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Ojha YR, Giovannucci DR, Cameron BD. Selection and characterization of structure-switching DNA aptamers for the salivary peptide histatin 3. J Biotechnol 2020; 327:9-17. [PMID: 33387594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, single-stranded DNA aptamers that switch structural conformation upon binding to the salivary peptide histatin 3 have been reported for the first time. Histatin 3 is an antimicrobial peptide that possesses the capability of being a therapeutic agent against oral candidiasis and has recently been linked as a novel biomarker for acute stress. The aptamers were identified through a library immobilization version of an iterative in vitro process known as the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX). Through the SELEX process, four unique aptamer candidates sharing a consensus sequence were identified. These selected sequences exhibited binding affinity and specificity to histatin 3 and in order to further characterize these aptamers, a direct format enzyme-linked aptamer sorbent assay (ELASA) was developed. The best performing candidate demonstrated an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) value of 1.97 ± 0.48 μM. These novel aptamers have the potential to lead to the further development of refined sensing assays and platforms for the detection and quantification of histatin 3 in human saliva and other biological media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagya R Ojha
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | | | - Brent D Cameron
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
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Pathirana RU, Friedman J, Norris HL, Salvatori O, McCall AD, Kay J, Edgerton M. Fluconazole-Resistant Candida auris Is Susceptible to Salivary Histatin 5 Killing and to Intrinsic Host Defenses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e01872-17. [PMID: 29158282 PMCID: PMC5786754 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01872-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is a newly identified species causing invasive candidemia and candidiasis. It has broad multidrug resistance (MDR) not observed for other pathogenic Candida species. Histatin 5 (Hst 5) is a well-studied salivary cationic peptide with significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans and is an attractive candidate for treating MDR fungi, since antimicrobial peptides induce minimal drug resistance. We investigated the susceptibility of C. auris to Hst 5 and neutrophils, two first-line innate defenses in the human host. The majority of C. auris clinical isolates, including fluconazole-resistant strains, were highly sensitive to Hst 5: 55 to 90% of cells were killed by use of 7.5 μM Hst 5. Hst 5 was translocated to the cytosol and vacuole in C. auris cells; such translocation is required for the killing of C. albicans by Hst 5. The inverse relationship between fluconazole resistance and Hst 5 killing suggests different cellular targets for Hst 5 than for fluconazole. C. auris showed higher tolerance to oxidative stress than C. albicans, and higher survival within neutrophils, which correlated with resistance to oxidative stress in vitro Thus, resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) is likely one, though not the only, important factor in the killing of C. auris by neutrophils. Hst 5 has broad and potent candidacidal activity, enabling it to combat MDR C. auris strains effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruvini U Pathirana
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Justin Friedman
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Hannah L Norris
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ornella Salvatori
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Andrew D McCall
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jason Kay
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Mira Edgerton
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Limeres Posse J, Diz Dios P, Scully C. Infection Transmission by Saliva and the Paradoxical Protective Role of Saliva. SALIVA PROTECTION AND TRANSMISSIBLE DISEASES 2017. [PMCID: PMC7173548 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813681-2.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is produced by both major (parotid and submandibular and sublingual) and minor (located in the mouth) glands, with different constituents and properties between the two groups. In the mouth saliva is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, watery liquid containing 99% water and 1% organic and inorganic substances and dissolved gases, mainly oxygen and carbon dioxide. Salivary constituents can be grouped into proteins (e.g., amylase and lysozyme), organic molecules (e.g., urea, lipids, and glucose mainly), and electrolytes (e.g., sodium, calcium, chlorine, and phosphates). Cellular elements such as epithelial cells, leukocytes and various hormones, and vitamins have also been detected. The composition of saliva is modified, depending on factors such as secreted amount, circadian rhythm, duration and nature of stimuli, diet, and medication intake, among others.
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Diagnostic model of saliva peptide finger print analysis of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients using weak cation exchange magnetic beads. Biosci Rep 2015; 35:BSR20150023. [PMID: 26182373 PMCID: PMC4613719 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole saliva (WS) was used for diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC); two polypeptides may be used for OSCC diagnosis. Saliva diagnostics utilizing nanotechnology and molecular technologies to detect oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has become an attractive field of study. However, no specific methods have been established. To refine the diagnostic power of saliva peptide fingerprints for the early detection of OSCC, we screened the expression spectrum of salivary peptides in 40 T1 stage OSCC patients (and healthy controls) using MALDI-TOF-MS combined with magnetic beads. Fifty proteins showed significantly different expression levels in the OSCC samples (P<0.05). Potential biomarkers were also predicted. The novel diagnostic proteomic model with m/z peaks of 1285.6 Da and 1432.2 Da are of certain value for early diagnosis of OSCC.
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Chemical synthesis, structure-activity relationship, and properties of shepherin I: a fungicidal peptide enriched in glycine-glycine-histidine motifs. Amino Acids 2014; 46:2573-86. [PMID: 25106507 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although glycine-rich antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are found in animals and plants, very little has been reported on their chemistry, structure activity-relationship, and properties. We investigated those topics for Shepherin I (Shep I), a glycine-rich AMP with the unique amino acid sequence G(1)YGGHGGHGGHGGHGGHGGHGHGGGGHG(28). Shep I and analogues were synthesized by the solid-phase method at 60 °C using conventional heating. Purification followed by chemical characterization confirmed the products' identities and high purity. Amino acid analysis provided their peptide contents. All peptides were active against the clinically important Candida species, but ineffective against bacteria and mycelia fungi. Truncation of the N- or C-terminal portion reduced Shep I antifungal activity, the latter being more pronounced. Carboxyamidation of Shep I did not affect the activity against C. albicans or C. tropicalis, but increased activity against S. cerevisiae. Carboxyamidated analogues Shep I (3-28)a and Shep I (6-28)a were equipotent to Shep I and Shep Ia against Candida species. As with most cationic AMPs, all peptides had their activity significantly reduced in high-salt concentrations, a disadvantage that is defeated if 10 µM ZnCl2 is present. At 100 µM, the peptides were practically not hemolytic. Shep Ia also killed C. albicans MDM8 and ATCC 90028 cells. Fluo-Shep Ia, an analogue labeled with 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein, was rapidly internalized by C. albicans MDM8 cells, a salt-sensitive process dependent on metabolic energy and temperature. Altogether, such results shed light on the chemistry, structural requirements for activity, and other properties of candidacidal glycine-rich peptides. Furthermore, they show that Shep Ia may have strong potential for use in topical application.
