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Escandón-Rivera SM, Andrade-Cetto A, Rosas-Ramírez DG, Arreguín-Espinosa R. Phytochemical Screening and Isolation of New Ent-Clerodane Diterpenoids from Croton guatemalensis Lotsy. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3159. [PMID: 36432893 PMCID: PMC9692395 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical screening of an ethanol-water extract (EWE) from the bark of Croton guatemalensis led to the isolation and identification of eight compounds, among them: five ent-clerodane diterpenoids [junceic acid (1), 6(s)-acetoxy-15,16-diepoxy-ent-cleroda-3,13(16),14-trien-20-oic acid (crotoguatenoic acid A) (2), 6(s)-hydroxyoxy-15,16-diepoxy-ent-cleroda-3,13(16),14-trien-20-oic acid (crotoguatenoic acid B) (3), formosin F (4), bartsiifolic acid (5)], and three flavonoids [rutin (6), epicatechin (7), and quercetin (8)]. Of these, 2 and 3 are reported here for the first time. Structures were established through conventional spectroscopy methods and their absolute configurations were determined by optical rotation and comparison of experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) and theoretical calculated ECD spectra. A suitable high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for quantifying rutin (6) was developed and validated according to standard protocols. Affinity-directed fractionation was used to identify possible in vitro active compounds on α-glucosidases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. HPLC-ESI-MS was used to identify the inhibitors as free ligands after being released from the enzymatic complex by denaturing acidic conditions. The affinity studies led to the identification of ent-clerodane diterpenoids as active compounds. In silico analysis allowed us to determine the best conformational rearrangement for the α-glucosidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Marlen Escandón-Rivera
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Coyoacán, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Adolfo Andrade-Cetto
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Coyoacán, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Daniel Genaro Rosas-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Coyoacán, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Roberto Arreguín-Espinosa
- Departamento de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Coyoacán, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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In Vivo Antimalarial Activity of the Leaf Extract of Osyris quadripartita Salzm. ex Decne and Its Major Compound (–) Catechin. J Trop Med 2022; 2022:3391216. [PMID: 36249737 PMCID: PMC9568338 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3391216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The leaves of Osyris quadripartita Salzm. ex Decne, endemic to Ethiopia, are traditionally used for the treatment of malaria. Previous phytochemical investigations of Osyris species showed the presence of flavonoids, anthracene derivatives, and sesquiterpene lactones as the main constituents. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antimalarial activity of the leaf extract of O. quadripartita and its isolated constituent against mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Methods Isolation of a compound was carried out on silica gel column chromatography of the extract eluting with gradient mixtures of CHCl3/MeOH. Structural elucidation of the isolated compound was achieved by ESI-MS and 1D-and 2D-NMR spectral data. Peter's 4-day suppressive test method was used to determine the antimalarial activity of the test substances. Level of parasitemia, survival time, and body weight change were used to determine the antimalarial activity of the test substances. Results (–) Catechin was isolated and characterized from the hydroalcoholic extract of O. quadripartita. At a concentration of 400 mg/kg, both the extract and (–) catechin exhibited antimalarial activity with the highest chemosuppression values of 70.61% and 64.26%, respectively. Conclusion These findings indicate that O. quadripartita is endowed with genuine antimalarial activity attributed in part, to its (–) catechin content. Hence, the present study may validate the traditional use of the plant for the treatment of malaria.
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Antimalarial, Antioxidant Activities and Chemoprofile of Sansevieria liberica Gerome and Labroy (Agavaceae) Leaf Extract. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2021; 2021:9053262. [PMID: 34913035 PMCID: PMC8668317 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9053262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sansevieria liberica Gerome and Labroy (Agavaceae) is a religious and ornamental perennial plant with highly valued medicinal usage in Nigeria. Sansevieria liberica is used in the management of malarial fever. The ease of development of resistance to available antimalarial drugs has resulted in increased clinical failure and mortality. The study investigated the antimalarial effects of Sansevieria liberica (SL) leaf extract in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Materials and Methods The ability of SL leaf extract to suppress the growth of malaria parasites in early (suppressive) and established (curative) infections was established using animal models. The mean survival time (MST) was determined. The antioxidant potential was established using two standard in vitro models. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and phytochemical analysis methods were used to create a chemoprofile fingerprint of SL hydroethanolic leaf extract. Results At 200, 400, and 400·mg kg−1, SL produced 68.71, 70.74, and 75.09% parasite suppression in the suppressive model while the curative model gave a percentage of cure of 71.09, 72.60, and 62.09, respectively. The animals lived longer compared to both negative and positive controls but were not fully protected. The IC50 values of SL and vitamin C were calculated to be 3.599 µg mL−1 and 3.08 µg mL−1, respectively. The reducing power of vitamin C was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of SL extract. Some flavonoids were established as possible marker compounds for SL leaf extract. Discussion and Conclusions. The antimalarial assay results demonstrated that the use of SL in folk medicine may have scientific support.
