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Ruan J, Yan J, Chen H, Jianping C, Sun W, Zhao G. Purification and properties of the chymotrypsin inhibitor from wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides) of Israel and its toxic effect on beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 142:141-147. [PMID: 29107237 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel chymotrypsin inhibitor, which detected in the seed of wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides), was purified by ion-exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography and Ultracentrifugation. On the basis of its specificity, this inhibitor was named WeCI (wild emmer chymotrypsin inhibitor). SDS-PAGE analysis displayed that the purified WeCI is a single chain polypeptide with a molecular weight of approximately 13kDa. The inhibition constants (Ki) for amylase and bovine pancreatic chymotrypsin were 1.12×10-9M and 2.41×10-9M, respectively. Automated sequencing and mass spectrometry analyses revealed that WeCI is a neutral monomeric protein consisting of 119 residues. In vitro, WeCI strongly suppressed bovine pancreatic chymotrypsin as well as chymotrypsin-like activities separated from the midgut of the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua. No inhibitory activities were found against bovine pancreatic trypsin, bacterial subtilisin, or porcine pancreatic elastase. The primary structure of WeCI was markedly similar (46-95%) to those of several proteins belonging to the wheat crop chymotrypsin/α-amylase inhibitor superfamily and displayed the typical sequence motif of the α-amylase inhibitor-seed storage protein group. WeCI significantly inhibited the growth and development of Spodoptera exigua, dependent on inhibitor concentration. WeCI significantly increased the mortality rate of Spodoptera exigua and caused a significant decrease in its fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjun Ruan
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Jun Yan
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China.
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agriculture University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Cheng Jianping
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agriculture University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
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2
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Yan J, Yuan SS, Jiang LL, Ye XJ, Ng TB, Wu ZJ. Plant antifungal proteins and their applications in agriculture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:4961-81. [PMID: 25971197 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are far more complex organisms than viruses or bacteria and can develop numerous diseases in plants that cause loss of a substantial portion of the crop every year. Plants have developed various mechanisms to defend themselves against these fungi which include the production of low-molecular-weight secondary metabolites and proteins and peptides with antifungal activity. In this review, families of plant antifungal proteins (AFPs) including defensins, lectins, and several others will be summarized. Moreover, the application of AFPs in agriculture will also be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China,
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3
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Yegin S, Dekker P. Progress in the field of aspartic proteinases in cheese manufacturing: structures, functions, catalytic mechanism, inhibition, and engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13594-013-0137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lin P, Wong JH, Ng TB, Ho VSM, Xia L. A sorghum xylanase inhibitor-like protein with highly potent antifungal, antitumor and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities. Food Chem 2013; 141:2916-22. [PMID: 23871041 PMCID: PMC7115760 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The antifungal protein purified in this study is a pH stable and thermostable xylanase inhibitor. Sorghum antifungal protein is inhibitory toward various fungal species. The sorghum antifungal protein exerts suppressive action on the proliferating hepatoma (HepG2) cells and breast cancer (MCF7) cells. Sorghum antifungal protein exerts a highly potent inhibitory activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
A 25-kDa protein, with an N-terminal amino acid sequence homologous to that of xylanase inhibitor and designated as xylanase inbibitor-like protein (XILP) was purified from sorghum seeds. The isolation protocol consisted of affinity chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration. XILP inhibited mycelial growth in various phytopathogenic fungi. The antifungal activity was thermostable and pH-stable. XILP inhibited proliferation of various cancer cell lines but did not do so in human embryonic liver (WRL 68) cells. There was no mitogenic activity toward mouse splenocytes. XILP reduced the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with an IC50 of 11.1 μM, but lacked inhibitory activity toward HIV-1 integrase and SARS coronavirus proteinase. In conclusion, sorghum XILP is thermostable and pH stable and exhibits potent antifungal, antiproliferative, and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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5
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Immobilization of BMP-2 on a nano-hydroxyapatite-coated titanium surface using a chitosan calcium chelating agent. Int J Artif Organs 2013; 36:506-17. [PMID: 23661555 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We conducted experiments to determine the most effective calcium chelating agents for use in enhancing adhesion of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) on nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp)-coated titanium substrates by covalently immobilizing bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). The quantity of amine groups on the chitosan chelated surface was 7 µg/surface area, and it was 1.4 µg/surface area on the alendronate chelated surface. The quantity of BMP-2 on the BMP-2 immobilized surface chelated with chitosan (4 ng/surface area) was higher than that on BMP-2 immobilized surface chelated with alendronate (2.2 ng/surface area). Contact angles of the nHAp-coated titanium, alendronate chelated, chitosan chelated, and BMP-2 immobilized surfaces chelated with alendronate were 68.8 ± 3.6°, 78.2 ± 1.9°, 74.8 ± 5.2°, and 76.0 ± 2.5°, respectively. The contact angle of the BMP-2 immobilized surface chelated with chitosan was significantly lower (56.2 ± 2.0°) than that of any of the other groups. BM-MSCs on the chitosan surface and BMP-2 immobilized on the surface chelated with chitosan appeared to be healthy and showed a spindle-like fibroblastic morphology. In addition, BM-MSCs on these surfaces appeared to have the ability to differentiate into bone-forming cells. We suggest that chitosan can be used as an effective calcium chelating agent for implants.
