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Shang FF, Wang MY, Ai JP, Shen QK, Guo HY, Jin CM, Chen FE, Quan ZS, Jin L, Zhang C. Synthesis and evaluation of mycophenolic acid derivatives as potential anti-Toxoplasma gondii agents. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Deng H, Huang X, Jin C, Jin CM, Quan ZS. Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation of dihydroartemisinin derivatives with potential anti-Toxoplasma gondii agents. Bioorg Chem 2019; 94:103467. [PMID: 31791681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, four series of dihydroartemisinin derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for anti-toxoplasma gondii activity, and calculated the selectivity index (SI). It was the higher the SI, the better the effect of this compound against Toxoplasma gondii. Our goal was to filter out compounds that were bigger SI than the lead compound. The compound with the highest SI was selected for the anti-toxoplasmosis test in mice in vivo. Among the synthesized compounds, the (3R,5aS,6R,8aS,9R,12R,12aR)-3,6,9-trimethyl-decahydro-12H-3,12-epoxy[1,2]di-oxepino[4,3 -i]isochromen-10-yl-(te-rt-butoxycarbonyl)-l-alaninate (A2) exhibited the most potent anti-T. gondii activity and low cytotoxicity (SI: 6.44), yielding better results than the lead compound DHA (SI: 1.00) and the clinically used positive-control drug spiramycin (SI: 0.72) in vitro. Furthermore, compound A2 had better growth inhibitory effects on T. gondii in vivo than spiramycin did and significantly reduced the number of tachyzoites in the peritoneal cavity of mice (P < 0.01). The evaluation of the data generated in the T. gondii mouse infection model indicates that compound A2 treatment was a good inhibitor of T. gondii in vivo and that it was effective in relieving the liver damage induced by T. gondii. In addition, the results of a docking study revealed that A2 could become a better T. gondii calcium-dependent protein kinase1 (TgCDPK1) inhibitor. For this reason, compound A2 has potential as an anti-parasitic drug. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of the action of compound A2, as well as to develop drug delivery systems for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Xing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Chunmei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Chun-Mei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China.
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China.
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Abugri DA, Witola WH, Russell AE, Troy RM. In vitro activity of the interaction between taxifolin (dihydroquercetin) and pyrimethamine against Toxoplasma gondii. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 91:194-201. [PMID: 28696589 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is one of the most neglected zoonotic foodborne parasitic diseases that cause public health and socioeconomic concern worldwide. The current drugs used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis have been identified to have clinical limitations. Hence, new drugs are urgently needed to eradicate T.gondii infections globally. Here, an in vitro anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity of taxifolin (dihydroquercetin) and dihydrofolate inhibitor (pyrimethamine) alone and in combination with a fixed concentration of pyrimethamine were investigated against the rapidly proliferating T.gondii RH strain at 48 hr using colorimetric assay. Pyrimethamine showed the highest anti-T. gondii activity with IC50P of 0.84 μg/ml (p > .05), respectively. The combination of pyrimethamine with dihydroquercetin gave a significant inhibitory activity against tachyzoites in in vitro with IC50p of 1.39 μg/ml (p < .05). The IC50p ranges obtained for the individual and the combination of taxifolin with pyrimethamine inhibition of parasite growth were not cytotoxic to the infected HFF and Hek-293 cell lines used. These compounds combination should be investigated further using in vivo model of toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Abugri
- Department of Chemistry, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA.,Department of Biology, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA.,Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Parasitology and Drug Discovery, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA
| | - William H Witola
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | - Roberta M Troy
- Department of Biology, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA
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Xin CF, Kim HS, Sato A, Lee HJ, Lee YW, Pyo KH, Shin EH. In vitro inhibition of Toxoplasma gondii by the anti-malarial candidate, 6-(1,2,6,7-tetraoxaspiro[7.11]nonadec-4-yl)hexan-1-ol. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:494-9. [PMID: 27380994 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An anti-malarial candidate, 6-(1,2,6,7-tetraoxaspiro[7.11]nonadec-4-yl)hexan-1-ol (N-251), was studied to characterize its potential as a novel anti-Toxoplasma gondii drug. In the present study, IC50 and LC50 of N-251 on host cells and T. gondii were compared to those of artemisinin and sulfadiazine. The IC50 on Huh-7 cells was 10.19μg/ml, 67.69μg/ml and 310.17μg/ml for N-251, artemisinin, and sulfadiazine, respectively. The LC50 for anti-T. gondii effect was shown to be 1.11μg/ml, 5.79μg/ml, and 5.45μg/ml for N-251, artemisinin and sulfadiazine, respectively. N-251 concentration causing complete parasiticidal effect with minimal cytotoxicity on host cells was determined to be 5μg/ml. Additionally, the anti-T. gondii effect of N-251 was confirmed by ultrastructural changes, loss of organelles, degenerated morphology and the increase of amylopectin as detected by transmission electron microscope (TEM). Accordingly, the present study suggests that the anti-malarial synthetic endoperoxide, N-251, is an emerging drug candidate more effective than artemisinin and sulfadiazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Feng Xin
