1
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Targeting histone acetylation/deacetylation in parasites: an update (2017–2020). Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 57:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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2
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Corpas-López V, Tabraue-Chávez M, Sixto-López Y, Panadero-Fajardo S, Alves de Lima Franco F, Domínguez-Seglar JF, Morillas-Márquez F, Franco-Montalbán F, Díaz-Gavilán M, Correa-Basurto J, López-Viota J, López-Viota M, Pérez del Palacio J, de la Cruz M, de Pedro N, Martín-Sánchez J, Gómez-Vidal JA. O-Alkyl Hydroxamates Display Potent and Selective Antileishmanial Activity. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5734-5751. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoriano Corpas-López
- Departamento de Parasitologı́a, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Mavys Tabraue-Chávez
- Departamento de Quı́mica Farmacéutica y Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Yudibeth Sixto-López
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos y Productos Biotecnológicos, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340 México City, México
| | - Sonia Panadero-Fajardo
- Departamento de Quı́mica Farmacéutica y Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Alves de Lima Franco
- Departamento de Parasitologı́a, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - José F. Domínguez-Seglar
- Departamento de Quı́mica Farmacéutica y Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Morillas-Márquez
- Departamento de Parasitologı́a, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Franco-Montalbán
- Departamento de Quı́mica Farmacéutica y Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Mónica Díaz-Gavilán
- Departamento de Quı́mica Farmacéutica y Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos y Productos Biotecnológicos, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340 México City, México
| | - Julián López-Viota
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnologı́a Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Margarita López-Viota
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnologı́a Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Nuria de Pedro
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Joaquina Martín-Sánchez
- Departamento de Parasitologı́a, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - José A. Gómez-Vidal
- Departamento de Quı́mica Farmacéutica y Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
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3
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A Tiny Change Makes a Big Difference in the Anti-Parasitic Activities of an HDAC Inhibitor. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122973. [PMID: 31216674 PMCID: PMC6627744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously synthesized an hydroxamate derivative (N-hydroxy-4-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)acetamido]benzamide) named 363 with potent anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity and histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) effects. Here we show that 1-N-hydroxy-4-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]benzene-1,4-dicarboxamide, a 363 isomer, does not have antiparasitic potency and has a 13-fold decrease in HDACi activity. The in silico modeling of T. gondii HDACs of the type II strain discloses identity varying from 25% to 62% on more than 250 residues for S8EP32_TOXG and A0A125YPH4_TOXGM. We observed a high conservation degree with the human HDAC2 (53% and 64% identity, respectively) and a moderate one with the human HDAC8 (30–40%). Two other TgHDACs, S8F6L4_TOXGM and S8GEI3_TOXGM, were identified as displaying a higher similarity with some bacterial orthologs (~35%) than with the human enzymes (~25%). The docking in parallel of the two compounds on the models generated allowed us to gain insights on the docking of these hydroxamate derivatives that guide their specificity and potency against T. gondii histone deacetylase. This information would constitute the rationale from which more specific derivatives can be synthetized.
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4
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A nanodelivered Vorinostat derivative is a promising oral compound for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Pharmacol Res 2019; 139:375-383. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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5
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Bouchut A, Rotili D, Pierrot C, Valente S, Lafitte S, Schultz J, Hoglund U, Mazzone R, Lucidi A, Fabrizi G, Pechalrieu D, Arimondo PB, Skinner-Adams TS, Chua MJ, Andrews KT, Mai A, Khalife J. Identification of novel quinazoline derivatives as potent antiplasmodial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 161:277-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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6
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Loeuillet C, Touquet B, Oury B, Eddaikra N, Pons JL, Guichou JF, Labesse G, Sereno D. Synthesis of aminophenylhydroxamate and aminobenzylhydroxamate derivatives and in vitro screening for antiparasitic and histone deacetylase inhibitory activity. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2018; 8:59-66. [PMID: 29414107 PMCID: PMC6114082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of aminophenylhydroxamates and aminobenzylhydroxamates were synthesized and screened for their antiparasitic activity against Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Toxoplasma. Their anti-histone deacetylase (HDAC) potency was determined. Moderate to no antileishmanial or antitrypanosomal activity was found (IC50 > 10 μM) that contrast with the highly efficient anti-Toxoplasma activity (IC50 < 1.0 μM) of these compounds. The antiparasitic activity of the synthetized compounds correlates well with their HDAC inhibitory activity. The best-performing compound (named 363) express a high anti-HDAC6 inhibitory activity (IC50 of 0.045 ± 0.015 μM) a moderate cytotoxicity and a high anti-Toxoplasma activity in the range of known anti-Toxoplasma compounds (IC50 of 0.35-2.25 μM). The calculated selectivity index (10-300 using different human cell lines) of the compound 363 makes it a lead compound for the future development of anti-Toxoplasma molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Loeuillet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France; IRD, Univ Montpellier, MiVegec, Montpellier, France
| | - B Touquet
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Team Host-Pathogen Interactions & Immunity to Infection, INSERM U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - B Oury
- IRD, Univ Montpellier, InterTryp, Montpellier, France; IRD, Univ Montpellier, MiVegec, Montpellier, France
| | - N Eddaikra
- Laboratoire d'Eco-épidemiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institut Pasteur d'Alger, Route du Petit Staoueli, Dely Brahim, Alger, Algeria; Laboratoire de Biochimie Analytique et Biotechnologies, Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi Ouzou, Algeria
| | - J L Pons
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - J F Guichou
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - G Labesse
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - D Sereno
- IRD, Univ Montpellier, InterTryp, Montpellier, France; IRD, Univ Montpellier, MiVegec, Montpellier, France.
