1
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Conway TP, Simonicova L, Moye-Rowley WS. Overlapping coactivator function is required for transcriptional activation by the Candida glabrata Pdr1 transcription factor. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.24.595833. [PMID: 38853834 PMCID: PMC11160619 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.24.595833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Azole resistance in the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata is a serious clinical complication and increasing in frequency. The majority of resistant organisms have been found to contain a substitution mutation in the Zn2Cys6 zinc cluster-containing transcription factor Pdr1. These mutations typically lead to this factor driving high, constitutive expression of target genes like the ATP-binding cassette transporter-encoding gene CDR1 . Overexpression of Cdr1 is required for the observed elevated fluconazole resistance exhibited by strains containing one of these hyperactive PDR1 alleles. While the identity of hyperactive PDR1 alleles has been extensively documented, the mechanisms underlying how these gain-of-function (GOF) forms of Pdr1 lead to elevated target gene transcription are not well understood. We have used a tandem affinity purification (TAP)-tagged form of Pdr1 to identify coactivator proteins that biochemically purify with the wild-type and two different GOF forms of Pdr1. Three coactivator proteins were found to associate with Pdr1: the SWI/SNF complex Snf2 chromatin remodeling protein and two different components of the SAGA complex, Spt7 and Ngg1. We found that deletion mutants lacking either SNF2 or SPT7 exhibited growth defects, even in the absence of fluconazole challenge. To overcome these issues, we employed a conditional degradation system to acutely deplete these coactivators and determined that loss of either coactivator complex, SWI/SNF or SAGA, caused defects in Pdr1-dependent transcription. A double degron strain that could be depleted for both SWI/SNF and SAGA exhibited a profound defect in PDR1 autoregulation, revealing that these complexes work together to ensure high level Pdr1-dependent gene transcription.
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2
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Chow EWL, Song Y, Wang H, Xu X, Gao J, Wang Y. Genome-wide profiling of piggyBac transposon insertion mutants reveals loss of the F 1F 0 ATPase complex causes fluconazole resistance in Candida glabrata. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:781-797. [PMID: 38242855 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis caused by non-albicans species has been on the rise, with Candida glabrata emerging as the second most common etiological agent. Candida glabrata possesses an intrinsically lower susceptibility to azoles and an alarming propensity to rapidly develop high-level azole resistance during treatment. In this study, we have developed an efficient piggyBac (PB) transposon-mediated mutagenesis system in C. glabrata to conduct genome-wide genetic screens and applied it to profile genes that contribute to azole resistance. When challenged with the antifungal drug fluconazole, PB insertion into 270 genes led to significant resistance. A large subset of these genes has a role in the mitochondria, including almost all genes encoding the subunits of the F1F0 ATPase complex. We show that deleting ATP3 or ATP22 results in increased azole resistance but does not affect susceptibility to polyenes and echinocandins. The increased azole resistance is due to increased expression of PDR1 that encodes a transcription factor known to promote drug efflux pump expression. Deleting PDR1 in the atp3Δ or atp22Δ mutant resulted in hypersensitivity to fluconazole. Our results shed light on the mechanisms contributing to azole resistance in C. glabrata. This PB transposon-mediated mutagenesis system can significantly facilitate future genome-wide genetic screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve W L Chow
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science and Technology Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yabing Song
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science and Technology Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science and Technology Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiaxin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science and Technology Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Schikora-Tamarit MÀ, Gabaldón T. Recent gene selection and drug resistance underscore clinical adaptation across Candida species. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:284-307. [PMID: 38177305 PMCID: PMC10769879 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01547-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how microbial pathogens adapt to treatments, humans and clinical environments is key to infer mechanisms of virulence, transmission and drug resistance. This may help improve therapies and diagnostics for infections with a poor prognosis, such as those caused by fungal pathogens, including Candida. Here we analysed genomic variants across approximately 2,000 isolates from six Candida species (C. glabrata, C. auris, C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis and C. orthopsilosis) and identified genes under recent selection, suggesting a highly complex clinical adaptation. These involve species-specific and convergently affected adaptive mechanisms, such as adhesion. Using convergence-based genome-wide association studies we identified known drivers of drug resistance alongside potentially novel players. Finally, our analyses reveal an important role of structural variants and suggest an unexpected involvement of (para)sexual recombination in the spread of resistance. Our results provide insights on how opportunistic pathogens adapt to human-related environments and unearth candidate genes that deserve future attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Àngel Schikora-Tamarit
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Barcelona, Spain.
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4
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Okamoto M, Nakano K, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Sasamoto K, Yamaguchi M, Teixeira MC, Chibana H. In Candida glabrata, ERMES Component GEM1 Controls Mitochondrial Morphology, mtROS, and Drug Efflux Pump Expression, Resulting in Azole Susceptibility. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020240. [PMID: 36836353 PMCID: PMC9965728 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction or morphological abnormalities in human pathogenic fungi are known to contribute to azole resistance; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. In this study, we investigated the link between mitochondrial morphology and azole resistance in Candida glabrata, which is the second most common cause of human candidiasis worldwide. The ER-mitochondrial encounter structure (ERMES) complex is thought to play an important role in the mitochondrial dynamics necessary for mitochondria to maintain their function. Of the five components of the ERMES complex, deletion of GEM1 increased azole resistance. Gem1 is a GTPase that regulates the ERMES complex activity. Point mutations in GEM1 GTPase domains were sufficient to confer azole resistance. The cells lacking GEM1 displayed abnormalities in mitochondrial morphology, increased mtROS levels, and increased expression of azole drug efflux pumps encoded by CDR1 and CDR2. Interestingly, treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant, reduced ROS production and the expression of CDR1 in Δgem1 cells. Altogether, the absence of Gem1 activity caused an increase in mitochondrial ROS concentration, leading to Pdr1-dependent upregulation of the drug efflux pump Cdr1, resulting in azole resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Okamoto
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakano
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | | | - Kaname Sasamoto
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Masashi Yamaguchi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Miguel Cacho Teixeira
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
- Correspondence:
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5
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Galocha M, Viana R, Pais P, Silva-Dias A, Cavalheiro M, Miranda IM, Van Ende M, Souza CS, Costa C, Branco J, Soares CM, Van Dijck P, Rodrigues AG, Teixeira MC. Genomic evolution towards azole resistance in Candida glabrata clinical isolates unveils the importance of CgHxt4/6/7 in azole accumulation. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1118. [PMID: 36271293 PMCID: PMC9587243 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of candidosis caused by Candida glabrata is related to its ability to acquire azole resistance. Although azole resistance mechanisms are well known, the mechanisms for azole import into fungal cells have remained obscure. In this work, we have characterized two hexose transporters in C. glabrata and further investigate their role as potential azole importers. Three azole susceptible C. glabrata clinical isolates were evolved towards azole resistance and the acquired resistance phenotype was found to be independent of CgPDR1 or CgERG11 mutations. Through whole-genome sequencing, CgHXT4/6/7 was found to be mutated in the three evolved strains, when compared to their susceptible parents. CgHxt4/6/7 and the 96% identical CgHxt6/7 were found to confer azole susceptibility and increase azole accumulation in C. glabrata cells, strikingly rescuing the susceptibility phenotype imposed by CgPDR1 deletion, while the identified loss-of-function mutation in CgHXT4/6/7, leads to increased azole resistance. In silico docking analysis shows that azoles display a strong predicted affinity for the glucose binding site of CgHxt4/6/7. Altogether, we hypothesize that hexose transporters, such as CgHxt4/6/7 and CgHxt6/7, may constitute a family of azole importers, involved in clinical drug resistance in fungal pathogens, and constituting promising targets for improved antifungal therapy. Mutations in the hexose transporter, CgHXT4/6/7, contribute to increased antifungal (azole) resistance in the fungal pathogen, Candida glabrata, potentially by influencing azole accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Galocha
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Romeu Viana
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pais
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Silva-Dias
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Cavalheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel M Miranda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cardiovascular R&D Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mieke Van Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caio S Souza
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Costa
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Branco
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudio M Soares
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Acácio G Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. .,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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6
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Bhakt P, Raney M, Kaur R. The SET-domain protein CgSet4 negatively regulates antifungal drug resistance via the ergosterol biosynthesis transcriptional regulator CgUpc2a. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102485. [PMID: 36108742 PMCID: PMC9576903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections, which pose a serious threat to human health, are increasingly associated with a high mortality rate and elevated health care costs, owing to rising resistance to current antifungals and emergence of multidrug-resistant fungal species. Candida glabrata is the second to fourth common cause of Candida bloodstream infections. Its high propensity to acquire resistance toward two mainstream drugs, azoles (inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis) and echinocandins (target cell wall), in clinical settings, and its inherent low azole susceptibility render antifungal therapy unsuccessful in many cases. Here, we demonstrate a pivotal role for the SET {suppressor of variegation 3 to 9 [Su(var)3-9], enhancer of zeste [E(z)], and trithorax (Trx)} domain-containing protein, CgSet4, in azole and echinocandin resistance via negative regulation of multidrug transporter-encoding and ergosterol biosynthesis (ERG) genes through the master transcriptional factors CgPdr1 and CgUpc2A, respectively. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that C. glabrata responds to caspofungin (CSP; echinocandin antifungal) stress by downregulation and upregulation of ERG and cell wall organization genes, respectively. Although CgSet4 acts as a repressor of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway via CgUPC2A transcriptional downregulation, the CSP-induced ERG gene repression is not dependent on CgSet4, as CgSet4 showed diminished abundance on the CgUPC2A promoter in CSP-treated cells. Furthermore, we show a role for the last three enzymes of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, CgErg3, CgErg5, and CgErg4, in antifungal susceptibility and virulence in C. glabrata. Altogether, our results unveil the link between ergosterol biosynthesis and echinocandin resistance and have implications for combination antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Bhakt
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mayur Raney
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India; Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India.
