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Urbina O, Ferrández O, Espona M, Salas E, Ferrández I, Grau S. Potential role of tedizolid phosphate in the treatment of acute bacterial skin infections. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2013; 7:243-65. [PMID: 23589680 PMCID: PMC3622392 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s30728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tedizolid phosphate (TR-701), a prodrug of tedizolid (TR-700), is a next-generation oxazolidinone that has shown favorable results in the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections in its first Phase III clinical trial. Tedizolid has high bioavailability, penetration, and tissue distribution when administered orally or intravenously. The activity of tedizolid was greater than linezolid against strains of Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Enterococcus spp. in vitro studies, including strains resistant to linezolid and those not susceptible to vancomycin or daptomycin. Its pharmacokinetic characteristics allow for a once-daily administration that leads to a more predictable efficacy and safety profile than those of linezolid. No hematological adverse effects have been reported associated with tedizolid when used at the therapeutic dose of 200 mg in Phase I, II, or III clinical trials of up to 3 weeks of tedizolid administration. Given that the clinical and microbiological efficacy are similar for the 200, 300, and 400 mg doses, the lowest effective dose of 200 mg once daily for 6 days was selected for Phase III studies in acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections, providing a safe dosing regimen with low potential for development of myelosuppression. Unlike linezolid, tedizolid does not inhibit monoamine oxidase in vivo, therefore interactions with adrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic drugs are not to be expected. In conclusion, tedizolid is a novel antibiotic with potent activity against Gram-positive microorganisms responsible for skin and soft tissue infections, including strains resistant to vancomycin, linezolid, and daptomycin, thus answers a growing therapeutic need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatz Urbina
- Services of Hospital Pharmacy, Hospital Universitari del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
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Guo B, Fan H, Xin Q, Chu W, Wang H, Huang Y, Chen X, Yang Y. Solubility-Driven Optimization of (Pyridin-3-yl) Benzoxazinyl-oxazolidinones Leading to a Promising Antibacterial Agent. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2642-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4000598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai
201203, China
| | - Houxing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai
201203, China
| | - Qisheng Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai
201203, China
| | - Wenjing Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai
201203, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department
of Microbiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu
Province 210009, China
| | - Yanqin Huang
- MicuRx
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai
201203, China
| | - Yushe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai
201203, China
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Abstract
The success of linezolid stimulated significant efforts to discover new agents in the oxazolidinone class. Over a dozen oxazolidinones have reached the clinic, but many were discontinued due to lack of differentiated potency, inadequate pharmacokinetics, and safety risks that included myelosuppression. Four oxazolidinones are currently undergoing clinical evaluation. The Trius Therapeutics compound tedizolid phosphate (formerly known as torezolid phosphate, TR-701, DA-7218), the most advanced, is in phase 3 clinical trials for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. Rib-X completed two phase 2 studies for radezolid (Rx-01_667, RX-1741) in uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections and community-acquired pneumonia. Pfizer and AstraZeneca have each identified antitubercular compounds that have completed phase 1 studies: sutezolid (PNU-100480, PF-02341272) and AZD5847 (AZD2563), respectively. The oxazolidinones share a relatively low frequency of resistance largely due to the requirement of mutations in 23S ribosomal RNA genes. However, maintaining potency against strains carrying the mobile cfr gene poses a challenge for the oxazolidinone class, as well as other 50S ribosome inhibitors that target the peptidyl transferase center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Joy Shaw
- Trius Therapeutics, Inc., Department of Biology, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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Komura H, Iwaki M. In vitro and in vivo small intestinal metabolism of CYP3A and UGT substrates in preclinical animals species and humans: species differences. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 43:476-98. [PMID: 21859377 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2011.597401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal first-pass metabolism has a great impact on the bioavailability of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A) and/or uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-glucoronosyltranferase (UGT) substrates in humans. In vitro and in vivo intestinal metabolism studies are essential for clarifying pharmacokinetics in animal species and for predicting the effects of human intestinal metabolism. We review species differences in intestinal metabolism both in vitro and in vivo. Based on mRNA expression levels, the major intestinal CYP3A isoform is CYP3A4 for humans, CYP3A4 (3A8) for monkeys, CYP3A9 for rats, cyp3a13 for mice, and CYP3A12 for dogs. Additionally, the intestinal-specific UGT would be UGT1A10 for humans, UGT1A8 for monkeys, and UGT1A7 for rats. In vitro and in vivo intestinal metabolism of CYP3A substrates were larger in monkeys than in humans, although a correlation in intestinal availability between monkeys and humans has been reported. Little information is available regarding species differences in in vitro and in vivo UGT activities; however, UGT-mediated in vivo intestinal metabolism has been demonstrated for raloxifene in humans and for baicalein in rats. Further assessment of intestinal metabolism, particularly for UGT substrates, is required to clarify the entire picture of species differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Komura
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan.
