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Synthesis, thermal analyses, characterization and biological evaluation of new enrofloxacin vanadium(V) solvates(L) (L = An, DMF, Py, Et3N and o-Tol). J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Orillard E, Tan M. Functional analysis of three topoisomerases that regulate DNA supercoiling levels in Chlamydia. Mol Microbiol 2015; 99:484-96. [PMID: 26447825 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia is a medically important bacterium that infects eukaryotic cells. Temporal expression of chlamydial genes during the intracellular infection is proposed to be regulated by changes in DNA supercoiling levels. To understand how chlamydial supercoiling levels are regulated, we purified and analyzed three putative Chlamydia trachomatis topoisomerases. As predicted by sequence homology, CT189/190 are the two subunits of DNA gyrase, whereas CT643 is a topoisomerase I. CT660/661 have been predicted to form a second DNA gyrase, but the reconstitute holoenzyme decatenated and relaxed DNA, indicating that the proteins are subunits of topoisomerase IV. Promoter analysis showed that each topoisomerase is transcribed from its own operon by the major chlamydial RNA polymerase. Surprisingly, all three topoisomerase promoters had higher activity from a more supercoiled DNA template. This supercoiling-responsivesness is consistent with negative feedback control of topoisomerase I and topoisomerase IV expression, which is typical of other bacteria. However, activation of the chlamydial gyrase promoter by increased supercoiling is unorthodox compared with the relaxation-induced transcription of gyrase in other bacteria. We present a model in which supercoiling levels during the intracellular chlamydial developmental cycle are regulated by unusual positive feedback control of the gyrase promoter and the temporal expression of three topoisomerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Orillard
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Guan X, Xue X, Liu Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Wang J, Wang K, Jiang H, Zhang L, Yang B, Wang N, Pan L. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance--current knowledge and future perspectives. J Int Med Res 2013; 41:20-30. [PMID: 23569126 DOI: 10.1177/0300060513475965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinolones are a group of antimicrobial agents that were serendipitously discovered as byproducts of the synthesis of chloroquine. Chemical modifications, such as the addition of fluorine or piperazine, resulted in the synthesis of third- and fourth-generation fluoroquinolones, with broad-spectrum antimicrobial actions against aerobic or anaerobic, Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. The efficacy and consequent widespread use of quinolones and fluoroquinolones has led to a steady global increase in resistance, mediated via gene mutations, alterations in efflux or cell membranes and plasmid-conferred resistance. The first plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene, qnrA1, was detected in 1998. Since then, many other genes have been identified and the underlying mechanisms of resistance have been elucidated. This review provides an overview of quinolone resistance, with particular emphasis on plasmid-mediated resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhou Guan
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Patel MN, Bhatt BS, Dosi PA. Study of SOD mimic and nucleic acid interaction activity exerted by enrofloxacin-based copper(II) complexes. Chem Biodivers 2012; 9:2810-24. [PMID: 23255450 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Five new copper(II) complexes of type [Cu(erx)(L)Cl] (erx, enrofloxacin; thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (L(1) ); pyridine-2-carbaldehyde (L(2) ); 2,2'-dipyridylamine (L(3) ); 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one (L(4) ); bis(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)methane (L(5) )) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, reflectance, IR, and FAB-MS. Complexes have been investigated for their interaction with calf thymus (CT) DNA utilizing the absorption-titration method, viscometric and DNA thermal denaturation studies. The cleavage reaction on pUC19 DNA has been monitored by agarose gel electrophoresis. The results indicated that the Cu(II) complexes can more effectively promote the cleavage of plasmid DNA at physiological pH and superoxide dismutase. The (SOD) activity of the complexes has been evaluated by the nitroblue tetrazolium assay, and the complexes catalyzed the dismutation of superoxide at pH 7.8 with IC(50) values of 0.35-1.25 μM. The complexes have also been screened for their antibacterial activity against five pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan N Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar - 388 120, Gujarat, India.
