 7c-e), benzodioxole (7f), p-Cl (7g) and m-CF₃ (7i) acylsemicarbazides and amide 3f presented the highest LP inhibition (83%-89%). The dimethoxy derivative 7d was the most potent LOX inhibitor (IC50 = 10 μΜ). The performed biological tests gave evidence of acylsemicarbazide functional group as superior binding group in PQ-CAD conjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Pavić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Perković
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Petra Gilja
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Filip Kozlina
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Katja Ester
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marijeta Kralj
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Dominique Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Dimitra Hadjipavlou-Litina
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aristotles University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54 124, Greece.
| | - Eleni Pontiki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aristotles University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54 124, Greece.
| | - Branka Zorc
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hampannavar GA, Karpoormath R, Palkar MB, Shaikh MS, Chandrasekaran B. Dehydrozingerone Inspired Styryl Hydrazine Thiazole Hybrids as Promising Class of Antimycobacterial Agents. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:686-91. [PMID: 27437078 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Series of styryl hydrazine thiazole hybrids inspired from dehydrozingerone (DZG) scaffold were designed and synthesized by molecular hybridization approach. In vitro antimycobacterial activity of synthesized compounds was evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain. Among the series, compound 6o exhibited significant activity (MIC = 1.5 μM; IC50 = 0.48 μM) along with bactericidal (MBC = 12 μM) and intracellular antimycobacterial activities (IC50 = <0.098 μM). Furthermore, 6o displayed prominent antimycobacterial activity under hypoxic (MIC = 46 μM) and normal oxygen (MIC = 0.28 μM) conditions along with antimycobacterial efficiency against isoniazid (MIC = 3.2 μM for INH-R1; 1.5 μM for INH-R2) and rifampicin (MIC = 2.2 μM for RIF-R1; 6.3 μM for RIF-R2) resistant strains of Mtb. Presence of electron donating groups on the phenyl ring of thiazole moiety had positive correlation for biological activity, suggesting the importance of molecular hybridization approach for the development of newer DZG clubbed hydrazine thiazole hybrids as potential antimycobacterial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Girish A. Hampannavar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Mahesh B. Palkar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.L.E. University College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Hubballi 580031, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahamadhanif S. Shaikh
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Balakumar Chandrasekaran
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Veau D, Krykun S, Mori G, Orena BS, Pasca MR, Frongia C, Lobjois V, Chassaing S, Lherbet C, Baltas M. Triazolophthalazines: Easily Accessible Compounds with Potent Antitubercular Activity. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1078-89. [PMID: 27097919 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the major causes of death worldwide, in particular because of the emergence of multidrug-resistant TB. Herein we explored the potential of an alternative class of molecules as anti-TB agents. Thus, a series of novel 3-substituted triazolophthalazines was quickly and easily prepared from commercial hydralazine hydrochloride as starting material and were further evaluated for their antimycobacterial activities and cytotoxicities. Four of the synthesized compounds were found to effectively inhibit the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) H37 Rv strain with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values <10 μg mL(-1) , whereas no compounds displayed cytotoxicity against HCT116 human cell lines (IC50 >100 μm). More remarkably, the most potent compounds proved to be active to a similar extent against various multidrug-resistant M.tb strains, thus uncovering a mode of action distinct from that of standard antitubercular agents. Overall, their ease of preparation, combined with their attractive antimycobacterial activities, make such triazolophthalazine-based derivatives promising leads for further development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Veau
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physicochimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique (SPCMIB), CNRS-UMR5068, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France.,ITAV, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 1 place Pierre Potier, 31106, Toulouse Cedex 1, France
| | - Serhii Krykun
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physicochimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique (SPCMIB), CNRS-UMR5068, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Giorgia Mori
- Dipartimento di Biologica e Biotecnologie 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', via Ferrata 1, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Beatrice S Orena
- Dipartimento di Biologica e Biotecnologie 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', via Ferrata 1, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria R Pasca
- Dipartimento di Biologica e Biotecnologie 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', via Ferrata 1, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Céline Frongia
- ITAV, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 1 place Pierre Potier, 31106, Toulouse Cedex 1, France
| | - Valérie Lobjois
- ITAV, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 1 place Pierre Potier, 31106, Toulouse Cedex 1, France
| | - Stefan Chassaing
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physicochimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique (SPCMIB), CNRS-UMR5068, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France. .,ITAV, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 1 place Pierre Potier, 31106, Toulouse Cedex 1, France.