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7
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Morimoto M, Cantrell CL, Khan S, Tekwani BL, Duke SO. Antimalarial and Antileishmanial Activities of Phytophenolics and Their Synthetic Analogues. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Morimoto
- USDA-ARS, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit; Thad Cochran Center; University MS 38677 USA
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduated School of Agriculture; Kindai University; 3327-204 Nakamachi Nara City Nara 631-8505 Japan
| | - Charles L. Cantrell
- USDA-ARS, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit; Thad Cochran Center; University MS 38677 USA
| | - Shabana Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; MS 38677 USA
| | - Babu L. Tekwani
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; MS 38677 USA
| | - Stephen O. Duke
- USDA-ARS, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit; Thad Cochran Center; University MS 38677 USA
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8
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Sodium phenylbutyrate abrogates African swine fever virus replication by disrupting the virus-induced hypoacetylation status of histone H3K9/K14. Virus Res 2017; 242:24-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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9
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Bechtsi D, Waters A. Genomics and epigenetics of sexual commitment in Plasmodium. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:425-434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Hailu GS, Robaa D, Forgione M, Sippl W, Rotili D, Mai A. Lysine Deacetylase Inhibitors in Parasites: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4780-4804. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gebremedhin S. Hailu
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco “Sapienza” Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Dina Robaa
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Mariantonietta Forgione
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco “Sapienza” Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Center
for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Dante Rotili
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco “Sapienza” Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco “Sapienza” Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Istituto
Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
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11
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Bromodomains in Protozoan Parasites: Evolution, Function, and Opportunities for Drug Development. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2017; 81:81/1/e00047-16. [PMID: 28077462 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00047-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections remain one of the most pressing global health concerns of our day, affecting billions of people and producing unsustainable economic burdens. The rise of drug-resistant parasites has created an urgent need to study their biology in hopes of uncovering new potential drug targets. It has been established that disrupting gene expression by interfering with lysine acetylation is detrimental to survival of apicomplexan (Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp.) and kinetoplastid (Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma spp.) parasites. As "readers" of lysine acetylation, bromodomain proteins have emerged as key gene expression regulators and a promising new class of drug target. Here we review recent studies that demonstrate the essential roles played by bromodomain-containing proteins in parasite viability, invasion, and stage switching and present work showing the efficacy of bromodomain inhibitors as novel antiparasitic agents. In addition, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of bromodomain proteins in representative pathogens, some of which possess unique features that may be specific to parasite processes and useful in future drug development.