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Menon V, Rao M. A low-molecular-mass aspartic protease inhibitor from a novel Penicillium sp.: implications in combating fungal infections. Microbiology (Reading) 2012; 158:1897-1907. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.058511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Menon
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Mala Rao
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411 008, India
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7
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Development of resistance against blackleg disease in Brassica oleracea var. botrytis through in silico methods. Fungal Genet Biol 2010; 47:800-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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8
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Vathipadiekal V, Umasankar PK, Patole MS, Rao M. Molecular cloning, over expression, and activity studies of a peptidic HIV-1 protease inhibitor: designed synthetic gene to functional recombinant peptide. Peptides 2010; 31:16-21. [PMID: 19818820 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aspartic protease inhibitor (ATBI) purified from a Bacillus sp. is a potent inhibitor of several proteases including recombinant HIV-1 protease, pepsin, and fungal aspartic protease. In this study, we report the cloning, and over expression of a synthetic gene coding for ATBI in Escherichia coli and establish a purification protocol. The ATBI molecule consists of eleven amino acids and is peptidic in nature. We used the peptide sequence data of ATBI to synthesize complementary oligonucleotides, which were annealed and subsequently cloned in-frame with the gene for glutathione-S-transferase (GST). The expression of the resulting fusion protein was induced in E. coli BL21-A1 cells using arabinose. The recombinant peptide was purified using a reduced glutathione column, and cleaved with Factor Xa to remove the GST tag. The resultant product was further purified to homogeneity using RP-HPLC. Mass spectroscopy analysis revealed that the purified peptide had a molecular weight of 1186Da which matches the theoretical molecular weight of the amino acids present in the synthetic gene. The recombinant peptide was found to be active in vitro against HIV-1 protease, pepsin, and fungal aspartic protease. The protocol described in this study may be used to clone pharmaceutically important peptide molecules.