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5
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Im WB, Choi SH, Park JY, Choi SH, Finn J, Yoon SH. Discovery of torezolid as a novel 5-hydroxymethyl-oxazolidinone antibacterial agent. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:1027-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Marriner GA, Nayyar A, Uh E, Wong SY, Mukherjee T, Via LE, Carroll M, Edwards RL, Gruber TD, Choi I, Lee J, Arora K, England KD, Boshoff HIM, Barry CE. The Medicinal Chemistry of Tuberculosis Chemotherapy. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2011_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Bae SK, Lee SJ, Kwon JW, Kim WB, Lee MG. Effects of protein-calorie malnutrition on the pharmacokinetics of DA-7867, a new oxazolidinone, in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 56:635-42. [PMID: 15142341 DOI: 10.1211/0022357023277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic parameters of DA-7867, a new oxazolidinone, were compared after intravenous and oral administration at a dose of 10mg kg−1 to control rats and rats with protein-calorie malnutrition (rats with PCM). After intravenous administration of 10mg kg−1 DA-7867 to rats, metabolism of the drug was not considerable and after 14 days approximately 85.0% of the dose was recovered as unchanged drug from urine and faeces. After intravenous administration to rats with PCM, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to time infinity (AUC) was significantly smaller (10800 vs 6990μg min mL−1) compared with control rats. This may have been due to significantly faster total body clearance (CL, 0.930 vs 1.44mL min−1 kg−1). The faster CL in PCM rats could have been due to significantly faster non-renal clearance (0.842 vs 1.39mL min−1 kg−1 due to significantly greater gastrointestinal (including biliary) excretion; the amount of unchanged DA-7867 recovered from the entire gastrointestinal tract at 24h was significantly greater (1.19 vs 4.28% of intravenous dose)) because the renal clearance was significantly slower in PCM rats (0.0874 vs 0.0553mL min−1 kg−1). After oral administration to PCM rats, the AUC was significantly smaller compared with control rats (7900 vs 4310μgmin mL−1). This could have been due to a decrease in absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Kyung Bae
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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8
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Bae SK, Yang KH, Aryal DK, Kim YG, Lee MG. Pharmacokinetics of Amitriptyline and One of Its Metabolites, Nortriptyline, in Rats: Little Contribution of Considerable Hepatic First-Pass Effect to Low Bioavailability of Amitriptyline Due to Great Intestinal First-Pass Effect. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:1587-601. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Vera-Cabrera L, Daw-Garza A, Said-Fernández S, Lozano-Garza HG, de Torres NW, Rocha NC, Ocampo-Candiani J, Choi SH, Welsh O. Therapeutic effect of a novel oxazolidinone, DA-7867, in BALB/c mice infected with Nocardia brasiliensis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008; 2:e289. [PMID: 18820738 PMCID: PMC2553479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycetoma is a chronic infectious disease of tropical and subtropical countries. It is produced by true fungi and actinobacteria. In México, Nocardia brasiliensis is the main causative agent of mycetoma, producing about 86% of the cases; the gold standard for the therapy of mycetoma by N. brasiliensis is the use of sulfonamides which give a 70% cure rate. The addition of amikacin to this regime increases to 95% the cure rate; however, the patients have to be monitored for creatinine clearance and audiometry studies because of the potential development of side effects. Because of that it is important to search for new active compounds. In the present work, we evaluated the in vivo effect of DA-7867, an experimental oxazolidinone, on the development of experimental mycetomas by N. brasiliensis in BALB/c mice. Methodology/Principal Findings In order to determine the optimal dose utilized to apply to the animals, we first determined by HPLC the plasma levels using several concentrations of the compounds. Based on these results, we used 10 and 25 mg/kg subcutaneously every 24 hr; DA-7867 