1
|
Hamed EO, Elsayed DA, Assy MG, Shehab WS. Design, Synthesis, Docking, 2D‐QSAR Modelling, Anticancer and Antioxidant Evaluation of Some New Azo‐Compounds Derivatives and Investigation of Their Fluorescence Properties. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eman O. Hamed
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Zagazig University Zagazig 44519 Egypt
| | - Doaa A. Elsayed
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Zagazig University Zagazig 44519 Egypt
| | - Mohamed G. Assy
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Zagazig University Zagazig 44519 Egypt
| | - Wesam S. Shehab
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Zagazig University Zagazig 44519 Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gurram SR, Azam MA. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of some novel N'-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-arylamide derivatives as antibacterial agents. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01730-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
3
|
Salgueiro AC, Folmer V, Bassante FE, Cardoso MH, da Rosa HS, Puntel GO. Predictive antidiabetic activities of plants used by persons with Diabetes mellitus. Complement Ther Med 2018; 41:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
4
|
Venugopala KN, Khedr MA, Pillay M, Nayak SK, Chandrashekharappa S, Aldhubiab BE, Harsha S, Attimard M, Odhav B. Benzothiazole analogs as potential anti-TB agents: computational input and molecular dynamics. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:1830-1842. [PMID: 29697293 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1470035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Biotin is very important for the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 7,8-Diamino pelargonic acid aminotransaminase (DAPA) is a transaminase enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of biotin. The benzothiazole title compounds were investigated for their in vitro anti-tubercular activity against two tubercular strains: H37Rv (ATCC 25,177) and MDR-MTB (multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis, resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin, and ethambutol) by an agar incorporation method. The possible binding mode and predicted affinity were computed using a molecular docking study. Among the synthesized compounds in the series, the title compound {2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl-methoxy)-5-fluorophenyl}-(4-chlorophenyl)-methanone was found to exhibit significant activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 1 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL against H37Rv and MDR-MTB, respectively; this compound showed the highest binding affinity (-24.75 kcal/mol) as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharigatta N Venugopala
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy , King Faisal University , Al-Ahsa , 31982 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,b Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology , Durban University of Technology , Durban , 4001 , South Africa
| | - Mohammed A Khedr
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy , King Faisal University , Al-Ahsa , 31982 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,c Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Helwan University , Ein Helwan, Cairo , 11795 , Egypt
| | - Melendhran Pillay
- d Department of Microbiology , National Health Laboratory Services, KZN Academic Complex, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital , Durban , 4001 , South Africa
| | - Susanta K Nayak
- e Department of Chemistry , Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology , Nagpur , Maharashtra , 440010 , India
| | - Sandeep Chandrashekharappa
- f Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine , NCBS, TIFR, GKVK, Bellary Road, Bangalore , 560 065 , India
| | - Bandar E Aldhubiab
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy , King Faisal University , Al-Ahsa , 31982 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sree Harsha
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy , King Faisal University , Al-Ahsa , 31982 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahesh Attimard
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy , King Faisal University , Al-Ahsa , 31982 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bharti Odhav
- b Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology , Durban University of Technology , Durban , 4001 , South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Adams M, de Kock C, Smith PJ, Chibale K, Smith GS. Evaluation of Ferrocenyl-Containing Benzothiazoles as Potential Antiplasmodial Agents. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201601000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muneebah Adams
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cape Town; Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town South Africa
| | - Carmen de Kock
- Division of Pharmacology; Department of Medicine; University of Cape Town; Groote Schuur Hospital; K45, OMB, Observatory 7925 Cape Town South Africa