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El-Gamel NEA, Mohamed RR, Zayed MA. Synthesis, characterization and application of enrofloxacin complexes as thermal stabilizers for rigid poly(vinyl chloride). Dalton Trans 2012; 41:1824-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11928a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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In vitro antichlamydial activity of garenoxacin against Chlamydia trachomatis. J Infect Chemother 2011; 18:428-35. [PMID: 22113367 DOI: 10.1007/s10156-011-0345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Garenoxacin showed the most potent chlamydial activity against Chlamydia trachomatis D/UW-3/Cx among three tested quinolones and azithromycin. The DNA gyrase genes, gyrA and gyrB, of C. trachomatis D/UW-3/Cx were cloned and the GyrA and GyrB subunits of DNA gyrase protein were separately expressed as histidine-tagged proteins in Escherichia coli. The mean 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of garenoxacin against the supercoiling activity of C. trachomatis D/UW-3/Cx gyrase was 2.9 ± 0.4 μg/ml, which was the most potent inhibitory activity against DNA gyrase among the quinolones tested in this study. At an extracellular concentration of 0.5 μg/ml, the cellular-to-extracellular concentration ratio of garenoxacin was 15.3 ± 1.3, equivalent to that of moxifloxacin and greater than that of levofloxacin. In a time-kill experiment, after exposure to garenoxacin at a concentration of 0.5 μg/ml at 0-6, 5-11, and 24-30 h after infection, the percentages of recoverable chlamydial inclusion-forming units were 11.1 ± 3.3, 0.6 ± 0.1, and 2.6 ± 0.5%, respectively. On transmission electron microscopy observation, after exposure to garenoxacin at 24-30 h after infection, some C. trachomatis elementary bodies remained in the inclusion body; however, the reticulate bodies were completely disrupted. In conclusion, garenoxacin is expected to be a useful quinolone in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by C. trachomatis.
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Nickel–quinolones interaction. Part 4 — Structure and biological evaluation of nickel(II)–enrofloxacin complexes compared to zinc(II) analogues. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:63-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ohsaki Y, Morita K, Takeda H, Kishino S, Okumura S, Fujiuchi S. Pharmacokinetics of garenoxacin in elderly patients with respiratory tract infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010; 35:603-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Tarushi A, Raptopoulou CP, Psycharis V, Terzis A, Psomas G, Kessissoglou DP. Zinc(II) complexes of the second-generation quinolone antibacterial drug enrofloxacin: Structure and DNA or albumin interaction. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:2678-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Takagi H, Tanaka K, Tsuda H, Kobayashi H. Clinical studies of garenoxacin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008; 32:468-74. [PMID: 18790608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Garenoxacin mesylate hydrate (GRN) is a novel oral des-fluoro(6) quinolone with potent antimicrobial activity against common respiratory pathogens, including resistant strains. It has favourable pharmacokinetic profiles for maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), with good penetration into sputum and otorhinolaryngological tissues. In clinical studies, the efficacy of GRN ranged from 92% to 96% in patients with bacterial pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumonia, chlamydial pneumonia and acute bronchitis. Efficacy was 85% in acute infectious exacerbations of chronic respiratory disease and ranged from 81% to 95% in otorhinolaryngological infections. Bacterial eradication was 90.9% for Staphylococcus aureus, 99.2% for Streptococcus pneumoniae, 98.2% for Haemophilus influenzae, 96.6% for Moraxella catarrhalis, 100% for penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae, 100% for beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae and beta-lactamase-positive H. influenzae, and 96.2% for beta-lactamase-positive M. catarrhalis. Garenoxacin concentrations in plasma and tissues using GRN 400mg once a day were higher than the MIC90 (minimum inhibitory concentration for 90% of the organisms) of major causative pathogens. The trough concentration (Cmin) in plasma was 1.92 microg/mL, a level that was higher than the mutant prevention concentration, suggesting that GRN is unlikely to induce the selection of resistant strains during treatment. In clinical studies, GRN did not produce class adverse effects of fluoroquinolones such as QTc prolongation, blood glucose abnormality or severe liver damage. No serious adverse events were observed during the trials. The results indicate that GRN is very effective in treating patients with upper and lower respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Takagi
- Clinical Research Department, Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd., 4-1, Shimookui 2-chome, Toyama 930-8508, Japan.