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Osagie-Eweka SDE, Orhue N, Omogbai E, Amaechina F. Oral acute and sub-chronic toxicity assessment of aqueous leaf extract of Simarouba glauca DC (Paradise tree). Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:239-247. [PMID: 33552922 PMCID: PMC7844126 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simarouba glauca has been widely reported to be effective against a number of diseases and possesses medicinal benefits. Thus, the study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of aqueous leaf extract of Simarouba glauca (AESG) on relevant organs of male Wistar rats. The oral acute toxicity of AESG was evaluated according to the method described by Lorke. Sub-chronic toxicity of AESG was carried out in line with the guidelines of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), using a total of twenty-four (24) male Wistar rats divided into four groups of six rats each. Test rats were orally administered AESG at doses of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg /kg body weight, respectively, daily for thirty (30) days. At the end of the study, rats were fasted overnight and sacrificed; the relevant biochemical and histopathology evaluation was carried out. Statistical analysis was conducted using the GraphPad Prism®, version 7. The data obtained indicated that the LD50 exceeded 5000 mg/kg. There were significant increases (P < 0.05) in percentage (%) body weight of test rats. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) in mean liver, kidney, and heart weight/body weight (IOW/BWT) ratios. The AST activity was significantly lowered (P < 0.05) in rats administered AESG 2000 mg/kg. The ALP activities were significantly elevated (P < 0.05), while the GGT activities were significantly lowered (P < 0.05) in all groups of rats administered AESG. Plasma conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin were significantly lowered and elevated (P < 0.05), respectively in rats administered AESG 1000 and 2000 mg/kg. Plasma urea was significantly elevated (P < 0.05) in rats given AESG 1000 mg/kg. Test rats given AESG 2000 mg/kg recorded significant reduction (P < 0.05) in plasma sodium ions concentration. Rats given AESG 500 mg/kg recorded significant reduction (P < 0.05) in plasma bicarbonate ion levels. The findings suggest that AESG was not significantly toxic to the liver, kidney, and heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- SD. E. Osagie-Eweka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin. Benin City, Nigeria
| | - N.E.J. Orhue
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin. Benin City, Nigeria
| | - E.K.I. Omogbai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Nigeria
| | - F.C. Amaechina
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Nigeria
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Cáceres A, M. Cruz S. Detection and Validation of Native Plants Traditionally Used as Medicine in Guatemala. CURRENT TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/2215083805666190327172409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Guatemala as part of Mesoamerica, is a region of high biological and cultural diversity, where several cultures have flourished. Since 1976, a project started for the detection, validation, production, and utilization of medicinal species for primary health care. It included several ethnobotanical surveys conducted among ten Guatemalan ethnical groups. The objective of this paper is to summarize the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in the country and review the literature validating the use of the most promising native species. From these surveys, more than 650 plant species used for medicinal purposes were detected and cultivation activities were conducted for some of these species. Initially, in cooperation with the multidisciplinary teams in Guatemala, and later with other academic institutions in Brazil, Costa Rica, Italy, Mexico, Panama, Spain and United States, in vitro and in vivo validation activities were performed, such as biocidal, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant and other activities. A comprehensive literature review of the most relevant species was performed. Based on the traditional utilization and preclinical or clinical evidence, several national and international projects were conducted. The most interesting results include anti-candida (Solanum nigrescens), antimicrobial (Tagetes lucida), immunomodulator (Phlebodium pseudoaureum), anti-protozoal (Neurolaena lobata), sedative (Valeriana prionophylla), anti-menopause (Piper hispidum) activities and others. With this information and the reviewed literature, specific formulas were prepared for the treatment of different pathologies, leading to several products registered as phytotherapic in Guatemala. Concise updated information is integrated into mini-reviews for 15 species in order to inform about the properties, chemistry and potential use of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Cáceres
- Farmaya Natural Products Laboratories, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Sully M. Cruz
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of San Carlos of Guatemala, Guatemala
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Hypoglycemic Activity of Medicinal Plants Used among the Cakchiquels in Guatemala for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:2168603. [PMID: 30713569 PMCID: PMC6332994 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2168603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major health problem worldwide. In this condition, the organism can produce insulin but becomes resistant to it; thus the insulin is ineffective. High blood glucose levels are a result of insulin resistance and insulin deficiency; they produce diabetes-associated complications such as kidney failure, blindness, cardiovascular disease, and lower-limb amputation. In Guatemala, there were over 752.700 cases of the disease in 2017 with prevalence of 8.4 (IDF, 2017). The use of plants for medicinal purposes has been practiced in the country since pre-Hispanic times. Among the Cakchiquels, the aerial parts of Hamelia patens Jacq., Neurolaena lobata (L.) R.Br. ex Cass., and Solanum americanum Mill. and the cortex of Croton guatemalensis Lotsy are used to treat type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to confirm the hypoglycemic effect of the plants under normal conditions and under maltose and sucrose tolerance tests, as well as to test the activity of the plant extracts in vitro against alpha-glucosidases types I and II. In agreement with the traditional usage of the plants, in normal conditions without a sugar load, the extracts produced a statistically significant hypoglycemic effect similar to the control drug glibenclamide. When the sugar load was maltose, only Croton and Solanum produced a statistically significant (p < 0.05) hypoglycemic effect compared to the control drug, but when the sugar was sucrose, Croton and Hamelia produced a statistically significant effect (p < 0.05) beginning at 30 min compared to the control group, while Solanum did so at 60 min and Neurolaena at 90 min. In vitro assays showed that the extracts inhibited yeast alpha-glucosidases but not the rat intestinal ones. Of the tested plants, Croton exert an effect both under sugars' tests and under a normal tolerance test; these results suggest the potential use of this plant. The results presented here provided evidence based on the use of these plants as hypoglycemic agents in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Medicinal plants for in vitro antiplasmodial activities: A systematic review of literature. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:713-720. [PMID: 28890153 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The increasing resistance of malaria to drugs raise the need to new antimalarial agents. Antiplasmodial herbs and their active compounds are the most promising source the new antimalarial agents. This study aimed to identify the medicinal plants with very good in vitro antiplasmodial activities, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50)≤1μg/ml, and to determine trends in the process of screening their antiplasmodial activities. A total of 58 reports published in the English language were retrieved from the bibliographical databases. Screening and data extraction were performed by two independent reviewers. The herbs were categorized as very good, good, moderate and inactive if the IC50 values were <0.1μg/ml, 0.1-1μg/ml, >1-5μg/ml and >5μg/ml respectively. We documented 752 medicinal plants belonging to 254 genera. The majority of the plants were reported from Africa followed by Asia. The traditional use for malaria treatment was the most common reason for the selection of the plants for investigation. About 80% of the plants experimented were reported to be inactive. Among plants identified as having very good to good antiplasmodial crude extracts are Harungana madagascariensis, Quassia africana, and Brucea javanica, while Picrolemma spruce, Aspidosperma vargasi, Aspidosperma desmanthum, and Artemisia annua were reported to have individual compound isolates with very good antiplasmodial activities. In conclusion, the number of plant species assessed so far is still small compared with the stock in nature's plant library. A mechanism of systematically approaching and exploring the untouched plant genera needs to be designed.