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Lagaert S, Beliën T, Volckaert G. Plant cell walls: Protecting the barrier from degradation by microbial enzymes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20:1064-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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O'Donoghue AJ, Mahon CS, Goetz DH, O'Malley JM, Gallagher DM, Zhou M, Murray PG, Craik CS, Tuohy MG. Inhibition of a secreted glutamic peptidase prevents growth of the fungus Talaromyces emersonii. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:29186-95. [PMID: 18687686 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802366200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermophilic filamentous fungus Talaromyces emersonii secretes a variety of hydrolytic enzymes that are of interest for processing of biomass into fuel. Many carbohydrases have been isolated and characterized from this fungus, but no studies had been performed on peptidases. In this study, two acid-acting endopeptidases were isolated and characterized from the culture filtrate of T. emersonii. One of these enzymes was identified as a member of the recently classified glutamic peptidase family and was subsequently named T. emersonii glutamic peptidase 1 (TGP1). The second enzyme was identified as an aspartyl peptidase (PEP1). TGP1 was cloned and sequenced and shown to exhibit 64 and 47% protein identity to peptidases from Aspergillus niger and Scytalidium lignocolum, respectively. Substrate profiling of 16 peptides determined that TGP1 has broad specificity with a preference for large residues in the P1 site, particularly Met, Gln, Phe, Lys, Glu, and small amino acids at P1' such as Ala, Gly, Ser, or Thr. This enzyme efficiently cleaves an internally quenched fluorescent substrate containing the zymogen activation sequence (k(cat)/K(m)=2 x 10(5) m(-1) s(-1)). Maximum hydrolysis occurs at pH 3.4 and 50 degrees C. The reaction is strongly inhibited by a transition state peptide analog, TA1 (K(i)=1.5 nM), as well as a portion of the propeptide sequence, PT1 (K(i)=32 nM). Ex vivo studies show that hyphal extension of T. emersonii in complex media is unaffected by the aspartyl peptidase inhibitor pepstatin but is inhibited by TA1 and PT1. This study provides insight into the functional role of the glutamic peptidase TGP1 for growth of T. emersonii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, University Road, Galway, Ireland
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11
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Fierens E, Gebruers K, Courtin CM, Delcour JA. Xylanase inhibitors bind to nonstarch polysaccharides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:564-70. [PMID: 18092758 DOI: 10.1021/jf0724724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study is an in-depth investigation of the interaction between polysaccharides and the proteinaceous xylanase inhibitors, Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor (TAXI), xylanase inhibitor protein (XIP), and thaumatin-like xylanase inhibitor (TLXI). The binding affinities of all three known types of xylanase inhibitors from wheat are studied by measuring the residual xylanase inhibition activity after incubation of the inhibitors in the presence of different polysaccharides, such as beta-glucans and (arabino)xylans. The binding affinities of all three xylanase inhibitors for (arabino)xylans increased with a decreasing arabinose/xylose ratio (A/X ratio). This phenomenon was observed both with water-extractable and water-unextractable (arabino)xylans. The inhibitors also interacted with different soluble and insoluble beta-glucans. None of the inhibitors tested had the ability to hydrolyze the polysaccharides investigated. The present findings contribute to the unraveling of the function of xylanase inhibitors in nature and to the prediction of the effect of added xylanases in cereal-based biotechnological processes, such as bread making and gluten-starch separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Fierens
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, Box 2463, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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12
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Sawano Y, Miyakawa T, Yamazaki H, Tanokura M, Hatano KI. Purification, characterization, and molecular gene cloning of an antifungal protein from Ginkgo biloba seeds. Biol Chem 2007; 388:273-80. [PMID: 17338634 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2007.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel basic protein with antifungal activity was isolated from the seeds of Ginkgo biloba and purified to homogeneity. The protein inhibited the growth of some fungi (Fusarium oxysporum, Trichoderma reesei, and Candida albicans) but did not exhibit antibacterial action against Escherichia coli. Furthermore, this protein showed weak inhibitory activity against the aspartic protease pepsin. To design primers for gene amplification, the NH(2)-terminal and partial internal amino acid sequences were determined using peptides obtained from a tryptic digest of the oxidized protein. The full-length cDNA of the antifungal protein was cloned and sequenced by RT-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The cDNA contained a 402-bp open reading frame encoding a 134-aa protein with a potential signal peptide (26 residues), suggesting that this protein is synthesized as a preprotein and secreted outside the cells. The antifungal protein shows approximately 85% identity with embryo-abundant proteins from Picea abies and Picea glauca at the amino acid level; however, there is no homology between this protein and other plant antifungal proteins, such as defensin, and cyclophilin-, miraculin- and thaumatin-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoriko Sawano