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7
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Vu BG, Moye-Rowley WS. Nonidentical function of Upc2A binding sites in the Candida glabrata CDR1 promoter. Genetics 2022; 222:iyac135. [PMID: 36063046 PMCID: PMC9526049 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of the Candida glabrata CDR1 gene, encoding an ATP-binding cassette membrane transporter, is routinely observed in fluconazole-resistant isolates of this pathogenic yeast. CDR1 transcription has been well-documented to be due to activity of the Zn2Cys6 zinc cluster-containing transcription factor Pdr1. Gain-of-function mutations in the gene encoding this factor are the most commonly observed cause of fluconazole hyper-resistance in clinical isolates. We have recently found that the sterol-responsive transcription factor Upc2A also acts to control CDR1 transcription, providing a direct link between ergosterol biosynthesis and expression of Pdr1 target genes. While this earlier work implicated Upc2A as an activator of CDR1 transcription, our further analyses revealed the presence of a second Upc2A binding site that negatively regulated CDR1 expression. This Upc2A binding site designated a sterol-responsive element (SRE) was found to have significant lower affinity for Upc2A DNA-binding than the previously described SRE. This new SRE was designated SRE2 while the original, positively acting site was named SRE1. A mutant version of SRE2 prevented in vitro DNA-binding by recombinant Upc2A and, when introduced into the CDR1 promoter, caused decreased fluconazole susceptibility and increased CDR1 expression. This negative effect caused by loss of SRE2 was shown to be Pdr1 independent, consistent with the presence of at least one additional activator of CDR1 transcription. The ability of Upc2A to exert either positive or negative effects on gene expression resembles behavior of mammalian nuclear receptor proteins and reveals an unexpectedly complex nature for SRE effects on gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Gia Vu
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - William Scott Moye-Rowley
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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8
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Rola A, Potok P, Mos M, Gumienna-Kontecka E, Potocki S. Zn(II) and Cd(II) Complexes of AMT1/MAC1 Homologous Cys/His-Rich Domains: So Similar yet So Different. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:14333-14343. [PMID: 36044397 PMCID: PMC9472267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by Candida species are becoming seriously dangerous and difficult to cure due to their sophisticated mechanisms of resistance. The host organism defends itself from the invader, e.g., by increasing the concentration of metal ions. Therefore, there is a need to understand the overall mechanisms of metal homeostasis in Candida species. One of them is associated with AMT1, an important virulence factor derived from Candida glabrata, and another with MAC1, present in Candida albicans. Both of the proteins possess a homologous Cys/His-rich domain. In our studies, we have chosen two model peptides, L680 (Ac-10ACMECVRGHRSSSCKHHE27-NH2, MAC1, Candida albicans) and L681 (Ac-10ACDSCIKSHKAAQCEHNDR28-NH2, AMT1, Candida glabrata), to analyze and compare the properties of their complexes with Zn(II) and Cd(II). We studied the stoichiometry, thermodynamic stability, and spectroscopic parameters of the complexes in a wide pH range. When competing for the metal ion in the equimolar mixture of two ligands and Cd(II)/Zn(II), L680 forms more stable complexes with Cd(II) while L681 forms more stable complexes with Zn(II) in a wide pH range. Interestingly, a Glu residue was responsible for the additional stability of Cd(II)-L680. Despite a number of scientific reports suggesting Cd(II) as an efficient surrogate of Zn(II), we showed significant differences between the Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes of the studied peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rola
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, 14 Joliot-Curie Street, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Potok
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, 14 Joliot-Curie Street, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Mos
- WMG, International Manufacturing Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sławomir Potocki
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, 14 Joliot-Curie Street, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
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9
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Blass BE, Puri S, Sharma R, Day BM. Antifungal properties of (2S, 4R)-Ketoconazole sulfonamide analogs. FRONTIERS IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 2:1000827. [PMID: 37214226 PMCID: PMC10198183 DOI: 10.3389/fddsv.2022.1000827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis remains a significant health concern, as it is associated with a high mortality risk. In addition, the risk of infection is significantly elevated in immunocompromised patients such as those with HIV, cancer, or those taking imcmunosuppressive drugs as a result of organ transplantation. The majority of these cases are caused by C. albicans, and C. glabrata is the second most common cause. These infections are typically treated using approved antifungal agents, but the rise of drug-resistant fungi is a serious concern. As part of our on-going effort to identify novel antifungal agents, we have studied the in vitro antifungal properties of a series of sulfonamide analogs of (2S, 4R)-Ketoconazole. Herein we report on the in vitro activity against the key fungal pathogens C. albicans, and C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E. Blass
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sumant Puri
- Oral Microbiome Research Laboratory, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United Stated
| | - Rishabh Sharma
- Oral Microbiome Research Laboratory, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United Stated
| | - Brian M. Day
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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10
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Handelman M, Osherov N. Experimental and in-host evolution of triazole resistance in human pathogenic fungi. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:957577. [PMID: 37746192 PMCID: PMC10512370 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.957577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The leading fungal pathogens causing systemic infections in humans are Candida spp., Aspergillus fumigatus, and Cryptococcus neoformans. The major class of antifungals used to treat such infections are the triazoles, which target the cytochrome P450 lanosterol 14-α-demethylase, encoded by the ERG11 (yeasts)/cyp51A (molds) genes, catalyzing a key step in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway. Triazole resistance in clinical fungi is a rising concern worldwide, causing increasing mortality in immunocompromised patients. This review describes the use of serial clinical isolates and in-vitro evolution toward understanding the mechanisms of triazole resistance. We outline, compare, and discuss how these approaches have helped identify the evolutionary pathways taken by pathogenic fungi to acquire triazole resistance. While they all share a core mechanism (mutation and overexpression of ERG11/cyp51A and efflux transporters), their timing and mechanism differs: Candida and Cryptococcus spp. exhibit resistance-conferring aneuploidies and copy number variants not seen in A. fumigatus. Candida spp. have a proclivity to develop resistance by undergoing mutations in transcription factors (TAC1, MRR1, PDR5) that increase the expression of efflux transporters. A. fumigatus is especially prone to accumulate resistance mutations in cyp51A early during the evolution of resistance. Recently, examination of serial clinical isolates and experimental lab-evolved triazole-resistant strains using modern omics and gene editing tools has begun to realize the full potential of these approaches. As a result, triazole-resistance mechanisms can now be analyzed at increasingly finer resolutions. This newfound knowledge will be instrumental in formulating new molecular approaches to fight the rapidly emerging epidemic of antifungal resistant fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nir Osherov
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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11
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Schrevens S, Durandau E, Tran VDT, Sanglard D. Using in vivo transcriptomics and RNA enrichment to identify genes involved in virulence of Candida glabrata. Virulence 2022; 13:1285-1303. [PMID: 35795910 PMCID: PMC9348041 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2095716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species are the most commonly isolated opportunistic fungal pathogens in humans. Candida albicans causes most of the diagnosed infections, closely followed by Candida glabrata. C. albicans is well studied, and many genes have been shown to be important for infection and colonization of the host. It is however less clear how C. glabrata infects the host. With the help of fungal RNA enrichment, we here investigated for the first time the transcriptomic profile of C. glabrata during urinary tract infection (UTI) in mice. In the UTI model, bladders and kidneys are major target organs and therefore fungal transcriptomes were addressed in these organs. Our results showed that, next to adhesins and proteases, nitrogen metabolism and regulation play a vital role during C. glabrata UTI. Genes involved in nitrogen metabolism were upregulated and among them we show that DUR1,2 (urea amidolyase) and GAP1 (amino acid permease) were important for virulence. Furthermore, we confirmed the importance of the glyoxylate cycle in the host and identified MLS1 (malate synthase) as an important gene necessary for C. glabrata virulence. In conclusion, our study shows with the support of in vivo transcriptomics how C. glabrata adapts to host conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Schrevens
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric Durandau
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Van Du T Tran
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Sanglard
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Shahi G, Kumar M, Khandelwal NK, Banerjee A, Sarkar P, Kumari S, Esquivel BD, Chauhan N, Chattopadhyay A, White TC, Gaur NA, Singh A, Prasad R. Inositol Phosphoryl Transferase, Ipt1, Is a Critical Determinant of Azole Resistance and Virulence Phenotypes in Candida glabrata. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070651. [PMID: 35887407 PMCID: PMC9322651 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have specifically blocked a key step of sphingolipid (SL) biosynthesis in Candida glabrata by disruption of the orthologs of ScIpt1 and ScSkn1. Based on their close homology with S. cerevisiae counterparts, the proteins are predicted to catalyze the addition of a phosphorylinositol group onto mannosyl inositolphosphoryl ceramide (MIPC) to form mannosyl diinositolphosphoryl ceramide (M(IP)2C), which accounts for the majority of complex SL structures in S. cerevisiae membranes. High throughput lipidome analysis confirmed the accumulation of MIPC structures in ΔCgipt1 and ΔCgskn1 cells, albeit to lesser extent in the latter. Noticeably, ΔCgipt1 cells showed an increased susceptibility to azoles; however, ΔCgskn1 cells showed no significant changes in the drug susceptibility profiles. Interestingly, the azole susceptible phenotype of ΔCgipt1 cells seems to be independent of the ergosterol content. ΔCgipt1 cells displayed altered lipid homeostasis, increased membrane fluidity as well as high diffusion of radiolabeled fluconazole (3H-FLC), which could together influence the azole susceptibility of C. glabrata. Furthermore, in vivo experiments also confirmed compromised virulence of the ΔCgipt1 strain. Contrarily, specific functions of CgSkn1 remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Shahi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Integrative Science and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Gurgaon 122412, India; (G.S.); (M.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Integrative Science and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Gurgaon 122412, India; (G.S.); (M.K.); (A.B.)
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India; (S.K.); (N.A.G.)
| | | | - Atanu Banerjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Integrative Science and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Gurgaon 122412, India; (G.S.); (M.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Parijat Sarkar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India; (P.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Sonam Kumari
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India; (S.K.); (N.A.G.)
| | - Brooke D. Esquivel
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; (B.D.E.); (T.C.W.)
| | - Neeraj Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA;
| | - Amitabha Chattopadhyay
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India; (P.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Theodore C. White
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; (B.D.E.); (T.C.W.)
| | - Naseem A. Gaur
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India; (S.K.); (N.A.G.)
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Integrative Science and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Gurgaon 122412, India; (G.S.); (M.K.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (R.P.)
