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Babaei F, Mirzababaei M, Tavakkoli A, Nassiri-Asl M, Hosseinzadeh H. Can nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) be repurposed for fungal infection? NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:59-75. [PMID: 37589736 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02651-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are an important class of anti-inflammatory drugs widely used for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, mild-to-moderate pain, and fever. This review aimed to explain the functional role and possible mechanisms of the antifungal effects of NSAIDs alone or in combination with antifungal drugs in vitro and in vivo. Several studies reported that NSAIDs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac, indomethacin, ketorolac, celecoxib, flurbiprofen, and nimesulide had antifungal activities in vitro, either fungistatic or fungicidal, against different strains of Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Microsporum, and Trichophyton species. These drugs inhibited biofilm adhesion and development, and yeast-to-hypha conversion which may be related to a prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)/PGEx-dependent mechanism. Modulating PGE2 levels by NSAIDs during fungal infection can be introduced as a possible mechanism to overcome. In addition, some important mechanisms of the antifungal activities of NSAIDs and their new derivatives on fungi and host immune responses are summarized. Overall, we believe that using NSAIDs along with classical antifungal drugs has the potential to be investigated as a novel therapeutic strategy in clinical studies. Furthermore, combination therapy can help manage resistant strains, increase the efficacy of antifungal drugs, and reduce toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Babaei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19839-63113, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Mirzababaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alireza Tavakkoli
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marjan Nassiri-Asl
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19839-63113, Tehran, Iran.
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 9177948954, Mashhad, Iran.
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Oliveira IM, Borges A, Borges F, Simões M. Repurposing ibuprofen to control Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 166:197-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Antimicrobial Activity of Ibuprofen against Cystic Fibrosis-Associated Gram-Negative Pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.01574-17. [PMID: 29311081 PMCID: PMC5826130 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01574-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials have demonstrated the benefits of ibuprofen therapy in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, an effect that is currently attributed to ibuprofen's anti-inflammatory properties. Yet, a few previous reports demonstrated an antimicrobial activity of ibuprofen as well, although none investigated its direct effects on the pathogens found in the CF lung, which is the focus of this work. Determination of ibuprofen's in vitro antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia species strains through measurements of the endpoint number of CFU and growth kinetics showed that ibuprofen reduced the growth rate and bacterial burden of the tested strains in a dose-dependent fashion. In an in vitroPseudomonas biofilm model, a reduction in the rate of biomass accumulation over 8 h of growth with ibuprofen treatment was observed. Next, an acute Pseudomonas pneumonia model was used to test this antimicrobial activity after the oral delivery of ibuprofen. Following intranasal inoculation, ibuprofen-treated mice exhibited lower CFU counts and improved survival compared with the control animals. Preliminary biodistribution studies performed after the delivery of ibuprofen to mice by aerosol demonstrated a rapid accumulation of ibuprofen in serum and minimum retention in lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Therefore, ibuprofen-encapsulated polymeric nanoparticles (Ibu-NPs) were formulated to improve the pharmacokinetic profile. Ibu-NPs formulated for aerosol delivery inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa in vitro and may provide a convenient dosing method. These results provide an additional explanation for the previously observed therapeutic effects of ibuprofen in CF patients and further strengthen the argument for its use by these patients.
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Abstract
Antipyretics are some of the most commonly used drugs. Since they are often coadministered with antimicrobial therapy, it is important to understand the interactions between these two classes of drugs. Our review is the first to summarize the antimicrobial effects of antipyretic drugs and the underlying mechanisms involved. Antipyretics can inhibit virus replication, inhibit or promote bacterial or fungal growth, alter the expression of virulence factors, change the surface hydrophobicity of microbes, influence biofilm production, affect the motility, adherence, and metabolism of pathogens, interact with the transport and release of antibiotics by leukocytes, modify the susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics, and induce or reduce the frequency of mutations leading to antimicrobial resistance. While antipyretics may compromise the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy, they can also be beneficial, for example, in the management of biofilm-associated infections, in reducing virulence factors, in therapy of resistant pathogens, and in inducing synergistic effects. In an era where it is becoming increasingly difficult to find new antimicrobial drugs, targeting virulence factors, enhancing the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy, and reducing resistance may be important strategies.