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12
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Melesina J, Robaa D, Pierce RJ, Romier C, Sippl W. Homology modeling of parasite histone deacetylases to guide the structure-based design of selective inhibitors. J Mol Graph Model 2015; 62:342-361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Engel JA, Jones AJ, Avery VM, Sumanadasa SDM, Ng SS, Fairlie DP, Skinner-Adams T, Andrews KT. Profiling the anti-protozoal activity of anti-cancer HDAC inhibitors against Plasmodium and Trypanosoma parasites. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2015. [PMID: 26199860 PMCID: PMC4506969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes work together with histone acetyltransferases (HATs) to reversibly acetylate both histone and non-histone proteins. As a result, these enzymes are involved in regulating chromatin structure and gene expression as well as other important cellular processes. HDACs are validated drug targets for some types of cancer, with four HDAC inhibitors clinically approved. However, they are also showing promise as novel drug targets for other indications, including malaria and other parasitic diseases. In this study the in vitro activity of four anti-cancer HDAC inhibitors was examined against parasites that cause malaria and trypanosomiasis. Three of these inhibitors, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA; vorinostat®), romidepsin (Istodax®) and belinostat (Beleodaq®), are clinically approved for the treatment of T-cell lymphoma, while the fourth, panobinostat, has recently been approved for combination therapy use in certain patients with multiple myeloma. All HDAC inhibitors were found to inhibit the growth of asexual-stage Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites in the nanomolar range (IC50 10–200 nM), while only romidepsin was active at sub-μM concentrations against bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei brucei parasites (IC50 35 nM). The compounds were found to have some selectivity for malaria parasites compared with mammalian cells, but were not selective for trypanosome parasites versus mammalian cells. All compounds caused hyperacetylation of histone and non-histone proteins in P. falciparum asexual stage parasites and inhibited deacetylase activity in P. falciparum nuclear extracts in addition to recombinant PfHDAC1 activity. P. falciparum histone hyperacetylation data indicate that HDAC inhibitors may differentially affect the acetylation profiles of histone H3 and H4. Four clinically approved anti-cancer HDAC inhibitors potently inhibited P. falciparum. Only one, Romidepsin, was active against T. b. brucei parasites. All compounds hyperacetylated histone and non-histone proteins in P. falciparum. Some differential effects on Plasmodium histone acetylation were observed. All compounds inhibited Plasmodium nuclear deacetylase activity and PfHDAC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Engel
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amy J Jones
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Susanna S Ng
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Q4072, Australia
| | - Tina Skinner-Adams
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katherine T Andrews
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
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14
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Sodji Q, Patil V, Jain S, Kornacki JR, Mrksich M, Tekwani BL, Oyelere AK. The antileishmanial activity of isoforms 6- and 8-selective histone deacetylase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4826-30. [PMID: 25240614 PMCID: PMC4225773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) pleiotropy is largely due to their nonselective inhibition of various cellular HDAC isoforms. Connecting inhibition of a specific isoform to biological responses and/or phenotypes is essential toward deconvoluting HDACi pleiotropy. The contribution of classes I and II HDACs to the antileishmanial activity of HDACi was investigated using the amastigote and promastigote forms of Leishmania donovani. We observed that the antileishmanial activities of HDACi are largely due to the inhibition of HDAC6-like activity. This observation could facilitate the development of HDACi as antileishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quaovi Sodji
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
| | - Vishal Patil
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
| | - Surendra Jain
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - James R Kornacki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Milan Mrksich
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Babu L Tekwani
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA.
| | - Adegboyega K Oyelere
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA.
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15
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Jensen AN, Chindaudomsate W, Thitiananpakorn K, Mongkolsuk S, Jensen LT. Improper protein trafficking contributes to artemisinin sensitivity in cells lacking the KDAC Rpd3p. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4018-25. [PMID: 25263705 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lysine deacetylases (KDACs) inhibitors may have therapeutic value in anti-malarial combination therapies with artemisinin. To evaluate connections between KDACs and artemisinin, Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion mutants in KDAC genes were assayed. Deletion of RPD3, but not other KDAC genes, resulted in strong sensitivity to artemisinin, which was also observed in sit4Δ mutants with impaired endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi protein trafficking. Decreased accumulation of the transporters Pdr5p, Fur4p, and Tat2p was observed in rpd3Δ and sit4Δ cells. The unfolded protein response is induced in rpd3Δ cells consistent with retention of proteins in the ER. Disruption of protein trafficking appears to sensitize cells to artemisinin and targeting these pathways may be useful as part of artemisinin based anti-malarial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Skorn Mongkolsuk
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Laran T Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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16
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Lysine acetylation in sexual stage malaria parasites is a target for antimalarial small molecules. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:3666-78. [PMID: 24733477 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02721-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapies to prevent transmission of malaria parasites to the mosquito vector are a vital part of the global malaria elimination agenda. Primaquine is currently the only drug with such activity; however, its use is limited by side effects. The development of transmission-blocking strategies requires an understanding of sexual stage malaria parasite (gametocyte) biology and the identification of new drug leads. Lysine acetylation is an important posttranslational modification involved in regulating eukaryotic gene expression and other essential processes. Interfering with this process with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors is a validated strategy for cancer and other diseases, including asexual stage malaria parasites. Here we confirm the expression of at least one HDAC protein in Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes and show that histone and nonhistone protein acetylation occurs in this life cycle stage. The activity of the canonical HDAC inhibitors trichostatin A (TSA) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA; Vorinostat) and a panel of novel HDAC inhibitors on early/late-stage gametocytes and on gamete formation was examined. Several compounds displayed early/late-stage gametocytocidal activity, with TSA being the most potent (50% inhibitory concentration, 70 to 90 nM). In contrast, no inhibitory activity was observed in P. falciparum gametocyte exflagellation experiments. Gametocytocidal HDAC inhibitors caused hyperacetylation of gametocyte histones, consistent with a mode of action targeting HDAC activity. Our data identify HDAC inhibitors as being among a limited number of compounds that target both asexual and sexual stage malaria parasites, making them a potential new starting point for gametocytocidal drug leads and valuable tools for dissecting gametocyte biology.