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Sook Kim
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Akira Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hak-Jae Lee
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Won Lee
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Pyo
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Shin
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Leesombun A, Boonmasawai S, Shimoda N, Nishikawa Y. Effects of Extracts from Thai Piperaceae Plants against Infection with Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156116. [PMID: 27213575 PMCID: PMC4877092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal medicines and natural herb extracts are widely used as alternative treatments for various parasitic diseases, and such extracts may also have potential to decrease the side effects of the standard regimen drugs used to treat toxoplasmosis (sulfadiazine-pyrimethamine combination). We evaluated how effective the Thai piperaceae plants Piper betle, P. nigrum and P. sarmentosum are against Toxoplasma gondii infection in vitro and in vivo. Individually, we extracted the piperaceae plants with ethanol, passed them through a rotary evaporator and then lyophilized them to obtain crude extracts for each one. The in vitro study indicated that the P. betle extract was the most effective extract at inhibiting parasite growth in HFF cells (IC50 on RH-GFP: 23.2 μg/mL, IC50 on PLK-GFP: 21.4 μg/mL). Furthermore, treatment of experimental mice with the P. betle extract for 7 days after infection with 1,000 tachyzoites of the T. gondii PLK strain increased their survival (survival rates: 100% in 400 mg/kg-treated, 83.3% in 100 mg/kg-treated, 33.3% in 25 mg/kg-treated, 33.3% in untreated mice). Furthermore, treatment with 400 mg/kg of the P. betle extract resulted in 100% mouse survival following infection with 100,000 tachyzoites. The present study shows that P. betle extract has the potential to act as a medical plant for the treatment of toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpron Leesombun
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080–8555, Japan
| | - Sookruetai Boonmasawai
- Department of Preclinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon Sai 4 Road Salaya, Phutthamonthon Nakhonpathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Naomi Shimoda
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080–8555, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080–8555, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Zhao Q, Zhang M, Hong L, Zhou K, Lin Y. Evaluation of drug effects on Toxoplasma gondii nuclear and plastid DNA replication using real-time PCR. Parasitol Res 2010; 106:1257-62. [PMID: 20186551 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1792-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii Nicolle and Manceaux, 1908 is a unicellular protozoan that can infect a broad spectrum of organisms including humans. In addition to a nuclear genome, it also carries a circular DNA within a plastid-like organelle (apicoplast) and a linear genome within its mitochondria. The plastid organelle has been shown to be the target of various anti-parasitic drugs or antibiotics. To evaluate the effects of agents on the DNA replication of T. gondii, we tested six drugs (ciprofloxacin, acetylspiramycin, clindamycin, azithromycin, artemether, and sulfadiazine) on the parasite cultured in Hela cells. After drug treatment for 48 h, the parasite growth and DNA replication were evaluated and quantitated using TaqMan real-time quantitative PCR with oligonucleotide primers synthesized based on a gene from the apicoplast genome (ycf24, Genbank accession no. U87145) and a gene from the nuclear genome (uprt, Genbank accession no. U10246). Our results showed that ciprofloxacin was the most effective in inhibiting the replication of the plastid DNA after 48 h drug treatment, with a reduction of 22% in the copy number of the plastid DNA. Artemether was the most effective drug in suppressing the proliferation of tachyzoites. This study also demonstrates that real-time quantitative PCR is a simple and useful technique for monitoring parasite growth and DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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Zarfl C, Klasmeier J, Matthies M. A conceptual model describing the fate of sulfadiazine and its metabolites observed in manure-amended soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 77:720-726. [PMID: 19766291 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sulfadiazine (SDZ) belongs to the chemical class of sulfonamides, one of the most important groups of antibiotics applied in animal husbandry in Europe. These