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Anti-Candida albicans natural products, sources of new antifungal drugs: A review. J Mycol Med 2016; 27:1-19. [PMID: 27842800 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Candida albicans is the most prevalent fungal pathogen in humans. Due to the development of drug resistance, there is today a need for new antifungal agents for the efficient management of C. albicans infections. Therefore, we reviewed antifungal activity, mechanisms of action, possible synergism with antifungal drugs of all natural substances experimented to be efficient against C. albicans for future. METHODS An extensive and systematic review of the literature was undertaken and all relevant abstracts and full-text articles analyzed and included in the review. REVIEW A total of 111 documents were published and highlighted 142 anti-C. albicans natural products. These products are mostly are reported in Asia (44.37%) and America (28.17%). According to in vitro model criteria, from the 142 natural substances, antifungal activity can be considered as important for 40 (28.20%) and moderate for 24 (16.90%). Sixteen products have their antifungal activity confirmed by in vivo gold standard experimentation. Microbial natural products, source of antifungals, have their antifungal mechanism well described in the literature: interaction with ergosterol (polyenes), inhibition 1,3-β-d-glucan synthase (Echinocandins), inhibition of the synthesis of cell wall components (chitin and mannoproteins), inhibition of sphingolipid synthesis (serine palmitoyltransferase, ceramide synthase, inositol phosphoceramide synthase) and inhibition of protein synthesis (sordarins). Natural products from plants mostly exert their antifungal effects by membrane-active mechanism. Some substances from arthropods are also explored to act on the fungal membrane. Interestingly, synergistic effects were found between different classes of natural products as well as between natural products and azoles. CONCLUSION Search for anti-C. albicans new drugs is promising since the list of natural substances, which disclose activity against this yeast is today long. Investigations must be pursued not only to found more new anti-Candida compounds from plants and organisms but also to carried out details on molecules from already known anti-Candida compounds and to more elucidate mechanisms of action.
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Samber N, Khan A, Varma A, Manzoor N. Synergistic anti-candidal activity and mode of action of Mentha piperita essential oil and its major components. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:1496-1504. [PMID: 25853964 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.989623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mentha piperita L. (Lamiaceae) has been used in folk medicine since antiquity. Its essential oil (mint EO) and major bioactive components have antimicrobial properties but their mechanism of action is still not clear. OBJECTIVE The present work aims to elucidate M. piperita's anti-Candida activity and mode of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical constituents of mint EO were identified by GC-MS by injecting 0.1 ml sample in a splitless mode. MIC was determined by the broth dilution method. Synergy with fluconazole (FLC) was evaluated by checkerboard assay and FICI. Mid log phase cells harvested from YPD media were used for proton extrusion measurement and the rate of glucose-induced H(+) efflux gives PM-ATPase activity. Cell membrane integrity was estimated by total ergosterol content and scanning microscopy at respective MIC and sub-MIC values. In vitro hemolytic activity was performed to rule out possible cytotoxicity of the test compounds. RESULTS The MIC value of mint EO, carvone, menthol, and menthone was 225, 248, 500, and 4200 µg/ml, respectively. At their respective MICs, these compounds showed 47, 42, 35, and 29% decrease in PM-ATPase activity besides showing synergy with FLC. In case of FLC-resistant strains, the decrease in H(+) efflux was by 52, 48, 32, and 30%, a trend similar to the susceptible cases. Exposed Candida cells showed a 100% decrease in the ergosterol content, cell membrane breakage, and alterations in morphology. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Our studies suggest that mint EO and its lead compounds exert antifungal activity by reducing ergosterol levels, inhibiting PM-ATPase leading to intracellular acidification, and ultimately cell death. Our results suggest that mint EO and its constituents are potential antifungal agents and need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Samber
- Medical Mycology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia , New Delhi , India and
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Obad J, Šušković J, Kos B. Antimicrobial activity of ibuprofen: new perspectives on an "Old" non-antibiotic drug. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 71:93-8. [PMID: 25708941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical industry has been encountering antimicrobial activity of non-antibiotics during suitability tests carried out prior to routine pharmacopoeial microbiological purity analysis of finished dosage forms. These properties are usually ignored or perceived as a nuisance during pharmaceutical analysis. The aim of this study was: (i) to compare the available data to our method suitability test results carried out on products containing ibuprofen, i.e. to demonstrate that method suitability can be a valuable tool in identifying new antimicrobials, (ii) to demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of ibuprofen and ibuprofen lysine. Microbiological purity method suitability testing was carried out according to European Pharmacopoeia (EP), chapters 2.6.12. and 2.6.13. Antimicrobial activity of ibuprofen and ibuprofen lysine was demonstrated by a disk diffusion method, a modification of the European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing method (EUCAST), against test microorganisms recommended in the EP. It was confirmed that ibuprofen may be responsible for the broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity of the tested products, and that method suitability tests according to the EP can indeed be exploited by the scientific community in setting guidelines towards future research of new antimicrobials. In the disk diffusion assay, inhibition zones were obtained with more than 62.5 μg and 250 μg for Staphylococcus aureus, 125 μg and 250 μg for Bacillus subtilis, 31.3 μg and 125 μg for Candidaalbicans, 31.3 μg and 62.5 μg for Aspergillusbrasiliensis, of ibuprofen/disk, and ibuprofen lysine/disk, respectively. For Escherichiacoli, Pseudomonasaeruginosa and Salmonellatyphimurium inhibition zones were not obtained. Antimicrobial activity of ibuprofen is considered merely as a side effect, and it is not mentioned in the patient information leaflets of ibuprofen drugs. As such, for the patient, it could represent an advantage, but, it could also introduce additional risks during usage. Further microbiological, pharmacological and clinical trials are of great importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Obad
- Department of Analytical Laboratories, Research and Development Department, Belupo Inc., Danica 5, HR-48000 Koprivnica, Croatia.
| | - Jagoda Šušković
- Laboratory for Antibiotic, Enzyme, Probiotic and Starter Culture Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Blaženka Kos
- Laboratory for Antibiotic, Enzyme, Probiotic and Starter Culture Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Abreu AC, Serra SC, Borges A, Saavedra MJ, Salgado AJ, Simões M. Evaluation of the best method to assess antibiotic potentiation by phytochemicals against Staphylococcus aureus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 79:125-34. [PMID: 24717959 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics has now reached a critical level. Finding antibiotic coadjuvants capable to inhibit the bacterial resistance mechanisms would be a valuable mid-term solution, until new classes of antibiotics are discovered. Selected plant alkaloids were combined with 5 antibiotics against 10 Staphylococcus aureus strains, including strains expressing distinct efflux pumps and methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains. The efficacy of each combination was assessed using the microdilution checkerboard, time-kill, Etest, and disc diffusion methods. The cytotoxicity of the alkaloids was evaluated in a mouse fibroblast cell line. Potentiation was obtained in 6% of all 190 combinations, especially with the combination of: ciprofloxacin with reserpine (RES), pyrrolidine (PYR), and quinine (QUIN); tetracycline with RES; and erythromycin with PYR. The highest cytotoxicity values were found for QUIN (half maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 25 ± 2.2 mg/L) and theophylline (IC50 = 100 ± 4.7 mg/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Abreu
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia C Serra
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences,University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Anabela Borges
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; CECAV, Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria José Saavedra
- CECAV, Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences,University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Castelli MV, Butassi E, Monteiro MC, Svetaz LA, Vicente F, Zacchino SA. Novel antifungal agents: a patent review (2011 – present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:323-38. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.876993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Holden WM, Fites JS, Reinert LK, Rollins-Smith LA. Nikkomycin Z is an effective inhibitor of the chytrid fungus linked to global amphibian declines. Fungal Biol 2013; 118:48-60. [PMID: 24433676 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections in humans, wildlife, and plants are a growing concern because of their devastating effects on human and ecosystem health. In recent years, populations of many amphibian species have declined, and some have become extinct due to chytridiomycosis caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. For some endangered amphibian species, captive colonies are the best intermediate solution towards eventual reintroduction, and effective antifungal treatments are needed to cure chytridiomycosis and limit the spread of this pathogen in such survival assurance colonies. Currently, the best accepted treatment for infected amphibians is itraconazole, but its toxic side effects reduce its usefulness for many species. Safer antifungal treatments are needed for disease control. Here, we show that nikkomycin Z, a chitin synthase inhibitor, dramatically alters the cell wall stability of B. dendrobatidis cells and completely inhibits growth of B. dendrobatidis at 250 μM. Low doses of nikkomycin Z enhanced the effectiveness of natural antimicrobial skin peptide mixtures tested in vitro. These studies suggest that nikkomycin Z would be an effective treatment to significantly reduce the fungal burden in frogs infected by B. dendrobatidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney M Holden
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - J Scott Fites
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