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Ricardo LM, Paula-Souza JD, Andrade A, Brandão MG. Plants from the Brazilian Traditional Medicine: species from the books of the Polish physician Piotr Czerniewicz (Pedro Luiz Napoleão Chernoviz, 1812–1881). REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hoekou YP, Tchacondo T, Karou SD, Yerbanga RS, Achoribo E, Da O, Atakpama W, Batawila K. THERAPEUTIC POTENTIALS OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF LEAVES OF HOLARRHENA FLORIBUNDA (G. DON) DUR. AND SCHINZ (APOCYNACEAE). AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES : AJTCAM 2017; 14:227-233. [PMID: 28573239 PMCID: PMC5446447 DOI: 10.21010/ajtcam.v14i2.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Holarrhena floribunda is a plant of wide usage in the Togolese folk medicine. A previous ethnobotanical survey on the latex plants of the Maritime region of the country revealed that this plant was included in several recipes curing malaria and microbial infections. Therefore, this study aimed to seek for the effectiveness of the ethanolic extract of the plant in the treatment of these diseases. METHODS The antimicrobial test was performed using the agar well-diffusion and the NCCLS broth microdilution methods, while the in vivo antimalarial activity was evaluated following the four-day suppressive test of Peters. The acute toxic effects of the extract were monitored after a single oral dose (5,000 mg/kg body weight) administration in NMRI mice. RESULTS The results indicated that the ethanolic extract of leaves of H. floribunda was active on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae with MICs ranging from 0.62 to 1.25 mg/mL. The extract also showed significant parasitaemia suppression in a dose-dependent manner. In the acute toxicity assay, the oral administration of the extract to the mice did not affect the relative weight of vital organs, and there were no signs of toxicity or death during the study period. The LD50 of the tested extract was found to be greater than 5,000 mg/kg, indicating its safety. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the antibacterial and antimalarial activities of leaves of H. floribunda and then, supports its medicinal use in the treatment of microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Patrick Hoekou
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé, P.O. Box 1515, Lomé, Togo
| | - Tchadjobo Tchacondo
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé, P.O. Box 1515, Lomé, Togo
| | - Simplice Damintoti Karou
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé, P.O. Box 1515, Lomé, Togo
| | | | | | - Ollo Da
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS-DRO/CNRST), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Wouyo Atakpama
- Laboratoire de Botanique et Ecologie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences (FDS-UL), Université de Lomé, P.O. Box 1515, Lomé, Togo
| | - Komlan Batawila
- Laboratoire de Botanique et Ecologie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences (FDS-UL), Université de Lomé, P.O. Box 1515, Lomé, Togo
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Kefe A, Giday M, Mamo H, Erko B. Antimalarial properties of crude extracts of seeds of Brucea antidysenterica and leaves of Ocimum lamiifolium. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:118. [PMID: 27075995 PMCID: PMC4831165 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background The search for new antimalarial drugs has become increasingly urgent due to plasmodial resistance to existing drugs. As part of this global effort, the present study aimed at evaluating the antimalarial activity of two traditionally used medicinal plants against the disease. Methods Acute toxicity and four-day suppressive effects of aqueous, methanol and chloroform extracts of the seed and leaf of Brucea antidysenterica and Ocimum lamiifolium, respectively, were investigated in Swiss albino mice using Plasmodium berghei using standard procedures. Results Methanol extract of the leaves of O. lamiifolium did not exhibit any sign of acute toxicity up to the dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight. However, all mice provided with seeds of B. antidesenterica at a dose of 2000 mg/kg body died within 24 h. The aqueous, methanol and chloroform crude extracts of B. antidesenterica significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited parasitaemia in a dose-dependent manner and prevented body weight loss at doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg body weight. In addition, the extracts prolonged the mean survival time of P. berghei-infected mice compared to the non-treated control. However, it did not prevent reduction in packed cell volume except the chloroform extract in three doses and methanol extract at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. Extracts from O. lamiifolium also exhibited significant (p < 0.05) antiplasmodial activities. The extracts did not prevent body weight loss and PCV reduction, especially in chloroform. The highest suppression was recorded from aqueous crude extract of O. lamiifolium with 35.53 % in the dose of 600 mg/kg. On the other hand, a similar higher suppression was found in both methanol and chloroform of crude extracts of B. antidesenterica with 47.70 %, 46.44 % of chemosuppression, respectively, in its highest dose tested. Conclusion Crude aqueous, methanol and chloroform extracts of the two medicinal plants possess acceptable antimalarial effects. However, further investigation should be pursued on toxicity study and to isolate the bioactive components responsible for the observed antimalarial action of the plants.