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Abstract
Abstract
Histatins are a group of antimicrobial peptides, found in the saliva of man and some higher primates, which possess antifungal properties. Histatins bind to a receptor on the fungal cell membrane and enter the cytoplasm where they target the mitochondrion. They induce the non-lytic loss of ATP from actively respiring cells, which can induce cell death. In addition, they have been shown to disrupt the cell cycle and lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species. Their mode of action is distinct from those exhibited by the conventional azole and polyene drugs, hence histatins may have applications in controlling drug-resistant fungal infections. The possibility of utilising histatins for the control of fungal infections of the oral cavity is being actively pursued with the antifungal properties of topical histatin preparations and histatin-impregnated denture acrylic being evaluated. Initial clinical studies are encouraging, having demonstrated the safety and efficacy of histatin preparations in blocking the adherence of the yeast Candida albicans to denture acrylic, retarding plaque formation and reducing the severity of gingivitis. Histatins may represent a new generation of antimicrobial compounds for the treatment of oral fungal infections and have the advantage, compared with conventional antifungal agents, of being a normal component of human saliva with no apparent adverse effects on host tissues and having a mode of action distinct to azole and polyene antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kavanagh
- Medical Mycology Unit, Department of Biology, National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, NUI Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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Houghton EA, Nicholas KM. In vitro reactive oxygen species production by histatins and copper(I,II). J Biol Inorg Chem 2008; 14:243-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-008-0444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Elguezabal N, Maza JL, Dorronsoro S, Pontón J. Whole Saliva has a Dual Role on the Adherence of Candida albicans to Polymethylmetacrylate. Open Dent J 2008; 2:1-4. [PMID: 19088875 PMCID: PMC2581527 DOI: 10.2174/1874210600802010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion of Candida albicans to acrylic of dental prostheses or to salivary macromolecules adsorbed on their surface is believed to be a critical event in the development of denture stomatitis. In previous studies our group has shown that adhesion of C. albicans germ tubes to polystyrene is decreased by saliva whereas C. albicans yeast cells adhesion to the same material is enhanced. The results presented in this study confirm this dual role played by whole saliva, since it decreased the adhesion of germ tubes but increased the adhesion of yeast cells to polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA). These effects mediated by whole saliva do not seem to be related to an inhibition of the germination of C. albicans, since similar levels of filamentation were observed in presence and absence of saliva. These results may give new insights into the conflicting role of saliva in the adhesion of C. albicans to acrylic resins of dental prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Elguezabal
- Department of Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad del PaísVasco, Spain
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Sugimoto J, Kanehira T, Mizugai H, Chiba I, Morita M. Relationship between salivary histatin 5 levels and Candida CFU counts in healthy elderly. Gerodontology 2006; 23:164-9. [PMID: 16919097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-2358.2006.00120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Few epidemiological studies have confirmed the antifungal activity of histatin 5 in saliva against Candida species. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between concentrations of histatin 5 and the number of cultivable Candida in saliva samples from elderly. METHODS Whole saliva samples were obtained from 124 elderly people, 65 years or older, living in a rural community. The concentrations of histatin 5 in saliva samples were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a monoclonal antibody. Total colony-forming units (CFUs) were counted on a selective medium for Candida. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine the independent contribution of explanatory variables to Candida CFUs using age, sex, histatin 5 concentration and type of denture prosthesis as independent variables. RESULTS Saliva samples from 104 subjects (84%) were candidal colony-positive. The youngest group (65-69 years old) showed significantly smaller Candida CFU counts than those in the older group. The mean Candida CFU count of denture wearers was significantly higher than that of non-denture wearers. Significantly negative associations were found between Candida CFU counts and histatin 5 level in the oldest group (p < 0.05) and in the full-denture wearers (p < 0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that Candida CFU counts were mostly associated with type of dentures, followed by histatin 5 concentration. CONCLUSION Possible activity of histatin 5 against Candida in whole saliva of elderly people was epidemiologically confirmed. The area covered by the prostheses was a strong factor associated with the Candida CFU count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sugimoto
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita-13 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
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Fitzgerald DH, Coleman DC, O'Connell BC. Binding, internalisation and degradation of histatin 3 in histatin-resistant derivatives of Candida albicans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003; 220:247-53. [PMID: 12670688 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00121-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The antifungal mechanism of salivary histatin has been studied in Candida albicans and involves binding to a specific receptor, translocation across the membrane and targeting intracellularly. Cell death correlates with non-lytic release of ATP that may function as a cytotoxic mediator extracellularly. By sequential exposure to increasing concentrations of histatin 3, we generated histatin-resistant derivatives of C. albicans strain CA132A that show five-fold less killing at physiological concentrations of histatin 3. Protection against histatin killing in histatin-resistant derivatives is not due to alterations in binding, internalisation or degradation of histatin or efflux of ATP. These results indicate that protective mechanisms activated by exposure to histatin 3 may involve unidentified pathways downstream of binding and internalisation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre H Fitzgerald
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Science and Dublin Dental Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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