antibiotics end up in the soil after manure from treated animals is applied as fertilizer. They can inhibit soil microbial functions and enhance the spread of resistance genes among soil microorganisms. In order to assess the exposure of soil microorganisms to SDZ, a conceptual kinetic model for the prediction of temporally resolved antibiotic concentrations in soil was developed. The model includes transformation reactions, reversible sequestration and the formation of non-extractable residues (NER) from SDZ and its main metabolites N(4)-acetyl-sulfadiazine (N-ac-SDZ) and 4-hydroxy-sulfadiazine (OH-SDZ). The optimum model structure and rate constants of SDZ kinetics and its metabolites were determined by fitting different model alternatives to sequential extraction data of a manure-amended Cambisol soil. N-ac-SDZ is degraded to SDZ with a half-life of 4d, whereas OH-SDZ is not. Though, based on the available data, the hydroxylation of SDZ seems to be negligible, it is still included in the model structure since this process has been observed in recent studies. Sequestration into a residual fraction has similar kinetics for SDZ, N-ac-SDZ and OH-SDZ and is one order of magnitude faster than the reverse translocation. The irreversible formation of NER is restricted to SDZ and OH-SDZ. The model shows good agreement when applied to extraction data measured independently for a Luvisol soil. The combination of sequential extraction data and the conceptual kinetic model enables us to gain further insight into the long-term fate and exposure of sulfonamides in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Zarfl
- Institute of Environmental Systems Research, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 12, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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Massimine KM, Doan LT, Atreya CA, Stedman TT, Anderson KS, Joiner KA, Coppens I. Toxoplasma gondii is capable of exogenous folate transport. A likely expansion of the BT1 family of transmembrane proteins. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2005; 144:44-54. [PMID: 16159678 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2005.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2005] [Revised: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Folates are key elements in eukaryotic biosynthetic processes. The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii possesses the enzymes necessary for de novo folate synthesis and has been suggested to lack alternative mechanisms for folate acquisition. In this paper, we present a different view by providing evidence that Toxoplasma is capable of salvaging exogenous folates. By monitoring uptake of radiolabeled folates by parasites in axenic conditions, our studies revealed a common folate transporter that has a high affinity for folic acid. Transport of this compound across the parasite plasma membrane is rapid, biphasic, temperature dependent, bi-directional, concentration dependent and specific. In addition, morphological evidence demonstrates that fluorescent methotrexate, a folate analog, is internalized by Toxoplasma and shows localization reminiscent to the mitochondrion. The presence of putative folate transporter genes in the Toxoplasma genome, which are homologous to the BT1 family of proteins, suggests that Toxoplasma may encode proteins involved in folate transport. Interestingly, genome analysis suggests that the BT1 family of proteins exists not only in Toxoplasma, but in other Apicomplexan parasites as well. Altogether, our results not only have implications for current therapeutic regimens against T. gondii, but they also allude that the folate transport mechanism may represent a novel Apicomplexan target for the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Massimine
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Pfeifer T, Tuerk J, Fuchs R. Structural characterization of sulfadiazine metabolites using H/D exchange combined with various MS/MS experiments. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2005; 16:1687-94. [PMID: 16099168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2005.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Revised: 06/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/16/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Two major metabolites and one minor metabolite of sulfadiazine were found in pig manure, using a special combination of different MS techniques like parent and product ion scans, H/D exchange, accurate mass measurement, and MS/MS experiments with substructures. N4-acetylsulfadiazine and 4-hydroxysulfadiazine were identified as major metabolites. N4-acetylsulfadiazine could be verified by H/D exchange and comparison with product ion spectra of a synthetic reference compound. In the case of 4-hydroxysulfadiazine, the majority of possible isomers could be discounted after H/D exchange. Substructure-specific MS/MS experiments with fragment ions and comparison with product ion spectra of two references revealed the presence of 4-hydroxysulfadiazine. The minor metabolite was characterized to some degree using H/D exchange and tandem mass spectrometry in combination with a high-resolution time of flight mass spectrometer. The aminopyrimidine moiety contained an additional modification with a likely elemental composition of C2H4O and no further acidic hydrogen.
