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Schengrund CL. Sphingolipids: Less Enigmatic but Still Many Questions about the Role(s) of Ceramide in the Synthesis/Function of the Ganglioside Class of Glycosphingolipids. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6312. [PMID: 38928016 PMCID: PMC11203820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
While much has been learned about sphingolipids, originally named for their sphinx-like enigmatic properties, there are still many unanswered questions about the possible effect(s) of the composition of ceramide on the synthesis and/or behavior of a glycosphingolipid (GSL). Over time, studies of their ceramide component, the sphingoid base containing the lipid moiety of GSLs, were frequently distinct from those performed to ascertain the roles of the carbohydrate moieties. Due to the number of classes of GSLs that can be derived from ceramide, this review focuses on the possible role(s) of ceramide in the synthesis/function of just one GSL class, derived from glucosylceramide (Glc-Cer), namely sialylated ganglio derivatives, initially characterized and named gangliosides (GGs) due to their presence in ganglion cells. While much is known about their synthesis and function, much is still being learned. For example, it is only within the last 15-20 years or so that the mechanism by which the fatty acyl component of ceramide affected its transport to different sites in the Golgi, where it is used for the synthesis of Glu- or galactosyl-Cer (Gal-Cer) and more complex GSLs, was defined. Still to be fully addressed are questions such as (1) whether ceramide composition affects the transport of partially glycosylated GSLs to sites where their carbohydrate chain can be elongated or affects the activity of glycosyl transferases catalyzing that elongation; (2) what controls the differences seen in the ceramide composition of GGs that have identical carbohydrate compositions but vary in that of their ceramide and vice versa; (3) how alterations in ceramide composition affect the function of membrane GGs; and (4) how this knowledge might be applied to the development of therapies for treating diseases that correlate with abnormal expression of GGs. The availability of an updatable data bank of complete structures for individual classes of GSLs found in normal tissues as well as those associated with disease would facilitate research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara-Lynne Schengrund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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2
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Lee MF, Poh CL. Strategies to improve the physicochemical properties of peptide-based drugs. Pharm Res 2023; 40:617-632. [PMID: 36869247 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Peptides are a rapid-growing class of therapeutics with unique and desirable physicochemical properties. Due to disadvantages such as low membrane permeability and susceptibility to proteolytic degradation, peptide-based drugs have limited bioavailability, a short half-life, and rapid in vivo elimination. Various strategies can be applied to improve the physicochemical properties of peptide-based drugs to overcome limitations such as limited tissue residence time, metabolic instability, and low permeability. Applied strategies including backbone modifications, side chain modifications, conjugation with polymers, modification of peptide termini, fusion to albumin, conjugation with the Fc portion of antibodies, cyclization, stapled peptides, pseudopeptides, cell-penetrating peptide conjugates, conjugation with lipids, and encapsulation in nanocarriers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Felicia Lee
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 5, Jalan Universiti, Selangor 47500, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 5, Jalan Universiti, Selangor 47500, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.
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3
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Rodríguez-Izquierdo I, Sepúlveda-Crespo D, Lasso JM, Resino S, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. Baseline and time-updated factors in preclinical development of anionic dendrimers as successful anti-HIV-1 vaginal microbicides. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1774. [PMID: 35018739 PMCID: PMC9285063 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although a wide variety of topical microbicides provide promising in vitro and in vivo efficacy, most of them failed to prevent sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) in human clinical trials. In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models must be optimized, considering the knowledge acquired from unsuccessful and successful clinical trials to improve the current gaps and the preclinical development protocols. To date, dendrimers are the only nanotool that has advanced to human clinical trials as topical microbicides to prevent HIV‐1 transmission. This fact demonstrates the importance and the potential of these molecules as microbicides. Polyanionic dendrimers are highly branched nanocompounds with potent activity against HIV‐1 that disturb HIV‐1 entry. Herein, the most significant advancements in topical microbicide development, trying to mimic the real‐life conditions as closely as possible, are discussed. This review also provides the preclinical assays that anionic dendrimers have passed as microbicides because they can improve current antiviral treatments' efficacy. This article is categorized under:Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Sepúlveda-Crespo
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Salvador Resino
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ma Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain.,Section of Immunology, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Madrid, Spain
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4
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Shah S, Chougule MB, Kotha AK, Kashikar R, Godugu C, Raghuvanshi RS, Singh SB, Srivastava S. Nanomedicine based approaches for combating viral infections. J Control Release 2021; 338:80-104. [PMID: 34375690 PMCID: PMC8526416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Millions of people die each year from viral infections across the globe. There is an urgent need to overcome the existing gap and pitfalls of the current antiviral therapy which include increased dose and dosing frequency, bioavailability challenges, non-specificity, incidences of resistance and so on. These stumbling blocks could be effectively managed by the advent of nanomedicine. Current review emphasizes over an enhanced understanding of how different lipid, polymer and elemental based nanoformulations could be potentially and precisely used to bridle the said drawbacks in antiviral therapy. The dawn of nanotechnology meeting vaccine delivery, role of RNAi therapeutics in antiviral treatment regimen, various regulatory concerns towards clinical translation of nanomedicine along with current trends and implications including unexplored research avenues for advancing the current drug delivery have been discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Mahavir Bhupal Chougule
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, USA; Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Arun K Kotha
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, USA; Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Rama Kashikar
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, USA; Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajeev Singh Raghuvanshi
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India.