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Hisada H, Yamazaki T, Inoue M, Sato K, Ando S, Kishimoto T. In vitro activity of garenoxacin against Chlamydia spp. J Chemother 2008; 20:282-4. [PMID: 18467258 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2008.20.2.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Hisada
- Research Laboratories, Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd., Toyama, Japan.
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Efthimiadou EK, Karaliota A, Psomas G. Mononuclear metal complexes of the second-generation quinolone antibacterial agent enrofloxacin: Synthesis, structure, antibacterial activity and interaction with DNA. Polyhedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Efthimiadou EK, Karaliota A, Psomas G. Mononuclear dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes with the quinolones enrofloxacin and sparfloxacin: Synthesis, structure, antibacterial activity and interaction with DNA. Polyhedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2007.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Efthimiadou EK, Katsaros N, Karaliota A, Psomas G. Synthesis, characterization, antibacterial activity, and interaction with DNA of the vanadyl-enrofloxacin complex. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1238-42. [PMID: 17196389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The neutral mononuclear vanadyl complex with the quinolone antibacterial drug enrofloxacin has been prepared and characterized with physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques and molecular mechanics calculations. The interaction of the complex with calf-thymus DNA has also been investigated and the antimicrobial activity has been evaluated against three different microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni K Efthimiadou
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR Demokritos, GR-15310 Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
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Efthimiadou EK, Sanakis Y, Katsarou M, Raptopoulou CP, Karaliota A, Katsaros N, Psomas G. Neutral and cationic mononuclear copper(II) complexes with enrofloxacin: structure and biological activity. J Inorg Biochem 2006; 100:1378-88. [PMID: 16740311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Revised: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mononuclear copper complexes with the quinolone antibacterial drug enrofloxacin (=Herx) in the presence or not of a nitrogen donor heterocyclic ligand 1,10-phenanthroline (=phen) and 2,2'-bipyridine (=bipy) have been prepared and characterized. Interaction of copper(II) with deprotonated enrofloxacin leads to the formation of the neutral complex Cu(erx)2(H2O), 1, while the presence of phen or bipy leads to the formation of a neutral or a cationic mononuclear complex, respectively. The crystal structures of (chloro)(1,10-phenanthroline)(enrofloxacinato)copper(II), 2, and (aqua)(2,2'-bipyridine)(enrofloxacinato)copper(II) chloride, 3, have been determined with X-ray crystallography. The complexes have been studied with X-band electron paramagnetic resonance in aqueous solutions at liquid helium temperature. The study of the interaction of the complexes with calf-thymus DNA has been performed with diverse spectroscopic techniques and has showed that all complexes are bound to DNA by the intercalative mode. The antimicrobial efficiency of the complexes has been tested on three different microorganisms and the available evidence supports that the best inhibition is provided by Cu(erx)2(H2O) (minimum inhibitory concentration=0.125 microg mL(-1)) against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni K Efthimiadou
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
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Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the retinal toxicity of varying concentrations of intravitreally injected garenoxacin. METHODS Twenty eyes of 20 New Zealand albino rabbits were used for this study. The animals were anesthetized with ketamine (35-50 mg/kg) and xylazine (3-5 mg/kg). Garenoxacin was titrated using distilled water to the following concentrations: 4,000, 2,000, 1,000, 400, 200, and 100 microg/0.1 mL. Each concentration was injected intravitreally (0.1 mL) into three rabbit eyes. Three control eyes were injected with 0.1 mL of balanced saline solution. All animals were examined before and after injection by indirect ophthalmoscopy and slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Electroretinography was performed on all animals before intravitreal injection and 14 days after injection. The animals were examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy and slit-lamp biomicroscopy before they were killed; the eyes were enucleated and examined with light microscopy. RESULTS No electroretinographic changes or signs of retinal toxicity by slit-lamp examination, indirect ophthalmoscopy, or light microscopy were seen in any eyes 14 days after intravitreal injection of garenoxacin (< or =4,000 microg/0.1 mL). CONCLUSIONS Garenoxacin injected intravitreally appeared safe at concentrations of < or =4,000 microg/0.1 mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Riazi Esfahani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue SL-69, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699, USA