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Beliën T, Van Campenhout S, Robben J, Volckaert G. Microbial endoxylanases: effective weapons to breach the plant cell-wall barrier or, rather, triggers of plant defense systems? MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2006; 19:1072-81. [PMID: 17022171 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-19-1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Endo-beta-1,4-xylanases (EC 3.2.1.8) are key enzymes in the degradation of xylan, the predominant hemicellulose in the cell walls of plants and the second most abundant polysaccharide on earth. A number of endoxylanases are produced by microbial phytopathogens responsible for severe crop losses. These enzymes are considered to play an important role in phytopathogenesis, as they provide essential means to the attacking organism to break through the plant cell wall. Plants have evolved numerous defense mechanisms to protect themselves against invading pathogens, amongst which are proteinaceous inhibitors of cell wall-degrading enzymes. These defense mechanisms are triggered when a pathogen-derived elicitor is recognized by the plant. In this review, the diverse aspects of endoxylanases in promoting virulence and in eliciting plant defense systems are highlighted. Furthermore, the role of the relatively recently discovered cereal endoxylanase inhibitor families TAXI (Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor) and XIP (xylanase inhibitor protein) in plant defense is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Beliën
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratory of Gene Technology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Davies DA, Kalinina NA, Samokhvalova LV, Malakhova GV, Scott G, Volynskaia AM, Nesmeianov VA. Isolation and Characterization of the ALP1 Protease from Aspergillus fumigatus and Its Protein Inhibitor from Physarium polycephalum. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2005; 31:259-68. [PMID: 16004384 DOI: 10.1007/s11171-005-0032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is known that Aspergillus fumigatus secretes a serine protease ALP1 of the subtilisin family in the presence of extracellular protein substrates. We found conditions of A. fumigatus culturing that provide a high ALP1 activity inside cells without induction by extracellular proteins. The identity of the properties of the secreted and intracellular enzymes was shown. A thermostable protein inhibitor of the ALP1 protease was isolated from the plasmodium of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum. Its molecular mass is 32-33 kDa. The inhibitor inhibits the ALP1 protease activity with IC50 of 0.14 microM. This protein was also shown to be a less efficient inhibitor of the activity of HIV-1 protease (IC50 2.5 microM). The English version of the paper: Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, 2005, vol. 31, no. 3; see also http://www.maik.ru.
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Ruijgrok EJ, Meis JFGM. Pharmacological agents in development for invasive aspergillosis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2005; 7:33-45. [PMID: 15989534 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.7.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The urgent medical need for new potent antifungal agents in the management of invasive aspergillosis (IA) has resulted in the development of several compounds which may be of value in the future for the treatment or prophylaxis of IA. In the past years, several novel types of drugs have been discovered and developed, some of which are already in late-stage clinical trials and ready to enter the market. This paper discusses the antifungal agents, classified by their mode of action, that are currently available and the agents which are still in development for treatment or prevention of IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth J Ruijgrok
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Goesaert H, Elliott G, Kroon PA, Gebruers K, Courtin CM, Robben J, Delcour JA, Juge N. Occurrence of proteinaceous endoxylanase inhibitors in cereals. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2004; 1696:193-202. [PMID: 14871660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2003.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2003] [Accepted: 08/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cereals contain proteinaceous inhibitors of endoxylanases, which affect the efficiency and functionality of these enzymes in cereal processing. This review relates their first discovery in wheat and the subsequent purification of two distinct classes of endoxylanase inhibitors, namely Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor (TAXI)-type and xylanase inhibitor protein (XIP)-type inhibitors in cereals. Both inhibitor classes occur in monocots as multi-isoform families. The reported data provide an overview of the relative quantitative and qualitative variation of these inhibitors in cereals. Wheat and rye are particularly rich in TAXI-type and XIP-type inhibitors with the latter inhibitors being more abundant. Lower inhibitor levels are present in durum wheat and barley, while maize contains solely XIP-type inhibitors. No inhibitors have been isolated from rice, oats and buckwheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Goesaert
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium.