was also supplied in the drinking water at a calculated dose of 25 mg/kg. As a control we utilized linezolid at 25 mg/kg, a compound active in murine and human infections, three times a day. The mice were infected in the right footpad with a young culture of N. brasiliensis HUJEG-1, and one week later we started the application of the antimicrobials for six more weeks. After that we compared the development of lesions in the groups injected with saline solution or with the antimicrobials; the results were analyzed by the variance ANOVA test. DA-7867 was able to reduce the production of lesions at 25 mg/kg, when given either subcutaneously or in the drinking water. Conclusions/Significance The experimental oxazolidinone DA-7867 is active in vivo against N. brasiliensis, which opens the possibility of using this drug once it is accepted for human application. Since oxazolidinones seem to be active against a wide spectrum of actinobacteria, it is possible they could be used in human cases of mycetoma by other actinomycetales, such as Streptomyces somaliensis, highly prevalent in Sudan, or Actinomadura madurae and A. pelletieri, which are commonly observed in Africa and India. Actinomycetoma is an infectious disease of tropical and subtropical regions produced by actinobacteria of the genera Nocardia, Streptomyces, and Actinomadura. Therapeutic alternatives are scarce and include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, diaminodiphenylsulfone, amoxicillin-clavulanate, imipenem, and amikacin. Oxazolidinones are a new class of antimicrobials with a completely different cellular target; the first compound in the market, linezolid, was introduced in the year 2000. It is active against many species of Nocardia and other aerobic actinomycetes; however, the long-term application in human subjects produces side effects including peripheral neuropathy and mielossupression. Therefore, it is important to screen other oxazolidinones with higher activity and less toxicity. In the present work, we tested DA-7867, a new oxazolidinone, in an experimental mouse model. The drug is active in vivo and decreases the production of lesions using only one dose a day in contrast to linezolid, which needs to be injected three times a day. Although it was tested on N. brasiliensis, it can possibly be active (once it is accepted for its use in humans) against Actinomadura spp and Streptomyces spp, which are frequently found in places of Africa and India where actinomycetoma is also an important consult in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Vera-Cabrera
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario "José E. González", Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.
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10
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Vara Prasad JVN. New oxazolidinones. Curr Opin Microbiol 2007; 10:454-60. [PMID: 17928263 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to the emergence of resistance to known antibiotics to various organisms, for example, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococci, and Pseudomonas there is a renewed interest in the discovery of new antibacterials. Oxazolidinones, totally synthetic class of novel antibacterials, possess activity against drug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens, especially MRSA. Linezolid, the first approved drug from this class, has shown a great promise in saving lives of many patients by acting against drug-resistant Gram-positive organisms. However, its use is somewhat limited because of its myelotoxicity when used long term (>21 days). Various research groups are active in this area either to improve myelotoxicity profile of linezolid or to expand the spectrum of activity of linezolid. In spite of active research in this area, the discovery of an oxazolidinone possessing improved myelotoxicity compared to linezolid, linezolid-like efficacy, and PK remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V N Vara Prasad
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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11