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Rupp J, Gebert A, Solbach W, Maass M. Serine-to-asparagine substitution in the GyrA gene leads to quinolone resistance in moxifloxacin-exposed Chlamydia pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:406-7. [PMID: 15616321 PMCID: PMC538918 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.1.406-407.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinolone resistance of Chlamydia pneumoniae has not been described previously. Serial subcultures of C. pneumoniae under increasing moxifloxacin concentrations (0.0125 to 6.4 mg/liter) resulted in a 256-fold MIC increase compared to moxifloxacin-naive strains. GyrA gene sequencing revealed a novel point mutation with a Ser-->Asn substitution. Subcultures under rifalazil and macrolides did not alter the respective MICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rupp
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany
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Hammerschlag MR. Advances in the management of Chlamydia pneumoniae infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2004; 1:493-503. [PMID: 15482145 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.1.3.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
One of the major characteristics of Chlamydia spp. is its ability to cause prolonged, often subclinical infections. Chronic, persistent infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases initially not thought to be infectious, including asthma, arthritis and atherosclerosis. C. pneumoniae is susceptible in vitro to a wide range of antimicrobial agents that target either protein or DNA synthesis, including macrolides, ketolides, tetracyclines, quinolones and rifamycins. Practically all treatment studies evaluating presented or published to date have used serology alone for diagnosis of C. pneumoniae infection, which only provides a clinical end point. The results of several treatment studies that did perform culture found that erythromycin, azithromycin (Zithromax, clarithromycin (Biaxin, levofloxacin (Levaquin and moxifloxacin (Avelox had a 70 to 90% efficacy in eradicating C. pneumoniae from the respiratory tract of children and adults with pneumonia. Persistence of the organism does not appear to be due to the development of antibiotic resistance. However, one cannot extrapolate from this experience to the treatment of chronic C. pneumoniae infection, especially cardiovascular disease. As there are no reliable serologic markers for chronic or persistent C. pneumoniae infection, it cannot be determined who is infected and who is not, which means that it cannot be assumed that any effect seen is due to successful treatment or eradication of C. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R Hammerschlag
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203-2098, USA.
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Smith RP, Baltch AL, Ritz WJ, Carpenter AN, Halse TA, Bopp LH. In vitro activities of garenoxacin and levofloxacin against Chlamydia pneumoniae are not affected by presence of Mycoplasma DNA. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:2081-4. [PMID: 15155203 PMCID: PMC415625 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.6.2081-2084.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied 20 Chlamydia pneumoniae isolates obtained from respiratory sites and atheroma tissue of patients from various geographic areas to determine the susceptibilities of these isolates to a new des-fluoroquinolone, garenoxacin, and to levofloxacin. In addition, we assessed the cultures with these isolates by PCR for the presence or absence of Mycoplasma sp. DNA. Both the MIC at which 90% of isolates are inhibited (MIC(90)) and the minimal bactericidal concentration at which 90% of isolates are killed (MBC(90)) for garenoxacin were 0.06 microg/ml, and both the MIC(90) and the MBC(90) for levofloxacin were 2.0 microg/ml. The activity of garenoxacin against C. pneumoniae was 32-fold greater than that of levofloxacin. Mycoplasma sp. DNA was detected by PCR in 17 of 20 cultures. Mycoplasma amplicons from five Mycoplasma DNA-positive C. pneumoniae cultures were sequenced and found to represent four Mycoplasma species. Our data demonstrate that C. pneumoniae cultures frequently contain Mycoplasma DNA and that its presence in C. pneumoniae cultures does not appear to affect the susceptibility results for the two fluoroquinolones that we tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond P Smith
- Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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