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Bellincampi D, Camardella L, Delcour JA, Desseaux V, D'Ovidio R, Durand A, Elliot G, Gebruers K, Giovane A, Juge N, Sørensen JF, Svensson B, Vairo D. Potential physiological role of plant glycosidase inhibitors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2004; 1696:265-74. [PMID: 14871667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2003.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2003] [Accepted: 10/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-active enzymes including glycosidases, transglycosidases, glycosyltransferases, polysaccharide lyases and carbohydrate esterases are responsible for the enzymatic processing of carbohydrates in plants. A number of carbohydrate-active enzymes are produced by microbial pathogens and insects responsible of severe crop losses. Plants have evolved proteinaceous inhibitors to modulate the activity of several of these enzymes. The continuing discovery of new inhibitors indicates that this research area is still unexplored and may lead to new exciting developments. To date, the role of the inhibitors is not completely understood. Here we review recent results obtained on the best characterised inhibitors, pointing to their possible biological role in vivo. Results recently obtained with plant transformation technology indicate that this class of inhibitors has potential biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bellincampi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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18
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Sørensen JF, Kragh KM, Sibbesen O, Delcour J, Goesaert H, Svensson B, Tahir TA, Brufau J, Perez-Vendrell AM, Bellincampi D, D'Ovidio R, Camardella L, Giovane A, Bonnin E, Juge N. Potential role of glycosidase inhibitors in industrial biotechnological applications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2004; 1696:275-87. [PMID: 14871668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2003.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2003] [Accepted: 09/30/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The nutrient content of food and animal feed may be improved through new knowledge about enzymatic changes in complex carbohydrates. Enzymatic hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates containing alpha or beta glycosidic bonds is very important in nutrition and in several technological processes. These enzymes are called glycosidases (Enzyme Class 3.2.1) and include amylases, pectinases and xylanases. They are present in many foods such as cereals, but their microbial analogues are often produced and added in many food processes, for instance to improve the shelf-life of bakery products, clear beer, produce glucose, fructose or dextrins, hydrolyse lactose, modify food pectins, or improve processes. However, many plant foods also contain endogenous inhibitors, which reduce the activity of glycosidases, in particular, proteins, peptides, complexing agents and phenolic compounds. The plant proteinaceous inhibitors of glycosidases are in focus in this review whose objective is to report the effect and implications of these inhibitors in industrial processes and applications. These studies will contribute to the optimisation of industrial processes by using modified enzymes not influenced by the natural inhibitors. They will also allow careful selection of raw material and reaction conditions, and future development of new genetic varieties low in inhibitors. These are all new and very promising concepts for the food and feed sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Frisbaek Sørensen
- Section Enzyme Development, Danisco Cultor A/S, Edwin Rahrsvej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben M Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0245, USA.
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Dash C, Vathipadiekal V, George SP, Rao M. Slow-tight binding inhibition of xylanase by an aspartic protease inhibitor: kinetic parameters and conformational changes that determine the affinity and selectivity of the bifunctional nature of the inhibitor. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:17978-86. [PMID: 11844793 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111250200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The first report of slow-tight inhibition of xylanase by a bifunctional inhibitor alkalo-thermophilic Bacillus inhibitor (ATBI), from an extremophilic Bacillus sp. is described. ATBI inhibits aspartic protease (Dash, C., and Rao, M. (2001) J. Biol. Chem., 276, 2487-2493) and xylanase (Xyl I) from a Thermomonospora sp. The steady-state kinetics revealed time-dependent competitive inhibition of Xyl I by ATBI, consistent with two-step inhibition mechanism. The inhibition followed a rapid equilibrium step to form a reversible enzyme-inhibitor complex (EI), which isomerizes to the second enzyme-inhibitor complex (EI*), which dissociated at a very slow rate. The rate constants determined for the isomerization of EI to EI*, and the dissociation of EI* were 13 +/- 1 x 10(-6) s(-1) and 5 +/- 0.5 x 10(-8) s(-1), respectively. The K(i) value for the formation of EI complex was 2.5 +/- 0.5 microm, whereas the overall inhibition constant K(i)* was 7 +/- 1 nm. The conformational changes induced in Xyl I by ATBI were monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy and the rate constants derived were in agreement with the kinetic data. Thus, the conformational alterations were correlated to the isomerization of EI to EI*. ATBI binds to the active site of the enzyme and disturbs the native interaction between the histidine and lysine, as demonstrated by the abolished isoindole fluorescence of o-phthalaldehyde (OPTA)-labeled Xyl I. Our results revealed that the inactivation of Xyl I is due to the disruption of the hydrogen-bonding network between the essential histidine and other residues involved in catalysis and a model depicting the probable interaction between ATBI or OPTA with Xyl I has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandravanu Dash
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra 411 008, India
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