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Clement YN, Baksh-Comeau YS, Seaforth CE. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Trinidad. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2015; 11:67. [PMID: 26369926 PMCID: PMC4570261 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-015-0052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An ethnobotanical survey was conducted on the Caribbean island of Trinidad to identify medicinal plants commonly used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of medical conditions. METHODS A pilot survey was conducted to identify the top ten most common ailments where medicinal plants were used. The results of the foregoing study guided a wider national survey conducted between October 2007 and July 2008. A total of 450 households from 50 rural communities were interviewed using the TRAMIL (Traditional Medicine in the Islands) questionnaire for data collection. Details of plants, part(s) used, and remedy formulations were elicited from informants and voucher specimens collected for identification at the National Herbarium of Trinidad and Tobago. The TRAMIL methodology set a limit of a plant with 20 % or more citations for any particular ailment as having significant or popular use. RESULTS At the end of the survey 917 single plant remedies were identified. The majority of species were from the following families; Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Leguminosae, Verbenaceae and Poaceae. Applying the TRAMIL 20 % citation of a plant for popular use as significant, Leonotis nepetifolia (for cough/common cold), Gomphrena globosa (for "stoppage-of-water"), Curcuma longa and Senna occidentalis (for "afterbirth"), Cymbopogon citratus and Neurolaena lobata (for fever), and Citrus limon (for kidney stones) qualified in our study. Those not reaching the TRAMIL 20 % significant (popular) use were Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl, Senna alata (L.) Roxb.and Momordica charantia L. which were widely used as "'cooling/cleanser'" in our survey. CONCLUSIONS Our survey showed significant retention of traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in rural Trinidad. More interestingly, a large remnant of medico-cultural concepts such as "cooling/cleanser", "afterbirth", "stoppage-of-water" and "womb infection" persist in the rural population. Although the scientific literature show that some of the cited plants possessed antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and related pharmacological activities in laboratory studies, these results must be taken with caution until clinical trials are conducted to establish safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y N Clement
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Y S Baksh-Comeau
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - C E Seaforth
- Herbal Institute, The University of Trinidad and Tobago, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
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Mohammed T, Erko B, Giday M. Evaluation of antimalarial activity of leaves of Acokanthera schimperi and Croton macrostachyus against Plasmodium berghei in Swiss albino mice. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:314. [PMID: 25155821 PMCID: PMC4153900 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is one of the most important tropical diseases and the greatest cause of hospitalization and death. Recurring problems of drug resistance are reinforcing the need for finding new antimalarial drugs. In this respect, natural plant products are the main sources of biologically active compounds and have potential for the development of novel antimalarial drugs. A study was conducted to evaluate extracts of the leaves of Croton macrostachyus and Acokanthera schimperi for their in vivo antimalarial activity. METHODS The plants were selected based on their ethnomedicinal information. Acute and sub- acute toxicity studies of the crude extracts were carried out in Swiss albino mice. To assess the effect of extracts of the plants on the parasite, a 4-day suppressive standard test was performed using Plasmodium berghei (ANKA strain). Data were analyzed using paired t-test and ANOVA. RESULTS In acute toxicity study, the two plants extracts did not show any sign of toxicity up to 2000 mg/kg. In sub-acute toxicity study, both plants did not exhibit any hematological change and mortality throughout the observation period up to the highest dose of 1000 mg/kg given daily. Extracts of the leaves of both plants significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed parasitaemia in dose dependent manner at all dose levels. CONCLUSIONS The findings may support the traditional use of the plants to treat malaria. Further pharmacological, toxicological and phytochemical studies are, however, required to evaluate the potential of the plants towards the development of new antimalarial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tigist Mohammed
- />Hosanna Health Science College, Hosanna, P.O. Box 159, SNNPR, Ethiopia
| | - Berhanu Erko
- />Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mirutse Giday
- />Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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In Vitro and In Vivo Antimalarial Activity of Ficus thonningii Blume (Moraceae) and Lophira alata Banks (Ochnaceae), Identified from the Ethnomedicine of the Nigerian Middle Belt. J Parasitol Res 2014; 2014:972853. [PMID: 24955248 PMCID: PMC4052051 DOI: 10.1155/2014/972853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum requires that new drugs must be developed. Plants are a potential source for drug discovery and development. Two plants that used to treat febrile illnesses in Nigeria were tested for in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines. Methanol, hexane, and ethyl acetate leaf extracts of Ficus thonningii and Lophira alata were active in in vitro assays against P. falciparum NF54 (sensitive) and K1 (multiresistant) strains. Hexane extracts of F. thonningii and L. alata were the most effective extracts in in vitro assays with IC50 of 2.7 ± 1.6 μg/mL and 2.5 ± 0.3 μg/mL for NF54 and 10.4 ± 1.6 μg/mL and 2.5 ± 2.1 μg/mL for K1 strain. All extracts were nontoxic in cytotoxicity assays against KB human cell line with IC50 of over 20 μg/mL, demonstrating selectivity against P. falciparum. In vivo analysis shows that hexane extracts of both plants reduced parasitaemia. At the maximum dose tested, L. alata had a 74.4% reduction of parasitaemia while F. thonningii had a reduction of 84.5%, both extracts prolonged animal survival in mice infected with P. berghei NK65 when compared with vehicle treated controls. The antiplasmodial activity observed justifies the use of both plants in treating febrile conditions.