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17
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Pierce RJ, Dubois-Abdesselem F, Caby S, Trolet J, Lancelot J, Oger F, Bertheaume N, Roger E. Chromatin regulation in schistosomes and histone modifying enzymes as drug targets. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 106:794-801. [PMID: 22124550 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000700003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Only one drug is currently available for the treatment and control of schistosomiasis and the increasing risk of selecting strains of schistosome that are resistant to praziquantel means that the development of new drugs is urgent. With this objective we have chosen to target the enzymes modifying histones and in particular the histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases (HDAC). Inhibitors of HDACs (HDACi) are under intense study as potential anti-cancer drugs and act via the induction of cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. Schistosomes like other parasites can be considered as similar to tumours in that they maintain an intense metabolic activity and rate of cell division that is outside the control of the host. We have shown that HDACi can induce apoptosis and death of schistosomes maintained in culture and have set up a consortium (Schistosome Epigenetics: Targets, Regulation, New Drugs) funded by the European Commission with the aim of developing inhibitors specific for schistosome histone modifying enzymes as novel lead compounds for drug development.
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18
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Ogungbe IV, Singh M, Setzer WN. Antileishmanial Natural Products from Plants. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53836-9.00027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Abstract
Parasitic diseases cause significant global morbidity and mortality, particularly in underdeveloped regions of the world. Malaria alone causes ~800000 deaths each year, with children and pregnant women being at highest risk. There is no licensed vaccine available for any human parasitic disease and drug resistance is compromising the efficacy of many available anti-parasitic drugs. This is driving drug discovery research on new agents with novel modes of action. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are being investigated as drugs for a range of diseases, including cancers and infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, and several parasitic diseases. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge of HDAC inhibitors targeted to the major human parasitic diseases malaria, schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis and leishmaniasis. Insights are provided into the unique challenges that will need to be considered if HDAC inhibitors are to be progressed towards clinical development as potential new anti-parasitic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Andrews
- Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.
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Abstract
In the burgeoning field of Plasmodium gene expression, there are--to borrow some famous words from a former U.S. Secretary of Defense--"known knowns, known unknowns, and unknown unknowns." This is in itself an important achievement, since it is only in the past decade that facts have begun to move from the third category into the first. Nevertheless, much remains in the middle ground of known or suspected "unknowns." It is clear that the malaria parasite controls vital virulence processes such as host cell invasion and cytoadherence at least partly via epigenetic mechanisms, so a proper understanding of epigenetic transcriptional control in this organism should have great clinical relevance. Plasmodium, however, is an obligate intracellular parasite: it operates not in a vacuum but rather in the complicated context of its metazoan hosts. Therefore, as valuable data about the parasite's basic epigenetic machinery begin to emerge, it becomes increasingly important to relate in vitro studies to the situation in vivo. This review will focus upon the challenge of understanding Plasmodium epigenetics in an integrated manner, in the human and insect hosts as well as the petri dish.
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Bressi JC, Jennings AJ, Skene R, Wu Y, Melkus R, De Jong R, O'Connell S, Grimshaw CE, Navre M, Gangloff AR. Exploration of the HDAC2 foot pocket: Synthesis and SAR of substituted N-(2-aminophenyl)benzamides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3142-5. [PMID: 20392638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-(2-amino-5-substituted phenyl)benzamides (3-21) were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their inhibition of HDAC2 and their cytotoxicity in HCT116 cancer cells. Multiple compounds from this series demonstrated time-dependent binding kinetics that is rationalized using a co-complex crystal structure of HDAC2 and N-(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)benzamide (6).
