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Chanu WK, Chatterjee A, Singh N, Nagaraj VA, Singh CB. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant analyses, and in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activities of herbal medicinal plant - Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 321:117466. [PMID: 37981115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Malaria is a major global health concern that is presently challenged by the emergence of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) resistance to mainstay artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). Hence, the discovery of novel and effective antimalarial drugs is pivotal to treating and controlling malaria. For many years, traditional plant-based herbal medicines have been employed in the treatment of various illnesses. Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb. belongs to the Lamiaceae family that has been traditionally used to treat, cure, and prevent numerous diseases including malaria. AIM The present investigation sought to assess the phytoconstituents, antioxidant, cytotoxicity, antimalarial activities of Rotheca serrata extract and its fractions. The in vitro antiplasmodial activity was assessed in chloroquine-sensitive Pf3D7 and artemisinin-resistant PfCam3.IR539T cultures, and the in vivo antimalarial activity was analyzed in Plasmodium berghei (Pb) ANKA strain-infected BALB/c mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS The fresh leaves of Rotheca serrata were extracted in methanol (RsMeOH crude leaf extract). A portion of the extract was used to prepare successive solvent fractions using ethyl acetate (RsEA) and hexane (RsHex). The in vitro antiplasmodial activity was evaluated using [3H]-hypoxanthine incorporation assays against Pf3D7 and PfCam3.IR539T cultures. In vitro cytotoxicity study on HeLa, HEK-293T, and MCF-7 cell lines was carried out using MTT assay. The human red blood cells (RBCs) were used to perform the hemolysis assays. In vitro antioxidant studies and detailed phytochemical analysis were performed using GC-MS and FTIR. The four-day Rane's test was performed to evaluate the in vivo antimalarial activity against Pb ANKA strain-infected mice. RESULTS Phytochemical quantification of Rotheca serrata extract (RsMeOH) and its fractions (RsEA and RsHex) revealed that RsMeOH crude extract and RsEA fraction had higher contents of total phenol and flavonoid than RsHex fraction. The RsEA fraction showed potent in vitro antiplasmodial activity against Pf3D7 and PfCam3.IR539T with IC50 values of 9.24 ± 0.52 μg/mL and 17.41 ± 0.43 μg/mL, respectively. The RsMeOH crude extract exhibited moderate antiplasmodial activity while the RsHex fraction showed the least antiplasmodial activity. The GC-MS and FTIR analysis of RsMeOH and RsEA revealed the presence of triterpenes, phenols, and hydrocarbons as major constituents. The RsMeOH crude extract was non-hemolytic and non-cytotoxic to HeLa, HEK-293T, and MCF-7 cell lines. The in vivo studies showed that a 1200 mg/kg dose of RsMeOH crude extract could significantly suppress parasitemia by ∼63% and prolong the survival of treated mice by ∼10 days. The in vivo antiplasmodial activity of RsMeOH was better than the RsEA fraction. CONCLUSION The findings of this study demonstrated that traditionally used herbal medicinal plants like R. serrata provide a platform for the identification and isolation of potent bioactive phytochemicals that in turn can promote the antimalarial drug research. RsMeOH crude extract and RsEA fraction showed antiplasmodial, antimalarial and antioxidant activities. Chemical fingerprinting analysis suggested the presence of bioactive phytocompounds that are known for their antimalarial effects. Further detailed investigations on RsMeOH crude extract and RsEA fraction would be needed for the identification of the entire repertoire of the active antimalarial components with potent pharmaceutical and therapeutic values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahengbam Kabita Chanu
- Plant Bioresources Division, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Imphal, 795001, Manipur, India.
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India; School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India.
| | - Nalini Singh
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India.
| | | | - Chingakham Brajakishor Singh
- Plant Bioresources Division, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Imphal, 795001, Manipur, India.
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Umumararungu T, Nkuranga JB, Habarurema G, Nyandwi JB, Mukazayire MJ, Mukiza J, Muganga R, Hahirwa I, Mpenda M, Katembezi AN, Olawode EO, Kayitare E, Kayumba PC. Recent developments in antimalarial drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 88-89:117339. [PMID: 37236020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although malaria remains a big burden to many countries that it threatens their socio-economic stability, particularly in the countries where malaria is endemic, there have been great efforts to eradicate this disease with both successes and failures. For example, there has been a great improvement in malaria prevention and treatment methods with a net reduction in infection and mortality rates. However, the disease remains a global threat in terms of the number of people affected because it is one of the infectious diseases that has the highest prevalence rate, especially in Africa where the deadly Plasmodium falciparum is still widely spread. Methods to fight malaria are being diversified, including the use of mosquito nets, the target candidate profiles (TCPs) and target product profiles (TPPs) of medicine for malarial venture (MMV) strategy, the search for newer and potent drugs that could reverse chloroquine resistance, and the use of adjuvants such as rosiglitazone and sevuparin. Although these adjuvants have no antiplasmodial activity, they can help to alleviate the effects which result from plasmodium invasion such as cytoadherence. The list of new antimalarial drugs under development is long, including the out of ordinary new drugs MMV048, CDRI-97/78 and INE963 from South Africa, India and Novartis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théoneste Umumararungu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda.
| | - Jean Bosco Nkuranga
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Gratien Habarurema
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Jean Baptiste Nyandwi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Marie Jeanne Mukazayire
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Janvier Mukiza
- Department of Mathematical Science and Physical Education, School of Education, College of Education, University of Rwanda, Rwanda; Rwanda Food and Drugs Authority, Nyarutarama Plaza, KG 9 Avenue, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Raymond Muganga
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda; Rwanda Food and Drugs Authority, Nyarutarama Plaza, KG 9 Avenue, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Innocent Hahirwa
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Matabishi Mpenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Alain Nyirimigabo Katembezi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda; Rwanda Food and Drugs Authority, Nyarutarama Plaza, KG 9 Avenue, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Emmanuel Oladayo Olawode
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, 18301 N Miami Ave #1, Miami, FL 33169, USA
| | - Egide Kayitare
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Pierre Claver Kayumba
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
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She S, Chen H, Ji W, Sun M, Cheng J, Rui M, Feng C. Deep learning-based multi-drug synergy prediction model for individually tailored anti-cancer therapies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1032875. [PMID: 36588694 PMCID: PMC9797718 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1032875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While synergistic drug combinations are more effective at fighting tumors with complex pathophysiology, preference compensating mechanisms, and drug resistance, the identification of novel synergistic drug combinations, especially complex higher-order combinations, remains challenging due to the size of combination space. Even though certain computational methods have been used to identify synergistic drug combinations in lieu of traditional in vitro and in vivo screening tests, the majority of previously published work has focused on predicting synergistic drug pairs for specific types of cancer and paid little attention to the sophisticated high-order combinations. The main objective of this study is to develop a deep learning-based approach that integrated multi-omics data to predict novel synergistic multi-drug combinations (DeepMDS) in a given cell line. To develop this approach, we firstly created a dataset comprising of gene expression profiles of cancer cell lines, target information of anti-cancer drugs, and drug response against a large variety of cancer cell lines. Based on the principle of a fully connected feed forward Deep Neural Network, the proposed model was constructed using this dataset, which achieved a high performance with a Mean Square Error (MSE) of 2.50 and a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 1.58 in the regression task, and gave the best classification accuracy of 0.94, an area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.97, a sensitivity of 0.95, and a specificity of 0.93. Furthermore, we utilized three breast cancer cell subtypes (MCF-7, MDA-MD-468 and MDA-MB-231) and one lung cancer cell line A549 to validate the predicted results of our model, showing that the predicted top-ranked multi-drug combinations had superior anti-cancer effects to other combinations, particularly those that were widely used in clinical treatment. Our model has the potential to increase the practicality of expanding the drug combinational space and to leverage its capacity to prioritize the most effective multi-drug combinational therapy for precision oncology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mengjie Rui
- *Correspondence: Chunlai Feng, ; Mengjie Rui,
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Over 40 Years of Fosmidomycin Drug Research: A Comprehensive Review and Future Opportunities. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121553. [PMID: 36559004 PMCID: PMC9782300 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To address the continued rise of multi-drug-resistant microorganisms, the development of novel drugs with new modes of action is urgently required. While humans biosynthesize the essential isoprenoid precursors isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) via the established mevalonate pathway, pathogenic protozoa and certain pathogenic eubacteria use the less well-known methylerythritol phosphate pathway for this purpose. Important pathogens using the MEP pathway are, for example, Plasmodium falciparum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The enzymes of that pathway are targets for antiinfective drugs that are exempt from target-related toxicity. 2C-Methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP), the second enzyme of the non-mevalonate pathway, has been established as the molecular target of fosmidomycin, an antibiotic that has so far failed to be approved as an anti-infective drug. This review describes the development and anti-infective properties of a wide range of fosmidomycin derivatives synthesized over the last four decades. Here we discuss the DXR inhibitor pharmacophore, which comprises a metal-binding group, a phosphate or phosphonate moiety and a connecting linker. Furthermore, non-fosmidomycin-based DXRi, bisubstrate inhibitors and several prodrug concepts are described. A comprehensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) of nearly all inhibitor types is presented and some novel opportunities for further drug development of DXR inhibitors are discussed.