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Walshe-Roussel B, Choueiri C, Saleem A, Asim M, Caal F, Cal V, Rojas MO, Pesek T, Durst T, Arnason JT. Potent anti-inflammatory activity of sesquiterpene lactones from Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br. ex Cass., a Q'eqchi' Maya traditional medicine. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 92:122-127. [PMID: 23747054 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br. ex Cass. by Q'eqchi' Maya and indigenous healers throughout the Caribbean for inflammatory conditions prompted the study of the anti-inflammatory activity of this traditional medicine. The objectives of this study were to conduct a detailed ethnobotanical investigation of the uses of N. lobata by the Q'eqchi' Maya of Belize for a variety of inflammatory symptoms and to evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extract and isolated sesquiterpene lactones. The crude 80% EtOH extract of N. lobata leaves administered at 100 μg/mL reduced LPS-stimulated TNF-α production in THP-1 monocytes by 72% relative to the stimulated vehicle control. Isolated sesquiterpene lactones, neurolenins B, C+D, lobatin B and 9α-hydroxy-8β-isovalerianyloxy-calyculatolide were more active (IC50=0.17-2.32 μM) than the positive control parthenolide (IC50=4.79 μM). The results provide a pharmacological and phytochemical basis for the traditional use of this leaf for inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Walshe-Roussel
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
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Mesia GK, Tona GL, Penge O, Lusakibanza M, Nanga TM, Cimanga RK, Apers S, Van Miert S, Totte J, Pieters L, Vlietinck AJ. Antimalarial activities and toxicities of three plants used as traditional remedies for malaria in the Democratic Republic of Congo:Croton mubango , Nauclea pobeguiniiandPyrenacantha staudtii. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2013; 99:345-57. [PMID: 15949182 DOI: 10.1179/136485905x36325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The antimalarial activities of crude extracts and 17 fractions from the partition of 80%-methanolic extracts of three plants (the stem bark of Croton mubango, the stem bark of Nauclea pobeguinii and the leaves of Pyrenacantha staudtii) used as antimalarial remedies in the Democratic Republic of Congo were studied both in vitro (against Plasmodium falciparum) and in mice infected with Pl. berghei berghei. The toxic effects of dried aqueous extracts of the plants were also investigated, in uninfected mice. The most active crude extracts in vitro, with median inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) of <1 microg/ml, were found to be the methanolic and dichloromethane extracts of C. mubango, and the dichloromethane extracts of N. pobeguinii and Py. staudtii. The aqueous extract with the most antimalarial activity in vitro was that of C. mubango (IC(50) = 3.2 microg/ml), followed by that of N. probeguinii (IC(50) = 5.3 microg/ml) and then that of Py. staudii (IC(50) = 15.2 microg/ml). Results from the in-vivo tests of antimalarial activity showed that, at a daily oral dose of 200 mg/kg, all the dichloromethane extracts, the petroleum-ether, chloroformic, ethyl-acetate and residual water-soluble fractions from C. mubango, and the chloroformic, ethyl-acetate and n-butanolic fractions from Py. staudtii produced >80% chemosuppression of the parasitaemias by day 4. The aqueous extracts of C. mubango and N. probeguinii produced a slightly lower but still significant inhibition of parasitaemia (60%-80%) whereas that of Py. staudtii only suppressed the day-4 parasitaemias by 37%. The dried aqueous extract of the stem bark of C. mubango showed some signs of toxicity in mice, with median lethal doses (LD(50)) of 350 mg/kg in the female mice and 900 mg/kg in the male. The extract significantly increased the serum concentrations of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) in mice of both sexes, but had no effect on the blood levels of creatinine or urea. No significant toxic effect was observed for the dried aqueous extracts of N. pobeguinii and Py. staudtii (LD(50) >5 g/kg). Neither of these extracts affected the serum concentrations of GPT or the blood concentrations of creatinine and urea, although the N. pobeguinii extract did increase the serum concentration of GOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Mesia
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Democratic Republic of Congo.