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13
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Gaspar-Cordeiro A, Amaral C, Pobre V, Antunes W, Petronilho A, Paixão P, Matos AP, Pimentel C. Copper Acts Synergistically With Fluconazole in Candida glabrata by Compromising Drug Efflux, Sterol Metabolism, and Zinc Homeostasis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:920574. [PMID: 35774458 PMCID: PMC9237516 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.920574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The synergistic combinations of drugs are promising strategies to boost the effectiveness of current antifungals and thus prevent the emergence of resistance. In this work, we show that copper and the antifungal fluconazole act synergistically against Candida glabrata, an opportunistic pathogenic yeast intrinsically tolerant to fluconazole. Analyses of the transcriptomic profile of C. glabrata after the combination of copper and fluconazole showed that the expression of the multidrug transporter gene CDR1 was decreased, suggesting that fluconazole efflux could be affected. In agreement, we observed that copper inhibits the transactivation of Pdr1, the transcription regulator of multidrug transporters and leads to the intracellular accumulation of fluconazole. Copper also decreases the transcriptional induction of ergosterol biosynthesis (ERG) genes by fluconazole, which culminates in the accumulation of toxic sterols. Co-treatment of cells with copper and fluconazole should affect the function of proteins located in the plasma membrane, as several ultrastructural alterations, including irregular cell wall and plasma membrane and loss of cell wall integrity, were observed. Finally, we show that the combination of copper and fluconazole downregulates the expression of the gene encoding the zinc-responsive transcription regulator Zap1, which possibly, together with the membrane transporters malfunction, generates zinc depletion. Supplementation with zinc reverts the toxic effect of combining copper with fluconazole, underscoring the importance of this metal in the observed synergistic effect. Overall, this work, while unveiling the molecular basis that supports the use of copper to enhance the effectiveness of fluconazole, paves the way for the development of new metal-based antifungal strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gaspar-Cordeiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Amaral
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Vânia Pobre
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Wilson Antunes
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação da Academia Militar (CINAMIL), Unidade Militar Laboratorial de Defesa Biológica e Química (UMLDBQ), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Petronilho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paulo Paixão
- Unidade de Infeção, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Chronic Diseases Research Centre – CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório de Patologia Clínica – SYNLAB, Hospital da Luz, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António P. Matos
- Egas Moniz Interdisciplinary Research Centre, Egas Moniz Higher Education Cooperative, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pimentel
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Catarina Pimentel,
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14
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Baker KM, Hoda S, Saha D, Gregor JB, Georgescu L, Serratore ND, Zhang Y, Cheng L, Lanman NA, Briggs SD. The Set1 Histone H3K4 Methyltransferase Contributes to Azole Susceptibility in a Species-Specific Manner by Differentially Altering the Expression of Drug Efflux Pumps and the Ergosterol Gene Pathway. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0225021. [PMID: 35471041 PMCID: PMC9112889 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02250-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are a major health concern because of limited antifungal drugs and development of drug resistance. Candida can develop azole drug resistance by overexpression of drug efflux pumps or mutating ERG11, the target of azoles. However, the role of epigenetic histone modifications in azole-induced gene expression and drug resistance is poorly understood in Candida glabrata. In this study, we show that Set1 mediates histone H3K4 methylation in C. glabrata. In addition, loss of SET1 and histone H3K4 methylation increases azole susceptibility in both C. glabrata and S. cerevisiae. This increase in azole susceptibility in S. cerevisiae and C. glabrata strains lacking SET1 is due to distinct mechanisms. For S. cerevisiae, loss of SET1 decreased the expression and function of the efflux pump Pdr5, but not ERG11 expression under azole treatment. In contrast, loss of SET1 in C. glabrata does not alter expression or function of efflux pumps. However, RNA sequencing revealed that C. glabrata Set1 is necessary for azole-induced expression of all 12 genes in the late ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, including ERG11 and ERG3. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis shows histone H3K4 trimethylation increases upon azole-induced ERG gene expression. In addition, high performance liquid chromatography analysis indicated Set1 is necessary for maintaining proper ergosterol levels under azole treatment. Clinical isolates lacking SET1 were also hypersusceptible to azoles which is attributed to reduced ERG11 expression but not defects in drug efflux. Overall, Set1 contributes to azole susceptibility in a species-specific manner by altering the expression and consequently disrupting pathways known for mediating drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kortany M. Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Smriti Hoda
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Debasmita Saha
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Justin B. Gregor
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Livia Georgescu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Nina D. Serratore
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Yueping Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Lizhi Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Nadia A. Lanman
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Scott D. Briggs
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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15
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Castanheira M, Deshpande LM, Davis AP, Carvalhaes CG, Pfaller MA. Azole Resistance in Candida glabrata Clinical Isolates from Global Surveillance is Associated with Efflux Overexpression. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2022; 29:371-377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Unmasking of CgYor1-Dependent Azole Resistance Mediated by Target of Rapamycin (TOR) and Calcineurin Signaling in Candida glabrata. mBio 2022; 13:e0354521. [PMID: 35038899 PMCID: PMC8764518 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03545-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, 18 predicted membrane-localized ABC transporters of Candida glabrata were deleted individually to create a minilibrary of knockouts (KO). The transporter KOs were analyzed for their susceptibility toward antimycotic drugs. Although CgYOR1 has previously been reported to be upregulated in various azole-resistant clinical isolates of C. glabrata, deletion of this gene did not change the susceptibility to any of the tested azoles. Additionally, Cgyor1Δ showed no change in susceptibility toward oligomycin, which is otherwise a well-known substrate of Yor1 in other yeasts. The role of CgYor1 in azole susceptibility only became evident when the major transporter CgCDR1 gene was deleted. However, under nitrogen-depleted conditions, Cgyor1Δ demonstrated an azole-susceptible phenotype, independent of CgCdr1. Notably, Cgyor1Δ cells also showed increased susceptibility to target of rapamycin (TOR) and calcineurin inhibitors. Moreover, increased phytoceramide levels in Cgyor1Δ and the deletions of regulators downstream of TOR and the calcineurin signaling cascade (Cgypk1Δ, Cgypk2Δ, Cgckb1Δ, and Cgckb2Δ) in the Cgyor1Δ background and their associated fluconazole (FLC) susceptibility phenotypes confirmed their involvement. Collectively, our findings show that TOR and calcineurin signaling govern CgYor1-mediated azole susceptibility in C. glabrata. IMPORTANCE The increasing incidence of Candida glabrata infections in the last 40 years is a serious concern worldwide. These infections are usually associated with intrinsic azole resistance and increasing echinocandin resistance. Efflux pumps, especially ABC transporter upregulation, are one of the prominent mechanisms of azole resistance; however, only a few of them are characterized. In this study, we analyzed the mechanisms of azole resistance due to a multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) subfamily ABC transporter, CgYor1. We demonstrate for the first time that CgYor1 does not transport oligomycin but is involved in azole resistance. Under normal growing conditions its function is masked by major transporter CgCdr1; however, under nitrogen-depleted conditions, it displays its azole resistance function independently. Moreover, we propose that the azole susceptibility due to removal of CgYor1 is not due to its transport function but involves modulation of TOR and calcineurin cascades.
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17
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Daniela SV, Gabriela OM, Andrea PM. A state-of-the-art review and prospective therapeutic applications of prenyl flavonoids as chemosensitizers against antifungal multidrug resistance in Candida albicans. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4251-4281. [PMID: 35139777 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220209103538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) in the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans is defined as non-susceptibility to at least one agent in two or more drug classes. This phenomenon has been increasingly reported since the rise in the incidence of fungal infections in immunocompromised patients at the end of the last century. After the discovery of efflux pump overexpression as a principal mechanism causing MDR in Candida strains, drug discovery targeting fungal efflux transporters has had a growing impact. Chemosensitization aims to enhance azole intracellular concentrations through combination therapy with transporter inhibitors. Consequently, the use of drug efflux inhibitors combined with the antifungal agent will sensitize the pathogen. As a result, the use of lower drug concentrations will reduce possible adverse effects on the host. Through an extensive revision of the literature, this review aims to provide an exhaustive and critical analysis of the studies carried out in the past two decades, regarding the chemosensitization strategy to cope with multidrug resistance in C. albicans. This work provides a deep analysis of the research about the inhibition of drug-efflux membrane transporters by prenylated flavonoids and the interactions of these phytocompounds with azole antifungals as an approach to chemosensitize multidrug-resistant C. albicans strains. We highlight the importance of prenylflavonoids and their particular chemical and pharmacological characteristics that make them excellent candidates with therapeutic potential as chemosensitizers. Finally, we propose the need for further research of prenyl flavonoids as inhibitors of drug-efflux mediated fungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santi V Daniela
- Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Haya de la torre y Medina Allende, Edificio Ciencias II, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria. X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ortega María Gabriela
- Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Haya de la torre y Medina Allende, Edificio Ciencias II, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria. X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Peralta Mariana Andrea
- Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Haya de la torre y Medina Allende, Edificio Ciencias II, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria. X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
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18
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Gaspar-Cordeiro A, Afonso G, Amaral C, da Silva SM, Pimentel C. Zap1 is required for Candida glabrata response to fluconazole. FEMS Yeast Res 2022; 22:6510815. [PMID: 35040997 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of fluconazole-resistant clinical isolates of Candida spp. strongly hinders the widespread use of the drug. To tackle this problem, great efforts have been made to fully understand the fungal response to fluconazole. In this work, we show that the role of Zap1 in Candida glabrata goes beyond regulating yeast adaptation to zinc deficiency. In line with our previous observation that deletion of ZAP1 makes yeast cells more sensitive to fluconazole, we found that the mutant CgΔzap1 accumulates higher levels of the drug, which correlates well with its lower levels of ergosterol. Surprisingly, Zap1 is a negative regulator of the drug efflux transporter gene CDR1 and of its regulator, PDR1. The apparent paradox of drug accumulation in cells where genes encoding transporters relevant for drug extrusion are being overexpressed led us to postulate that their activity could be impaired. In agreement, Zap1-depleted cells present, in addition to decreased ergosterol levels, an altered composition of membrane phospholipids, which together should impact membrane function and impair the detoxification of fluconazole. Overall, our study brings to light Zap1 as an important hub in Candida glabrata response to fluconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gaspar-Cordeiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - G Afonso
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - C Amaral
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - S M da Silva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - C Pimentel
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Vázquez-Franco N, Gutiérrez-Escobedo G, Juárez-Reyes A, Orta-Zavalza E, Castaño I, De Las Peñas A. Candida glabrata Hst1-Rfm1-Sum1 complex evolved to control virulence-related genes. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 159:103656. [PMID: 34974188 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
C. glabrata is an opportunistic fungal pathogen and the second most common cause of opportunistic fungal infections in humans, that has evolved virulence factors to become a successful pathogen: strong resistance to oxidative stress, capable to adhere and form biofilms in human epithelial cells as well as to abiotic surfaces and high resistance to xenobiotics. Hst1 (a NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase), Sum1 (putative DNA binding protein) and Rfm1 (connector protein) form a complex (HRS-C) and control the resistance to oxidative stress, to xenobiotics (the antifungal fluconazole), and adherence to epithelial cells. Hst1 is functionally conserved within the Saccharomycetaceae family, Rfm1 shows a close phylogenetic relation within the Saccharomycetaceae family while Sum1 displays a distant phylogenetic relation with members of the family and is not conserved functionally. CDR1 encodes for an ABC transporter (resistance to fluconazole) negatively controlled by HRS-C, for which its binding site is located within 223 bp upstream from the ATG of CDR1. The absence of Hst1 and Sum1 renders the cells hyper-adherent, possibly due to the overexpression of AED1, EPA1, EPA22 and EPA6, all encoding for adhesins. Finally, in a neutrophil survival assay, HST1 and SUM1, are not required for survival. We propose that Sum1 in the HRS-C diverged functionally to control a set of genes implicated in virulence: adherence, resistance to xenobiotics and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Vázquez-Franco
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José, #2055, Col. Lomas 4ª Sección, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78216, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Gutiérrez-Escobedo
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José, #2055, Col. Lomas 4ª Sección, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78216, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Juárez-Reyes
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José, #2055, Col. Lomas 4ª Sección, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78216, Mexico
| | - Emmanuel Orta-Zavalza
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Irene Castaño
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José, #2055, Col. Lomas 4ª Sección, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78216, Mexico
| | - Alejandro De Las Peñas
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José, #2055, Col. Lomas 4ª Sección, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78216, Mexico.