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Chung HJ, Lee JH, Woo SJ, Park HK, Koo CH, Lee MG. Pharmacokinetics of L-FMAUS, a new antiviral agent, after intravenous and oral administration to rats: contribution of gastrointestinal first-pass effect to low bioavailability. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2007; 28:187-97. [PMID: 17377948 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of L-FMAUS after intravenous and oral administration (20, 50 and 100 mg/kg) to rats, gastrointestinal first-pass effect of L-FMAUS (50 mg/kg) in rats, in vitro stability of L-FMAUS, blood partition of L-FMAUS between plasma and blood cells of rat blood, and protein binding of L-FMAUS to 4% human serum albumin were evaluated. L-FMAUS is being evaluated in a preclinical study as a novel antiviral agent. Although the dose-normalized AUC values of L-FMAUS were not significantly different among the three doses after intravenous and oral administration, no trend was apparent between the dose and dose-normalized AUC. After oral administration of L-FMAUS (50 mg/kg), approximately 2.37% of the oral dose was not absorbed, and the extent of absolute oral bioavailability (F) was approximately 11.5%. The gastrointestinal first-pass effect was approximately 85% of the oral dose. The first-pass effects of L-FMAUS in the lung, heart and liver were almost negligible, if any, in rats. Hence, the small F of L-FMAUS in rats was mainly due to the considerable gastrointestinal first-pass effect. L-FMAUS was stable in rat gastric juices. The plasma-to-blood cells partition ratio of L-FMAUS was 2.17 in rat blood. The plasma protein binding of L-FMAUS in rats was 98.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye J Chung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Renslo AR, Luehr GW, Gordeev MF. Recent developments in the identification of novel oxazolidinone antibacterial agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:4227-40. [PMID: 16527486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Revised: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The oxazolidinones are a promising new class of synthetic antibacterial agents. Here, we review recent efforts directed at the discovery of new antibacterial compounds of this class. New structures and structure-activity relationships (SAR) are discussed in the context of earlier work in the field. Key issues of potency, spectrum, selectivity, in vivo efficacy, and pharmacokinetic profile of the new analogs are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Renslo
- Vicuron Pharmaceuticals, 34790 Ardentech Ct., Fremont, CA 94555, USA.
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13
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Bae SK, Kim YC, Lee JK, Kwon JW, Yoo M, Lee I, Lee MG. Effects of water deprivation for 72 hours on the pharmacokinetics of DA-7867, a new oxazolidinone, in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2006; 27:147-56. [PMID: 16408258 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic parameters of DA-7867 were compared after intravenous and oral administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg in control rats and in rats with water deprivation for 72 h (rat model of dehydration). After intravenous administration in the rat model of dehydration, the Cl(nr) (0.654 versus 0.992 ml/min/kg) and Cl(r) (0.0273 versus 0.0784 ml/min/kg) values were significantly slower than in the controls. The slower Cl(nr) could be due mainly to a significantly smaller total amount of unchanged DA-7867 recovered from the gastrointestinal tract at 24 h (GI(24 h): 5.16% versus 9.21% of intravenous dose) due to impaired liver function in the rat model of dehydration. The slower Cl(r) could be due mainly to a significantly smaller 24 h urinary excretion of unchanged drug (Ae(0-24 h): 4.41% versus 7.75% of intravenous dose) due to urine flow rate-dependent Cl(r) of DA-7867 in the rat model of dehydration. Hence, the Cl was significantly slower in the rat model of dehydration (0.677 versus 1.07 ml/min/kg). After intravenous administration in the rat model of dehydration, the V(ss) of DA-7867 was significantly smaller than in the controls (396 versus 506 ml/kg) due mainly to significantly smaller free (unbound to plasma proteins) fractions of DA-7867 in plasma (6.90% versus 29.2%) in the rat model of dehydration. After oral administration in the rat model of dehydration, the AUC was significantly greater than that in controls (10800 versus 7060 microg min/ml) due mainly to a significantly smaller Ae(0-24 h) than in controls (3.50% and 6.17% of oral dose).