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Endo T, Takemae H, Sharma I, Furuya T. Multipurpose Drugs Active Against Both Plasmodium spp. and Microorganisms: Potential Application for New Drug Development. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:797509. [PMID: 35004357 PMCID: PMC8740689 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.797509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, a disease caused by the protozoan parasites Plasmodium spp., is still causing serious problems in endemic regions in the world. Although the WHO recommends artemisinin combination therapies for the treatment of malaria patients, the emergence of artemisinin-resistant parasites has become a serious issue and underscores the need for the development of new antimalarial drugs. On the other hand, new and re-emergences of infectious diseases, such as the influenza pandemic, Ebola virus disease, and COVID-19, are urging the world to develop effective chemotherapeutic agents against the causative viruses, which are not achieved to the desired level yet. In this review article, we describe existing drugs which are active against both Plasmodium spp. and microorganisms including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. We also focus on the current knowledge about the mechanism of actions of these drugs. Our major aims of this article are to describe examples of drugs that kill both Plasmodium parasites and other microbes and to provide valuable information to help find new ideas for developing novel drugs, rather than merely augmenting already existing drug repurposing efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Endo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takemae
- Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Indu Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, United States
| | - Tetsuya Furuya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Saidani W, Wahbi A, Sellami B, Helali MA, Khazri A, Mahmoudi E, Touil S, Joubert O, Beyrem H. Toxicity assessment of organophosphorus in Ruditapes decussatus via physiological, chemical and biochemical determination: A case study with the compounds γ-oximo- and γ-amino-phosphonates and phosphine oxides. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 169:112556. [PMID: 34082359 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus derivatives are widely used in human health care and have been detected in aquatic ecosystems. These compounds may pose significant risks to non-target exposed organisms and only limited studies are available on bioconcentration and the effects of organophosphorus derivatives on marine organisms. The aim of this work was to evaluate the possible toxic effects of two concentrations (20 and 40 μg/L) of γ-oximo- and γ-amino-phosphonates and phosphine oxides in mediterranean clams Ruditapes decussatus exposed for 14 days using different biomarkers and the changes of filtration and respiration rate. The use of clams in ecotoxicity evaluation is thus mandatory to assess the feasibility of assessing oxidative stress on R. decussatus after being exposed to γ-oximo- and γ-amino-phosphonates and phosphine oxides. The oxidative status was analyzed by measuring oxidative stress biomarkers RNS and ROS production in mitochondria, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), whose alteration was indicative of organophosphorus exposure, in both gills and digestive gland of the clams. No significant alterations in RNS, ROS production, SOD, CAT and AChE activities and MDA content were observed in both organs of clams treated with γ-oximophosphine oxides. It was possible then to hypothesize that γ-oximophosphine oxides may have probably exerted an incomplete alteration of antioxidant defenses and damage, which was changed by the activation of defense mechanisms. On the contrary, oxidative stress parameters were changed after exposure to γ-amino-phosphonates and phosphine oxides. In addition, metals accumulation, filtration and respiration rates were altered following exposure to all the studied organophosphorus compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiem Saidani
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Unit of coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Jarzouna 7021, University of Carthage, Tunisia
| | - Aymen Wahbi
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, CP 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Badreddine Sellami
- National Institute of Science and Technology of the Sea, Tabarka, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Amine Helali
- Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Environment, Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis-El Manar, 2092, Tunisia
| | - Abdelhafidh Khazri
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Unit of coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Jarzouna 7021, University of Carthage, Tunisia
| | - Ezzeddine Mahmoudi
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Unit of coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Jarzouna 7021, University of Carthage, Tunisia
| | - Soufiane Touil
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, CP 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Olivier Joubert
- Institute Jean Lamour, UMR 7198, University of Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Hamouda Beyrem
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Unit of coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Jarzouna 7021, University of Carthage, Tunisia
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Koehne E, Adegnika AA, Held J, Kreidenweiss A. Pharmacotherapy for artemisinin-resistant malaria. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:2483-2493. [PMID: 34311639 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1959913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malaria, the most devastating parasitic disease, is currently treated with artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). Unfortunately, some ACTs are unable to rapidly clear Plasmodium falciparum parasites from the blood stream and are failing to cure malaria patients; a problem, so far, largely confined to Southeast Asia. There is a fear of resistant Plasmodium falciparum emerging in other parts of the world including Sub-Saharan Africa. Strategies for alternative treatments, ideally non-artemisinin based, are needed. AREAS COVERED This narrative review gives an overview of approved antimalarials and of some compounds in advanced drug development that could be used when an ACT is failing. The selection was based on a literature search in PubMed and WHO notes for malaria treatment. EXPERT OPINION The ACT drug class can still cure malaria in malaria endemic regions. However, the appropriate ACT drug should be chosen considering the background resistance of the partner drug of the local parasite population. Artesunate-pyronaridine, the 'newest' recommended ACT, and atovaquone-proguanil are, so far, effective, and safe treatments for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Therefore, all available ACTs should be safeguarded from parasite resistance and the development of new antimalarial drug classes needs to be accelerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Koehne
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Ayola Akim Adegnika
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Jana Held
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Andrea Kreidenweiss
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
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Pessanha de Carvalho L, Kreidenweiss A, Held J. Drug Repurposing: A Review of Old and New Antibiotics for the Treatment of Malaria: Identifying Antibiotics with a Fast Onset of Antiplasmodial Action. Molecules 2021; 26:2304. [PMID: 33921170 PMCID: PMC8071546 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most life-threatening infectious diseases and constitutes a major health problem, especially in Africa. Although artemisinin combination therapies remain efficacious to treat malaria, the emergence of resistant parasites emphasizes the urgent need of new alternative chemotherapies. One strategy is the repurposing of existing drugs. Herein, we reviewed the antimalarial effects of marketed antibiotics, and described in detail the fast-acting antibiotics that showed activity in nanomolar concentrations. Antibiotics have been used for prophylaxis and treatment of malaria for many years and are of particular interest because they might exert a different mode of action than current antimalarials, and can be used simultaneously to treat concomitant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais Pessanha de Carvalho
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany; (L.P.d.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Andrea Kreidenweiss
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany; (L.P.d.C.); (A.K.)
- Centre de Recherches Medicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné BP 242, Gabon
| | - Jana Held
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany; (L.P.d.C.); (A.K.)
- Centre de Recherches Medicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné BP 242, Gabon
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Exploring Ubiquinone Biosynthesis Inhibition as a Strategy for Improving Atovaquone Efficacy in Malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.01516-20. [PMID: 33495230 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01516-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atovaquone (AV) acts on the malaria parasite by competing with ubiquinol (UQH2) for its union to the mitochondrial bc1 complex, preventing the ubiquinone-8 and ubiquinone-9 (UQ-8 and UQ-9) redox recycling, which is a necessary step in pyrimidine biosynthesis. This study focused on UQ biosynthesis in Plasmodium falciparum and adopted proof-of-concept research to better elucidate the mechanism of action of AV and improve its efficacy. Initially, UQ biosynthesis was evaluated using several radioactive precursors and chromatographic techniques. This methodology was suitable for studying the biosynthesis of both UQ homologs and its redox state. Additionally, the composition of UQ was investigated in parasites cultivated at different oxygen saturations or in the presence of AV. AV affected the redox states of both UQ-8 and UQ-9 homologs by increasing the levels of the respective reduced forms. Conversely, low-oxygen environments specifically inhibited UQ-9 biosynthesis and increased the antimalarial efficacy of AV. These findings encouraged us to investigate the biological importance and the potential of UQ biosynthesis as a drug target based on its inhibition by 4-nitrobenzoate (4-NB), a 4-hydroxybenzoate (4-HB) analog. 4-NB effectively inhibits UQ biosynthesis and enhances the effects of AV on parasitic growth and respiration rate. Although 4-NB itself exhibits poor antimalarial activity, its 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value increased significantly in the presence of a soluble UQ analog, p-aminobenzoic acid (pABA), or 4-HB. These results indicate the potential of AV combined with 4-NB as a novel therapy for malaria and other diseases caused by AV-sensitive pathogens.