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20
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Ksiezopolska E, Schikora-Tamarit MÀ, Beyer R, Nunez-Rodriguez JC, Schüller C, Gabaldón T. Narrow mutational signatures drive acquisition of multidrug resistance in the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata. Curr Biol 2021; 31:5314-5326.e10. [PMID: 34699784 PMCID: PMC8660101 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections are a growing medical concern, in part due to increased resistance to one or multiple antifungal drugs. However, the evolutionary processes underpinning the acquisition of antifungal drug resistance are poorly understood. Here, we used experimental microevolution to study the adaptation of the yeast pathogen Candida glabrata to fluconazole and anidulafungin, two widely used antifungal drugs with different modes of action. Our results show widespread ability of rapid adaptation to one or both drugs. Resistance, including multidrug resistance, is often acquired at moderate fitness costs and mediated by mutations in a limited set of genes that are recurrently and specifically mutated in strains adapted to each of the drugs. Importantly, we uncover a dual role of ERG3 mutations in resistance to anidulafungin and cross-resistance to fluconazole in a subset of anidulafungin-adapted strains. Our results shed light on the mutational paths leading to resistance and cross-resistance to antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Ksiezopolska
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Life Sciences Department, Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Mechanisms of Disease Program, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Àngel Schikora-Tamarit
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Life Sciences Department, Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Mechanisms of Disease Program, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Reinhard Beyer
- Institute of Microbial Genetics and Core Facility Bioactive Substances: Screening and Analysis, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Juan Carlos Nunez-Rodriguez
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Life Sciences Department, Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Mechanisms of Disease Program, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christoph Schüller
- Institute of Microbial Genetics and Core Facility Bioactive Substances: Screening and Analysis, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Life Sciences Department, Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Mechanisms of Disease Program, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
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21
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Vu BG, Stamnes MA, Li Y, Rogers PD, Moye-Rowley WS. The Candida glabrata Upc2A transcription factor is a global regulator of antifungal drug resistance pathways. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009582. [PMID: 34591857 PMCID: PMC8509923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The most commonly used antifungal drugs are the azole compounds, which interfere with biosynthesis of the fungal-specific sterol: ergosterol. The pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata commonly acquires resistance to azole drugs like fluconazole via mutations in a gene encoding a transcription factor called PDR1. These PDR1 mutations lead to overproduction of drug transporter proteins like the ATP-binding cassette transporter Cdr1. In other Candida species, mutant forms of a transcription factor called Upc2 are associated with azole resistance, owing to the important role of this protein in control of expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway. Recently, the C. glabrata Upc2A factor was demonstrated to be required for normal azole resistance, even in the presence of a hyperactive mutant form of PDR1. Using genome-scale approaches, we define the network of genes bound and regulated by Upc2A. By analogy to a previously described hyperactive UPC2 mutation found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we generated a similar form of Upc2A in C. glabrata called G898D Upc2A. Analysis of Upc2A genomic binding sites demonstrated that wild-type Upc2A binding to target genes was strongly induced by fluconazole while G898D Upc2A bound similarly, irrespective of drug treatment. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that, in addition to the well-described ERG genes, a large group of genes encoding components of the translational apparatus along with membrane proteins were responsive to Upc2A. These Upc2A-regulated membrane protein-encoding genes are often targets of the Pdr1 transcription factor, demonstrating the high degree of overlap between these two regulatory networks. Finally, we provide evidence that Upc2A impacts the Pdr1-Cdr1 system and also modulates resistance to caspofungin. These studies provide a new perspective of Upc2A as a master regulator of lipid and membrane protein biosynthesis. In the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata, expression of the genes encoding enzymes in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway is controlled by the transcription factor Upc2A. C. glabrata has a low intrinsic susceptibility to azole therapy and acquires fluconazole resistance at high frequency. These azole resistant mutants typically contain substitution mutations in a gene encoding the transcription factor Pdr1. Pdr1 does not appear to regulate ergosterol genes and instead induces expression of genes encoding drug transport proteins like CDR1. Here we establish that extensive overlap exists between the regulatory networks defined by Upc2A and Pdr1. Genomic approaches are used to describe the hundreds of genes regulated by Upc2A that far exceed the well-described impact of this factor on genes involved in ergosterol biosynthesis. The overlap between Upc2A and Pdr1 is primarily described by co-regulation of genes encoding membrane transporters like CDR1. We provide evidence that Upc2A impacts the transcriptional control of the FKS1 gene, producing a target of a second major class of antifungal drugs, the echinocandins. Our data are consistent with Upc2A playing a role as a master regulator coordinating the synthesis of membrane structural components, both at the level of lipids and proteins, to produce properly functional biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Gia Vu
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Stamnes
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - P. David Rogers
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - W. Scott Moye-Rowley
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Darwish RM, AlKawareek MY, Bulatova NR, Alkilany AM. Silver nanoparticles, a promising treatment against clinically important fluconazole-resistant Candida glabrata. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 73:718-724. [PMID: 34510497 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to azole antifungal agents is a challenging limitation in Candida glabrata treatment. It is associated with decreased intracellular concentrations of antifungal agents as a result of overexpression of efflux pumps on the cellular plasma membranes. This work evaluates the potential of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to reverse the resistance of fungal cells to fluconazole. Silver nanoparticles were prepared using wet chemical method and characterised by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential. Broth microdilution and pour plates methods were used to study the anticandidal activity using two C. glabrata fluconazole-resistant strains (DSY565 and CBS138) known to overexpress active efflux pumps, and a standard fluconazole sensitive strain ATCC 22553. Silver nanoparticles-fluconazole combinations decreased concentrations of fluconazole substantially without compromising the activity. These findings suggest that AgNPs enhance the efficacy of fluconazole and offer a promising application in therapy of C. glabrata infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - M Y AlKawareek
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - N R Bulatova
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - A M Alkilany
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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23
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Preliminary Characterization of NP339, a Novel Polyarginine Peptide with Broad Antifungal Activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0234520. [PMID: 34031048 PMCID: PMC8284473 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02345-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi cause disease in nearly one billion individuals worldwide. Only three classes of antifungal agents are currently available in mainstream clinical use. Emerging and drug-resistant fungi, toxicity, and drug-drug interactions compromise their efficacy and applicability. Consequently, new and improved antifungal therapies are urgently needed. In response to that need, we have developed NP339, a 2-kDa polyarginine peptide that is active against pathogenic fungi from the genera Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus, as well as others. NP339 was designed based on endogenous cationic human defense peptides, which are constituents of the cornerstone of immune defense against pathogenic microbes. NP339 specifically targets the fungal cell membrane through a charge-charge-initiated membrane interaction and therefore possesses a differentiated safety and toxicity profile to existing antifungal classes. NP339 is rapidly fungicidal and does not elicit resistance in target fungi upon extensive passaging in vitro. Preliminary analyses in murine models indicate scope for therapeutic application of NP339 against a range of systemic and mucocutaneous fungal infections. Collectively, these data indicate that NP339 can be developed into a highly differentiated, first-in-class antifungal candidate for poorly served invasive and other serious fungal diseases.