| | - Peter J. Smith
- Division of Pharmacology; Department of Medicine; University of Cape Town; Groote Schuur Hospital; K45, OMB, Observatory 7925 Cape Town South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cape Town; Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine; University of Cape Town; Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery & Development Research Unit; University of Cape Town; Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town South Africa
| | - Gregory S. Smith
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cape Town; Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Synthesis, PASS-Predication and in Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Benzyl 4-O-benzoyl-α-l-rhamnopyranoside Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091412. [PMID: 27618893 PMCID: PMC5037692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzyl α-l-rhamnopyranoside 4, obtained by both conventional and microwave assisted glycosidation techniques, was subjected to 2,3-O-isopropylidene protection to yield compound 5 which on benzoylation and subsequent deprotection of isopropylidene group gave the desired 4-O-benzoylrhamnopyranoside 7 in reasonable yield. Di-O-acetyl derivative of benzoate 7 was prepared to get newer rhamnopyranoside. The structure activity relationship (SAR) of the designed compounds was performed along with the prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) training set. Experimental studies based on antimicrobial activities verified the predictions obtained by the PASS software. Protected rhamnopyranosides 5 and 6 exhibited slight distortion from regular 1C4 conformation, probably due to the fusion of pyranose and isopropylidene ring. Synthesized rhamnopyranosides 4–8 were employed as test chemicals for in vitro antimicrobial evaluation against eight human pathogenic bacteria and two fungi. Antimicrobial and SAR study showed that the rhamnopyranosides were prone against fungal organisms as compared to that of the bacterial pathogens. Interestingly, PASS prediction of the rhamnopyranoside derivatives 4–8 were 0.49 < Pa < 0.60 (where Pa is probability ‘to be active’) as antibacterial and 0.65 < Pa < 0.73 as antifungal activities, which showed significant agreement with experimental data, suggesting rhamnopyranoside derivatives 4–8 were more active against pathogenic fungi as compared to human pathogenic bacteria thus, there is a more than 50% chance that the rhamnopyranoside derivative structures 4–8 have not been reported with antimicrobial activity, making it a possible valuable lead compound.
Collapse
|
7
|
Yehye WA, Abdul Rahman N, Saad O, Ariffin A, Abd Hamid SB, Alhadi AA, Kadir FA, Yaeghoobi M, Matlob AA. Rational Design and Synthesis of New, High Efficiency, Multipotent Schiff Base-1,2,4-triazole Antioxidants Bearing Butylated Hydroxytoluene Moieties. Molecules 2016; 21:E847. [PMID: 27367658 PMCID: PMC6273539 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of multipotent antioxidants (MPAOs), namely Schiff base-1,2,4-triazoles attached to the oxygen-derived free radical scavenging moiety butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were designed and subsequently synthesized. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the designed antioxidants was established alongside the prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS). The antioxidant activities of the synthesized compounds 4-10 were tested by the DPPH bioassay. The synthesized compounds 4-10 inhibited stable DPPH free radicals at a level that is 10(-4) M more than the well-known standard antioxidant BHT. Compounds 8-10 with para-substituents were less active than compounds 4 and 5 with trimethoxy substituents compared to those with a second BHT moiety (compounds 6 and 7). With an IC50 of 46.13 ± 0.31 µM, compound 6 exhibited the most promising in vitro inhibition at 89%. Therefore, novel MPAOs containing active triazole rings, thioethers, Schiff bases, and BHT moieties are suggested as potential antioxidants for inhibiting oxidative stress processes and scavenging free radicals, hence, this combination of functions is anticipated to play a vital role in repairing cellular damage, preventing various human diseases and in medical therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wageeh A Yehye
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, Block 3A, Institute of Postgraduate Studies Building, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Noorsaadah Abdul Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
- Drug Design and Development Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Omar Saad
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Azhar Ariffin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Sharifah Bee Abd Hamid
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, Block 3A, Institute of Postgraduate Studies Building, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Abeer A Alhadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
- Drug Design and Development Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Farkaad A Kadir
- Division of Human Biology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.