| | - Christian Lherbet
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physicochimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique (SPCMIB), CNRS-UMR5068, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
| | - Michel Baltas
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physicochimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique (SPCMIB), CNRS-UMR5068, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chitre TS, Asgaonkar KD, Miniyar PB, Dharme AB, Arkile MA, Yeware A, Sarkar D, Khedkar VM, Jha PC. Synthesis and docking studies of pyrazine-thiazolidinone hybrid scaffold targeting dormant tuberculosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2224-8. [PMID: 27017114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in dormant stage assists the pathogen to develop resistance against current antimycobactrial drugs. To address this issue, we report herein the synthesis of N-(4-oxo-2 substituted thiazolidin-3 yl) pyrazine-2-carbohydrazide derivatives designed by following the molecular hybridization approach using pyrazine and thiazolidenone scaffolds. The compounds were evaluated against MTB H37Ra and Mycobacterium bovis BCG in dormancy model. Most of the compounds had IC50 values in 0.3-1 μg/ml range. The active compounds were further tested for anti-proliferative activity against THP-1, Panc-1, A549, and MCF-7 cell lines using MTT assay and exhibited no significant cytotoxicity. We also report molecular docking studies using active analogs and MTB - Decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose-2'-epimerase (DprE1) to rationalize the biological activity and to provide an insight into the probable mechanism of action and binding mode of hybridized structures. The results obtained validate the use of molecular hybridization approach and also suggest that reported compounds can provide a novel pharmacophore to synthesize lead compounds against dormat MTB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T S Chitre
- AISSMS College of Pharmacy, Kennedy Road, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
| | - K D Asgaonkar
- AISSMS College of Pharmacy, Kennedy Road, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - P B Miniyar
- Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy, Narhe, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - A B Dharme
- AISSMS College of Pharmacy, Kennedy Road, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - M A Arkile
- Combichem-Bioresource Center, OCD, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - A Yeware
- Combichem-Bioresource Center, OCD, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - D Sarkar
- Combichem-Bioresource Center, OCD, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - V M Khedkar
- Combichem-Bioresource Center, OCD, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India; School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - P C Jha
- School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Sector-30, Gandhinagar 38200, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Design, Synthesis and Antimycobacterial Activity of Novel Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine Amide-Cinnamamide Hybrids. Molecules 2015; 21:E49. [PMID: 26729085 PMCID: PMC6273240 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report herein the design and synthesis of a series of novel imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine amide-cinnamamide hybrids linked via an alkyl carbon chain. All 38 new hybrids were evaluated for their antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis (MTB) H37Rv ATCC 27294 using the microplate Alamar Blue assay (MABA). Although the hybrids are less active than the two reference compounds, the promising activity (MICs: 4 μg/mL) of 2,6-dimethylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine amide-cinnamamide hybrids 11e and 11k could be a good starting point to further find new lead compounds against multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis.
Collapse
|
11
|
The effect of complexation of 3-formylrifamycin SV macrocyclic ether derivatives with metal cations and small nitrogen-containing organic molecules on antibacterial activity against S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3903-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
12
|
Natural cinnamic acids, synthetic derivatives and hybrids with antimicrobial activity. Molecules 2014; 19:19292-349. [PMID: 25429559 PMCID: PMC6271800 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191219292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial natural preparations involving cinnamon, storax and propolis have been long used topically for treating infections. Cinnamic acids and related molecules are partly responsible for the therapeutic effects observed in these preparations. Most of the cinnamic acids, their esters, amides, aldehydes and alcohols, show significant growth inhibition against one or several bacterial and fungal species. Of particular interest is the potent antitubercular activity observed for some of these cinnamic derivatives, which may be amenable as future drugs for treating tuberculosis. This review intends to summarize the literature data on the antimicrobial activity of the natural cinnamic acids and related derivatives. In addition, selected hybrids between cinnamic acids and biologically active scaffolds with antimicrobial activity were also included. A comprehensive literature search was performed collating the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each cinnamic acid or derivative against the reported microorganisms. The MIC data allows the relative comparison between series of molecules and the derivation of structure-activity relationships.