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24
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Abstract
Pathogenic fungi have several mechanisms of resistance to antifungal drugs, driven by the genetic plasticity and versatility of their homeostatic responses to stressful environmental cues. We critically review the molecular mechanisms of resistance and cellular adaptations of pathogenic fungi in response to antifungals and discuss the factors contributing to such resistance. We offer suggestions for the translational and clinical research agenda of this rapidly evolving and medically important field. A better understanding of antifungal resistance should assist in developing better detection tools and inform optimal strategies for preventing and treating refractory mycoses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Ben-Ami
- Infectious Diseases Department, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
| | - Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis
- Infectious Diseases, University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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25
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Two Functionally Redundant FK506-Binding Proteins Regulate Multidrug Resistance Gene Expression and Govern Azole Antifungal Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.02415-20. [PMID: 33722894 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02415-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing resistance to antifungal therapy is an impediment to the effective treatment of fungal infections. Candida glabrata is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen that is inherently less susceptible to cost-effective azole antifungals. Gain-of-function mutations in the Zn-finger pleiotropic drug resistance transcriptional activator-encoding gene CgPDR1 are the most prevalent causes of azole resistance in clinical settings. CgPDR1 is also transcriptionally activated upon azole exposure; however, factors governing CgPDR1 gene expression are not yet fully understood. Here, we have uncovered a novel role for two FK506-binding proteins, CgFpr3 and CgFpr4, in the regulation of the CgPDR1 regulon. We show that CgFpr3 and CgFpr4 possess a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase domain and act redundantly to control CgPDR1 expression, as a Cgfpr3Δ4Δ mutant displayed elevated expression of the CgPDR1 gene along with overexpression of its target genes, CgCDR1, CgCDR2, and CgSNQ2, which code for ATP-binding cassette multidrug transporters. Furthermore, CgFpr3 and CgFpr4 are required for the maintenance of histone H3 and H4 protein levels, and fluconazole exposure leads to elevated H3 and H4 protein levels. Consistent with the role of histone proteins in azole resistance, disruption of genes coding for the histone demethylase CgRph1 and the histone H3K36-specific methyltransferase CgSet2 leads to increased and decreased susceptibility to fluconazole, respectively, with the Cgrph1Δ mutant displaying significantly lower basal expression levels of the CgPDR1 and CgCDR1 genes. These data underscore a hitherto unknown role of histone methylation in modulating the most common azole antifungal resistance mechanism. Altogether, our findings establish a link between CgFpr-mediated histone homeostasis and CgPDR1 gene expression and implicate CgFpr in the virulence of C. glabrata.
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26
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Lotfali E, Fattahi A, Sayyahfar S, Ghasemi R, Rabiei MM, Fathi M, Vakili K, Deravi N, Soheili A, Toreyhi H, Shirvani F. A Review on Molecular Mechanisms of Antifungal Resistance in Candida glabrata: Update and Recent Advances. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 27:1371-1388. [PMID: 33956513 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is the second frequent etiologic agent of mucosal and invasive candidiasis. Based on the recent developments in molecular methods, C. glabrata has been introduced as a complex composed of C. glabrata, Candida nivariensis, and Candida bracarensis. The four main classes of antifungal drugs effective against C. glabrata are pyrimidine analogs (flucytosine), azoles, echinocandins, and polyenes. Although the use of antifungal drugs is related to the predictable development of drug resistance, it is not clear why C. glabrata is able to rapidly resist against multiple antifungals in clinics. The enhanced incidence and antifungal resistance of C. glabrata and the high mortality and morbidity need more investigation regarding the resistance mechanisms and virulence associated with C. glabrata; additional progress concerning the drug resistance of C. glabrata has to be further prevented. The present review highlights the mechanism of resistance to antifungal drugs in C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensieh Lotfali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Fattahi
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Sayyahfar
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ghasemi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Rabiei
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mobina Fathi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Vakili
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Deravi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirali Soheili
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Toreyhi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Shirvani
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Khunweeraphong N, Kuchler K. Multidrug Resistance in Mammals and Fungi-From MDR to PDR: A Rocky Road from Atomic Structures to Transport Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4806. [PMID: 33946618 PMCID: PMC8124828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) can be a serious complication for the treatment of cancer as well as for microbial and parasitic infections. Dysregulated overexpression of several members of the ATP-binding cassette transporter families have been intimately linked to MDR phenomena. Three paradigm ABC transporter members, ABCB1 (P-gp), ABCC1 (MRP1) and ABCG2 (BCRP) appear to act as brothers in arms in promoting or causing MDR in a variety of therapeutic cancer settings. However, their molecular mechanisms of action, the basis for their broad and overlapping substrate selectivity, remains ill-posed. The rapidly increasing numbers of high-resolution atomic structures from X-ray crystallography or cryo-EM of mammalian ABC multidrug transporters initiated a new era towards a better understanding of structure-function relationships, and for the dynamics and mechanisms driving their transport cycles. In addition, the atomic structures offered new evolutionary perspectives in cases where transport systems have been structurally conserved from bacteria to humans, including the pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) family in fungal pathogens for which high resolution structures are as yet unavailable. In this review, we will focus the discussion on comparative mechanisms of mammalian ABCG and fungal PDR transporters, owing to their close evolutionary relationships. In fact, the atomic structures of ABCG2 offer excellent models for a better understanding of fungal PDR transporters. Based on comparative structural models of ABCG transporters and fungal PDRs, we propose closely related or even conserved catalytic cycles, thus offering new therapeutic perspectives for preventing MDR in infectious disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/2, A-1030 Vienna, Austria;
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28
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Lee Y, Puumala E, Robbins N, Cowen LE. Antifungal Drug Resistance: Molecular Mechanisms in Candida albicans and Beyond. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3390-3411. [PMID: 32441527 PMCID: PMC8519031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections are a major contributor to infectious disease-related deaths across the globe. Candida species are among the most common causes of invasive mycotic disease, with Candida albicans reigning as the leading cause of invasive candidiasis. Given that fungi are eukaryotes like their human host, the number of unique molecular targets that can be exploited for antifungal development remains limited. Currently, there are only three major classes of drugs approved for the treatment of invasive mycoses, and the efficacy of these agents is compromised by the development of drug resistance in pathogen populations. Notably, the emergence of additional drug-resistant species, such as Candida auris and Candida glabrata, further threatens the limited armamentarium of antifungals available to treat these serious infections. Here, we describe our current arsenal of antifungals and elaborate on the resistance mechanisms Candida species possess that render them recalcitrant to therapeutic intervention. Finally, we highlight some of the most promising therapeutic strategies that may help combat antifungal resistance, including combination therapy, targeting fungal-virulence traits, and modulating host immunity. Overall, a thorough understanding of the mechanistic principles governing antifungal drug resistance is fundamental for the development of novel therapeutics to combat current and emerging fungal threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjin Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Emily Puumala
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Nicole Robbins
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
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29
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Kumari S, Kumar M, Gaur NA, Prasad R. Multiple roles of ABC transporters in yeast. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 150:103550. [PMID: 33675986 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters, first discovered as high-affinity nutrient importers in bacteria, rose to prominence when their ability to confer multidrug resistance (MDR) to cancer cells was realized. The most characterized human permeability glycoprotein (P-gp) is a dominant exporter of anti-cancer drugs and its overexpression is directly linked to MDR. The overexpression of drug efflux pumps belonging to the ABC superfamily is also a frequent cause of resistance to antifungals. Fungi has a battery of ABC proteins, but in variable numbers and at different subcellular locations. These proteins perform many critical functions, from serving as gatekeepers for xenobiotic cleansing to translocating various structurally unrelated cargoes, including lipids, fatty acids, ions, peptides, sterols, metabolites and toxins. Their emerging additional roles in cellular physiology and virulence call for attention to analyze and re-examine their divergent functions in yeast. In brief, this review traces the history of ABC transporters in yeast and discusses their typical physiological functions that go beyond their well-known role as antifungal drug efflux pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Kumari
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India; Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Gurgaon, 122413 Haryana, India
| | - Naseem A Gaur
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Gurgaon, 122413 Haryana, India.
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30
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Camphor and Eucalyptol-Anticandidal Spectrum, Antivirulence Effect, Efflux Pumps Interference and Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020483. [PMID: 33418931 PMCID: PMC7825113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidaalbicans represents one of the most common fungal pathogens. Due to its increasing incidence and the poor efficacy of available antifungals, finding novel antifungal molecules is of great importance. Camphor and eucalyptol are bioactive terpenoid plant constituents and their antifungal properties have been explored previously. In this study, we examined their ability to inhibit the growth of different Candida species in suspension and biofilm, to block hyphal transition along with their impact on genes encoding for efflux pumps (CDR1 and CDR2), ergosterol biosynthesis (ERG11), and cytotoxicity to primary liver cells. Camphor showed excellent antifungal activity with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 0.125-0.35 mg/mL while eucalyptol was active in the range of 2-23 mg/mL. The results showed camphor's potential to reduce fungal virulence traits, that is, biofilm establishment and hyphae formation. On the other hand, camphor and eucalyptol treatments upregulated CDR1;CDR2 was positively regulated after eucalyptol application while camphor downregulated it. Neither had an impact on ERG11 expression. The beneficial antifungal activities of camphor were achieved with an amount that was non-toxic to porcine liver cells, making it a promising antifungal compound for future development. The antifungal concentration of eucalyptol caused cytotoxic effects and increased expression of efflux pump genes, which suggests that it is an unsuitable antifungal candidate.