| | - Marzieh Yaeghoobi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
- Drug Design and Development Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Abdulsalam A Matlob
- Department of Environmental Technology, College of Environment, Mosul University, Mosul 41001, Iraq.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dar AA, Shadab M, Khan S, Ali N, Khan AT. One-Pot Synthesis and Evaluation of Antileishmanial Activities of Functionalized S-Alkyl/Aryl Benzothiazole-2-carbothioate Scaffold. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3149-60. [PMID: 26999637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of hitherto unreported S-alkyl/aryl benzothiazole-2-carbothioate is reported from thiols, oxalyl chloride, and 2-aminothiophenols using 10 mol % n-tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) as catalyst in acetonitrile through multicomponent reaction (MCR) strategy. The present protocol favored formation of benzothiazoles and thioesters via simultaneous formation of C-N and C-S bonds in good yields with a wide range of substrates. A few of the synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani, a causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Further, these compounds displayed no toxicity toward macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and are therefore nontoxic and effective antileishmanial leads. In silico docking studies were performed to understand the possible binding site interaction with trypanothione reductase (TryR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajaz A Dar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati 781 039, India
| | - M Shadab
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Suman Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang, 37673, Republic of South Korea
| | - Nahid Ali
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Abu T Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati 781 039, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dai M, Peng C, Peng F, Xie C, Wang P, Sun F. Anti-Trichomonas vaginalis properties of the oil of Amomum tsao-ko and its major component, geraniol. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:445-50. [PMID: 25963227 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1044617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Trichomonosis, caused by the flagellate protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease (STD) and 5-nitroimidazole drugs are used for the treatment. However, a growing number of T. vaginalis isolates are resistant to these drugs, which make it becomes an urgent issue. OBJECTIVE The current study was designed to evaluate the anti-T. vaginalis activity of the essential oil from A. tsao-ko used in traditional Chinese medicine and as a spice and its main component, geraniol. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-T. vaginalis activities of A. tsao-ko essential oil and geraniol were evaluated by the minimum lethal concentration (MLC) and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) in vitro. The morphological changes of T. vaginalis were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Additionally, sub-MLC concentration treatment with sub-MLC A. tsao-ko essential oil and geraniol was also performed. RESULTS This study shows that MLC/IC50 of A. tsao-ko essential oil was 44.97 µg/ml/22.49 µg/ml for T. vaginalis isolate Tv1, and 89.93 µg/ml/44.97 µg/ml for T. vaginalis isolate Tv2. Those of geraniol were 342.96 µg/ml/171.48 µg/ml, respectively. After A. tsao-ko essential oil or geraniol treatment, obvious similar morphological changes of T. vaginalis were observed by TEM: the nuclear membrane was damaged, nuclei were dissolved, and the chromatin was accumulated; in the cytoplasm, numerous vacuoles appeared, rough endoplasmic reticulum dilated, the number of ribosomes were reduced, organelles disintegrated, the cell membrane was partially damaged, with cytoplasmic leakage, and cell disintegration was observed. The action time did not increase the effect of A. tsao-ko essential oil or geraniol against T. vaginalis, as no significant difference was observed after sub-MLC concentration treatment for 1, 3, and 5 h with A. tsao-ko essential oil and geraniol. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The study describes the first report on the activity and morphological changes of A. tsao-ko essential oil and geraniol against T. vaginalis. The results obtained herein presented new opportunities for antitrichomonal drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Dai
- a School of Medical Laboratory Science, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu , Sichuan , PR China
| | - Cheng Peng
- b State Key Laboratory of Systematic Research and Exploitation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmaceuticals, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Chengdu , Sichuan , PR China
| | - Fu Peng
- c School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , PR China , and
| | - Chengbin Xie
- d Sichuan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital , Chengdu , Sichuan , PR China
| | - Pinjia Wang
- a School of Medical Laboratory Science, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu , Sichuan , PR China
| | - Fenghui Sun
- a School of Medical Laboratory Science, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu , Sichuan , PR China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pharmacological investigation of 2-aminobenzothiazolium-4-methylbenzenesulphonate: Synthesis, spectral characterization and structural elucidation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 151:248-55. [PMID: 26318282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An organic charge transfer complex, 2-aminobenzothiazolium-4-methylbenzenesulphonate (ABPTS) was synthesized and single crystals grown by slow solvent evaporation solution growth technique at ambient temperature. The single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was carried out to establish the molecular structure of the title crystal. FT-IR spectral study was carried out to identify the various functional groups present in the crystal. The (1)H and (13)C spectra were recorded to further confirm the molecular structure of the CT complex. The TG/DTA analyses were carried out to establish the thermal stability of the complex. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of synthesized complex were examined against various bacteria and fungi strains, to identify the antibacterial and antifungal activity. The DNA binding profile of the complex has been investigated through absorption spectroscopy and complex has intrinsic binding constant 3.6 × 10(4) M(-1). A gel electrophoresis assay demonstrated the ability of the complex to cleave the pBR322 DNA. The free radical scavenging activity of the complex has been determined against DPPH, OH and ABTS radicals.