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23
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Mwakwari SC, Patil V, Guerrant W, Oyelere AK. Macrocyclic histone deacetylase inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2010; 10:1423-40. [PMID: 20536416 PMCID: PMC3144151 DOI: 10.2174/156802610792232079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are an emerging class of novel anti-cancer drugs that cause growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis of tumor cells. In addition, they have shown promise as anti-parasitic, anti-neurodegenerative, anti-rheumatologic and immunosuppressant agents. To date, several structurally distinct small molecule HDACi have been reported including aryl hydroxamates, benzamides, short-chain fatty acids, electrophilic ketones, and macrocyclic peptides. Macrocyclic HDACi possess the most complex cap-groups which interact with HDAC enzyme's outer rim and have demonstrated excellent HDAC inhibition potency and isoform selectivity. This review focuses on the recent progress and current state of macrocyclic HDACi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C. Mwakwari
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400
| | - Vishal Patil
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400
| | - William Guerrant
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400
| | - Adegboyega K. Oyelere
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400
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Patil V, Guerrant W, Chen PC, Gryder B, Benicewicz DB, Khan SI, Tekwani BL, Oyelere AK. Antimalarial and antileishmanial activities of histone deacetylase inhibitors with triazole-linked cap group. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:415-25. [PMID: 19914074 PMCID: PMC2818366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are endowed with plethora of biological functions including anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, anti-parasitic, and cognition-enhancing activities. Parsing the structure-activity relationship (SAR) for each disease condition is vital for long-term therapeutic applications of HDACi. We report in the present study specific cap group substitution patterns and spacer-group chain lengths that enhance the antimalarial and antileishmanial activity of aryltriazolylhydroxamates-based HDACi. We identified many compounds that are several folds selectively cytotoxic to the plasmodium parasites compared to standard HDACi. Also, a few of these compounds have antileishmanial activity that rivals that of miltefosine, the only currently available oral agent against visceral leishmaniasis. The anti-parasite properties of several of these compounds tracked well with their anti-HDAC activities. The results presented here provide further evidence on the suitability of HDAC inhibition as a viable therapeutic option to curb infections caused by apicomplexan protozoans and trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Babu L. Tekwani
- To whom the correspondence should be addressed. . Phone: 404-894-4047; fax: 404-894-2291; . Phone: (662) 915-7882; Fax: (662) 915-7062
| | - Adegboyega K. Oyelere
- To whom the correspondence should be addressed. . Phone: 404-894-4047; fax: 404-894-2291; . Phone: (662) 915-7882; Fax: (662) 915-7062
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Cavalli A, Bolognesi ML. Neglected Tropical Diseases: Multi-Target-Directed Ligands in the Search for Novel Lead Candidates against Trypanosoma and Leishmania. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7339-59. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9004835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Ortí L, Carbajo RJ, Pieper U, Eswar N, Maurer SM, Rai AK, Taylor G, Todd MH, Pineda-Lucena A, Sali A, Marti-Renom MA. A kernel for open source drug discovery in tropical diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009; 3:e418. [PMID: 19381286 PMCID: PMC2667270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Conventional patent-based drug development incentives work badly for the developing world, where commercial markets are usually small to non-existent. For this reason, the past decade has seen extensive experimentation with alternative R&D institutions ranging from private–public partnerships to development prizes. Despite extensive discussion, however, one of the most promising avenues—open source drug discovery—has remained elusive. We argue that the stumbling block has been the absence of a critical mass of preexisting work that volunteers can improve through a series of granular contributions. Historically, open source software collaborations have almost never succeeded without such “kernels”. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we use a computational pipeline for: (i) comparative structure modeling of target proteins, (ii) predicting the localization of ligand binding sites on their surfaces, and (iii) assessing the similarity of the predicted ligands to known drugs. Our kernel currently contains 143 and 297 protein targets from ten pathogen genomes that are predicted to bind a known drug or a molecule similar to a known drug, respectively. The kernel provides a source of potential drug targets and drug candidates around which an online open source community can nucleate. Using NMR spectroscopy, we have experimentally tested our predictions for two of these targets, confirming one and invalidating the other. Conclusions/Significance The TDI kernel, which is being offered under the Creative Commons attribution share-alike license for free and unrestricted use, can be accessed on the World Wide Web at http://www.tropicaldisease.org. We hope that the kernel will facilitate collaborative efforts towards the discovery of new drugs against parasites that cause tropical diseases. Open source drug discovery, a promising alternative avenue to conventional patent-based drug development, has so far remained elusive with few exceptions. A major stumbling block has been the absence of a critical mass of preexisting work that volunteers can improve through a series of granular contributions. This paper introduces the results from a newly assembled computational pipeline for identifying protein targets for drug discovery in ten organisms that cause tropical diseases. We have also experimentally tested two promising targets for their binding to commercially available drugs, validating one and invalidating the other. The resulting kernel provides a base of drug targets and lead candidates around which an open source community can nucleate. We invite readers to donate their judgment and in silico and in vitro experiments to develop these targets to the point where drug optimization can begin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Ortí
- Structural Genomics Unit, Bioinformatics and Genomics Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Medicinal Chemistry Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rodrigo J. Carbajo