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31
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Ivanov M, Kannan A, Stojković DS, Glamočlija J, Calhelha RC, Ferreira ICFR, Sanglard D, Soković M. Flavones, Flavonols, and Glycosylated Derivatives-Impact on Candida albicans Growth and Virulence, Expression of CDR1 and ERG11, Cytotoxicity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 14:ph14010027. [PMID: 33396973 PMCID: PMC7824033 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high incidence of fungal infections worldwide, there is an increasing demand for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. A wide range of natural products has been extensively studied, with considerable focus on flavonoids. The antifungal capacity of selected flavones (luteolin, apigenin), flavonols (quercetin), and their glycosylated derivatives (quercitrin, isoquercitrin, rutin, and apigetrin) along with their impact on genes encoding efflux pumps (CDR1) and ergosterol biosynthesis enzyme (ERG11) has been the subject of this study. Cytotoxicity of flavonoids towards primary liver cells has also been addressed. Luteolin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, and rutin inhibited growth of Candida albicans with the minimal inhibitory concentration of 37.5 µg/mL. The application of isoquercitrin has reduced C. albicans biofilm establishing capacities for 76%, and hyphal formation by yeast. In vitro treatment with apigenin, apigetrin, and quercitrin has downregulated CDR1. Contrary to rutin and apigenin, isoquercitrin has upregulated ERG11. Except apigetrin and quercitrin (90 µg/mL and 73 µg/mL, respectively inhibited 50% of the net cell growth), the examined flavonoids did not exhibit cytotoxicity. The reduction of both fungal virulence and expression of antifungal resistance-linked genes was the most pronounced for apigenin and apigetrin; these results indicate flavonoids’ indispensable capacity for further development as part of an anticandidal therapy or prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Ivanov
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.I.); (D.S.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Abhilash Kannan
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Rue du Bugnon 48, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (A.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Dejan S. Stojković
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.I.); (D.S.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Jasmina Glamočlija
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.I.); (D.S.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Ricardo C. Calhelha
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (R.C.C.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
| | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (R.C.C.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
| | - Dominique Sanglard
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Rue du Bugnon 48, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (A.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Marina Soković
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.I.); (D.S.S.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence:
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32
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Buechel ER, Pinkett HW. Transcription factors and ABC transporters: from pleiotropic drug resistance to cellular signaling in yeast. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3943-3964. [PMID: 33089887 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae survives in microenvironments utilizing networks of regulators and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters to circumvent toxins and a variety of drugs. Our understanding of transcriptional regulation of ABC transporters in yeast is mainly derived from the study of multidrug resistance protein networks. Over the past two decades, this research has not only expanded the role of transcriptional regulators in pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) but evolved to include the role that regulators play in cellular signaling and environmental adaptation. Inspection of the gene networks of the transcriptional regulators and characterization of the ABC transporters has clarified that they also contribute to environmental adaptation by controlling plasma membrane composition, toxic-metal sequestration, and oxidative stress adaptation. Additionally, ABC transporters and their regulators appear to be involved in cellular signaling for adaptation of S. cerevisiae populations to nutrient availability. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the S. cerevisiae transcriptional regulatory networks and highlight recent work in other notable fungal organisms, underlining the expansion of the study of these gene networks across the kingdom fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan R Buechel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Heather W Pinkett
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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33
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Ivanov M, Kannan A, Stojkovic D, Glamoclija J, Golic Grdadolnik S, Sanglard D, Sokovic M. Revealing the astragalin mode of anticandidal action. EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:1436-1445. [PMID: 33312106 PMCID: PMC7726490 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to limited arsenal of systemically available antifungal agents, infections caused by Candida albicans are difficult to treat and the emergence of drug-resistant strains present a major challenge to the clinicians worldwide. Hence further exploration of potential novel and effective antifungal drugs is required. In this study we have explored the potential of a flavonoid, astragalin, in controlling the growth of C. albicans, in both planktonic and biofilm forms by microdilution method; and in regulating the morphological switch between yeast and hyphal growth. Astragalin ability to interfere with membrane integrity, ergosterol synthesis and its role in the regulation of genes encoding for efflux pumps has been addressed. In our study, astragalin treatment produced good antimicrobial and significant antibiofilm activity. Anticandidal activity of astragalin was not related to ERG11 downregulation, neither to direct binding to CYP51 enzyme nor was linked to membrane ergosterol assembly. Instead, astragalin treatment resulted in reduced expression of CDR1 and also affected cell membrane integrity without causing cytotoxic effect on human gingival fibroblast cells. Considering that astragalin-mediated decreased expression of efflux pumps increases the concentration of antifungal drug inside the fungal cells, a combinatorial treatment with this agent could be explored as a novel therapeutic option for candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Ivanov
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stankovic"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Rue du Bugnon 48, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Abhilash Kannan
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Rue du Bugnon 48, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dejan Stojkovic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stankovic"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Glamoclija
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stankovic"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Simona Golic Grdadolnik
- Laboratory for Molecular Structural Dynamics, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dominique Sanglard
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Rue du Bugnon 48, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marina Sokovic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stankovic"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Identification of Essential Genes and Fluconazole Susceptibility Genes in Candida glabrata by Profiling Hermes Transposon Insertions. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:3859-3870. [PMID: 32819971 PMCID: PMC7534453 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Within the budding yeasts, the opportunistic pathogen Candida glabrata and other members of the Nakaseomyces clade have developed virulence traits independently from C. albicans and C. auris. To begin exploring the genetic basis of C. glabrata virulence and its innate resistance to antifungals, we launched the Hermes transposon from a plasmid and sequenced more than 500,000 different semi-random insertions throughout the genome. With machine learning, we identified 1278 protein-encoding genes (25% of total) that could not tolerate transposon insertions and are likely essential for C. glabrata fitness in vitro. Interestingly, genes involved in mRNA splicing were less likely to be essential in C. glabrata than their orthologs in S. cerevisiae, whereas the opposite is true for genes involved in kinetochore function and chromosome segregation. When a pool of insertion mutants was challenged with the first-line antifungal fluconazole, insertions in several known resistance genes (e.g., PDR1, CDR1, PDR16, PDR17, UPC2A, DAP1, STV1) and 15 additional genes (including KGD1, KGD2, YHR045W) became hypersensitive to fluconazole. Insertions in 200 other genes conferred significant resistance to fluconazole, two-thirds of which function in mitochondria and likely down-regulate Pdr1 expression or function. Knockout mutants of KGD2 and IDH2, which consume and generate alpha-ketoglutarate in mitochondria, exhibited increased and decreased resistance to fluconazole through a process that depended on Pdr1. These findings establish the utility of transposon insertion profiling in forward genetic investigations of this important pathogen of humans.
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Vaitkienė S, Daugelavičius R, Sychrová H, Kodedová M. Styrylpyridinium Derivatives as New Potent Antifungal Drugs and Fluorescence Probes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2077. [PMID: 32983055 PMCID: PMC7483583 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Candida glabrata infections increases every year due to its higher resistance to commonly used antifungal drugs. We characterized the antifungal mechanism of action of eight new styrylpyridinium derivatives, with various N-alkyl chains (-C6H13, -C8H17, -C10H21, -C12H25) and different substituents, on C. glabrata strains differing in their drug resistance due to the presence or absence of two major drug-efflux pumps. We found that the tested styrylpyridinium compounds affected the growth of C. glabrata cells in a compound- and strain-dependent manner, and apparently they were substrates of CgCdr1 and CgCdr2 pumps. Further, we determined the impact of the tested compounds on plasma membrane integrity. The ability to cause damage to a plasma membrane depended on the compound, its concentration and the presence of efflux pumps, and corresponded well with the results of growth and survival tests. We also tested possible synergism with three types of known antifungal drugs. Though we did not observe any synergism with azole drugs, styrylpyridinium compounds 5 and 6 together with FK506 demonstrated excellent antifungal properties, whereas compounds 2, 3, 5, and 6 exhibited a significant synergistic effect in combination with terbinafine. Based on our results, derivatives 2 and 6 turned out to be the most promising antifungal drugs. Moreover, compound 6 was not only able to effectively permeabilize the yeast plasma membrane, but also exhibited significant synergism with FK506 and terbinafine. Finally, we also characterized the spectroscopic properties of the tested styrylpyridinium compounds. We measured their absorption and fluorescence spectra, determined their localization in yeast cells and found that their fluorescence characteristics differ from the properties of current commercial vacuolar styrylpyridinium markers and allow multi-color staining. Compounds 1, 3, 7, and 8 were able to accumulate in plasma and vacuolar membranes, and compounds 2, 5, and 6 stained the whole interior of dead cells. In summary, of the eight tested compounds, compound 6 is the most promising antifungal drug, compound 8, due to its minimal toxicity, is the best candidate for a new vacuolar-membrane probe or new benchmark substrate of C. glabrata Cdr pumps, and derivative 5 for a new vital dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Vaitkienė
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rimantas Daugelavičius
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Hana Sychrová
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Division Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Marie Kodedová
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Division Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czechia
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Candida glabrata Transcription Factor Rpn4 Mediates Fluconazole Resistance through Regulation of Ergosterol Biosynthesis and Plasma Membrane Permeability. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00554-20. [PMID: 32571817 PMCID: PMC7449212 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00554-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to acquire azole resistance is an emblematic trait of the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata. Understanding the molecular basis of azole resistance in this pathogen is crucial for designing more suitable therapeutic strategies. This study shows that the C. glabrata transcription factor (TF) CgRpn4 is a determinant of azole drug resistance. RNA sequencing during fluconazole exposure revealed that CgRpn4 regulates the expression of 212 genes, activating 80 genes and repressing, likely in an indirect fashion, 132 genes. The ability to acquire azole resistance is an emblematic trait of the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata. Understanding the molecular basis of azole resistance in this pathogen is crucial for designing more suitable therapeutic strategies. This study shows that the C. glabrata transcription factor (TF) CgRpn4 is a determinant of azole drug resistance. RNA sequencing during fluconazole exposure revealed that CgRpn4 regulates the expression of 212 genes, activating 80 genes and repressing, likely in an indirect fashion, 132 genes. Targets comprise several proteasome and ergosterol biosynthesis genes, including ERG1, ERG2, ERG3, and ERG11. The localization of CgRpn4 to the nucleus increases upon fluconazole stress. Consistent with a role in ergosterol and plasma membrane homeostasis, CgRpn4 is required for the maintenance of ergosterol levels upon fluconazole stress, which is associated with a role in the upkeep of cell permeability and decreased intracellular fluconazole accumulation. We provide evidence that CgRpn4 directly regulates ERG11 expression through the TTGCAAA binding motif, reinforcing the relevance of this regulatory network in azole resistance. In summary, CgRpn4 is a new regulator of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway in C. glabrata, contributing to plasma membrane homeostasis and, thus, decreasing azole drug accumulation.