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Rajendran C, Begam M, Kumar D, Baruah I, Gogoi HK, Srivastava RB, Veer V. Antiplasmodial activity of certain medicinal plants against chloroquine resistant Plasmodium berghei infected white albino BALB/c mice. J Parasit Dis 2013; 38:148-52. [PMID: 24808642 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-013-0252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study of antimalarial efficacy, aqueous extracts of leaves and unripe fruits of Psidium guajava, leaves of Ocimum sanctum and leaves of Murraya koenigii are evaluated against Plasmodium berghei (chloroquine resistant NK65 strain) infected white albino BALB/c mice. A 7 days oral administration was adopted with different dosage viz., 350 mg, 750 mg and 1,000 mg/kg body weight as treatment schedule along with parasite (Group I) and drug control with Chloroquine, 50 mg/kg body weight (Group II). All the parts were extracted based on the decoction method, which is commonly seen among the villagers/tribes as their usual method of preparation of decoction for most of the ailments. The antimalarial activities were evaluated from the giemsa stained blood smears collected from different treated groups of mice used in this experiment. The antiplasmodial effect that is percent parasitaemia and percent suppression (values in parenthesis) showed by the treated groups of mice at 350 mg/kg b. wt. by the aqueous extracts of P. guajava leaves (Group III) was 19.8 ± 1.22 (73.7 %), P. guajava unripe fruits (Group IV) was 52.7 ± 2.19 (30.0 %), leaves of O. sanctum (Group V) was 64.0 ± 0.73 (15.1 %) and leaves of M. koenigii (Group VI) was 28.9 ± 0.81 (61.6 %) whereas at 750 mg/kg b. wt., it all showed 10.3 ± 0.7 (80.2 %), 26.3 ± 0.52 (65.1 %), 42.0 ± 0.47 (44.2 %) and 14.9 ± 0.46 (71.5 %) whereas at 1,000 mg/kg b. wt. dose, it all showed 9.2 ± 0.39 (85.8 %), 25.6 ± 0.40 (62.0 %), 41.8 ± 0.29 (35.5 %) and 14.0 ± 0.42 (76.9 %) respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rajendran
- Medical Entomology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Post Bag No: 2, Tezpur, 784 001 India
| | - M Begam
- CEPTAM, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Timarpur, 110054 New Delhi India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar
- Medical Entomology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Post Bag No: 2, Tezpur, 784 001 India
| | - Indra Baruah
- Medical Entomology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Post Bag No: 2, Tezpur, 784 001 India
| | - H K Gogoi
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Post Bag No: 2, Tezpur, 784 001 India
| | - R B Srivastava
- Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Leh, 194101 Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - Vijay Veer
- Medical Entomology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Post Bag No: 2, Tezpur, 784 001 India
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Coe FG, Parikh DM, Johnson CA, Anderson GJ. The good and the bad: alkaloid screening and brineshrimp bioassays of aqueous extracts of 31 medicinal plants of eastern Nicaragua. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2012; 50:384-392. [PMID: 22117166 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2011.608077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Presence/absence tests for alkaloids of 31 medicinal vascular plant species from 31 genera and 26 families of eastern Nicaragua provided a baseline for bioactivity tests. OBJECTIVE To determine the bioactivity and cytoxicity of aqueous extracts of widely used medicinal species in eastern Nicaragua. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethnomedicinal applications were obtained from interviews of traditional healers. We used Dragendorff's reagent to test alkaloids and brine shrimp for cytotoxicity of aqueous extracts. RESULTS Twenty-nine of the 31 species tested positive for alkaloids. The median lethal concentration that kills 50% of the larvae within 24 h of contact with the extract (LC(50) was less than 1000 µg/mL for 4 (13%) species (the usual cytotoxic category), 1001-5000 µg/mL for 23 (74%) species, and between 5001-7500 µg/mL for the remaining 4 (13%) species. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Twenty-five of the ethnomedicines contain alkaloids but are not cytotoxic. In contrast to first suppositions, we suggest that this is a good and desirable, and perhaps expected, outcome. Medicinal plants that are cytotoxic may obviously control or kill bacteria or other pathogens, but may also negatively affect the patient; some high alkaloid levels have been associated with carcinogens. Thus, perhaps the majority of effective medicinals should be expected to be noncytotoxic. We suggest that this is a new paradigm for consideration of the overall value and effectiveness of medicinals. Of course, medicinals also can be effective in numerous ways (e.g., organ stimulation or other physiological functions) other than simply as antimicrobials or antipathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix G Coe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3043, USA
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Reynertson KA, Charlson ME, Gudas LJ. Induction of murine embryonic stem cell differentiation by medicinal plant extracts. Exp Cell Res 2010; 317:82-93. [PMID: 20955699 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence indicates that diets high in fruits and vegetables provide a measure of cancer chemoprevention due to phytochemical constituents. Natural products are a rich source of cancer chemotherapy drugs, and primarily target rapidly cycling tumor cells. Increasing evidence indicates that many cancers contain small populations of resistant, stem-like cells that have the capacity to regenerate tumors following chemotherapy and radiation, and have been linked to the initiation of metastases. Our goal is to discover natural product-based clinical or dietary interventions that selectively target cancer stem cells, inducing differentiation. We adapted an alkaline phosphatase (AP) stain to assay plant extracts for the capacity to induce differentiation in embryonic stem (ES) cells. AP is a characteristic marker of undifferentiated ES cells, and this represents a novel approach to screening medicinal plant extracts. Following a survey of approximately 100 fractions obtained from 12 species of ethnomedically utilized plants, we found fractions from 3 species that induced differentiation, decreasing AP and transcript levels of pluripotency markers (Nanog, Oct-4, Rex-1). These fractions affected proliferation of murine ES, and human embryonal, prostate, and breast carcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Several phytochemical constituents were isolated; the antioxidant phytochemicals ellagic acid and gallic acid were shown to affect viability of cultured breast carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Reynertson
- Center for Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Bero J, Ganfon H, Jonville MC, Frédérich M, Gbaguidi F, DeMol P, Moudachirou M, Quetin-Leclercq J. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of plants used in Benin in traditional medicine to treat malaria. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 122:439-444. [PMID: 19429309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of crude extracts of 12 plant species traditionally used in Benin for the treatment of malaria in order to validate their use. MATERIALS AND METHODS For each species, dichloromethane, methanol and total aqueous extracts were tested. The antiplasmodial activity of extracts was evaluated using the measurement of the plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase activity on chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and resistant (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The selectivity of the different extracts was evaluated using the MTT test on J774 macrophage-like murine cells and WI38 human normal fibroblasts. RESULTS The best growth inhibition of both strains of Plasmodium falciparum was observed with the dichloromethane extracts of Acanthospermum hispidum DC. (Asteraceae) (IC(50)=7.5 microg/ml on 3D7 and 4.8 microg/ml on W2), Keetia leucantha (K. Krause) Bridson (syn. Plectronia leucantha Krause) (Rubiaceae) leaves and twigs (IC(50)=13.8 and 11.3 microg/ml on 3D7 and IC(50)=26.5 and 15.8 microg/ml on W2, respectively), Carpolobia lutea G.Don. (Polygalaceae) (IC(50)=19.4 microg/ml on 3D7 and 8.1 microg/ml on W2) and Strychnos spinosa Lam. (Loganiaceae) leaves (IC(50)=15.6 microg/ml on 3D7 and 8.9 microg/ml on W2). All these extracts had a low cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION Our study gives some justifications for the traditional uses of some investigated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Bero
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, UCL 7230, Brussels, Belgium.