Collapse
|
13
|
Xu S, Li D, Pei L, Yao H, Wang C, Cai H, Yao H, Wu X, Xu J. Design, synthesis and antimycobacterial activity evaluation of natural oridonin derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2811-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
14
|
Patel KN, Telvekar VN. Design, synthesis and antitubercular evaluation of novel series of N-[4-(piperazin-1-yl)phenyl]cinnamamide derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 75:43-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
15
|
Sato K, Shimizu T, Dimova V, Tomioka H. Antimicrobial Activities of Cinnamyl Rifamycin Derivatives, T-9 and T-11, againstMycobacterium tuberculosisandMycobacterium aviumComplex (MAC) with Special Reference to the Activities against Intracellular MAC. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 50:621-3. [PMID: 16924146 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mycobacterial activities of cinamyl rifamycin derivatives, T-9 and T-11, especially against extracellular and intracellular Mycobacterium avium complex residing within macrophages and type II pneumocytes were compared with those of other rifamycins. The activities of test rifamycins were found to be in the order rifalazil, rifabutin, T-9, T-11, and rifampicin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsumasa Sato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrrole-2-carboxamide derivatives: oroidin analogues. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0743-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
17
|
De P, De K, Veau D, Bedos-Belval F, Chassaing S, Baltas M. Recent advances in the development of cinnamic-like derivatives as antituberculosis agents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:155-68. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.661717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
18
|
Saquib M, Husain I, Sharma S, Yadav G, Singh VK, Sharma SK, Shah P, Siddiqi MI, Kumar B, Lal J, Jain GK, Srivastava BS, Srivastava R, Shaw AK. 2,3-Dideoxy hex-2-enopyranosid-4-uloses as promising new anti-tubercular agents: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and SAR studies. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:2217-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
19
|
Kakwani MD, Suryavanshi P, Ray M, Rajan M, Majee S, Samad A, Devarajan P, Degani MS. Design, synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of cinnamide derivatives: A molecular hybridization approach. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1997-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
20
|
De P, Koumba Yoya G, Constant P, Bedos-Belval F, Duran H, Saffon N, Daffé M, Baltas M. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of New Cinnamic Derivatives as Antituberculosis Agents. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1449-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jm101510d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prithwiraj De
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, 118, Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
- CNRS, LSPCMIB (Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d’Intérêt Biologique), 118, Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Georges Koumba Yoya
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, 118, Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
- CNRS, LSPCMIB (Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d’Intérêt Biologique), 118, Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Patricia Constant
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, 118, Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
- CNRS, IPBS, (Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale), Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Florence Bedos-Belval
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, 118, Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
- CNRS, LSPCMIB (Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d’Intérêt Biologique), 118, Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Hubert Duran
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, 118, Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
- CNRS, LSPCMIB (Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d’Intérêt Biologique), 118, Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Nathalie Saffon
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, 118, Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
- Structure Fédérative Toulousaine en Chimie Moléculaire, FR 2599, 118, Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, 118, Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
- CNRS, IPBS, (Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale), Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Michel Baltas
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, 118, Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