Collapse
|
11
|
Tomi IH, Tomma JH, Al-Daraji AH, Al-Dujaili AH. Synthesis, characterization and comparative study the microbial activity of some heterocyclic compounds containing oxazole and benzothiazole moieties. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
12
|
|
13
|
Design, structural and spectroscopic elucidation of new nitroaromatic carboxylic acids and semicarbazones for the in vitro screening of anti-leishmanial activity. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
14
|
Ariffin A, Rahman NA, Yehye WA, Alhadi AA, Kadir FA. PASS-assisted design, synthesis and antioxidant evaluation of new butylated hydroxytoluene derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 87:564-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
15
|
Keri RS, Patil MR, Patil SA, Budagumpi S. A comprehensive review in current developments of benzothiazole-based molecules in medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 89:207-51. [PMID: 25462241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Benzothiazole (BTA) and its derivatives are the most important heterocyclic compounds, which are common and integral feature of a variety of natural products and pharmaceutical agents. BTA shows a variety of pharmacological properties, and its analogs offer a high degree of structural diversity that has proven useful for the search of new therapeutic agents. The broad spectrum of pharmacological activity in individual BTA derivative indicates that, this series of compounds is of an undoubted interest. The related research and developments in BTA-based medicinal chemistry have become a rapidly developing and increasingly active topic. Particularly, numerous BTA-based compounds as clinical drugs have been extensively used in practice to treat various types of diseases with high therapeutic potency. This work systematically gives a comprehensive review in current developments of BTA-based compounds in the whole range of medicinal chemistry as anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antiinflammatory, analgesic, anti-HIV, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antitubercular, antidiabetic, antileishmanial, antihistaminic, antimalarial and other medicinal agents. It is believed that, this review article is helpful for new thoughts in the quest for rational designs of more active and less toxic BTA-based drugs, as well as more effective diagnostic agents and pathologic probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rangappa S Keri
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore 562112, Karnataka, India.
| | - Mahadeo R Patil
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore 562112, Karnataka, India
| | - Siddappa A Patil
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore 562112, Karnataka, India
| | - Srinivasa Budagumpi
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore 562112, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Synthesis and antimosquito properties of 2,6-substituted benzo[d]thiazole and 2,4-substituted benzo[d]thiazole analogues against Anopheles arabiensis. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 65:295-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
17
|
Alptuzun V, Cakiroglu G, Limoncu ME, Erac B, Hosgor-Limoncu M, Erciyas E. Synthesis and antileishmanial activity of novel pyridinium-hydrazone derivatives. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2012; 28:960-7. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2012.697058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vildan Alptuzun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University,
Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gokcer Cakiroglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University,
Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - M. Emin Limoncu
- Vocational School of Health Services, Celal Bayar University,
Manisa, Turkey
| | - Bayri Erac
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University,
Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mine Hosgor-Limoncu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University,
Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ercin Erciyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University,
Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lakshmanan D, Murugavel S, Selvakumar R, Bakthadoss M. 2-(2 H-1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-1,3-benzothiazole. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2012; 68:o961. [PMID: 22590020 PMCID: PMC3343939 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536812008914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C14H9O2S, the benzothiazole unit is oriented at a dihedral angle of 7.1 (1)° with respect to the benzodioxole unit. The dioxole ring adopts flattened envelope conformation with the methylene C atom at the flap. The crystal packing is stabilized by π–π interactions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.705 (1) and 3.752 (1) Å], C—H⋯π interactions and a short S⋯S contact of 3.485 (1) Å.
Collapse
|
19
|
Lu Y, Chen Y, Ou Z, Chen S, Zhuang C, Le X. Synthesis, Antibacterial Activities and Nuclease Properties of Ternary Copper(II) Complex Containing 2-(2′-Pyridyl)benzothiazole and Glycinate. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201100169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
20
|
Lakshmanan D, Raj RM, Selvakumar R, Bakthadoss M, Murugavel S. 2-(1,3-Benzothia-zol-2-yl)-6-eth-oxy-phenol. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2011; 67:o2259. [PMID: 22058918 PMCID: PMC3200763 DOI: 10.1107/s160053681103114x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C(15)H(13)NO(2)S, the benzothia-zole unit is essentially planar [maximum deviation = -0.0099 (5) Å for the S atom] and is oriented at a dihedral angle of 4.8 (5)° with respect to the benzene ring. An intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring motif. The crystal packing is stabilized by C-H⋯π inter-actions.