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Fernández-Calienes Valdés A, Mendiola Martínez J, Scull Lizama R, Vermeersch M, Cos P, Maes L. In vitro anti-microbial activity of the Cuban medicinal plants Simarouba glauca DC, Melaleuca leucadendron L and Artemisia absinthium L. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008; 103:615-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762008000600019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Bletter N. A quantitative synthesis of the medicinal ethnobotany of the Malinké of Mali and the Asháninka of Peru, with a new theoretical framework. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2007; 3:36. [PMID: 18053260 PMCID: PMC2248176 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4269-3-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although ethnomedically and taxonomically guided searches for new medicinal plants can improve the percentage of plants found containing active compounds when compared to random sampling, ethnobotany has fulfilled little of its promise in the last few decades to deliver a bounty of new, laboratory-proven medicinal plants and compounds. It is quite difficult to test, isolate, and elucidate the structure and mechanism of compounds from the plethora of new medicinal plant uses described each year with limited laboratory time and resources and the high cost of clinical trials of new drug candidates. METHODS A new quantitative theoretical framework of mathematical formulas called "relational efficacy" is proposed that should narrow down this search for new plant-derived medicines based on the hypothesis that closely related plants used to treat closely related diseases in distantly related cultures have a higher probability of being effective because they are more likely to be independent discoveries of similar plant compounds and disease mechanisms. A prerequisite to this hypothesis, the idea that empirical testing in traditional medicine will lead to choosing similar medicinal plants and therefore the medicinal flora of two distant cultures will prove to be more similar than their general flora, is tested using resampling statistics on cross-cultural field data of the plants used by the Malinké of Mali and the Asháninka of Peru to treat the diseases malaria, African sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, leishmaniasis, diabetes, eczema, asthma, and uterine fibroids. RESULTS In this case, the similarity of the medicinal floras is found to be significantly greater than the similarity of the general floras, but only when the diseases in question are grouped into the categories of parasitic and autoimmune diseases. CONCLUSION If the central theoretical framework of this hypothesis is shown to be true, it will allow the synthesis of medicinal plant information from around the world to pinpoint the species with the highest potential efficacy to take into the laboratory and analyze further, ultimately saving much field and laboratory time and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Bletter
- Institute of Systematic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, New York, USA.
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. S, Kumala S, Sutaryo B. Screening of Some Extracts from Garcinia parvifolia Miq. (Guttiferae) for Antiplasmodial, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Antibacterial Activities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/ajps.2007.972.976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mendiola J, Hernández H, Sariego I, Rojas L, Otero A, Ramírez A, Chávez MDLA, Payrol JA, Hernández A. Antimalarial activity from three ascidians: an exploration of different marine invertebrate phyla. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006; 100:909-16. [PMID: 16554076 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Revised: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research suggests that marine organisms may produce compounds with activity against malaria parasites. Of a total of 27 aqueous extracts from different marine species, collected on the northwest Cuban coast, 20 were considered as showing no significant activity against Plasmodium falciparum F32, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) >500 microg/ml, while seven extracts (MIC < or =500 microg/ml) were selected for further investigation by determining their selectivity indices and in vivo antimalarial activity. Three species of tunicates were chosen, as more than 50% reduction of P. berghei parasitaemia was produced after administration of 250 or 500 mg/kg of their crude extracts into infected mice. The aqueous extracts of Microcosmus goanus, Ascidia sydneiensis and Phallusia nigra were partitioned between water and n-butanol; the organic phases inhibited P. falciparum growth by 50% at concentrations of 17.5 microg/ml, 20.9 microg/ml and 29.4 microg/ml respectively. In general, these results are similar to those of most ethnobotanical surveys. Further chemical studies are being undertaken in order to isolate new antimalarial compounds from these Caribbean tunicates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Mendiola
- Department of Parasitology, Institute Pedro Kourí, Autopista Novia del Mediodía, Km 6 1/2, P.O. Box 601, Marianao 13, Ciudad Habana, Cuba.
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Lira-Salazar G, Marines-Montiel E, Torres-Monzón J, Hernández-Hernández F, Salas-Benito JS. Effects of homeopathic medications Eupatorium perfoliatum and Arsenicum album on parasitemia of Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. HOMEOPATHY 2006; 95:223-8. [PMID: 17015193 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most important parasitic diseases in the world and a major public health problem because of emerging drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium. A number of synthetic and natural compounds are now being analysed to develop more effective antimalarial drugs. We investigated the effect of homeopathic preparations of Eupatorium perfoliatum and Arsenicum album on parasitemia using a rodent malaria model. We found significant inhibitory effect on parasite multiplication with both medications with a level of 60% for Eupatorium perfoliatum at a 30 CH potency. Arsenicum album 0/6 gave 70% inhibition but this was less stable than Eupatorium perfoliatum. The number of schizonts was higher in animals treated with homeopathic medications. Although the mechanism of action is unknown, these agents would be good candidates as alternative or complementary medications in the treatment of malaria.