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Dantas-Leite L, Urbina JA, de Souza W, Vommaro RC. Antiproliferative synergism of azasterols and antifolates against Toxoplasma gondii. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005; 25:130-5. [PMID: 15664482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2004] [Accepted: 08/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The antiproliferative effects of two azasterols, 22,26-azasterol (20-piperidin-2-yl-5alpha-pregnan-3beta-20(R,S)-diol, AZA) and 24,25(R,S)-epiminolanosterol (EIL), in combination with sulphadiazine (SDZ) and pyrimethamine (PYR) were studied against Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites growing in cultured mammalian cells. We had previously shown that AZA and EIL, two known inhibitors of Delta24(25)sterol methyl transferase in fungi and protozoa, have a potent and selective anti-T. gondii activity, although no 24-alkyl sterols have been detected in this parasite. We now report that when these sterol analogues were used in combination with the conventional SDZ/PYR treatment, potent synergistic effects were observed, ranging from 10- to 100-fold reductions of the IC50 values in the presence of sub-optimal doses of azasterols. When exposed to these drug combinations, intracellular T. gondii parasites displayed diverse subcellular alterations, including mitochondrial swelling, the arrest of the endodiogeny process with fragmented nuclei and subsequent cell lysis. These results suggest a potential new approach for the treatment of toxoplasmosis, which could significantly lower the required levels of antifolates and thus their adverse side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Dantas-Leite
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Bloco G, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949-9000 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Trenque T, Simon N, Villena I, Chemla C, Quereux C, Leroux B, Jaussaud R, Rémy G, Dupouy D, Millart H, Pinon JM, Urien S. Population pharmacokinetics of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine in children with congenital toxoplasmosis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 57:735-41. [PMID: 15151519 PMCID: PMC1884514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2004.02077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To develop a population pharmacokinetic model for pyrimethamine (PYR) and sulfadoxine (SDX) in children with congenital toxoplasmosis. METHODS Children were treated with PYR (1.25 mg kg(-1)) and SDX (25 mg kg(-1)) (Fansidar) plus folinic acid (Lederfoline) 5 mg). Plasma concentrations, available from a therapeutic drug monitoring database, were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using a nonlinear mixed effects model. RESULTS Eighty-nine children, aged 1 week to 14 years and weighing 2.9-59 kg, were available for evaluation. Both PYR and SDX concentration-time profiles were best described by a one-compartment open model. Volume of plasma distribution (V) and clearance (CL) were significantly related to body weight (BW) using an allometric function. Typical CL and V estimates (95% confidence interval), for a child weighing 11 kg were 5.50 (5.28, 5.73) l day(-1) and 36 (33, 39) l for PYR and 0.26 (0.25, 0.27) l day(-1) and 2.1 (1.9, 2.3) l for SDX. For BW between 3.5 and 60 kg, plasma half-lives were predicted to vary from 4.0 to 5.2 days for PYR, and from 5.0 to 7.5 days for SDX. CONCLUSION This study indicated that body weight influences PYR and SDX pharmacokinetics in children. To optimize PYR/SDX combination treatment in congenital toxoplasmosis, short dosing intervals in very young low-wight children are probably appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Trenque
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, CHU, Reims, France.
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Jordan MK, Burstein AH, Rock-Kress D, Alfaro RM, Pau AK, Kovacs JA, Piscitelli SC. Plasma pharmacokinetics of sulfadiazine administered twice daily versus four times daily are similar in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:635-7. [PMID: 14742225 PMCID: PMC321534 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.2.635-637.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of 2,000 mg of sulfadiazine administered twice daily (BID) versus those of 1,000 mg administered four times a day were compared in eight human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. No differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were detected between the regimens. These data provide a pharmacokinetic rationale for BID dosing of sulfadiazine for the treatment and suppression of toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kelli Jordan
- Pharmacy Department, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Youn HJ, Lakritz J, Kim DY, Rottinghaus GE, Marsh AE. Anti-protozoal efficacy of medicinal herb extracts against Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum. Vet Parasitol 2003; 116:7-14. [PMID: 14519322 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(03)00154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether alcohol extracts of herbs (Sophora flavescens Aiton, Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehder and E.H. Wilson, Pulsatilla koreana (Yabe ex Nakai) Nakai ex T. Mori, Ulmus macrocarpa Hance and Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC.) from South Korea, possess in vitro anti-protozoal activity against cultures of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum. These herbs have been used as human anti-parasitics in Asian countries for many years. Alcohol extracts of these herbs were serially diluted to final concentrations ranging from 625 to 19.5 ng/ml in media and added to wells containing either T. gondii or N. caninum tachyzoites in equine dermal (ED) cells. Parasite growth inhibition was measured using 3H-uracil incorporation as compared to untreated controls. T. japonica inhibited T. gondii proliferation by 99.3, 95.5, 73.0 and 54.0% in the range from 156 to 19.5 ng/ml, and S. flavescens inhibited T. gondii proliferation by 98.7, 83.0 and 27.2% in the range from 156 to 39 ng/ml. T. japonica inhibited N. caninum proliferation by 97.8, 97.9, 85.3 and 46.4% in the range from 156 to 19.5 ng/ml. S. flavescens inhibited N. caninum proliferation by 98.6, 97.0, 69.5 and 14.0% in the range from 156 to 19.5 ng/ml. Toxicity to host cells was noted when concentrations of T. japonica and S. flavescens exceeded 625 ng/ml. The herb extracts from S. acutum, Pulsatilla koreana, and U. macrocarpa also showed toxicity at higher levels but did not achieve the same inhibition effects at the lower concentrations against T. gondii and N. caninum as T. japonica and S. flavescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Youn