Collapse
|
21
|
Rani M, Ramachandran R, Kabilan S. Efficient synthesis, spectral analysis and antimicrobial studies of nitrogen and sulfur containing spiro heterocycles from 2,4-diaryl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-ones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6637-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
22
|
Baryala Y, Zerzouf A, Salem M, Essassi EM, El Ammari L. 3-(Benzothia-zol-2-yl)-3-(prop-2-yn-yl)hex-5-yn-2-one. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o857. [PMID: 21580680 PMCID: PMC2983859 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810009293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C(16)H(13)NOS, was prepared by alkyl-ation of 1-(benzothia-zol-2-yl)propan-2-one with propargyl bromide. The asymmetric unit contains two mol-ecules that are crystallographically independent but linked to each other by non-classical C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, building up a dimeric substructure. The benzothia-zole rings are essentially planar with maximum deviations of 0.005 (1) and 0.007 (2) Å for the N atoms. Although the two mol-ecules have similar bond distances and angles, they slightly differ in the orientation of the benzothia-zole ring with respect to the two propargyl groups and the acetonyl unit . In the crystal, inter-molecular C-H⋯O inter-actions link the dimeric subunits into a two-dimensional array in the bc plane.
Collapse
|
23
|
Rapid synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives containing a benzothiazolyl moiety. OPEN CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-009-0114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA series of N-(6-methylbenzothiazolyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrasubstituted-4-(aryl)-1,4-dihydropyridines were synthesized by reaction of 2-amino-6-methylbenzothiazole, aromatic aldehyde and active methylene compound in methanol by conventional, as well as, microwave irradiation (solvent free and solid support) methods. The microwave irradiation technique gives better yield and shorter reaction time. Among solid supported microwave irradiation better yields are obtained in acidic alumina as compared to silica, neutral alumina, and basic alumina. All compounds were tested for antibacterial and antifungal activities and results have been compared with standard drugs. Entomological activities were also tested. The results showed that a change in the substitution pattern in 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives may cause a marked effect on their antimicrobial activity.
Collapse
|
24
|
Mithlesh, Pareek PK, Kant R, Ojha KG. Conventional- and microwave-induced synthesis of biologically active 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives containing benzothiazolyl moiety. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10241220903377507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
25
|
El-HAMOULY WS, AMINE KM, ABBAS EMH, ABDEL-MAGUID EA. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some 3-Substituted-5,6-dimethoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-one. CHINESE J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200990275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
26
|
|
27
|
Ćaleta I, Kralj M, Marjanović M, Karminski-Zamola G. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of bis-styrylbenzothiazol-3-ium salts. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-007-0801-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
28
|
Büyükgüngör O, Özek A, Karahan S, Subaşı E. 1,4-Bis[2-(1,3-benzothia-zol-2-yl)phen-oxy]butane. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2008; 64:o528. [PMID: 21201547 PMCID: PMC2960351 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536808002705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The mol-ecule of the title compound, C(30)H(24)N(2)O(2)S(2), adopts a transoid conformation consistent with the inversion centre located at the mid-point of the central C-C single bond, resulting in one half mol-ecule in the asymmetric unit. The dihedral angle between the coplanar benzothia-zole ring system and the benzene ring is 11.06 (7)°. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are linked by weak inter-molecular π-π inter-actions between thia-zole and benzene rings to form a three-dimensional network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Büyükgüngör
- Department of Physics, Ondokuz Mayıs University, TR-55139 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Arzu Özek
- Department of Physics, Ondokuz Mayıs University, TR-55139 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Senem Karahan
- Department of Physics, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Elif Subaşı
- Department of Physics, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Geronikaki A, Druzhilovsky D, Zakharov A, Poroikov V. Computer-aided prediction for medicinal chemistry via the Internet. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2008; 19:27-38. [PMID: 18311632 DOI: 10.1080/10629360701843649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Some computational tools for medicinal chemistry freely available on the Internet were compared to examine whether the results of prediction obtained with different methods coincided or not. It was shown that the correlation coefficients varied from 0.65 to 0.90 for log P (seven methods), from 0.01 to 0.73 for aqueous solubility (four methods), and from 0.19 to 0.73 for drug-likeness (three methods). While for log P estimates, reasonable average pairwise correlation was found, for aqueous solubility and drug-likeness it was rather poor. Therefore, using computational tools freely available via the Internet, medicinal chemists should evaluate their accuracy versus experimental data for particular series of compounds. In contrast to prediction of above mentioned properties, which can be done with several Internet tools, wide profiling of biological activity can be obtained only with PASS Inet (http://www.ibmc.msk.ru/PASS). PASS Inet was tested by a dozen medicinal chemists for compounds from different chemical series with various kinds of biological activity, and in the majority of cases the results of prediction coincided with the experiments. New anxiolytics, antiarrhythmics, antileishmanials, and other biologically active agents have been identified on this basis. The advantages and limitations of computer-aided predictions for medicinal chemistry via the Internet are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Geronikaki