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo K Bae
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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14
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Yoon EJ, Jo YW, Choi SH, Lee TH, Rhee JK, Yoo M, Shim MJ, Choi EC. In vitro and in vivo activities of DA-7867, a new oxazolidinone, against aerobic gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:2498-500. [PMID: 15917554 PMCID: PMC1140508 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.6.2498-2500.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo activities of DA-7867 were assessed against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. All isolates were inhibited by DA-7867 at <or=0.78 microg/ml, a four-times-lower concentration than that of inhibition by linezolid. For murine infection models, DA-7867 also exhibited greater efficacy than linezolid against all isolates tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Yoon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shillim-9 dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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15
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Bae SK, Yang SH, Lee SJ, Kwon JW, Kim WB, Lee DC, Lee MG. Pharmacokinetic changes of DA-7867, a new oxazolidinone, after intravenous and oral administration to rats with short-term and long-term diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2005; 25:337-45. [PMID: 15911231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2004] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Effects of diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin (DMIS) on the pharmacokinetics of DA-7867 were investigated after i.v. and oral administration (10mg/kg) to control Sprague-Dawley rats and DMIS rats (at 7th and 29th days after administration of streptozotocin, 45mg/kg). After i.v. administration to DMIS rats, the AUC(0-infinity) values were significantly smaller (50.7 and 64.8% decrease for 7th and 29th days, respectively); this could be due to significantly faster Cl values in the rats (127 and 183% increase for 7th and 29th days, respectively). The faster Cl values were mainly due to significantly greater amount of unchanged drug excreted in 24-h urine (Ae(0-24h)). The greater Ae(0-24h) in DMIS rats could be due to urine flow rate-dependent renal clearance of DA-7867. After oral administration to DMIS rats, the AUC(0-infinity) values were also significantly smaller (61.3 and 72.6% decrease for 7th and 29th days, respectively); this could also be mainly due to significantly greater Ae(0-24h) in the rats. Streptozotocin-induced hepatotoxicity did not influence considerably on the pharmacokinetics of DA-7867 at 7th day when compared with those at 29th day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo K Bae
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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16
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Bae SK, Kim EJ, Kwon JW, Kim WB, Lee I, Lee MG. Excretion and Metabolism of DA-7867, a New Oxazolidinone, in Rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2005; 26:67-75. [PMID: 15617136 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Almost negligible hepatic metabolism (minor role of liver for the metabolism) and extensive urinary and fecal excretion of DA-7867 were investigated after intravenous administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg to rats. Pharmacokinetic parameters, especially nonrenal clearances of DA-7867, were very similar between control rats and rats pretreated with SKF 525-A, a nonspecific inhibitor of CYP isozymes, in rats. Similar results were also obtained between control rats and rats with liver cirrhosis induced by dimethylnitrosamine. Hepatic first-pass effect of DA-7867 was almost negligible in rats; the areas under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to time infinity of DA-7867 were not significantly different between intravenous and intraportal administration. The above data indicated that liver had almost negligible metabolic activity for DA-7867 in rats. Since metabolism of DA-7867 was not considerable in rats, urinary and fecal excretion of the drug was measured for up to 14 days in ten rats. Fecal excretion was the major route for elimination of DA-7867 in rats; approximately 85.0% of intravenous dose of DA-7867 at 10 mg/kg was recovered from urine (17.0% of intravenous dose), feces (64.0% of intravenous dose), washings of the metabolic cage (3.16% of intravenous dose), and entire gastrointestinal tract (0.421% of intravenous dose).
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo K Bae
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Bae SK, Kwon JW, Kim WB, Lee I, Lee MG. Effects of acute renal failure on the pharmacokinetics of DA-7867, a new oxazolidinone, in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2005; 27:29-37. [PMID: 16302289 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic parameters of DA-7867 were compared after intravenous and oral administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg to control rats and rats with acute renal failure induced by uranyl nitrate (rats with U-ARF). After intravenous administration in rats with U-ARF, the time-averaged total body clearance (Cl) was significantly faster (2.45 versus 0.932 ml/min/kg) than controls due to significantly faster nonrenal clearance (2.25 versus 0.855 ml/min/kg) in rats with U-ARF. The faster nonrenal clearance could be due to significantly greater gastrointestinal (including biliary) excretion; the amount of unchanged DA-7867 recovered from the entire gastrointestinal tract at 24 h was significantly greater (30.3% versus 9.38% of intravenous dose) in rats with U-ARF. In rats with U-ARF, the Vss was significantly larger (1420 ml/kg compared with 580 ml/kg), but this was not due to a difference in plasma protein binding; the values were comparable between the two groups of rats. After oral administration to rats with U-ARF, the total area under the plasma concentration-time from time zero to time infinity (AUC) of DA-7867 was significantly smaller than the controls (2560 microg min/ml versus 7440 microg min/ml), and this was not due mainly to a decrease in absorption from the gastrointestinal tract in rats with U-ARF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo K Bae