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Willaert RG, Vanden Boer P, Malovichko A, Alioscha-Perez M, Radotić K, Bartolić D, Kalauzi A, Villalba MI, Sanglard D, Dietler G, Sahli H, Kasas S. Single yeast cell nanomotions correlate with cellular activity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba3139. [PMID: 32637604 PMCID: PMC7314535 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba3139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Living single yeast cells show a specific cellular motion at the nanometer scale with a magnitude that is proportional to the cellular activity of the cell. We characterized this cellular nanomotion pattern of nonattached single yeast cells using classical optical microscopy. The distribution of the cellular displacements over a short time period is distinct from random motion. The range and shape of such nanomotion displacement distributions change substantially according to the metabolic state of the cell. The analysis of the nanomotion frequency pattern demonstrated that single living yeast cells oscillate at relatively low frequencies of around 2 hertz. The simplicity of the technique should open the way to numerous applications among which antifungal susceptibility tests seem the most straightforward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie G. Willaert
- International Joint Research Group BioNanotechnology & NanoMedicine (NANO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel—Ecole Polytechnique de Lausanne (EPFL), B-1050 Brussels, Belgium—B-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Structural Biology Brussels (SBB), Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Alliance Research Group NanoMicrobiology (NAMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels B-1050, Belgium—Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Visiting professor, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieterjan Vanden Boer
- International Joint Research Group BioNanotechnology & NanoMedicine (NANO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel—Ecole Polytechnique de Lausanne (EPFL), B-1050 Brussels, Belgium—B-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Structural Biology Brussels (SBB), Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Alliance Research Group NanoMicrobiology (NAMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels B-1050, Belgium—Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anton Malovichko
- International Joint Research Group BioNanotechnology & NanoMedicine (NANO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel—Ecole Polytechnique de Lausanne (EPFL), B-1050 Brussels, Belgium—B-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Vivante, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mitchel Alioscha-Perez
- International Joint Research Group BioNanotechnology & NanoMedicine (NANO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel—Ecole Polytechnique de Lausanne (EPFL), B-1050 Brussels, Belgium—B-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Electronics and Informatics Dept (ETRO), AVSP Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ksenija Radotić
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, 11000 Beograd, Serbia
| | - Dragana Bartolić
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, 11000 Beograd, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Kalauzi
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, 11000 Beograd, Serbia
| | - Maria Ines Villalba
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Dominique Sanglard
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Dietler
- International Joint Research Group BioNanotechnology & NanoMedicine (NANO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel—Ecole Polytechnique de Lausanne (EPFL), B-1050 Brussels, Belgium—B-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Vivante, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hichem Sahli
- International Joint Research Group BioNanotechnology & NanoMedicine (NANO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel—Ecole Polytechnique de Lausanne (EPFL), B-1050 Brussels, Belgium—B-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Electronics and Informatics Dept (ETRO), AVSP Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC), B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- Visiting professor, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab on Speech and Image Information Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an, China
| | - Sandor Kasas
- International Joint Research Group BioNanotechnology & NanoMedicine (NANO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel—Ecole Polytechnique de Lausanne (EPFL), B-1050 Brussels, Belgium—B-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Vivante, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Unité Facultaire d’Anatomie et de Morphologie (UFAM), CUMRL, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Sethiya P, Rai MN, Rai R, Parsania C, Tan K, Wong KH. Transcriptomic analysis reveals global and temporal transcription changes during Candida glabrata adaptation to an oxidative environment. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:427-439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Utami ST, Indriani CI, Bowolaksono A, Yaguchi T, Chen X, Niimi K, Niimi M, Kajiwara S. Identification and functional characterization of Penicillium marneffei major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:1373-1383. [PMID: 32163007 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1732185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PENICILLIUM MARNEFFEI is a thermally dimorphic fungus that causes penicilliosis, and become the third-most-common opportunistic fungal infection in immunocompromised patients in Southeast Asia. Azoles and amphotericin B have been introduced for the treatment, however, it is important to investigate possible mechanisms of azole resistance for future treatment failure. We identified 177 putative MFS transporters and classified into 17 subfamilies. Among those, members of the Drug:H+ antiporter 1 subfamily are known to confer resistance to antifungals. Out of 39 paralogs, three (encoded by PmMDR1, PmMDR2, and PmMDR3) were heterologously overexpressed in S. cerevisiae AD∆ conferred resistance to various drugs and compounds including azoles, albeit to different degrees. PmMDR1-expressing strain showed resistance to the broadest range of drugs, followed by the PmMDR3, and PmMDR2 conferred weak resistance to a limited range of drugs. We conclude that PmMDR1 and PmMDR3, may be able to serve as multidrug efflux pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setyowati T Utami
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Carissa I Indriani
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biology School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia , Depok, Indonesia
| | - Anom Bowolaksono
- Department of Biology School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia , Depok, Indonesia
| | - Takashi Yaguchi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University , Chiba, Japan
| | - Xinyue Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Niimi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masakazu Niimi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Kajiwara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
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40
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Salazar SB, Simões RS, Pedro NA, Pinheiro MJ, Carvalho MFNN, Mira NP. An Overview on Conventional and Non-Conventional Therapeutic Approaches for the Treatment of Candidiasis and Underlying Resistance Mechanisms in Clinical Strains. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6010023. [PMID: 32050673 PMCID: PMC7151124 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections and, in particular, those caused by species of the Candida genus, are growing at an alarming rate and have high associated rates of mortality and morbidity. These infections, generally referred as candidiasis, range from common superficial rushes caused by an overgrowth of the yeasts in mucosal surfaces to life-threatening disseminated mycoses. The success of currently used antifungal drugs to treat candidiasis is being endangered by the continuous emergence of resistant strains, specially among non-albicans Candida species. In this review article, the mechanisms of action of currently used antifungals, with emphasis on the mechanisms of resistance reported in clinical isolates, are reviewed. Novel approaches being taken to successfully inhibit growth of pathogenic Candida species, in particular those based on the exploration of natural or synthetic chemicals or on the activity of live probiotics, are also reviewed. It is expected that these novel approaches, either used alone or in combination with traditional antifungals, may contribute to foster the identification of novel anti-Candida therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B. Salazar
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.B.S.); (R.S.S.); (N.A.P.); (M.J.P.)
| | - Rita S. Simões
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.B.S.); (R.S.S.); (N.A.P.); (M.J.P.)
| | - Nuno A. Pedro
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.B.S.); (R.S.S.); (N.A.P.); (M.J.P.)
| | - Maria Joana Pinheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.B.S.); (R.S.S.); (N.A.P.); (M.J.P.)
| | - Maria Fernanda N. N. Carvalho
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Nuno P. Mira
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.B.S.); (R.S.S.); (N.A.P.); (M.J.P.)
- Correspondence:
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41
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Costa-de-Oliveira S, Rodrigues AG. Candida albicans Antifungal Resistance and Tolerance in Bloodstream Infections: The Triad Yeast-Host-Antifungal. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020154. [PMID: 31979032 PMCID: PMC7074842 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans represents the most frequent isolated yeast from bloodstream infections. Despite the remarkable progress in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, these infections continue to be a critical challenge in intensive care units worldwide. The economic cost of bloodstream fungal infections and its associated mortality, especially in debilitated patients, remains unacceptably high. Candida albicans is a highly adaptable microorganism, being able to develop resistance following prolonged exposure to antifungals. Formation of biofilms, which diminish the accessibility of the antifungal, selection of spontaneous mutations that increase expression or decreased susceptibility of the target, altered chromosome abnormalities, overexpression of multidrug efflux pumps and the ability to escape host immune defenses are some of the factors that can contribute to antifungal tolerance and resistance. The knowledge of the antifungal resistance mechanisms can allow the design of alternative therapeutically options in order to modulate or revert the resistance. We have focused this review on the main factors that are involved in antifungal resistance and tolerance in patients with C. albicans bloodstream infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Costa-de-Oliveira
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (CINTESIS), R. Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-220-426-870
| | - Acácio G. Rodrigues
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (CINTESIS), R. Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Burn Unit, São João Hospital Center, Al. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
Antifungal resistance is an inevitable phenomenon when fungal pathogens are exposed to antifungal drugs. These drugs can be grouped in four distinct classes (azoles, candins, polyenes, and pyrimidine analogs) and are used in different clinical settings. Failures in therapy implicate the sequential or combined use of these different drug classes, which can result in some cases in the development of multidrug resistance (MDR). MDR is particularly challenging in the clinic since it drastically reduces possible treatment alternatives. In this study, we report the rapid development of MDR in Candida lusitaniae in a patient, which became resistant to all known antifungal agents used until now in medicine. To understand how MDR developed in C. lusitaniae, whole-genome sequencing followed by comparative genome analysis was undertaken in sequential MDR isolates. This helped to detect all specific mutations linked to drug resistance and explained the different MDR patterns exhibited by the clinical isolates. Multidrug resistance (MDR) has emerged in hospitals due to the use of several agents administered in combination or sequentially to the same individual. We reported earlier MDR in Candida lusitaniae during therapy with amphotericin B (AmB), azoles, and candins. Here, we used comparative genomic approaches between the initial susceptible isolate and 4 other isolates with different MDR profiles. From a total of 18 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (NSS) in genome comparisons with the initial isolate, six could be associated with MDR. One of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) occurred in a putative transcriptional activator (MRR1) resulting in a V668G substitution in isolates resistant to azoles and 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC). We demonstrated by genome editing that MRR1 acted by upregulation of MFS7 (a multidrug transporter) in the presence of the V668G substitution. MFS7 itself mediated not only azole resistance but also 5-FC resistance, which represents a novel resistance mechanism for this drug class. Three other distinct NSS occurred in FKS1 (a glucan synthase gene that is targeted by candins) in three candin-resistant isolates. Last, two other NSS in ERG3 and ERG4 (ergosterol biosynthesis) resulting in nonsense mutations were revealed in AmB-resistant isolates, one of which accumulated the two ERG NSS. AmB-resistant isolates lacked ergosterol and exhibited sterol profiles, consistent with ERG3 and ERG4 defects. In conclusion, this genome analysis combined with genetics and metabolomics helped decipher the resistance profiles identified in this clinical case. MDR isolates accumulated six different mutations conferring resistance to all antifungal agents used in medicine. This case study illustrates the capacity of C. lusitaniae to rapidly adapt under drug pressure within the host.
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Candida glabrata peroxiredoxins, Tsa1 and Tsa2, and sulfiredoxin, Srx1, protect against oxidative damage and are necessary for virulence. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 135:103287. [PMID: 31654781 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that can cause life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. To ensure a successful infection, C. glabrata has evolved a variety of strategies to avoid killing within the host. One of these strategies is the resistance to oxidative stress. Here we show that the sulfiredoxin Srx1 and the peroxiredoxins, Tsa1 and Tsa2, are implicated in the oxidative stress response (OSR) and required for virulence. We analyzed null mutations in SRX1, TSA1 and TSA2 and showed that TSA2 and SRX1 are required to respond to oxidative stress. While TSA1 expression is constitutive, SRX1 and TSA2 are induced in the presence of H2O2 in a process dependent on H2O2 concentration and on both transcription factors Yap1 and Skn7. Msn2 and Msn4 are not necessary for the regulation of SRX1, TSA1 and TSA2. Interestingly, TSA1 and TSA2, which are localized in the cytoplasm, are induced in the presence of neutrophils and required for survival in these phagocytic cells.