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Verhaeghe P, Azas N, Gasquet M, Hutter S, Ducros C, Laget M, Rault S, Rathelot P, Vanelle P. Synthesis and antiplasmodial activity of new 4-aryl-2-trichloromethylquinazolines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 18:396-401. [PMID: 17981462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of original 4-aryl-substituted 2-trichloromethylquinazoline derivatives was synthesized using a microwave-assisted Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling approach. Antiplasmodial activity was evaluated on both chloroquino-resistant and -sensitive Plasmodium falciparum strains, and the selectivity indexes for THP1 and HepG2 human cells were also calculated, revealing their antiplasmodial potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Verhaeghe
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Pharmaceutique, UMR CNRS 6517, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de la Méditerranée, 27 Bd. Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shinkevich EY, Novikov MS, Khlebnikov AF, Kostikov RR, Kopf J, Magull J. New type of transannular reactions in azirine-fused medium-size heterocycles: Selective transformations of azirino[2,1-e][1,6]benzoxazocines and -benzothiazocines into oxa(thia)zine and oxa(thia)zole derivatives. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428007070214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
32
|
Robledo S, Osorio E, Muñoz D, Jaramillo LM, Restrepo A, Arango G, Vélez I. In vitro and in vivo cytotoxicities and antileishmanial activities of thymol and hemisynthetic derivatives. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:1652-5. [PMID: 15793164 PMCID: PMC1068650 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.4.1652-1655.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial and cytotoxic activities of thymol and structural derivatives in comparison to those of Glucantime were studied. The results showed here suggest that thymol and hemisynthetic derivatives have promising antileishmanial potential and could be considered as new lead structures in the search for novel antileishmanial drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Robledo
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales PECET, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hout S, Azas N, Darque A, Robin M, Di Giorgio C, Gasquet M, Galy J, Timon-David P. Activity of benzothiazoles and chemical derivatives on Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitology 2005; 129:525-35. [PMID: 15552398 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182004006031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a major health concern particularly in Africa which has about 90% of the worldwide annual clinical cases. The increasing number of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum justifies the search for new drugs in this field. Antimalarial activity of 2-substituted 6-nitro- and 6-amino-benzothiazoles and their anthranilic acids has been tested. An in vitro study has been performed on W2 and 3D7 strains of P. falciparum and on clinical isolates from malaria-infected patients. Toxicity has been assessed on THP1 human monocytic cells. For the most active drug candidates, the in vitro study was followed by in vivo assays on P. berghei-infected mice and by in vitro assays in order to determine the stage-dependency and the mechanism of action. Of 39 derivatives tested in vitro, 2 had specific antimalarial properties. Each compound was active on all stages of the parasite, but one was markedly active on mature schizonts, while the other was more active on young schizont forms. Both drugs were also active on mitochondrial membrane potential. In vivo data confirmed efficiency with a sustained decrease of parasitaemia. Products A12 and C7 may be considered as potential antimalarial worthy of further chemical and biological research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Hout
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Hygiène et Zoologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille cedex 05, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Delmas F, Avellaneda A, Di Giorgio C, Robin M, De Clercq E, Timon-David P, Galy JP. Synthesis and antileishmanial activity of (1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl) amino-9-(10H)-acridinone derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2005; 39:685-90. [PMID: 15276301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2004.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2003] [Revised: 04/26/2004] [Accepted: 04/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