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Bae SK, Lee SJ, Kwon JW, Kim WB, Lee I, Lee MG. Effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on the pharmacokinetics of DA-7867, a new oxazolidinone, in rats. J Pharm Sci 2004; 93:2364-73. [PMID: 15295796 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic parameters of DA-7867 were compared after intravenous and oral administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg to control rats and rats pretreated with Klebsiella pneumoniae lipopolysaccharide (KPLPS). After intravenous administration of DA-7867 at a dose of 10 mg/kg to 10 rats, metabolism of DA-7867 was minimal; however, the urinary and gastrointestinal excretion of DA-7867 were approximately 85% of intravenous dose when collected for up to 14 days. After intravenous administration to rats pretreated with KPLPS, the AUC was significantly greater (14,100 versus 9810 microg x min/mL), and this could be due to significantly slower total body clearance (CL, 0.709 versus 1.02 mL/min/kg). The slower CL in the rats could be due to significantly smaller fecal excretion of DA-7867 for up to 14 days (41.1 versus 58.8% of intravenous dose of DA-7867) because urinary excretion of DA-7867 was not significantly different between two groups of rats. After oral administration, the AUC values were not significantly different between two groups of rats and this was mainly due to decrease in absorption from the gastrointestinal tract in rats pretreated with the KPLPS (approximately 82 and 95% of oral dose were absorbed for rats with KPLPS and control rats, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo K Bae
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Lee JH, Suh OK, Lee MG. Pharmacokinetic changes in drugs during protein-calorie malnutrition: correlation between drug metabolism and hepatic microsomal cytochrome p450 isozymes. Arch Pharm Res 2004; 27:693-712. [PMID: 15356995 DOI: 10.1007/bf02980136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The rats with protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM, 5% casein diet for a period of 4-week) were reported to exhibit 60 and 80% suppression in the hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 and CYP2C11 levels, respectively, and 40-50% decreases in CYP2E1 and CYP3A1/2 levels compared to control (23% casein diet for a period of 4-week) based on Western blot analysis. In addition, Northern blot analysis showed that CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP2C11, and CYP3A1/2 mRNAs decreased in the state of PCM as well. Hence, pharmacokinetic changes of the drugs in rats with PCM [especially the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to time infinity (AUC) changes of metabolite(s)] reported from literatures were tried to explain in terms of CYP isozyme changes in the rats. Otherwise, the time-averaged nonrenal clearance (CL NR) of parent drug was compared. Pharmacokinetic changes of the drugs in other types of malnutritional state, such as kwashiorkor and marasmus, in both human and animal models were also compared. The drugs reviewed are as follows: diuretics, antibiotics, anticancer agents, antiepileptics, antiarrythmics, analgesics, xanthines, antimalarials, and miscellaneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyun Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Shin JH, Choi KY, Kim YC, Lee MG. Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of itraconazole after intravenous or oral administration to rats: intestinal first-pass effect. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:1756-62. [PMID: 15105131 PMCID: PMC400537 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.5.1756-1762.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2003] [Revised: 12/01/2003] [Accepted: 01/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of itraconazole after intravenous (10, 20, or 30 mg/kg) and oral (10, 30, or 50 mg/kg) administration and the first-pass effects of itraconazole after intravenous, intraportal, intragastric, and intraduodenal administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg were evaluated in rats. After intravenous administration at a dose of 30 mg/kg, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC(0- infinity )) was significantly greater than those at 10 and 20 mg/kg (1,090, 1,270, and 1,760 micro g. min/ml for 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg, dose-normalized at 10 mg/kg). After oral administration, the AUC(0- infinity ) was significantly different for three oral doses (380, 687, and 934 micro g. min/ml for 10, 30, and 50 mg/kg, respectively, dose-normalized at 10 mg/kg). The extent of absolute oral bioavailability (F) was 34.9% after an oral dose at 10 mg/kg. The AUC(0- infinity ) (or AUC(0-8 h)) values were comparable between intravenous and intraportal administration and between intragastric and intraduodenal administration, suggesting that the hepatic and gastric first-pass effects were almost negligible in rats. However, the AUC(0-8 h) values after intraduodenal and intragastric administration were significantly smaller than that after intraportal administration, approximately 30%, suggesting that the intestinal first-pass effect was approximately 70% of that of an oral dose of 10 mg/kg. The low F after oral administration of itraconazole at a dose of 10 mg/kg could be mainly due to the considerable intestinal first-pass effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee H Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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