| | - Laura K Reinert
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Louise A Rollins-Smith
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Ahmad A, Khan A, Manzoor N. Reversal of efflux mediated antifungal resistance underlies synergistic activity of two monoterpenes with fluconazole. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 48:80-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Scheid LA, Nunes Mario DA, Kubiça TF, Santurio JM, Alves SH. In vitro activities of antifungal agents alone and in combination against fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant strains of Candida dubliniensis. Braz J Infect Dis 2012; 16:78-81. [DOI: 10.1016/s1413-8670(12)70279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Pitman SK, Drew RH, Perfect JR. Addressing current medical needs in invasive fungal infection prevention and treatment with new antifungal agents, strategies and formulations. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2011; 16:559-586. [DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2011.607811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Antifungal activity of some cyclooxygenase inhibitors on Candida albicans: PGE2-dependent mechanism. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2011; 56:349-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-011-0049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ahmad A, Khan A, Khan LA, Manzoor N. In vitro synergy of eugenol and methyleugenol with fluconazole against clinical Candida isolates. J Med Microbiol 2010; 59:1178-1184. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.020693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The species Candida is a group of opportunistic pathogenic commensals in immune-compromised patients. Treatment of Candida infections is becoming increasingly difficult due to antifungal drug resistance, especially with fluconazole (FLC), which is a commonly used azole. In the present study the in vitro antifungal activity of eugenol (EUG) and methyleugenol (MEUG) alone and in combination against 64 FLC-sensitive and 34 FLC-resistant clinical Candida isolates is highlighted. All the strains were susceptible to both the naturally occurring phenyl propanoids. The nature of the interaction was studied from fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs) for both EUG plus FLC, and MEUG plus FLC combinations calculated from chequerboard microdilution assays. FICI values depicted a high synergism of FLC with both compounds, which was greatest with MEUG. FLC-resistant Candida isolates showed high sensitivity to both compounds. No antagonistic activity was seen in the strains tested in the present study. From these results we suggest that EUG and MEUG have great potential as antifungals, and that FLC can be supplemented with EUG and MEUG to treat FLC-resistant Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijaz Ahmad
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Amber Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Luqman Ahmad Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Nikhat Manzoor
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
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Amber K, Aijaz A, Immaculata X, Luqman KA, Nikhat M. Anticandidal effect of Ocimum sanctum essential oil and its synergy with fluconazole and ketoconazole. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 17:921-925. [PMID: 20378320 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Holy basil, Ocimum sanctum (L.) is time-honored for its medicinal properties; however its antimicrobial characteristics are used only in 'Ayurvedic medicines'. Attention has been drawn to antifungal activity and a possible synergistic antifungal effect of Ocimum sanctum essential oil (OSEO) and established azole antimycotics-fluconazole and ketoconazole. To put forward this approach, antifungal activity has been assessed in seventy four fluconazole-sensitive and sixteen fluconazole-resistant Candida isolates. Hemolytic activity on human erythrocytes was also studied to rule out the possibility of allied additional cytotoxicity. The observed selectively fungicidal characteristics signify a promising candidature of O. sanctum essential oil as an antifungal agent in combinational treatments for candidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Amber
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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Guo N, Wu X, Yu L, Liu J, Meng R, Jin J, Lu H, Wang X, Yan S, Deng X. In vitroandin vivointeractions between fluconazole and allicin against clinical isolates of fluconazole-resistantCandida albicansdetermined by alternative methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 58:193-201. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2009.00620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Guo N, Liu J, Wu X, Bi X, Meng R, Wang X, Xiang H, Deng X, Yu L. Antifungal activity of thymol against clinical isolates of fluconazole-sensitive and -resistant Candida albicans. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:1074-1079. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.008052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymol (THY) was found to have in vitro antifungal activity against 24 fluconazole (FLC)-resistant and 12 FLC-susceptible clinical isolates of Candida albicans, standard strain ATCC 10231 and one experimentally induced FLC-resistant C. albicans S-1. In addition, synergism was observed for clinical isolates of C. albicans with combinations of THY–FLC and THY–amphotericin B (AMB) evaluated by the chequerboard microdilution method. The interaction intensity was determined by spectrophotometry for the chequerboard assay, and the nature of the interactions was assessed using two non-parametric approaches [fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) and ΔE models]. The interaction between THY–FLC or THY–AMB in FLC-resistant and -susceptible strains of C. albicans showed a high percentage of synergism by the FICI method and the ΔE method. The ΔE model gave results consistent with FICI, and no antagonistic action was observed in the strains tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Guo