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Moreno A, Banerjee A, Prasad R, Falson P. PDR-like ABC systems in pathogenic fungi. Res Microbiol 2019; 170:417-425. [PMID: 31562919 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
ABC transporters of the Pleiotropic Drug Resistance (PDR) family are the main actors of antifungal resistance in pathogenic fungi. While their involvement in clinical resistant strains has been proven, their transport mechanism remains unclear. Notably, one hallmark of PDR transporters is their asymmetry, with one canonical nucleotide-binding site capable of ATP hydrolysis while the other site is not. Recent publications reviewed here show that the so-called "deviant" site is of crucial importance for drug transport and is a step towards alleviating the mystery around the existence of non-catalytic binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Moreno
- Drug Resistance & Membrane Proteins Group, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, CNRS-Lyon 1 University Research Lab n° 5086, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France.
| | - Atanu Banerjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, India.
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, India.
| | - Pierre Falson
- Drug Resistance & Membrane Proteins Group, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, CNRS-Lyon 1 University Research Lab n° 5086, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France.
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Impact of the Major Candida glabrata Triazole Resistance Determinants on the Activity of the Novel Investigational Tetrazoles VT-1598 and VT-1161. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.01304-19. [PMID: 31383660 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01304-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
VT-1161 and VT-1598 are promising investigational tetrazole antifungals that have shown in vitro and in vivo activity against Candida and other fungi. Candida glabrata is a problematic opportunistic pathogen that is associated with high mortality in invasive infection, as well as both intrinsic and rapidly acquired antifungal resistance. The MICs of VT-1161 and VT-1598 were determined by CLSI methodology to evaluate their in vitro activities against clinical C. glabrata isolates and strains containing individual deletions of the zinc cluster transcription factor genes PDR1 and UPC2A as well as the efflux transporter genes CDR1, PDH1, and SNQ2 Overall, both tetrazoles demonstrated relative activities comparable to those of the tested triazole antifungals against clinical C. glabrata isolates (MIC range, 0.25 to 2 mg/liter and 0.5 to 2 μg/ml for VT-1161 and VT-1598, respectively). Deletion of the PDR1 gene in fluconazole-resistant matched clinical isolate SM3 abolished the decreased susceptibility phenotype completely for both VT-1161 and VT-1598, similarly to the triazoles. UPC2A deletion also increased susceptibility to both triazoles and tetrazoles but to a lesser extent than PDR1 deletion. Of the three major transporter genes regulated by Pdr1, CDR1 deletion resulted in the largest MIC reductions for all agents tested, while PDH1 and SNQ2 deletion individually impacted MICs very little. Overall, both VT-1161 and VT-1598 have comparable activities to those of the available triazoles, and decreased susceptibility to these tetrazoles in C. glabrata is driven by many of the same known resistance mechanisms.
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Xia Z, Yu H, Wang C, Ding X, Zhang D, Tan X, Chen J, Hu S, Yang R. Genomic and transcriptome identification of fluconazole-resistant genes for Trichosporon asahii. Med Mycol 2019; 58:393-400. [PMID: 31504756 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Trichosporon asahii infection is difficult to control clinically. This study identified a case with over 15 years of T. asahii infection-related systemic dissemination disease and conducted genome and transcriptome sequencing to identify fluconazole-resistant genes in fluconazole-resistant versus susceptible strains isolated from this patient's facial skin lesions. The data revealed mutations of the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway-related genes in the T. asahii genome of the fluconazole-resistant strain, that is, there were 36 novel mutations of the ERG11 gene, three point mutations (V458L, D457V, and D334S) in the ERG3, and a missense mutation (E349D) in ERG5 in the fluconazole-resistant strain of the T. asahii genome. To ensure that ERG11 is responsible for the fluconazole resistance, we thus simultaneously cultured the strains in vitro and cloned the ERG11 CDS sequences of both fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant strains into the Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These experiments confirmed that these mutations of ERG11 gene affected fluconazole resistance (> 64 μg/ml vs. <8 μg/ml of the MIC value between fluconazole-resistant and -susceptible strains) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In addition, expression of ergosterol biosynthesis pathway genes and drug transporter was upregulated in the fluconazole-resistant strain of T. asahii. Collectively, the fluconazole resistance in this female patient was associated with mutations of ERG11, ERG3, and ERG5 and the differential expression of drug transporter and fatty acid metabolic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikuan Xia
- The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital (PLA Army General Hospital), Beijing 100700, China
| | - Haiying Yu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Congmin Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital (PLA Army General Hospital), Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiao Ding
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital (PLA Army General Hospital), Beijing 100700, China
| | - Dequan Zhang
- The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital (PLA Army General Hospital), Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xinyu Tan
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianghan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Songnian Hu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Rongya Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital (PLA Army General Hospital), Beijing 100700, China
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Kodedová M, Valachovič M, Csáky Z, Sychrová H. Variations in yeast plasma‐membrane lipid composition affect killing activity of three families of insect antifungal peptides. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13093. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Kodedová
- Department of Membrane Transport, Division BIOCEVInstitute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Martin Valachovič
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and GeneticsCentre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Zsófia Csáky
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and GeneticsCentre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Hana Sychrová
- Department of Membrane Transport, Division BIOCEVInstitute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
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Antifungal resistance in dermatophytes: Recent trends and therapeutic implications. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 132:103255. [PMID: 31330295 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytoses or tinea refers to superficial fungal infection of keratinized tissues. Although generally considered easy to treat, recalcitrant infections, presenting as extensive and difficult to treat tinea corporis and cruris, are on the rise in some parts of the world. The situation demands an understanding of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the available antifungals against dermatophytes and the possible contribution of drug resistance and other factors to the present scenario. In this review, we provide the readers a comprehensive account of the available literature on in-vitro and in-vivo resistance to clinically used antifungals among dermatophytes. We have also added, in brief, the relevant skin pharmacokinetics of important systemic drugs. The established and postulated mechanisms of drug resistance are discussed and aspects on lack of in vivo correlation of in vitro resistance are presented. Finally, the lacunae in our existing knowledge on the topic and the arenas for future research are highlighted.
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Wasi M, Khandelwal NK, Moorhouse AJ, Nair R, Vishwakarma P, Bravo Ruiz G, Ross ZK, Lorenz A, Rudramurthy SM, Chakrabarti A, Lynn AM, Mondal AK, Gow NAR, Prasad R. ABC Transporter Genes Show Upregulated Expression in Drug-Resistant Clinical Isolates of Candida auris: A Genome-Wide Characterization of ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporter Genes. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1445. [PMID: 31379756 PMCID: PMC6647914 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily members have a key role as nutrient importers and exporters in bacteria. However, their role as drug exporters in eukaryotes brought this superfamily member to even greater prominence. The capacity of ABC transporters to efflux a broad spectrum of xenobiotics represents one of the major mechanisms of clinical multidrug resistance in pathogenic fungi including Candida species. Candida auris, a newly emerged multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen of humans, has been responsible for multiple outbreaks of drug-resistant infections in hospitals around the globe. Our study has analyzed the entire complement of ABC superfamily transporters to assess whether these play a major role in drug resistance mechanisms of C. auris. Our bioinformatics analyses identified 28 putative ABC proteins encoded in the genome of the C. auris type-strain CBS 10913T; 20 of which contain transmembrane domains (TMDs). Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed the expression of all 20 TMD transporters, underlining their potential in contributing to the C. auris drug-resistant phenotype. Changes in transcript levels after short-term exposure of drugs and in drug-resistant C. auris isolates suggested their importance in the drug resistance phenotype of this pathogen. CAUR_02725 orthologous to CDR1, a major multidrug exporter in other yeasts, showed consistently higher expression in multidrug-resistant strains of C. auris. Homologs of other ABC transporter genes, such as CDR4, CDR6, and SNQ2, also displayed raised expression in a sub-set of clinical isolates. Together, our analysis supports the involvement of these transporters in multidrug resistance in C. auris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Wasi
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Remya Nair
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Gurugram, Gurgaon, India
| | - Poonam Vishwakarma
- School of Computational and Integrative Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Gustavo Bravo Ruiz
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe K. Ross
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Lorenz
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Shivaprakash M. Rudramurthy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arunaloke Chakrabarti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Andrew M. Lynn
- School of Computational and Integrative Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok K. Mondal
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Neil A. R. Gow
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Gurugram, Gurgaon, India
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50
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Li Q, Liu J, Shao J, Da W, Shi G, Wang T, Wu D, Wang C. Decreasing Cell Population of Individual Candida Species Does Not Impair the Virulence of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata Mixed Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1600. [PMID: 31354684 PMCID: PMC6637850 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Candida glabrata are two commonly seen opportunistic fungi in clinical settings and usually co-isolated from the population inflicted with denture stomatitis and oropharyngeal candidiasis. Although C. albicans and C. glabrata mixed biofilm is deemed to possess enhanced virulence compared with their individual counterparts (especially C. albicans single biofilm), the relevant descriptions and experimental evidence on the relationship of Candida virulence with their individual cell number in mixed biofilms are contradictory and insufficient. In this study, two standard C. glabrata isolate and eight C. albicans ones were used to test the cell quantities in their 24- and 48-h single and mixed biofilms. A series of virulence factors including antifungal resistance to caspofungin, secreted aspartic proteinase (SAP) and phospholipase (PL) levels, efflux pump function and β-glucan exposure were evaluated. Through this study, the declines of individual cell counting were observed in the 24- and 48-h Candida mixed biofilms compared with their single counterparts. However, the antifungal resistance to caspofungin, the SAP and phospholipase levels, the rhodamine 6G efflux and the efflux-related gene expressions were increased significantly or kept unchanged accompanying with reduced β-glucan exposure in the mixed biofilms by comparison with the single counterparts. These results reveal that there is a competitive interaction between C. albicans and C. glabrata strains in their co-culture without at the expense of the mixed biofilm virulence. This study presents a deep insight into the interaction between C. albicans and C. glabrata and provides new clues to combat against fungal infections caused by Candida mixed biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Li
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wenyue Da
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Gaoxiang Shi
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Tianming Wang
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Daqiang Wu
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Changzhong Wang
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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