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Derouin F, Gérard L, Farinotti R, Maslo C, Leport C. Determination of the inhibitory effect on Toxoplasma growth in the serum of AIDS patients during acute therapy for toxoplasmic encephalitis. JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RETROVIROLOGY ASSOCIATION 1998; 19:50-4. [PMID: 9732069 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199809010-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In 26 AIDS patients treated for toxoplasmic encephalitis, the inhibitory effect on Toxoxplasma growth of sequential sera taken before and after initiation of therapy was determined using a culture-based immunoassay and compared with pyrimethamine blood levels. A marked inhibition of Toxoplasma growth was observed 1 day after initiation of therapy with pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine and was maintained between 67% and 93% throughout the 15-day follow-up period. The degree of inhibition was not correlated to pyrimethamine blood levels and seemed highly potentiated when sulfadiazine rather than macrolides was given in combination with pyrimethamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Derouin
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
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McFadden DC, Seeber F, Boothroyd JC. Use of Toxoplasma gondii expressing beta-galactosidase for colorimetric assessment of drug activity in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:1849-53. [PMID: 9303372 PMCID: PMC164023 DOI: 10.1128/aac.41.9.1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A microtiter assay for drug evaluation has been developed with a strain of Toxoplasma gondii that expresses bacterial beta-galactosidase. By using chlorophenol red-beta-D-galactopyranoside (CPRG) as the substrate for beta-galactosidase, the efficacy of a drug against the parasite can be determined with a colorimetric readout. Drugs known to have activity against T. gondii (specifically, pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, atovaquone, and clindamycin) were tested, and efficacies were determined by CPRG cleavage. The 50% inhibitory concentrations determined by the CPRG-based colorimetric assay were similar to those determined by the traditional radiolabelled uracil incorporation assay. Since CPRG is nontoxic to the parasite, viable drug-treated parasites can be obtained at the conclusion of the assay for further evaluation if desired. This assay provides a high-throughput and nonradioactive alternative for the identification of anti-T. gondii compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C McFadden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5402, USA
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Schoondermark-van de Ven EM, Melchers WJ, Galama JM, Meuwissen JH, Eskes TK. Prenatal diagnosis and treatment of congenital Toxoplasma gondii infections: an experimental study in rhesus monkeys. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1997; 74:183-8. [PMID: 9306115 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-2115(97)00119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of treatment in fetuses in whom congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection has ben established has been investigated using rhesus monkeys as a model for humans. A polymerase chain reaction has been developed for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii. Using this polymerase chain reaction congenital infection can be established within 2 days of receiving an amniotic fluid sample. The polymerase chain reaction has subsequently been used to monitor the effect of treatment on fetal infection. The results show that early treatment with the combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine was clearly effective in reducing the number of parasites in the infected fetus. The parasite was no longer detectable in the amniotic fluid 10 to 13 days after treatment was started. Spiramycin, on the other hand, has to be administered for at least 3 weeks to achieve the same effect. Moreover, pharmacokinetic studies revealed that spiramycin does not reach the brain. Pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine are able to pass the blood-brain barrier. Pyrimethamine appears to accumulate in the brain tissue and reaches concentrations which are also effective in vitro.
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MESH Headings
- Amniotic Fluid/parasitology
- Animals
- Anti-Infective Agents/administration & dosage
- Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use
- DNA, Protozoan/analysis
- DNA, Protozoan/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/analysis
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Female
- Fetal Diseases/diagnosis
- Fetal Diseases/drug therapy
- Fetal Diseases/parasitology
- Macaca mulatta
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/diagnosis
- Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/drug therapy
- Prenatal Diagnosis
- Prospective Studies
- Pyrimethamine/administration & dosage
- Pyrimethamine/therapeutic use
- Sulfadiazine/administration & dosage
- Sulfadiazine/therapeutic use
- Toxoplasma/genetics
- Toxoplasma/isolation & purification
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/congenital
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/diagnosis
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/drug therapy
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/embryology
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