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Medicinal Chemistry Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ursula Pieper
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Narayanan Eswar
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Maurer
- Gould School of Law, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Arti K. Rai
- School of Law, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ginger Taylor
- The Synaptic Leap, San Ramon, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew H. Todd
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Antonio Pineda-Lucena
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Medicinal Chemistry Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrej Sali
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AS); (MAM-R)
| | - Marc A. Marti-Renom
- Structural Genomics Unit, Bioinformatics and Genomics Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail: (AS); (MAM-R)
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Novel inhibitor of Plasmodium histone deacetylase that cures P. berghei-infected mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:1727-34. [PMID: 19223622 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00729-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDAC) are potential targets for the development of new antimalarial drugs. The growth of Plasmodium falciparum and other apicomplexans can be suppressed in the presence of potent HDAC inhibitors in vitro and in vivo; however, in vivo parasite suppression is generally incomplete or reversible after the discontinuation of drug treatment. Furthermore, most established HDAC inhibitors concurrently show broad toxicities against parasites and human cells and high drug concentrations are required for effective antimalarial activity. Here, we report on HDAC inhibitors that are potent against P. falciparum at subnanomolar concentrations and that have high selectivities; the lead compounds have mean 50% inhibitory concentrations for the killing of the malaria parasite up to 950 times lower than those for the killing of mammalian cells. These potential drugs improved survival and completely and irreversibly suppressed parasitemia in P. berghei-infected mice.
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Sriwilaijaroen N, Boonma S, Attasart P, Pothikasikorn J, Panyim S, Noonpakdee W. Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation in vitro by double-stranded RNA directed against malaria histone deacetylase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 381:144-7. [PMID: 19338767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.01.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Acetylation and deacetylation of histones play important roles in transcription regulation, cell cycle progression and development events. The steady state status of histone acetylation is controlled by a dynamic equilibrium between competing histone acetylase and deacetylase (HDAC). We have used long PfHDAC-1 double-stranded (ds)RNA to interfere with its cognate mRNA expression and determined the effect on malaria parasite growth and development. Chloroquine- and pyrimethamine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 strain was exposed to 1-25 microg of dsRNA/ml of culture for 48 h and growth was determined by [3H]-hypoxanthine incorporation and microscopic examination. Parasite culture treated with 10 microg/ml pfHDAC-1 dsRNA exhibited 47% growth inhibition when compared with either untreated control or culture treated with an unrelated dsRNA. PfHDAC-1 dsRNA specifically blocked maturation of trophozoite to schizont stages and decreased PfHDAC-1 transcript 44% in treated trophozoites. These results indicate the potential of HDAC-1 as a target for development of novel antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sriwilaijaroen
- Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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29
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Rider SD, Zhu G. An apicomplexan ankyrin-repeat histone deacetylase with relatives in photosynthetic eukaryotes. Int J Parasitol 2008; 39:747-54. [PMID: 19136004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is a member of the Apicomplexa that lacks a plastid and associated nuclear-encoded genes, which has hampered its use in evolutionary comparisons with algae and eliminated a pool of potentially useful drug targets. Here we show that apicomplexan parasites possess an unusual family of class II histone deacetylase (HDAC) proteins with orthologues that are present in other chromalveolates and primitive algae. A striking feature of these HDAC proteins is the presence of ankyrin repeats in the amino-terminus that appear to be required for enzyme activity. In vitro and in vivo analyses of the C. parvum orthologue indicate that this subclass of chromatin-remodelling proteins is targeted by the anti-cancer drug suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and that these proteins are most likely involved in the essential process of H4 histone deacetylation that coincides with DNA replication. We propose that members of this novel class of histone deacetylase can serve as promising new targets for treatments against debilitating diseases such as cryptosporidosis, toxoplasmosis and malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dean Rider
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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30
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Horrocks P, Wong E, Russell K, Emes RD. Control of gene expression in Plasmodium falciparum - ten years on. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2008; 164:9-25. [PMID: 19110008 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ten years ago this journal published a review with an almost identical title detailing how the then recent introduction of transfection technology had advanced our understanding of the molecular control of transcriptional processes in Plasmodium falciparum, particularly in terms of promoter structure and function. In the succeeding years, sequencing of several Plasmodium spp. genomes and application of high throughput global postgenomic technologies have proven as significant, if not more, as has the ability to genetically manipulate these parasites in dissecting the molecular control of gene expression. Here we aim to review our current understanding of the control of gene expression in P. falciparum, including evidence available from other Plasmodium spp. and apicomplexan parasites. Specifically, however, we will address the current polarised debate regarding the level at which control is mediated, and attempt to identify some of the challenges this field faces in the next 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Horrocks
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom.