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Metabolic Survival Adaptations of Plasmodium falciparum Exposed to Sublethal Doses of Fosmidomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.02392-20. [PMID: 33495219 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02392-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum contains the apicoplast organelle that synthesizes isoprenoids, which are metabolites necessary for posttranslational modification of Plasmodium proteins. We used fosmidomycin, an antibiotic that inhibits isoprenoid biosynthesis, to identify mechanisms that underlie the development of the parasite's adaptation to the drug at sublethal concentrations. We first determined a concentration of fosmidomycin that reduced parasite growth by ∼50% over one intraerythrocytic developmental cycle (IDC). At this dose, we maintained synchronous parasite cultures for one full IDC and collected metabolomic and transcriptomic data at multiple time points to capture global and stage-specific alterations. We integrated the data with a genome-scale metabolic model of P. falciparum to characterize the metabolic adaptations of the parasite in response to fosmidomycin treatment. Our simulations showed that, in treated parasites, the synthesis of purine-based nucleotides increased, whereas the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine during the trophozoite and schizont stages decreased. Specifically, the increased polyamine synthesis led to increased nucleotide synthesis, while the reduced methyl-group cycling led to reduced phospholipid synthesis and methyltransferase activities. These results indicate that fosmidomycin-treated parasites compensate for the loss of prenylation modifications by directly altering processes that affect nucleotide synthesis and ribosomal biogenesis to control the rate of RNA translation during the IDC. This also suggests that combination therapies with antibiotics that target the compensatory response of the parasite, such as nucleotide synthesis or ribosomal biogenesis, may be more effective than treating the parasite with fosmidomycin alone.
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Sato S. Plasmodium-a brief introduction to the parasites causing human malaria and their basic biology. J Physiol Anthropol 2021; 40:1. [PMID: 33413683 PMCID: PMC7792015 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-020-00251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most devastating infectious diseases of humans. It is problematic clinically and economically as it prevails in poorer countries and regions, strongly hindering socioeconomic development. The causative agents of malaria are unicellular protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium. These parasites infect not only humans but also other vertebrates, from reptiles and birds to mammals. To date, over 200 species of Plasmodium have been formally described, and each species infects a certain range of hosts. Plasmodium species that naturally infect humans and cause malaria in large areas of the world are limited to five—P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale and P. knowlesi. The first four are specific for humans, while P. knowlesi is naturally maintained in macaque monkeys and causes zoonotic malaria widely in South East Asia. Transmission of Plasmodium species between vertebrate hosts depends on an insect vector, which is usually the mosquito. The vector is not just a carrier but the definitive host, where sexual reproduction of Plasmodium species occurs, and the parasite’s development in the insect is essential for transmission to the next vertebrate host. The range of insect species that can support the critical development of Plasmodium depends on the individual parasite species, but all five Plasmodium species causing malaria in humans are transmitted exclusively by anopheline mosquitoes. Plasmodium species have remarkable genetic flexibility which lets them adapt to alterations in the environment, giving them the potential to quickly develop resistance to therapeutics such as antimalarials and to change host specificity. In this article, selected topics involving the Plasmodium species that cause malaria in humans are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeharu Sato
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. .,Department of Pathobiology and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
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Mombo-Ngoma G, Remppis J, Sievers M, Zoleko Manego R, Endamne L, Kabwende L, Veletzky L, Nguyen TT, Groger M, Lötsch F, Mischlinger J, Flohr L, Kim J, Cattaneo C, Hutchinson D, Duparc S, Moehrle J, Velavan TP, Lell B, Ramharter M, Adegnika AA, Mordmüller B, Kremsner PG. Efficacy and Safety of Fosmidomycin-Piperaquine as Nonartemisinin-Based Combination Therapy for Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria: A Single-Arm, Age De-escalation Proof-of-Concept Study in Gabon. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 66:1823-1830. [PMID: 29293893 PMCID: PMC5982710 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fosmidomycin–piperaquine is being developed as nonartemisinin-based combination therapy to meet the challenge of emerging artemisinin resistance. Methods The study was a phase 2, single-arm, proof-of-concept study of the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of fosmidomycin–piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum monoinfection in Gabon. Adults and children of both sexes with initial parasite counts between 1000 and 150000/µL received oral treatment with fosmidomycin (twice daily doses of 30 mg/kg) and piperaquine (once daily dose of 16 mg/kg) for 3 days and followed-up for 63 days. The primary efficacy endpoint was the per-protocol polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–corrected day 28 adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR). Results One hundred patients were enrolled. The PCR-corrected day 28 ACPR rate was 83/83, or 100% (95% confidence interval, 96–100). Fourteen patients had asexual parasitaemia between day 28 and day 63; all were typed by PCR as new infections. Fosmidomycin–piperaquine therapy led to rapid parasite clearance (median, 36 hours; interquartile range [IQR], 6–60) and fever clearance time (median, 12 hours; IQR, 6–48). The electrocardiogram assessments showed 2 patients with prolonged QT interval >500 msec following study drug administration. The majority of adverse events affected the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts and were transient and mild to moderate in severity. Conclusions This is the first report of the use of the combination fosmidomycin–piperaquine. The combination appeared to have high efficacy and be safe and well tolerated despite observed transient changes in electrocardiogram with prolongation of the QT interval. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT02198807.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghyslain Mombo-Ngoma
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Libreville, Gabon.,Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, Gabon.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, and German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Remppis
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Libreville, Gabon.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, and German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Sievers
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Libreville, Gabon.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, and German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rella Zoleko Manego
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Libreville, Gabon.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, and German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lilian Endamne
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Libreville, Gabon.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, and German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lumeka Kabwende
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Luzia Veletzky
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Libreville, Gabon.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, and German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - The Trong Nguyen
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Libreville, Gabon.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, and German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mirjam Groger
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Libreville, Gabon.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, and German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Lötsch
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Libreville, Gabon.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, and German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Mischlinger
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Libreville, Gabon.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, and German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lena Flohr
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Libreville, Gabon.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, and German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Kim
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Libreville, Gabon.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, and German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chiara Cattaneo
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Libreville, Gabon.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, and German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Hutchinson
- DMG Deutsche Malaria GmbH, formerly Jomaa Pharma GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, and German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany.,Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, Hanoi and Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University DaNang, Vietnam
| | - Bertrand Lell
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Libreville, Gabon.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, and German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ramharter
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Libreville, Gabon.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, and German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany.,Bernhard Nocht Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine and University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Ayola Akim Adegnika
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Libreville, Gabon.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, and German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Libreville, Gabon.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, and German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter G Kremsner