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Wijayanti MA, Sholikhah EN, Tahir I, Hadanu R, Jumina, Supargiyono, Mustofa. Antiplasmodial Activity and Acute Toxicity of N-alkyl and N-benzyl-1,10-Phenanthroline Derivatives in Mouse Malaria Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.52.794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iqmal Tahir
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathemathics and Natural Sciences, Gadjah Mada University
| | - Ruslin Hadanu
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathemathics and Natural Sciences, Gadjah Mada University
| | - Jumina
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathemathics and Natural Sciences, Gadjah Mada University
| | - Supargiyono
- Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University
| | - Mustofa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University
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Rivero-Cruz JF, Lezutekong R, Lobo-Echeverri T, Ito A, Mi Q, Chai HB, Soejarto DD, Cordell GA, Pezzuto JM, Swanson SM, Morelli I, Kinghorn AD. Cytotoxic constituents of the twigs of Simarouba glauca collected from a plot in Southern Florida. Phytother Res 2005; 19:136-40. [PMID: 15852485 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Activity-guided fractionation of a chloroform-soluble extract of Simarouba glauca twigs collected from a plot in southern Florida, and monitored with a human epidermoid (KB) tumor cell line, afforded six canthin-6-one type alkaloid derivatives, canthin-6-one (1), 2-methoxycanthin-6-one (2), 9-methoxycanthin-6-one (3), 2-hydroxycanthin-6-one (4), 4,5-dimethoxycanthin-6-one (5) and 4,5-dihydroxycanthin-6-one (6), a limonoid, melianodiol (7), an acyclic squalene-type triterpenoid, 14-deacetyleurylene (8), two coumarins, scopoletin (9) and fraxidin (10), and two triglycerides, triolein (11) and trilinolein (12). Among these isolates, compounds 1-4, 7 and 8 exhibited cytotoxic activity against several human cancer cell lines. 14-Deacetyleurylene (8) was selectively active against the Lu1 human lung cancer cell line, but was inactive in an in vivo hollow fiber assay using this same cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fausto Rivero-Cruz
- Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA
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Berger I, Passreiter CM, Cáceres A, Kubelka W. Antiprotozoal activity of Neurolaena lobata. Phytother Res 2001; 15:327-30. [PMID: 11406857 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Extracts, fractions and sesquiterpene lactones from Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br. (Asteraceae), a traditional medicinal plant from Guatemala, were tested in vitro against Leishmania spp. promastigotes, Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes and epimastigotes and Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites. The ethanol extract inhibited the parasite growth of L. mexicana, T. cruzi and T. vaginalis significantly. The pure germacranolides 1 and a mixture of 2 and 3, isolated from the ethonal extract, were highly active against L. mexicana and T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Berger
- Institut für Pharmakognosie, Universität Wien, Pharmaziezentrum, Althanstrabetae 14, A-1090 Wien, Austria
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Muelas-Serrano S, Nogal JJ, Martínez-Díaz RA, Escario JA, Martínez-Fernández AR, Gómez-Barrio A. In vitro screening of american plant extracts on Trypanosoma cruzi and trichomonas vaginalis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2000; 71:101-107. [PMID: 10904152 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(99)00185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
From the beginning of this decade and with the revival of the phytotherapy, biological research about immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antiprotozoal effects of Central and South American plants have been in progress. Our objective was to determine the antiprotozoal activity of 79 extracts from different plant families, including Asteraceae, Araceae, Moraceae, Solanaceae, Rhamnaceae, Zingiberaceae, Leguminosae and Sapotaceae. Once matching with herbarium specimens authenticated the plants, selected parts were separated, dried carefully and reduced to powder. Most of the screened extracts were aqueous. Two protozoa with different metabolic pathways, Trypanosoma cruzi and Trichomonas vaginalis were used as experimental models. Trypanocidal activity of plants was assayed on epimastigote cultures in liver infusion tryptose (LIT). Anti-Trichomonas activity was determined over cultures of the parasite in Diamond medium. In both cases, microscopic counting of parasites, after their incubation in the presence of different concentrations of the crude extracts, were made in order to determine the cytocidal and cytostatic activities respect to control cultures. Of the nine extracts that showed antiprotozoal activity, those from Mikania cordifolia and Philodendron bipinnatifidum were then fractionated, and again, were assayed the organic and aqueous phases obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Muelas-Serrano
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Jenett-Siems K, Mockenhaupt FP, Bienzle U, Gupta MP, Eich E. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of Central American medicinal plants. Trop Med Int Health 1999; 4:611-5. [PMID: 10540301 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.1999.00456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro antiplasmodial activities of 14 plant species traditionally used in Central America for the treatment of malaria or fever were evaluated. Lipophilic extracts of Piper hispidum, Siparuna andina, S. pauciflora, S. tonduziana, and Xylopia cf. frutescens, proved to be active against both a chloroquine-sensitive and a resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum. IC50 values ranged between 3.0 microg/ml and 21.9 microg/ml; however, moderate cytotoxicity of active extracts was observed. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of Piper hispidum yielded 2',4, 6'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxydihydrochalcone (asebogenin) as an active compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jenett-Siems
- Institut für Pharmazie (Pharmazeutische Biologie), Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany.
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