- CNRS, LSPCMIB (Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d’Intérêt Biologique), 118, Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Aristoff PA, Garcia GA, Kirchhoff PD, Showalter HD. Rifamycins--obstacles and opportunities. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2010; 90:94-118. [PMID: 20236863 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With nearly one-third of the global population infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, TB remains a major cause of death (1.7 million in 2006). TB is particularly severe in parts of Asia and Africa where it is often present in AIDS patients. Difficulties in treatment are exacerbated by the 6-9 month treatment times and numerous side effects. There is significant concern about the multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains of TB (0.5 million MDR-TB cases worldwide in 2006). The rifamycins, long considered a mainstay of TB treatment, were a tremendous breakthrough when they were developed in the 1960's. While the rifamycins display many admirable qualities, they still have a number of shortfalls including: rapid selection of resistant mutants, hepatotoxicity, a flu-like syndrome (especially at higher doses), potent induction of cytochromes P450 (CYP) and inhibition of hepatic transporters. This review of the state-of-the-art regarding rifamycins suggests that it is quite possible to devise improved rifamycin analogs. Studies showing the potential of shortening the duration of treatment if higher doses could be tolerated, also suggest that more potent (or less toxic) rifamycin analogs might accomplish the same end. The improved activity against rifampin-resistant strains by some analogs promises that further work in this area, especially if the information from co-crystal structures with RNA polymerase is applied, should lead to even better analogs. The extensive drug-drug interactions seen with rifampin have already been somewhat ameliorated with rifabutin and rifalazil, and the use of a CYP-induction screening assay should serve to efficiently identify even better analogs. The toxicity due to the flu-like syndrome is an issue that needs effective resolution, particularly for analogs in the rifalazil class. It would be of interest to profile rifalazil and analogs in relation to rifampin, rifapentine, and rifabutin in a variety of screens, particularly those that might relate to hypersensitivity or immunomodulatory processes.
Collapse
|
22
|
Bairwa R, Kakwani M, Tawari NR, Lalchandani J, Ray M, Rajan M, Degani MS. Novel molecular hybrids of cinnamic acids and guanylhydrazones as potential antitubercular agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1623-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
23
|
Carvalho SA, da Silva EF, Tiekink ERT, Wardell JL, Wardell SMSV. N'-[(2E)-3-Phenyl-prop-2-eno-yl]benzo-hydrazide. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o3118. [PMID: 21578843 PMCID: PMC2971955 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536809048156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C16H14N2O2, the conformation about the C=C bond is E, and the two amide groups are effectively orthogonal [the C—N—N—C torsion angle is 104.5 (2)°]. In the crystal structure, the amide groups groups associate via N–H⋯O hydrogen bonding, forming supramolecular tapes with undulating topology along the c-axis direction.
Collapse
|
24
|
Mitchison DA, Davies GR. Assessment of the Efficacy of New Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs. THE OPEN INFECTIOUS DISEASES JOURNAL 2008; 2:59-76. [PMID: 23814629 PMCID: PMC3694317 DOI: 10.2174/1874279300802010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The pathology of tuberculosis in humans starts with an initial Ghon focus in the lungs followed by transmission of bacilli though the blood and lymph to other regions in the lungs and to other organs. While these bacilli usually lie latent without causing further disease, some 10% start foci of adult type disease usually starting in the sub-apical regions of the lungs. Bacilli multiply, killing tissue by caseation and then forming colonies within the caseum. Cavities form connecting to the air in whose walls vigorous bacillary multiplication occurs. The history of the development of anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy is described, starting with the use of multi-drug regimens to prevent the emergence of drug resistance and continuing with the shortening of the treatment period to 6 months by the incorporation in the regimens of rifampicin and pyrazinamide, which are the two drug responsible for bactericidal activity during treatment. Prospects for further shortening of treatment rest with the introduction of higher dosage with rifamycins and with new anti-tuberculosis drugs. These new drugs include the 8 methoxyfluoroquinolones moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin which inhibit topoisomerases and protein formation, the diarylquinoline TM-207 which inhibits the mycobacterial ATP synthase and thus energy formation, the nitroimidazopyran PA-824 and the closely related OPC-676832 which are pro-drugs with uncertain modes of action and the pyrrole SQ-109, a cell wall inhibitor. Anti-tuberculosis drugs have widely variable pharmacokinetic characteristics but as they work efficiently together, it is unnecessary to match these when giving drug combinations. The effects of drug-drug interactions are usually small though the interactions with anti-retroviral drugs can pose problems. Dose sizes have usually been chosen to minimize side effects while retaining activity and thus tend to have low therapeutic margins, the exception being the margin of about 20 for isoniazid. The role of high plasma binding, important in limiting the efficacy of rifamycins, is uncertain for the