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Jingbo Liu
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Xiuping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Xingming Bi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Rizeng Meng
- Jilin Entry–Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Xuelin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Hua Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Xuming Deng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Lu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
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Studies on peptidyl nucleoside antibiotics: synthesis and antifungal evaluation of pyranosyl nucleoside analogs of nikkomycin. Future Med Chem 2009; 1:379-89. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Streptomyces-derived nikkomycins are a unique class of peptidyl nucleoside natural products, with potent antifungal activity against a variety of pathogenic fungi. Results: In continuation of our structure–activity relationship studies on the nikkomycins, this paper describes the strategic design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a ‘doubly modified’ generation of nikkomycin analogs. The structural modifications included a ring-expanded carbohydrate core and a simplified peptidyl side chain. Biological screening of these novel analogs against clinical isolates of various human pathogenic fungi indicated that the described modifications of the structural features of nikkomycin could be a potentially beneficial strategy towards optimizing the antifungal potency of this class of peptidyl nucleoside antibiotics. Conclusion: Continued investigation of the pyranosyl nikkomycin analogs is warranted to fully explore and optimize the structural features of this novel lead for the desired development of a new class of therapeutically useful antifungal drugs.
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Abstract
The antifungal activity of synthetic, nonchemotherapeutic compounds, antineoplastic agents and antibacterial drugs, such as sulphonamides, has been known since the early 20th century (1932). In this context, the term "nonantifungal" is taken to include a variety of compounds that are employed in the management of pathological conditions of nonfungal infectious etiology but have been shown to exhibit broad-spectrum antifungal activity. In this review, the antifungal properties of compounds such as chlorpromazine, proton pump inhibitors, antiarrhythmic agents, cholesterol-lowering agents, antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agents, antiparasitic drugs and antibiotics are described. Since fungi are eukaryotic cells, they share many pathways with human cells, thus increasing the probability of antifungal activity of "nonfungal drugs". The potential of these drugs for treatment of fungal infections has been investigated sporadically using the drugs alone or in combination with "classic" antifungal agents. A review of the literature, supplemented with a number of more recent investigations, suggests that some of these compounds enhance the activity of conventional antifungal agents, eliminate natural resistance to specific antifungal drugs (reversal of resistance) or exhibit strong activity against certain fungal strains in vitro and in animal models. The role of these agents in the epidemiology and in the clinical manifestations of fungal infections and the potential of certain drugs for treatment of invasive fungal infections require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Afeltra
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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D'Auria FD, Tecca M, Strippoli R, Simonetti N. In vitro activity of propyl gallate-azole drug combination against fluconazole- and itraconazole-resistant Candida albicans strains. Lett Appl Microbiol 2001; 32:220-3. [PMID: 11298929 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2001.00893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The influence of an antioxidant, propyl gallate (PG), on the in vitro antifungal activity of itraconazole and fluconazole, was investigated to determine whether PG could increase the antifungal activity and reduce strain resistance. METHODS AND RESULTS Susceptibility tests were performed against azole-resistant isolates of Candida albicans by the microbroth dilution method in the presence of PG at 400 microg ml-1. PG-triazole combination brought about a marked reduction of inhibitory azole concentration. In particular, the MIC90 for itraconazole and fluconazole dropped from 1 microg ml-1 to 0.125 microg ml-1 and from > 64 microg ml-1-8 microg ml-1, respectively. CONCLUSION It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in the above synergistic interaction, including effects of PG on ATP synthesis, thus reducing the ABC transporters activity, or an effect on the target of azole, i.e. the P-450 cytochrome. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The PG-triazole combination may have a role in future topical antifungal strategies but other studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D D'Auria
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy.