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31
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Structural insights into the Plasmodium falciparum histone deacetylase 1 (PfHDAC-1): A novel target for the development of antimalarial therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:5254-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Santos DO, Coutinho CER, Madeira MF, Bottino CG, Vieira RT, Nascimento SB, Bernardino A, Bourguignon SC, Corte-Real S, Pinho RT, Rodrigues CR, Castro HC. Leishmaniasis treatment—a challenge that remains: a review. Parasitol Res 2008; 103:1-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-0943-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mai A, Cheng D, Bedford MT, Valente S, Nebbioso A, Perrone A, Brosch G, Sbardella G, De Bellis F, Miceli M, Altucci L. epigenetic multiple ligands: mixed histone/protein methyltransferase, acetyltransferase, and class III deacetylase (sirtuin) inhibitors. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2279-90. [PMID: 18348515 DOI: 10.1021/jm701595q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A number of new compounds bearing two ortho-bromo- and ortho, ortho-dibromophenol moieties linked through a saturated/unsaturated, linear/(poly)cyclic spacer (compounds 1- 9) were prepared as simplified analogues of AMI-5 (eosin), a recently reported inhibitor of both protein arginine and histone lysine methyltransferases (PRMTs and HKMTs). Such compounds were tested against a panel of PRMTs (RmtA, PRMT1, and CARM1) and against human SET7 (a HKMT), using histone and nonhistone proteins as a substrate. They were also screened against HAT and SIRTs, because they are structurally related to some HAT and/or SIRT modulators. From the inhibitory data, some of tested compounds ( 1b, 1c, 4b, 4f, 4j, 4l, 7b, and 7f) were able to inhibit PRMTs, HKMT, HAT, and SIRTs with similar potency, thus behaving as multiple ligands for these epigenetic targets (epi-MLs). When tested on the human leukemia U937 cell line, the epi-MLs induced high apoptosis levels [i.e., 40.7% ( 4l) and 42.6% ( 7b)] and/or massive, dose-dependent cytodifferentiation [i.e., 95.2% ( 1c) and 96.1% ( 4j)], whereas the single-target inhibitors eosin, curcumin, and sirtinol were ineffective or showed a weak effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Mai
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Potent antimalarial activity of histone deacetylase inhibitor analogues. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:1454-61. [PMID: 18212103 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00757-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has at least five putative histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes, which have been proposed as new antimalarial drug targets and may play roles in regulating gene transcription, like the better-known and more intensively studied human HDACs (hHDACs). Fourteen new compounds derived from l-cysteine or 2-aminosuberic acid were designed to inhibit P. falciparum HDAC-1 (PfHDAC-1) based on homology modeling with human class I and class II HDAC enzymes. The compounds displayed highly potent antiproliferative activity against drug-resistant (Dd2) or drug sensitive (3D7) strains of P. falciparum in vitro (50% inhibitory concentration of 13 to 334 nM). Unlike known hHDAC inhibitors, some of these new compounds were significantly more toxic to P. falciparum parasites than to mammalian cells. The compounds inhibited P. falciparum growth in erythrocytes at both the early and late stages of the parasite's life cycle and caused altered histone acetylation patterns (hyperacetylation), which is a marker of HDAC inhibition in mammalian cells. These results support PfHDAC enzymes as being promising targets for new antimalarial drugs.
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Abstract
In contrast to genetic aberrations, epigenetic aberrations can be reversed by the use of histone acetyltransferase (HAT), histone deacetylase (HDAC), SIRT, or histone methyltransferase (HMT) inhibitors. A well-known HDACi, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, has been recently approved for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma, and a number of HDACi are in clinical trials as anticancer drugs. In addition, HDACi could be useful in antimalarial and antifungal therapies and can reactivate the HIV-1 expression in latent cellular reservoirs, thus suggesting the use in a combination therapy with highly active antiretroviral therapy. HDACi have also been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of cytokines and key transcription factors, and to ameliorate the phenotypes in animal models of neurological disorders. HDACi can also reactivate the gamma-globin gene for the treatment of beta-thalassaemia, and recently were shown to relieve morphological and functional effects of muscular dystrophia. Dysfunction of HAT enzymes is also often associated with several diseases, including cancer; thus, the HATi can represent new chemical entities for the development of new drugs. Only a few HMTi have been described to date, but these small molecules could be a useful scaffold to discovering new highly active and enzyme-selective compounds to develop as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Mai
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy.