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Libreville, Gabon.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, and German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Untaroiu AM, Carey MA, Guler JL, Papin JA. Leveraging the effects of chloroquine on resistant malaria parasites for combination therapies. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:186. [PMID: 30987583 PMCID: PMC6466727 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-2756-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is a major global health problem, with the Plasmodium falciparum protozoan parasite causing the most severe form of the disease. Prevalence of drug-resistant P. falciparum highlights the need to understand the biology of resistance and to identify novel combination therapies that are effective against resistant parasites. Resistance has compromised the therapeutic use of many antimalarial drugs, including chloroquine, and limited our ability to treat malaria across the world. Fortunately, chloroquine resistance comes at a fitness cost to the parasite; this can be leveraged in developing combination therapies or to reinstate use of chloroquine. Results To understand biological changes induced by chloroquine treatment, we compared transcriptomics data from chloroquine-resistant parasites in the presence or absence of the drug. Using both linear models and a genome-scale metabolic network reconstruction of the parasite to interpret the expression data, we identified targetable pathways in resistant parasites. This study identified an increased importance of lipid synthesis, glutathione production/cycling, isoprenoids biosynthesis, and folate metabolism in response to chloroquine. Conclusions We identified potential drug targets for chloroquine combination therapies. Significantly, our analysis predicts that the combination of chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine or fosmidomycin may be more effective against chloroquine-resistant parasites than either drug alone; further studies will explore the use of these drugs as chloroquine resistance blockers. Additional metabolic weaknesses were found in glutathione generation and lipid synthesis during chloroquine treatment. These processes could be targeted with novel inhibitors to reduce parasite growth and reduce the burden of malaria infections. Thus, we identified metabolic weaknesses of chloroquine-resistant parasites and propose targeted chloroquine combination therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-019-2756-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Untaroiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Present address: Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Maureen A Carey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Present address: Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Guler
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Jason A Papin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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14
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Wang X, Edwards RL, Ball H, Johnson C, Haymond A, Girma M, Manikkam M, Brothers RC, McKay KT, Arnett SD, Osbourn DM, Alvarez S, Boshoff HI, Meyers MJ, Couch RD, Odom John AR, Dowd CS. MEPicides: α,β-Unsaturated Fosmidomycin Analogues as DXR Inhibitors against Malaria. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8847-8858. [PMID: 30192536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Severe malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum remains a significant global health threat. DXR, the second enzyme in the MEP pathway, plays an important role to synthesize building blocks for isoprenoids. This enzyme is a promising drug target for malaria due to its essentiality as well as its absence in humans. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of α,β-unsaturated analogues of fosmidomycin, a natural product that inhibits DXR in P. falciparum. All compounds were evaluated as inhibitors of P. falciparum. The most promising compound, 18a, displays on-target, potent inhibition against the growth of P. falciparum (IC50 = 13 nM) without significant inhibition of HepG2 cells (IC50 > 50 μM). 18a was also tested in a luciferase-based Plasmodium berghei mouse model of malaria and showed exceptional in vivo efficacy. Together, the data support MEPicide 18a as a novel, potent, and promising drug candidate for the treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Chemistry , George Washington University , Washington D.C. 20052 , United States
| | - Rachel L Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics , Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri 63110 , United States
| | - Haley Ball
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Manassas , Virginia 20110 , United States
| | - Claire Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Manassas , Virginia 20110 , United States
| | - Amanda Haymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Manassas , Virginia 20110 , United States
| | - Misgina Girma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Manassas , Virginia 20110 , United States
| | - Michelle Manikkam
- Tuberculosis Research Section, LCIM , NIAID/NIH , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Robert C Brothers
- Department of Chemistry , George Washington University , Washington D.C. 20052 , United States
| | - Kyle T McKay
- Department of Chemistry , George Washington University , Washington D.C. 20052 , United States
| | - Stacy D Arnett
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology , Saint Louis University , St. Louis , Missouri 63104 , United States
| | - Damon M Osbourn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , Saint Louis University , St. Louis , Missouri 63104 , United States
| | - Sophie Alvarez
- Proteomics & Metabolomics Facility, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
| | - Helena I Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, LCIM , NIAID/NIH , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Marvin J Meyers
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology , Saint Louis University , St. Louis , Missouri 63104 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Saint Louis University , St. Louis , Missouri 63103 , United States
| | - Robin D Couch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Manassas , Virginia 20110 , United States
| | - Audrey R Odom John
- Department of Pediatrics , Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri 63110 , United States
| | - Cynthia S Dowd
- Department of Chemistry , George Washington University , Washington D.C. 20052 , United States
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15
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Zin NM, Baba MS, Zainal-Abidin AH, Latip J, Mazlan NW, Edrada-Ebel R. Gancidin W, a potential low-toxicity antimalarial agent isolated from an endophytic Streptomyces SUK10. Drug Des Devel Ther 2017; 11:351-363. [PMID: 28223778 PMCID: PMC5308589 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s121283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic Streptomyces strains are potential sources for novel bioactive molecules. In this study, the diketopiperazine gancidin W (GW) was isolated from the endophytic actinobacterial genus Streptomyces, SUK10, obtained from the bark of Shorea ovalis tree, and it was tested in vivo against Plasmodium berghei PZZ1/100. GW exhibited an inhibition rate of nearly 80% at 6.25 and 3.125 μg kg-1 body weight on day four using the 4-day suppression test method on male ICR strain mice. Comparing GW at both concentrations with quinine hydrochloride and normal saline as positive and negative controls, respectively, 50% of the mice treated with 3.125 μg kg-1 body weight managed to survive for more than 11 months after infection, which almost reached the life span of normal mice. Biochemical tests of selected enzymes and proteins in blood samples of mice treated with GW were also within normal levels; in addition, no abnormalities or injuries were found on internal vital organs. These findings indicated that this isolated bioactive compound from Streptomyces SUK10 exhibits very low toxicity and is a good candidate for potential use as an antimalarial agent in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noraziah Mohamad Zin
- Programme of Biomedical Science, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
| | - Mohd Shukri Baba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan
| | | | - Jalifah Latip
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi
| | - Noor Wini Mazlan
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - RuAngelie Edrada-Ebel
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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16
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Ayadi M, Elleuch H, Vrancken E, Rezgui F. First DMAP-mediated direct conversion of Morita-Baylis-Hillman alcohols into γ-ketoallylphosphonates: Synthesis of γ-aminoallylphosphonates. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 12:2906-2915. [PMID: 28144364 PMCID: PMC5238584 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of a series of γ-ketoallylphosphonates through a direct conversion of both primary and secondary Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) alcohols by trialkyl phosphites with or without DMAP, used as additive, and under solvent-free conditions, is described herein for the first time. Subsequently, a highly regioselective Luche reduction of the primary phosphonate 2a (R = H) gave the corresponding γ-hydroxyallylphosphonate 5 that further reacted with tosylamines in the presence of diiodine (15 mol %) as a catalyst, affording the corresponding SN2-type products 6a–d in 63 to 70% isolated yields. Alternatively, the alcohol 5 produced the corresponding acetate 7 which, mediated by Ce(III), was successfully converted into the corresponding γ-aminoallylphosphonates 8a–d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Ayadi
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Structurale LR99ES14, Campus Universitaire, 2092 Tunis, Tunisie; Institut Charles Gerhardt UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Haitham Elleuch
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Structurale LR99ES14, Campus Universitaire, 2092 Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Emmanuel Vrancken
- Institut Charles Gerhardt UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Farhat Rezgui
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Structurale LR99ES14, Campus Universitaire, 2092 Tunis, Tunisie
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Frank
- Center for Integrated Protein
Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Groll
- Center for Integrated Protein
Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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18
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Systems pharmacology exploration of botanic drug pairs reveals the mechanism for treating different diseases. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36985. [PMID: 27841365 PMCID: PMC5107896 DOI: 10.1038/srep36985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-herb therapy has been widely used in Traditional Chinese medicine and tailored to meet the specific needs of each individual. However, the potential molecular or systems mechanisms of them to treat various diseases have not been fully elucidated. To address this question, a systems pharmacology approach, integrating pharmacokinetics, pharmacology and systems biology, is used to comprehensively identify the drug-target and drug-disease networks, exemplified by three representative Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae herb pairs for treating various diseases (coronary heart disease, dysmenorrheal and nephrotic syndrome). First, the compounds evaluation and the multiple targeting technology screen the active ingredients and identify the specific targets for each herb of three pairs. Second, the herb feature mapping reveals the differences in chemistry and pharmacological synergy between pairs. Third, the constructed compound-target-disease network explains the mechanisms of treatment for various diseases from a systematic level. Finally, experimental verification is taken to confirm our strategy. Our work provides an integrated strategy for revealing the mechanism of synergistic herb pairs, and also a rational way for developing novel drug combinations for treatments of complex diseases.