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Drago L, De Vecchi E, Fassina MC, Mombelli B, Bonaccorso C, Gismondo MR. Antimycotic activity and phagocytosis effects of econazole in combination with ibuprofen isobuthanolammonium against vaginal strains. J Chemother 2000; 12:509-15. [PMID: 11154035 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2000.12.6.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Vaginal infections caused by Candida spp., other yeasts and Trichomonas vaginalis are problematic mainly due to the various factors involved in development of infection and to the failure of common treatments. In this study we investigated the presence of synergistic activity of econazole and ibuprofen isobuthanolammonium against 310 different vaginal isolates, by using the microdilution broth assay to test in vitro antimicrobial activity and the effect of the two drugs on phagocytosis and intramacrophagic cellular killing of mouse peritoneal macrophages. The effect of sub-inhibitory concentrations of econazole / ibuprofen isobuthanolammonium combination on Candida albicans germ tube formation was also evaluated. The in vitro antifungal activity of econazole was notably improved by addition of ibuprofen isobuthanolammonium. Macrophage killing of C. albicans was significantly increased by the two drugs and also germ-tube formation was significantly affected. We conclude that the addition of ibuprofen isobuthanolammonium to econazole provides better in vitro antifungal activity. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the in vivo action of this formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Drago
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Science, LITA Vialba, Milan, Italy.
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Bigliardi E, Bernuzzi AM, Corona S, Gatti S, Scaglia M, Sacchi L. In vitro efficacy of nikkomycin Z against the human isolate of the microsporidian species Encephalitozoon hellem. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:3012-6. [PMID: 11036015 PMCID: PMC101595 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.11.3012-3016.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1985 microsporidia have been recognized as a cause of emerging infections in humans, mainly in immunocompromised human immunodeficiency virus-positive subjects. As chitin is a basic component of the microsporidian infective stage, the spore, we evaluated in vitro the susceptibility of a human-derived strain of Encephalitozoon hellem to nikkomycin Z, a peptide-nucleoside antibiotic known as a competitive inhibitor of chitin synthase enzymes. Transmission electron microscopy showed that this drug, at 25 microgram/ml, reduced the number of parasitic foci by about 35% +/- standard deviation after 7 days of culture (P < 0.0001) and induced cell damage of both mature and immature spores and also other sporogonic and merogonic stages. In particular, an irregular outline of the cell shape and an abnormally condensed cytoplasm in meronts and sporonts were documented. Also, the polar tubule and the polaroplast membranes appeared disarrayed in the sporoblast stage. The spore wall showed an enlarged endospore and delaminated exospore. Mature spores had a complete cytoplasmic disorganization and a swollen and delaminated cell wall. No ultrastructural cell damage was observed in uninfected control cultures treated with the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bigliardi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, Pavia, Italy
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Yücesoy M, Oktem IM, Gülay Z. In-vitro synergistic effect of fluconazole with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents against Candida albicans strains. J Chemother 2000; 12:385-9. [PMID: 11128557 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2000.12.5.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The in-vitro interaction and synergistic activity of the combination of fluconazole with some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (sodium salicylate, piroxicam, tenoxicam and diclofenac sodium) were investigated in Candida albicans strains (n=7) by the microdilution checkerboard assay. The results were evaluated visually and by a spectrophotometric microplate reader at 492 nm wavelength. Fractional inhibitory index was calculated for every strain and combination according to the minimal inhibitory concentration (MICs). The combination of fluconazole with sodium salicylate, tenoxicam and diclofenac sodium showed synergy against 5, 5 and 3 of the C. albicans strains, respectively. The effect of fluconazole with piroxicam was synergistic against one strain but indifferent/additive against the others. These data suggest that combinations of sodium salicylate, tenoxicam and diclofenac sodium with fluconazole may prove to be useful as chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of C. albicans infections caused by especially fluconazole-resistant strains. However, additional preclinical work and in vivo studies are necessary to determine their definite clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yücesoy
- Dokuz Eylül University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Izmir, Turkey.