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5
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Abstract
The host immune system is highly compromised in case of viral infections and relapses are very common. The capacity of the virus to destroy the host cell by liberating its own DNA or RNA and replicating inside the host cell poses challenges in the development of antiviral therapeutics. In recent years, many new technologies have been explored for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of viral infections. Nanotechnology has emerged as one of the most promising technologies on account of its ability to deal with viral diseases in an effective manner, addressing the limitations of traditional antiviral medicines. It has not only helped us to overcome problems related to solubility and toxicity of drugs, but also imparted unique properties to drugs, which in turn has increased their potency and selectivity toward viral cells against the host cells. The initial part of the paper focuses on some important proteins of influenza, Ebola, HIV, herpes, Zika, dengue, and corona virus and those of the host cells important for their entry and replication into the host cells. This is followed by different types of nanomaterials which have served as delivery vehicles for the antiviral drugs. It includes various lipid-based, polymer-based, lipid-polymer hybrid-based, carbon-based, inorganic metal-based, surface-modified, and stimuli-sensitive nanomaterials and their application in antiviral therapeutics. The authors also highlight newer promising treatment approaches like nanotraps, nanorobots, nanobubbles, nanofibers, nanodiamonds, nanovaccines, and mathematical modeling for the future. The paper has been updated with the recent developments in nanotechnology-based approaches in view of the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19.Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malobika Chakravarty
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Amisha Vora
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India.
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Wells L, Vierra C, Hardman J, Han Y, Dimas D, Gwarada-Phillips LN, Blackeye R, Eggers DK, LaBranche CC, Král P, McReynolds KD. Sulfoglycodendrimer Therapeutics for HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021; 4:2000210. [PMID: 33786368 PMCID: PMC7995185 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Hexavalent sulfoglycodendrimers (SGDs) are synthesized as mimics of host cell heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) to inhibit the early stages in viral binding/entry of HIV‐1 and SARS‐CoV‐2. Using an HIV neutralization assay, the most promising of the seven candidates are found to have sub‐micromolar anti‐HIV activities. Molecular dynamics simulations are separately implemented to investigate how/where the SGDs interacted with both pathogens. The simulations revealed that the SGDs: 1) develop multivalent binding with polybasic regions within and outside of the V3 loop on glycoprotein 120 (gp120) for HIV‐1, and consecutively bind with multiple gp120 subunits, and 2) interact with basic amino acids in both the angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and HSPG binding regions of the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) from SARS‐CoV‐2. These results illustrate the considerable potential of SGDs as inhibitors in viral binding/entry of both HIV‐1 and SARS‐CoV‐2 pathogens, leading the way for further development of this class of molecules as broad‐spectrum antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Wells
- Department of Chemistry California State University Sacramento, 6000 J Street Sacramento CA 95819-6057 USA
| | - Cory Vierra
- Department of Chemistry California State University Sacramento, 6000 J Street Sacramento CA 95819-6057 USA
| | - Janee' Hardman
- Department of Chemistry California State University Sacramento, 6000 J Street Sacramento CA 95819-6057 USA
| | - Yanxiao Han
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Chicago 845 W. Taylor St. Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Dustin Dimas
- Department of Chemistry California State University Sacramento, 6000 J Street Sacramento CA 95819-6057 USA
| | - Lucia N Gwarada-Phillips
- Department of Chemistry California State University Sacramento, 6000 J Street Sacramento CA 95819-6057 USA
| | - Rachel Blackeye
- Department of Chemistry California State University Sacramento, 6000 J Street Sacramento CA 95819-6057 USA
| | - Daryl K Eggers
- Department of Chemistry San José State University One Washington Square San José CA 95192 USA
| | | | - Petr Král
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Chicago 845 W. Taylor St. Chicago IL 60607 USA.,Departments of Physics, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemical Engineering University of Illinois Chicago 845 W. Taylor St. Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Katherine D McReynolds
- Department of Chemistry California State University Sacramento, 6000 J Street Sacramento CA 95819-6057 USA
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7