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36
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Horn D. Introducing histone modification in trypanosomes. Trends Parasitol 2007; 23:239-42. [PMID: 17433777 PMCID: PMC3828116 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear DNA is wrapped around histones. Vigorous research over the past decade has established a central role for histone post-translational modification in controlling the DNA-protein interactions that are required for successful growth and propagation. Recent work now provides a description of acetylated and methylated residues in the divergent trypanosome core histones. Future studies should provide insights into the genomic distribution of each modification and their roles in growth and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Horn
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK.
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Cui L, Miao J, Cui L. Cytotoxic effect of curcumin on malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum: inhibition of histone acetylation and generation of reactive oxygen species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 51:488-94. [PMID: 17145789 PMCID: PMC1797756 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01238-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant parasites is a major concern for malaria control, and development of novel drugs is a high priority. Curcumin, a natural polyphenolic compound, possesses diverse pharmacological properties. Among its antiprotozoan activities, curcumin was potent against both chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains. Consistent with findings in mammalian cell lines, curcumin's prooxidant activity promoted the production in P. falciparum of reactive oxygen species (ROS), whose cytotoxic effect could be antagonized by coincubation with antioxidants and ROS scavengers. Curcumin treatment also resulted in damage of both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, probably due to the elevation of intracellular ROS. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that curcumin inhibited the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity of the recombinant P. falciparum general control nonderepressed 5 (PfGCN5) in vitro and reduced nuclear HAT activity of the parasite in culture. Curcumin-induced hypoacetylation of histone H3 at K9 and K14, but not H4 at K5, K8, K12, and K16, suggested that curcumin caused specific inhibition of the PfGCN5 HAT. Taken together, these results indicated that at least the generation of ROS and down-regulation of PfGCN5 HAT activity accounted for curcumin's cytotoxicity for malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Cui
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 501 ASI Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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38
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Abstract
Protozoan parasites are early branching eukaryotes causing significant morbidity and mortality in humans and livestock. Single-celled parasites have evolved complex life cycles, which may involve multiple host organisms, and strategies to evade host immune responses. Consequently, two key aspects of virulence that underlie pathogenesis are parasite differentiation and antigenic variation, both of which require changes in the expressed genome. Complicating these requisite alterations in the parasite transcriptome is chromatin, which serves as a formidable barrier to DNA processes including transcription, repair, replication and recombination. Considerable progress has been made in the study of chromatin dynamics in other eukaryotes, and there is much to be gained in extending these analyses to protozoan parasites. Much of the work completed to date has focused on histone acetylation and methylation in the apicomplexans and trypanosomatids. As we describe in this review, such studies provide a unique vantage point of the evolutionary picture of eukaryotic cell development, and reveal unique phenomena that could be exploited pharmacologically to treat protozoal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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39
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Mai A, Massa S, Rotili D, Pezzi R, Bottoni P, Scatena R, Meraner J, Brosch G. Exploring the connection unit in the HDAC inhibitor pharmacophore model: Novel uracil-based hydroxamates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4656-61. [PMID: 16165353 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Revised: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Starting from the pharmacophore model for HDAC inhibitor design, a novel series of hydroxamates bearing a uracil moiety as connecting unit (CU) has been prepared and tested. Almost all compounds exhibited HDAC inhibiting activity at low nanomolar concentrations, the N-hydroxy-6-(3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-benzyl- and -6-phenyl-2-pyrimidinylthio)hexanamides 1d and 1l being more potent than SAHA in enzymatic assays. Such compounds also caused hyperacetylation in NIH3T3 cell core histones and were endowed with interesting antiproliferative and cytodifferentiating effects in human leukemia (HL-60) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Mai
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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Mai A, Massa S, Rotili D, Cerbara I, Valente S, Pezzi R, Simeoni S, Ragno R. Histone deacetylation in epigenetics: an attractive target for anticancer therapy. Med Res Rev 2005; 25:261-309. [PMID: 15717297 DOI: 10.1002/med.20024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The reversible histone acetylation and deacetylation are epigenetic phenomena that play critical roles in the modulation of chromatin topology and the regulation of gene expression. Aberrant transcription due to altered expression or mutation of genes that encode histone acetyltransferase (HAT) or histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes or their binding partners, has been clearly linked to carcinogenesis. The histone deacetylase inhibitors are a new promising class of anticancer agents (some of which in clinical trials), that inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells in culture and in vivo by inducing cell-cycle arrest, terminal differentiation, and/or apoptosis. This report reviews the chemistry and the biology of HDACs and HDAC inhibitors, laying particular emphasis on agents actually in clinical trials for cancer therapy and on new potential anticancer lead compounds more selective and less toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Mai
- Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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