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Li RK, Rinaldi MG. In vitro antifungal activity of nikkomycin Z in combination with fluconazole or itraconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:1401-5. [PMID: 10348760 PMCID: PMC89286 DOI: 10.1128/aac.43.6.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nikkomycins are nucleoside-peptide antibiotics produced by Streptomyces species with antifungal activities through the inhibition of chitin synthesis. We investigated the antifungal activities of nikkomycin Z alone and in combination with fluconazole and itraconazole. Checkerboard synergy studies were carried out by a macrobroth dilution procedure with RPMI 1640 medium at pH 6.0. At least 10 strains of the following fungi were tested: Candida albicans, other Candida spp., Cryptococcus neoformans, Coccidioides immitis, Aspergillus spp., and dematiacious fungi (including Exophiala jeanselmei, Exophiala spinifera, Bipolaris spicifera, Wangiella dermatitidis, Ochroconis humicola, Phaeoannellomyces werneckii, and Cladophialophora bantiana), and 2 strains each of Fusarium, Scedosporium, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, and Trichoderma spp. A total of 110 isolates were examined. Inocula of fungal elements were standardized by hemacytometer counting or spectrophotometrically. MICs and minimum lethal concentrations (MLCs) were determined visually by comparison of growth in drug-treated tubes with growth in drug-free control tubes. Additive and synergistic interactions between nikkomycin and either fluconazole or itraconazole were observed against C. albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Coccidioides immitis. Marked synergism was also observed between nikkomycin and itraconazole against Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus. No antagonistic interaction between the drugs was observed with any of the strains tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Li
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 28284, USA.
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Henderson DP, Shelton MC, Cotterill IC, Toone EJ. Stereospecific Preparation of the N-Terminal Amino Acid Moiety of Nikkomycins K(X) and K(Z) via a Multiple Enzyme Synthesis. J Org Chem 1997; 62:7910-7911. [PMID: 11671888 DOI: 10.1021/jo971549s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Scott EM, Tariq VN, McCrory RM. Demonstration of synergy with fluconazole and either ibuprofen, sodium salicylate, or propylparaben against Candida albicans in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39:2610-4. [PMID: 8592988 PMCID: PMC162998 DOI: 10.1128/aac.39.12.2610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of fluconazole with either ibuprofen, sodium salicylate, or propylparaben resulted in synergistic activity (fractional inhibitory index, < 0.5) against Candida albicans NCYC 620 in a microdilution checkerboard assay. Synergism between miconazole and ibuprofen was also demonstrated. In three or four clinical isolates of C. albicans from AIDS patients, the combination of fluconazole and ibuprofen was synergistic. Preparation of the inoculum and the growth conditions used were those recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards for susceptibility testing. A visual estimation of total inhibition of growth and determination of an 80% reduction in the optical density at 492 nm compared with those for the control were taken as endpoints for the calculation of synergy, and a good correlation between both estimates was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Scott
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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