(1,3-Benzothiazol-2-yl) amino-9-(10H)-acridinone derivatives were synthesized via a procedure based on the Ullman reaction and were assessed for their in vitro antileishmanial and anti-HIV activities. Two derivatives, 4-(6-nitro-benzothiazol-2-ylamino)-10H-acridin-9-one and 1-(6-amino-benzothiazol-2-ylamino)-10H-acridin-9-one, revealed a selective antileishmanial activity, mainly due to amastigote-specific toxicity. Results suggested that:the addition of a benzothiazole group on a parent amino-9-(10H)-acridinone ring could enhance antileishmanial abilities, the presence of a 6-amino-benzothiazole group on position 2 amino chain or a 6-nitro-benzothiazole group on position 4 amino chain was essential for specific anti-amastigote properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Delmas
- Laboratoire de parasitologie, hygiène et zoologie, faculté de pharmacie, université de Marseille, 27, bd. Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Azas N, Rathelot P, Djekou S, Delmas F, Gellis A, Di Giorgio C, Vanelle P, Timon-David P. Antiparasitic activity of highly conjugated pyrimidine-2,4-dione derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 58:1263-70. [PMID: 14630237 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2003.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
4-[2-(1,3-Dimethyl-5-nitro-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-4-yl)vinyl]benzaldehyde was synthesized in four steps from 6-methyl-1H,3H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione. This aldehyde was functionalized by various substituted anilines or substituted benzylamines. Antiparasitic activities of the corresponding azomethines were assessed against Plasmodium falciparum, Trichomonas vaginalis and Leishmania infantum compared to their toxicity versus human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Azas
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, EA 864, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sadym A, Lagunin A, Filimonov D, Poroikov V. Prediction of biological activity spectra via the Internet. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2003; 14:339-347. [PMID: 14758978 DOI: 10.1080/10629360310001623935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The majority of biologically active compounds have both pharmacotherapeutic and side/toxic actions. To estimate general efficacy and safety of the molecules under study, their biological potential should be thoroughly evaluated. In an early stage of study, only information about structural formulae was available and was used as an input for computational prediction. Based on a structural formulae of compounds presented as SDF or MOL-files, computer program PASS predicts 900 pharmacological effects, mechanism of action, and specific toxicity. An average accuracy of prediction in leave-one-out cross-validation is about 85%. For evaluating new compounds, scientific community may use PASS via the Internet for free at URL: http://www.ibmh.msk.su/PASS. In the first 18 months of PASS Inet's use, approximately 1000 researchers from 60 countries have obtained predicted biological activity spectra for about 23,000 different chemical compounds. More than 64 million PASS predictions for almost 250,000 compounds from Open NCI database are available on the web site http://cactus.nci.nih.gov/ncidb2/. These predictions are used for selecting compounds with desirable and without unwanted types of biological activities among the NCI samples available for screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sadym
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Pogodinskaya Street 10, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Dunne RL, Dunn LA, Upcroft P, O'Donoghue PJ, Upcroft JA. Drug resistance in the sexually transmitted protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. Cell Res 2003; 13:239-49. [PMID: 12974614 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomoniasis is the most common, sexually transmitted infection. It is caused by the flagellated protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. Symptoms include vaginitis and infections have been associated with preterm delivery, low birth weight and increased infant mortality, as well as predisposing to HIV/AIDS and cervical cancer. Trichomoniasis has the highest prevalence and incidence of any sexually transmitted infection. The 5-nitroimidazole drugs, of which metronidazole is the most prescribed, are the only approved, effective drugs to treat trichomoniasis. Resistance against metronidazole is frequently reported and cross-resistance among the family of 5-nitroimidazole drugs is common, leaving no alternative for treatment, with some cases remaining unresolved. The mechanism of metronidazole resistance in T. vaginalis from treatment failures is not well understood, unlike resistance which is developed in the laboratory under increasing metronidazole pressure. In the latter situation, hydrogenosomal function which is involved in activation of the prodrug, metronidazole, is down-regulated. Reversion to sensitivity is incomplete after removal of drug pressure in the highly resistant parasites while clinically resistant strains, so far analysed, maintain their resistance levels in the absence of drug pressure. Although anaerobic resistance has been regarded as a laboratory induced phenomenon, it clearly has been demonstrated in clinical isolates. Pursuit of both approaches will allow dissection of the underlying mechanisms. Many alternative drugs and treatments have been tested in vivo in cases of refractory trichomoniasis, as well as in vitro with some successes including the broad spectrum anti-parasitic drug nitazoxanide. Drug resistance incidence in T. vaginalis appears to be on the increase and improved surveillance of treatment failures is urged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Dunne
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, The Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health and Nutrition, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
|