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19
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Mishra M, Mishra VK, Kashaw V, Iyer AK, Kashaw SK. Comprehensive review on various strategies for antimalarial drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 125:1300-1320. [PMID: 27886547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The resistance of malaria parasites to existing drugs carries on growing and progressively limiting our ability to manage this severe disease and finally lead to a massive global health burden. Till now, malaria control has relied upon the traditional quinoline, antifolate and artemisinin compounds. Very few new antimalarials were developed in the past 50 years. Among recent approaches, identification of novel chemotherapeutic targets, exploration of natural products with medicinal significance, covalent bitherapy having a dual mode of action into a single hybrid molecule and malaria vaccine development are explored heavily. The proper execution of these approaches and proper investment from international agencies will accelerate the discovery of drugs that provide new hope for the control or eventual eradication of this global infectious disease. This review explores various strategies for assessment and development of new antimalarial drugs. Current status and scientific value of previous approaches are systematically reviewed and new approaches provide a pragmatic forecast for future developments are introduced as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitali Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, MP, India
| | - Vikash K Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, MP, India
| | - Varsha Kashaw
- SVN Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SVN University, Sagar, MP, India
| | - Arun K Iyer
- Use-inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sushil Kumar Kashaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, MP, India; Use-inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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20
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Chakraborty A. Understanding the biology of the Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast; an excellent target for antimalarial drug development. Life Sci 2016; 158:104-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Guggisberg AM, Sundararaman SA, Lanaspa M, Moraleda C, González R, Mayor A, Cisteró P, Hutchinson D, Kremsner PG, Hahn BH, Bassat Q, Odom AR. Whole-Genome Sequencing to Evaluate the Resistance Landscape Following Antimalarial Treatment Failure With Fosmidomycin-Clindamycin. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1085-91. [PMID: 27443612 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel antimalarial therapies are needed in the face of emerging resistance to artemisinin combination therapies. A previous study found a high cure rate in Mozambican children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria 7 days after combination treatment with fosmidomycin-clindamycin. However, 28-day cure rates were low (45.9%), owing to parasite recrudescence. We sought to identify any genetic changes underlying parasite recrudescence. To this end, we used a selective whole-genome amplification method to amplify parasite genomes from blood spot DNA samples. Parasite genomes from pretreatment and postrecrudescence samples were subjected to whole-genome sequencing to identify nucleotide variants. Our data did not support the existence of a genetic change responsible for recrudescence following fosmidomycin-clindamycin treatment. Additionally, we found that previously described resistance alleles for these drugs do not represent biomarkers of recrudescence. Future studies should continue to optimize fosmidomycin combinations for use as antimalarial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sesh A Sundararaman
- Department of Medicine Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Miguel Lanaspa
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Mozambique Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona Center for International Health Research, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cinta Moraleda
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Mozambique Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona Center for International Health Research, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel González
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Mozambique Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona Center for International Health Research, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Mayor
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Mozambique Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona Center for International Health Research, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Cisteró
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona Center for International Health Research, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Peter G Kremsner
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, University of Tübingen, Germany Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Medicine Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Quique Bassat
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Mozambique
| | - Audrey R Odom
- Department of Pediatrics Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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22
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Baba MS, Zin NM, Hassan ZAA, Latip J, Pethick F, Hunter IS, Edrada-Ebel R, Herron PR. In vivo antimalarial activity of the endophytic actinobacteria, Streptomyces SUK 10. J Microbiol 2015; 53:847-55. [PMID: 26626355 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-015-5076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Endophytic bacteria, such as Streptomyces, have the potential to act as a source for novel bioactive molecules with medicinal properties. The present study was aimed at assessing the antimalarial activity of crude extract isolated from various strains of actinobacteria living endophytically in some Malaysian medicinal plants. Using the four day suppression test method on male ICR strain mice, compounds produced from three strains of Streptomyces (SUK8, SUK10, and SUK27) were tested in vivo against Plasmodium berghei PZZ1/100 in an antimalarial screen using crude extracts at four different concentrations. One of these extracts, isolated from Streptomyces SUK10 obtained from the bark of Shorea ovalis tree, showed inhibition of the test organism and was further tested against P. berghei-infected mice for antimalarial activity at different concentrations. There was a positive relationship between the survival of the infected mouse group treated with 50 µg/kg body weight (bw) of ethyl acetate-SUK10 crude extract and the ability to inhibit the parasites growth. The parasite inhibition percentage for this group showed that 50% of the mice survived for more than 90 days after infection with the parasite. The nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic tree suggested that Streptomyces SUK10 may constitute a new species within the Streptomyces genus. As part of the drug discovery process, these promising finding may contribute to the medicinal and pharmaceutical field for malarial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shukri Baba
- School of Diagnostic Sciences and Applied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noraziah Mohamad Zin
- School of Diagnostic Sciences and Applied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Zainal Abidin Abu Hassan
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Faculty, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jalifah Latip
- School of Chemistry Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Florence Pethick
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Iain S Hunter
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - RuAngelie Edrada-Ebel
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Herron
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
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23
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Fernandes JF, Lell B, Agnandji ST, Obiang RM, Bassat Q, Kremsner PG, Mordmüller B, Grobusch MP. Fosmidomycin as an antimalarial drug: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1375-90. [PMID: 26228767 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With first indications of resistance against artemisinin compounds, the development of novel alternative antimalarials remains an urgent need. One candidate is fosmidomycin (Fos), a phosphonic acid derivative. This PRISMA guideline-adhering and PROSPERO-registered systematic review and meta-analysis provides an overview of the state-of-the-art of the clinical development of Fos as an antimalarial. Pooling six clinical trials of Fos against uncomplicated malaria in African children yielded an overall day 28 cure rate of 85% (95% CI: 71-98%); a parasite clearance time of 39 h; and a fever clearance time of 30 h. In four adult cohorts, the corresponding values were 70% (95% CI: 40-100%), 49 and 42 h, respectively. Data suggest that besides the partner drug, formulation determines efficacy. We advocate further clinical development of Fos-combinations. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42014013688.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Francisco Fernandes
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, BP 118 Lambaréné, Gabon.,Center of Tropical Medicine & Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bertrand Lell
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, BP 118 Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Selidji Todagbe Agnandji
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, BP 118 Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Regis Maurin Obiang
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, BP 118 Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Quique Bassat
- Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clíníc-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de investigação em saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Peter Gottfried Kremsner
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, BP 118 Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, BP 118 Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Martin Peter Grobusch
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, BP 118 Lambaréné, Gabon.,Center of Tropical Medicine & Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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In Vitro Antimalarial Activity of Different Inhibitors of the Plasmodial Isoprenoid Synthesis Pathway. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:5084-7. [PMID: 26055383 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04161-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that fosmidomycin, risedronate, and nerolidol exert antimalarial activity in vitro. We included squalestatin, an inhibitor of the isoprenoid metabolism in Erwinia uredovora, and found that combinations of compounds which act on different targets of the plasmodial isoprenoid pathway possess important supra-additivity effects.
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25
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Kumar S, Kumari R, Pandey R. New insight-guided approaches to detect, cure, prevent and eliminate malaria. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:717-753. [PMID: 25323622 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0697-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
New challenges posed by the development of resistance against artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) as well as previous first-line therapies, and the continuing absence of vaccine, have given impetus to research in all areas of malaria control. This review portrays the ongoing progress in several directions of malaria research. The variants of RTS,S and apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) are being developed and test adapted as multicomponent and multistage malaria control vaccines, while many other vaccine candidates and methodologies to produce antigens are under experimentation. To track and prevent the spread of artemisinin resistance from Southeast Asia to other parts of the world, rolling circle-enhanced enzyme activity detection (REEAD), a time- and cost-effective malaria diagnosis in field conditions, and a DNA marker associated with artemisinin resistance have become available. Novel mosquito repellents and mosquito trapping and killing techniques much more effective than the prevalent ones are undergoing field testing. Mosquito lines stably infected with their symbiotic wild-type or genetically engineered bacteria that kill sympatric malaria parasites are being constructed and field tested for stopping malaria transmission. A complementary approach being pursued is the addition of ivermectin-like drug molecules to ACTs to cure malaria and kill mosquitoes. Experiments are in progress to eradicate malaria mosquito by making it genetically male sterile. High-throughput screening procedures are being developed and used to discover molecules that possess long in vivo half life and are active against liver and blood stages for the fast cure of malaria symptoms caused by simple or relapsing and drug-sensitive and drug-resistant types of varied malaria parasites, can stop gametocytogenesis and sporogony and could be given in one dose. Target-based antimalarial drug designing has begun. Some of the putative next-generation antimalarials that possess in their scaffold structure several of the desired properties of malaria cure and control are exemplified by OZ439, NITD609, ELQ300 and tafenoquine that are already undergoing clinical trials, and decoquinate, usnic acid, torin-2, ferroquine, WEHI-916, MMV396749 and benzothiophene-type N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) inhibitors, which are candidates for future clinical usage. Among these, NITD609, ELQ300, decoquinate, usnic acid, torin-2 and NMT inhibitors not only cure simple malaria and are prophylactic against simple malaria, but they also cure relapsing malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar
- SKA Institution for Research, Education and Development (SKAIRED), 4/11 SarvPriya Vihar, New Delhi, 110016, India,
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26
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Imlay LS, Armstrong CM, Masters MC, Li T, Price KE, Edwards RL, Mann KM, Li LX, Stallings CL, Berry NG, O’Neill PM, Odom AR. Plasmodium IspD (2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol 4-Phosphate Cytidyltransferase), an Essential and Druggable Antimalarial Target. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:157-167. [PMID: 26783558 DOI: 10.1021/id500047s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