newer drugs. Post antibiotic effects are vital to the prevention of drug resistance and need exploration for new drugs. The main aims of current drug development are (1) to shorten treatment, and (2) to make it more convenient, by for instance using widely intermittent regimens. The current techniques for measuring efficacy during drug development start with in vitro models, including the Hu/Coates models, which should contain bacterial populations resembling the bacterial persisters in lesions that are responsible for the long duration of treatment. The next stage is the mouse model of the chemotherapy of established tuberculosis, which has proved remarkably useful in assessing the value of the different drugs. The main problem in clinical assessment arises from the use of relapse after treatment as the main end-point, and the consequent need for very large numbers of patients required to provide measurable relapse rates in final phase III licensing studies. For this reason, surrogate studies are necessary in phase II which require much smaller numbers of patients. The first such investigations are phase IIA studies of early bactericidal activity which establish whether the drug given alone has bactericidal activity on cavitary bacilli and which can estimate the minimal effective dose of the drug, useful for decisions of dose size. The next step should be phase IIB studies which measure the rate of elimination of viable bacilli in sputum during the initial 8-weeks of treatment with various combinations of the new drug with established drugs. Measurement can be as (1) the proportion of patients with positive sputum at the end of the 8-weeks period, the easiest method but the least sensitive, or (2) as the speed with which sputum cultures become negative in a survival analysis, or (3) as the mean regression in modeling of serial sputum collections colony counts (SSCC). The relation between these surrogate estimates and the amoun of treatment shortening that can be obtained has still to be worked out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis A. Mitchison
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Geraint R. Davies
- Wellcome Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine/Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Carvalho SA, da Silva EF, de Souza MV, Lourenço MC, Vicente FR. Synthesis and antimycobacterial evaluation of new trans-cinnamic acid hydrazide derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:538-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.11.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
27
|
Bontchev PR, Gencheva G, Gochev G, Simova S, Dimova V. Copper(II) complexes of a new cynnamyl derivative of the antibiotic rifampicin. J Inorg Biochem 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(96)00120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
28
|
Comparative in vitro activities of rifamycin analogues against rifampin-sensitive and rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1997; 8:209-14. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(97)00016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/1997] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
29
|
Wiese M, Seydel U. Drug effects on intracellular mycobacteria determined by mass spectrometric analysis of the Na(+)-to-K+ ratios of individual bacterial organisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:2047-53. [PMID: 8878579 PMCID: PMC163471 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.9.2047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful establishment of a drug screening system for intracellular cultivable and noncultivable mycobacteria based on the mass spectrometric determination of bacterial viability is described. To compare drug efficacies on intra- and extracellular mycobacteria, the mycobacteria were subjected to drug treatment either after phagocytosis by the mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 or in cell-free medium. After reisolation, their viability was monitored by analyzing the intrabacterial sodium-to-potassium ratios for a limited number of individual organisms. This approach offers a reliable and quick tool for monitoring the influence of intracellular growth and of additional permeation barriers on intracellular drug efficacy and will thus provide useful information for the rational development and testing of optimized antimycobacterial drugs. In particular, the methodology is applicable to the noncultivable species Mycobacterium leprae, because the mass spectrometric analysis of the intrabacterial sodium-to-potassium ratio allows the determination of bacterial viability independent from their ability to multiply in vitro. Because of the improved metabolic activity of intracellularly growing M. leprae compared with that of extracellularly growing M. leprae, the spectrum of antileprosy drugs that can be tested in vitro could even be extended to those interfering with DNA replication and cell division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wiese
- Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Baker WR, Mitscher LA, Arain TM, Shawar R, Stover CK. Chapter 17. Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Biology of Anti-mycobacterial Agents. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60456-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|