As resistance to current therapies spreads, novel antimalarials are urgently needed. In this work, we examine the potential for therapeutic intervention via the targeting of Plasmodium IspD (2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidyltransferase), the second dedicated enzyme of the essential methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. Enzymes of this pathway represent promising therapeutic targets because the pathway is not present in humans. The Malaria Box compound, MMV008138, inhibits Plasmodium falciparum growth, and PfIspD has been proposed as a candidate intracellular target. We find that PfIspD is the sole intracellular target of MMV008138 and characterize the mode of inhibition and target-based resistance, providing chemical validation of this target. Additionally, we find that the Pf ISPD genetic locus is refractory to disruption in malaria parasites, providing independent genetic validation for efforts targeting this enzyme. This work provides compelling support for IspD as a druggable target for the development of additional, much-needed antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ting Li
- College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Kathryn E. Price
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | - Neil G. Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Paul M. O’Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
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27
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Chofor R, Sooriyaarachchi S, Risseeuw MDP, Bergfors T, Pouyez J, Johny C, Haymond A, Everaert A, Dowd CS, Maes L, Coenye T, Alex A, Couch RD, Jones TA, Wouters J, Mowbray SL, Van Calenbergh S. Synthesis and Bioactivity of β-Substituted Fosmidomycin Analogues Targeting 1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate Reductoisomerase. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2988-3001. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5014264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- René Chofor
- Laboratory
for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Universiteit Gent, Ottergemsesteenweg
460, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Sanjeewani Sooriyaarachchi
- Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical
Center, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martijn D. P. Risseeuw
- Laboratory
for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Universiteit Gent, Ottergemsesteenweg
460, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Terese Bergfors
- Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical
Center, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Pouyez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Chinchu Johny
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Amanda Haymond
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Annelien Everaert
- Laboratory
of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cynthia S. Dowd
- Department
of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory
for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical,
Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein
1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory
of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexander Alex
- Evenor Consulting Ltd., The
New Barn, Mill Lane, Eastry, Kent CT13 0JW, United Kingdom
| | - Robin D. Couch
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - T. Alwyn Jones
- Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical
Center, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Wouters
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Sherry L. Mowbray
- Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical
Center, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory
for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Universiteit Gent, Ottergemsesteenweg
460, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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28
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IBRAHEEM ZO, ABDUL MAJID R, MOHD NOOR S, MOHD SIDEK H, BASIR R. The Potential of β Carbolin Alkaloids to Hinder Growth and Reverse Chloroquine Resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2015; 10:577-83. [PMID: 26811724 PMCID: PMC4724834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, scourge of malaria as a fatalistic disease has increased due to emergence of drug resistance and tolerance among different strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Emergence of chloroquine (CQ) resistance has worsened the calamity as CQ is still considered the most efficient, safe and cost effective drug among other antimalarials. This urged the scientists to search for other alternatives or sensitizers that may be able to augment CQ action and reverse its resistance. METHOD Three β-carbolin derivatives, namely, harmalin, harmol and harmalol were tested for their anti-plasmodial and CQ resistance reversal effects against P. falciparum 3D7 and K1. SYBRE Green-1 based drug sensitivity assay and isobologram analysis were used to screen the mentioned effects respectively. RESULTS All of them showed moderate anti-plasmodium effect and harmalin was the most effective as compared to the others in reversing CQ resistance and tolerance. CONCLUSION The mentioned phytochemicals are not ideal to be used as conventional antimalarials and only harmalin can be suggested to reverse CQ resistance in P. falciparum K1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid O IBRAHEEM
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia,Correspondence:
| | - Roslaini ABDUL MAJID
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sabariah MOHD NOOR
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hasidah MOHD SIDEK
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM-Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rusliza BASIR
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia,Correspondence:
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29
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A chemical rescue screen identifies a Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast inhibitor targeting MEP isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:356-64. [PMID: 25367906 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03342-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The apicoplast is an essential plastid organelle found in Plasmodium parasites which contains several clinically validated antimalarial-drug targets. A chemical rescue screen identified MMV-08138 from the "Malaria Box" library of growth-inhibitory antimalarial compounds as having specific activity against the apicoplast. MMV-08138 inhibition of blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum growth is stereospecific and potent, with the most active diastereomer demonstrating a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 110 nM. Whole-genome sequencing of 3 drug-resistant parasite populations from two independent selections revealed E688Q and L244I mutations in P. falciparum IspD, an enzyme in the MEP (methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate) isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis pathway in the apicoplast. The active diastereomer of MMV-08138 directly inhibited PfIspD activity in vitro with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 7.0 nM. MMV-08138 is the first PfIspD inhibitor to be identified and, together with heterologously expressed PfIspD, provides the foundation for further development of this promising antimalarial drug candidate lead. Furthermore, this report validates the use of the apicoplast chemical rescue screen coupled with target elucidation as a discovery tool to identify specific apicoplast-targeting compounds with new mechanisms of action.
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30
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Akono Ntonga P, Baldovini N, Mouray E, Mambu L, Belong P, Grellier P. Activity of Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum canum, and Cymbopogon citratus essential oils against Plasmodium falciparum and mature-stage larvae of Anopheles funestus s.s. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:33. [PMID: 24995776 PMCID: PMC4082313 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2014033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The biological activities of essential oils from three plants grown in Cameroon: Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum canum, and Cymbopogon citratus were tested against Plasmodium falciparum and mature-stage larvae of Anopheles funestus. Gas chromatography and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry analyses showed that the main compounds are geranial, 1,8-cineole and linalool in C. citratus, O. canum and O. basilicum, respectively. Larvicidal tests carried out according to the protocol recommended by the World Health Organization showed that the essential oil of leaves of C. citratus is the most active against larvae of An. funestus (LC50 values = 35.5 ppm and 34.6 ppm, respectively, for larval stages III and IV after 6 h of exposure). Besides, the in vitro anti-plasmodial activity evaluated by the radioisotopic method showed that the C. citratus oil is the most active against P. falciparum, with an IC50 value of 4.2 ± 0.5 μg/mL compared with O. canum (20.6 ± 3.4 μg/mL) and O. basilicum (21 ± 4.6 μg/mL). These essential oils can be recommended for the development of natural biocides for fighting the larvae of malaria vectors and for the isolation of natural products with anti-malarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Akono Ntonga
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Nicolas Baldovini
- Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272, Faculté des Sciences, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Elisabeth Mouray
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7245 CNRS, CP 52, 61 rue Buffon, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Lengo Mambu
- Université de Limoges, Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, EA 1069, Institut GEIST, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Belong
- Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Philippe Grellier
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7245 CNRS, CP 52, 61 rue Buffon, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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31
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Carrasco MP, Newton AS, Gonçalves L, Góis A, Machado M, Gut J, Nogueira F, Hänscheid T, Guedes RC, dos Santos DJVA, Rosenthal PJ, Moreira R. Probing the aurone scaffold against Plasmodium falciparum: design, synthesis and antimalarial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 80:523-34. [PMID: 24813880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A library comprising 44 diversely substituted aurones derivatives was synthesized by straightforward aldol condensation reactions of benzofuranones and the appropriately substituted benzaldehydes. Microwave enhanced synthesis using palladium catalyzed protocols was introduced as a powerful strategy for extending the chemical space around the aurone scaffold. Additionally, Mannich-base derivatives, containing a 7-aminomethyl-6-hydroxy substitution pattern at ring A, were also prepared. Screening against the chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum W2 strain identified novel aurones with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. The most potent compounds contained a basic moiety, with the ability to accumulate in acidic digestive vacuole of the malaria parasite. However, none of those aurones revealed significant activity against hemozoin formation and falcipain-2, two validated targets expressed during the blood stage of P. falciparum infection and functional in digestive vacuole of the parasite. Overall, this study highlight (i) the usefulness of aurones as platforms for synthetic procedures using palladium catalyzed protocols to rapidly deliver lead compounds for further optimization and (ii) the potential of novel aurone derivatives as promising antimalarial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta P Carrasco
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana S Newton
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lídia Gonçalves
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Góis
- Unidade de Microbiologia Molecular e Infecção, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Machado
- Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jiri Gut
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Fátima Nogueira
- Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Thomas Hänscheid
- Unidade de Microbiologia Molecular e Infecção, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita C Guedes
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniel J V A dos Santos
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rui Moreira
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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32
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Sub-inhibitory fosmidomycin exposures elicits oxidative stress in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95271. [PMID: 24751777 PMCID: PMC3994034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fosmidomycin is a time-dependent nanomolar inhibitor of methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) synthase, which is the enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step in the MEP pathway to isoprenoids. Importantly, fosmidomycin is one of only a few MEP pathway-specific inhibitors that exhibits antimicrobial activity. Most inhibitors identified to date only exhibit activity against isolated pathway enzymes. The MEP pathway is the sole route to isoprenoids in many bacteria, yet has no human homologs. The development of inhibitors of this pathway holds promise as novel antimicrobial agents. Similarly, analyses of the bacterial response toward MEP pathway inhibitors provides valuable information toward the understanding of how emergent resistance may ultimately develop to this class of antibiotics. We have examined the transcriptional response of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium LT2 to sub-inhibitory concentrations of fosmidomycin via cDNA microarray and RT-PCR. Within the regulated genes identified by microarray were a number of genes encoding enzymes associated with the mediation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Regulation of a panel of genes implicated in the response of cells to oxidative stress (including genes for catalases, superoxide dismutases, and alkylhydrogen peroxide reductases) was investigated and mild upregulation in some members was observed as a function of fosmidomycin exposure over time. The extent of regulation of these genes was similar to that observed for comparable exposures to kanamycin, but differed significantly from tetracycline. Furthermore, S. typhimurium exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of fosmidomycin displayed an increased sensitivity to exogenous H2O2 relative to either untreated controls or kanamycin-treated cells. Our results suggest that endogenous oxidative stress is one consequence of exposures to fosmidomycin, likely through the temporal depletion of intracellular isoprenoids themselves, rather than other mechanisms that have been proposed to facilitate ROS accumulation in bacteria (e.g. cell death processes or the ability of the antibiotic to redox cycle).
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33
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Butler MS, Robertson AAB, Cooper MA. Natural product and natural product derived drugs in clinical trials. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:1612-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c4np00064a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The 25 Natural Product (NP)-derived drugs launched since 2008 and the 100 NP-derived compounds and 33 Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs) in clinical trials or in registration at the end of 2013 are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Butler
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane, Australia
| | - Avril A. B. Robertson
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane, Australia
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34
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In vitro synergistic effect of amphotericin B and allicin on Leishmania donovani and L. infantum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 58:1596-602. [PMID: 24366748 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00710-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current monotherapy against visceral leishmaniasis has serious side effects, and resistant Leishmania strains have been identified. Amphotericin B (AmB) has shown an extraordinary antileishmanial efficacy without emergence of resistance; however, toxicity has limited its general use. Results obtained showed, using a fixed-ratio analysis, that the combination of diallyl thiosulfinate (allicin) and AmB ranged from moderately synergic to synergic at low concentrations (0.07 μM AmB plus 35.45 μM allicin induced 95% growth inhibition). None of the treatments, alone or in combination, had noticeable adverse effects on macrophages (M) in the concentration range examined (allicin, 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 μM; AmB, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1 μM). Allicin, AmB, or the combination did not affect the infection rate (percentage of infected M) of Leishmania. Allicin enhanced the activity of AmB on intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania donovani and L. infantum (ca. 45% reduction of amastigote burden with 0.05 μM AmB plus 10 μM allicin); this represented nearly a 2-fold reduction in the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the antibiotic added alone. Results point toward the possible utility of testing this combination in vivo to reduce the toxicity associated with monotherapy with AmB.
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Antiapicoplast and gametocytocidal screening to identify the mechanisms of action of compounds within the malaria box. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 58:811-9. [PMID: 24247137 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01500-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a significant infectious disease that causes millions of clinical cases and >800,000 deaths per year. The Malaria Box is a collection of 400 commercially available chemical entities that have antimalarial activity. The collection contains 200 drug-like compounds, based on their oral absorption and the presence of known toxicophores, and 200 probe-like compounds, which are intended to represent a broad structural diversity. These compounds have confirmed activities against the asexual intraerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum and low cytotoxicities, but their mechanisms of action and their activities in other stages of the parasite's life cycle remain to be determined. The apicoplast is considered to be a promising source of malaria-specific targets, and its main function during intraerythrocytic stages is to provide the isoprenoid precursor isopentenyl diphosphate, which can be used for phenotype-based screens to identify compounds targeting this organelle. We screened 400 compounds from the Malaria Box using apicoplast-targeting phenotypic assays to identify their potential mechanisms of action. We identified one compound that specifically targeted the apicoplast. Further analyses indicated that the molecular target of this compound may differ from those of the current antiapicoplast drugs, such as fosmidomycin. Moreover, in our efforts to elucidate the mechanisms of action of compounds from the Malaria Box, we evaluated their activities against other stages of the life cycle of the parasite. Gametocytes are the transmission stage of the malaria parasite and are recognized as a priority target in efforts to eradicate malaria. We identified 12 compounds that were active against gametocytes with 50% inhibitory concentration values of <1 μM.
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Zhang Z, Jakkaraju S, Blain J, Gogol K, Zhao L, Hartley RC, Karlsson CA, Staker BL, Edwards TE, Stewart LJ, Myler PJ, Clare M, Begley DW, Horn JR, Hagen TJ. Cytidine derivatives as IspF inhibitors of Burkolderia pseudomallei. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6860-3. [PMID: 24157367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Published biological data suggest that the methyl erythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, a non-mevalonate isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, is essential for certain bacteria and other infectious disease organisms. One highly conserved enzyme in the MEP pathway is 2C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase (IspF). Fragment-bound complexes of IspF from Burkholderia pseudomallei were used to design and synthesize a series of molecules linking the cytidine moiety to different zinc pocket fragment binders. Testing by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) found one molecule in the series to possess binding affinity equal to that of cytidine diphosphate, despite lacking any metal-coordinating phosphate groups. Close inspection of the SPR data suggest different binding stoichiometries between IspF and test compounds. Crystallographic analysis shows important variations between the binding mode of one synthesized compound and the pose of the bound fragment from which it was designed. The binding modes of these molecules add to our structural knowledge base for IspF and suggest future refinements in this compound series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
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BERA KALISANKAR, NADKARNI DWAYAJA, NAMBOOTHIRI IRISHINN. Asymmetric synthesis of $\boldsymbol{\gamma}$ -aminophosphonates: The bio-isosteric analogs of $\boldsymbol{\gamma}$ -aminobutyric acid. J CHEM SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-013-0418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abiodun OO, Brun R, Wittlin S. In vitro interaction of artemisinin derivatives or the fully synthetic peroxidic anti-malarial OZ277 with thapsigargin in Plasmodium falciparum strains. Malar J 2013; 12:43. [PMID: 23368889 PMCID: PMC3566918 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Semi-synthetic artemisinin derivatives are powerful peroxidic drugs in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) recommended as first-line treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in disease-endemic countries. Studies by Eckstein-Ludwig and co-workers showed both thapsigargin and artemisinin specifically inhibit the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+−ATPase of Plasmodium falciparum (PfATP6). In the present study the type of interaction between thapsigargin and artemisinin derivatives as well as the ozonide OZ277 (RBx11160 or arterolane) was evaluated in parasite cultures. The latter compound is an adamantane-based peroxide and the first fully synthetic clinical candidate recently registered in India by Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd. for anti-malarial combination therapy. Methods Drug interaction studies were performed using a previously described fixed ratio method and anti-malarial activity measured using the [3H] hypoxanthine incorporation assay. Results The sum 50% and 90% fractional inhibitory concentration (∑FIC50, 90) of the interaction of thapsigargin with OZ277, artemether or artesunate, against NF54 and K1 strains of P. falciparum ranged from 0.9 to 1.4. Conclusion The interaction of thapsigargin with OZ277, artesunate or artemether was additive, data consistent with previous observations indicating that activity of anti-malarial peroxides does not derive from reversible interactions with parasite targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyindamola O Abiodun
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Nguyen-Trung AT, Tritsch D, Grosdemange-Billiard C, Rohmer M. Synthesis of tetrazole analogues of phosphonohydroxamic acids: an attempt to improve the inhibitory activity against the DXR. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1643-7. [PMID: 23414808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This work is focused on the design of new antimicrobial drugs and on the development of lipophilic inhibitors of the DXR, the second enzyme of the MEP pathway for the biosynthesis of isoprene units in most bacteria, by replacing the phosphonate group of fosmidomycin derivatives by a tetrazoyl moiety capable of multiple hydrogen bonding. The N- and C-substituted tetrazole analogues of phosphonohydroxamate inhibitors were synthesized and tested on the DXR of Escherichia coli. This work points out the hypothesis that the phosphonate/phosphate recognition site might be too rigid to accommodate other functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Thu Nguyen-Trung
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, UMR 7177, Institut Le Bel, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
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A systems biology approach to uncovering pharmacological synergy in herbal medicines with applications to cardiovascular disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:519031. [PMID: 23243453 PMCID: PMC3518963 DOI: 10.1155/2012/519031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background. Clinical trials reveal that multiherb prescriptions of herbal medicine often exhibit pharmacological and therapeutic superiority in comparison to isolated single constituents. However, the synergistic mechanisms underlying this remain elusive. To address this question, a novel systems biology model integrating oral bioavailability and drug-likeness screening, target identification, and network pharmacology method has been constructed and applied to four clinically widely used herbs Radix Astragali Mongolici, Radix Puerariae Lobatae, Radix Ophiopogonis Japonici, and Radix Salviae Miltiorrhiza which exert synergistic effects of combined treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Results. The results show that the structural properties of molecules in four herbs have substantial differences, and each herb can interact with significant target proteins related to CVD. Moreover, the bioactive ingredients from different herbs potentially act on the same molecular target (multiple-drug-one-target) and/or the functionally diverse targets but with potentially clinically relevant associations (multiple-drug-multiple-target-one-disease). From a molecular/systematic level, this explains why the herbs within a concoction could mutually enhance pharmacological synergy on a disease. Conclusions. The present work provides a new strategy not only for the understanding of pharmacological synergy in herbal medicine, but also for the rational discovery of potent drug/herb combinations that are individually subtherapeutic.
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Zinglé C, Kuntz L, Tritsch D, Grosdemange-Billiard C, Rohmer M. Modifications around the hydroxamic acid chelating group of fosmidomycin, an inhibitor of the metalloenzyme 1-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6563-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Aguiar ACC, Rocha EMMD, Souza NBD, França TCC, Krettli AU. New approaches in antimalarial drug discovery and development: a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107:831-45. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000700001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Abstract
Malaria chemotherapy is under constant threat from the emergence and spread of multidrug resistance of Plasmodium falciparum. Resistance has been observed to almost all currently used antimalarials. Some drugs are also limited by toxicity. A fundamental component of the strategy for malaria chemotherapy is based on prompt, effective and safe antimalarial drugs. To counter the threat of resistance of P. falciparum to existing monotherapeutic regimens, current malaria treatment is based principally on the artemisinin group of compounds, either as monotherapy or artemisinin-based combination therapies for treatment of both uncomplicated and severe falciparum malaria. Key advantages of artemisinins over the conventional antimalarials include their rapid and potent action, with good tolerability profiles. Their action also covers transmissible gametocytes, resulting in decreased disease transmission. Up to now there has been no prominent report of drug resistance to this group of compounds. Treatment of malaria in pregnant women requires special attention in light of limited treatment options caused by potential teratogenicity coupled with a paucity of safety data for the mother and fetus. Treatment of other malaria species is less problematic and chloroquine is still the drug of choice, although resistance of P. vivax to chloroquine has been reported. Multiple approaches to the identification of new antimalarial targets and promising antimalarial drugs are being pursued in order to cope with drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesara Na-Bangchang
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang District, Pathumtanee 12121, Thailand.
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Anthony MP, Burrows JN, Duparc S, JMoehrle J, Wells TNC. The global pipeline of new medicines for the control and elimination of malaria. Malar J 2012; 11:316. [PMID: 22958514 PMCID: PMC3472257 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a transformation in the portfolio of medicines to combat malaria. New fixed-dose artemisinin combination therapy is available, with four different types having received approval from Stringent Regulatory Authorities or the World Health Organization (WHO). However, there is still scope for improvement. The Malaria Eradication Research agenda identified several gaps in the current portfolio. Simpler regimens, such as a single-dose cure are needed, compared with the current three-day treatment. In addition, new medicines that prevent transmission and also relapse are needed, but with better safety profiles than current medicines. There is also a big opportunity for new medicines to prevent reinfection and to provide chemoprotection. This study reviews the global portfolio of new medicines in development against malaria, as of the summer of 2012. Cell-based phenotypic screening, and 'fast followers' of clinically validated classes, mean that there are now many new classes of molecules starting in clinical development, especially for the blood stages of malaria. There remain significant gaps for medicines blocking transmission, preventing relapse, and long-duration molecules for chemoprotection. The nascent pipeline of new medicines is significantly stronger than five years ago. However, there are still risks ahead in clinical development and sustainable funding of clinical studies is vital if this early promise is going to be delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda P Anthony
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 20 rte de Pré-Bois 1215, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy N Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 20 rte de Pré-Bois 1215, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Duparc
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 20 rte de Pré-Bois 1215, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joerg JMoehrle
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 20 rte de Pré-Bois 1215, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Timothy NC Wells
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 20 rte de Pré-Bois 1215, Geneva, Switzerland
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Inadequate efficacy of a new formulation of fosmidomycin-clindamycin combination in Mozambican children less than three years old with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:2923-8. [PMID: 22430959 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00018-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of fosmidomycin and clindamycin (F/C) is effective in adults and older children for the treatment of malaria and could be an important alternative to existing artemisinin-based combinations (ACTs) if proven to work in younger children. We conducted an open-label clinical trial to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of F/C for the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in Mozambican children <3 years of age. Aqueous solutions of the drugs were given for 3 days, and the children were followed up for 28 days. The primary outcome was the PCR-corrected adequate clinical and parasitological response at day 28. Secondary outcomes included day 7 and 28 uncorrected cure rates and fever (FCT) and parasite (PCT) clearance times. Fifty-two children were recruited, but only 37 patients were evaluable for the primary outcome. Day 7 cure rates were high (94.6%; 35/37), but the day 28 PCR-corrected cure rate was 45.9% (17/37). The FCT was short (median, 12 h), but the PCT was longer (median, 72 h) than in previous studies. Tolerability was good, and most common adverse events were related to the recurrence of malaria. The poor efficacy observed for the F/C combination may be a consequence of the new formulations used, differential bioavailability in younger children, naturally occurring variations in parasite sensitivity to the drugs, or an insufficient enhancement of their effects by naturally acquired immunity in young children. Additional studies should be conducted to respond to the many uncertainties arising from this trial, which should not discourage further evaluation of this promising combination.
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Jordão FM, Kimura EA, Katzin AM. Isoprenoid biosynthesis in the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 106 Suppl 1:134-41. [PMID: 21881768 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000900018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new drugs is one strategy for malaria control. Biochemical pathways localised in the apicoplast of the parasite, such as the synthesis of isoprenic precursors, are excellent targets because they are different or absent in the human host. Isoprenoids are a large and highly diverse group of natural products with many functions and their synthesis is essential for the parasite's survival. During the last few years, the genes, enzymes, intermediates and mechanisms of this biosynthetic route have been elucidated. In this review, we comment on some aspects of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway and discuss the presence of diverse isoprenic products such as dolichol, ubiquinone, carotenoids, menaquinone and isoprenylated proteins, which are biosynthesised during the intraerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Morandi Jordão
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Smith JM, Vierling RJ, Meyers CF. Selective inhibition of E. coli 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase by acetylphosphonates(). MEDCHEMCOMM 2011; 3:65-67. [PMID: 23326631 DOI: 10.1039/c1md00233c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DXP synthase catalyzes the formation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, an essential precursor in pathogen isoprenoid biosynthesis. The selective inhibition of this ThDP-dependent transformation is a challenging goal in the development of isoprenoid biosynthesis inhibitors. Potent, selective inhibitors could lead to new anti-infective agents. Here, we demonstrate selective inhibition of E. coli DXP synthase by butylacetylphosphonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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Bae B, Cobb RE, DeSieno MA, Zhao H, Nair SK. New N-acetyltransferase fold in the structure and mechanism of the phosphonate biosynthetic enzyme FrbF. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:36132-36141. [PMID: 21865168 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.263533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme FrbF from Streptomyces rubellomurinus has attracted significant attention due to its role in the biosynthesis of the antimalarial phosphonate FR-900098. The enzyme catalyzes acetyl transfer onto the hydroxamate of the FR-900098 precursors cytidine 5'-monophosphate-3-aminopropylphosphonate and cytidine 5'-monophosphate-N-hydroxy-3-aminopropylphosphonate. Despite the established function as a bona fide N-acetyltransferase, FrbF shows no sequence similarity to any member of the GCN5-like N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) superfamily. Here, we present the 2.0 Å resolution crystal structure of FrbF in complex with acetyl-CoA, which demonstrates a unique architecture that is distinct from those of canonical GNAT-like acetyltransferases. We also utilized the co-crystal structure to guide structure-function studies that identified the roles of putative active site residues in the acetyltransferase mechanism. The combined biochemical and structural analyses of FrbF provide insights into this previously uncharacterized family of N-acetyltransferases and also provide a molecular framework toward the production of novel N-acyl derivatives of FR-900098.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Ryan E Cobb
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801; Department of Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Matthew A DeSieno
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801; Department of Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801; Department of Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801.
| | - Satish K Nair
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801; Department of Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801.
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Andaloussi M, Henriksson LM, Wiȩckowska A, Lindh M, Björkelid C, Larsson AM, Suresh S, Iyer H, Srinivasa BR, Bergfors T, Unge T, Mowbray SL, Larhed M, Jones TA, Karlén A. Design, Synthesis, and X-ray Crystallographic Studies of α-Aryl Substituted Fosmidomycin Analogues as Inhibitors ofMycobacterium tuberculosis1-Deoxy-d-xylulose 5-Phosphate Reductoisomerase. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4964-76. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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