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Sepúlveda-Crespo D, Ceña-Díez R, Jiménez JL, Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández M. Mechanistic Studies of Viral Entry: An Overview of Dendrimer-Based Microbicides As Entry Inhibitors Against Both HIV and HSV-2 Overlapped Infections. Med Res Rev 2016; 37:149-179. [PMID: 27518199 DOI: 10.1002/med.21405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the development of different dendrimers, mainly polyanionic, against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and genital herpes (HSV-2) as topical microbicides targeting the viral entry process. Vaginal topical microbicides to prevent sexually transmitted infections such as HIV and HSV-2 are urgently needed. To inhibit HIV/HSV-2 entry processes, new preventive targets have been established to maximize the current therapies against wild-type and drug-resistant viruses. The entry of HIV/HSV-2 into target cells is a multistep process that triggers a cascade of molecular interactions between viral envelope proteins and cell surface receptors. Polyanionic dendrimers are highly branched nanocompounds with potent activity against HIV/HSV-2. Inhibitors of each entry step have been identified with regard to generations and surface groups, and possible roles for these agents in anti-HIV/HSV-2 therapies have also been discussed. Four potential binding sites for impeding HIV infection (HSPG, DC-SIGN, GSL, and CD4/gp120 inhibitors) and HSV-2 infection (HS, gB, gD, and gH/gL inhibitors) exist according to their mechanisms of action and structures. This review clarifies that inhibition of HIV/HSV-2 entry continues to be a promising target for drug development because nanotechnology can transform the field of HIV/HSV-2 prevention by improving the efficacy of the currently available antiviral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sepúlveda-Crespo
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Spanish HIV-HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Ceña-Díez
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Spanish HIV-HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Jiménez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Spanish HIV-HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.,Plataforma de Laboratorio, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ma Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Spanish HIV-HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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8
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Pomin VH. Phylogeny, structure, function, biosynthesis and evolution of sulfated galactose-containing glycans. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 84:372-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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9
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Abstract
Sulfatide is a 3-O-sulfated galactosylceramide that is abundantly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract, kidney, trachea, and particularly the central nervous system. Cellular sulfatide is mainly localized in the Golgi apparatus, cellular membrane, and lysosomes in cytosol. Since our earlier report showed that the influenza A virus specifically binds to sulfatide, we have investigated the roles of sulfatide in the influenza A virus lifecycle. The viral binding is independent of sialic acids, which function as virus receptors in virus attachment to the host cell surface. Sulfatide is recognized by the ectodomain of the viral envelope glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA). Nascent HA is transported on the surface membrane of infected cells. The binding of HA with sulfatide on the cell surface induces apoptosis through potential loss of the mitochondrial membrane and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor in mitochondria, where PB1-F2 peptide from the viral gene is accumulated. In the nucleus of infected cells, viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complexes are formed from viral RNA genomes, viral nucleoprotein, and viral RNA polymerase subunits, and these complexes are selectively exported into cytosol through the nuclear membrane. The apoptosis significantly enhances the nuclear export of vRNP complexes, resulting in efficient formation of progeny viruses and facilitation of virus replication. At that time, activation of the Raf/mitogen-activated protein extracellular kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway through sulfatide is associated with virus replication. Our studies have demonstrated that sulfatide is not a viral receptor for virus infection, and that the binding of HA with sulfatide functions as an initiation switch for the formation of progeny viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanobu Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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10
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Ceña-Díez R, Sepúlveda-Crespo D, Maly M, Muñoz-Fernández MA. Dendrimeric based microbicides against sexual transmitted infections associated to heparan sulfate. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06969j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) represents a common link that many sexually transmitted infections (STIs) require for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ceña-Díez
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón
- 28007 Madrid
- Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM)
| | - Daniel Sepúlveda-Crespo
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón
- 28007 Madrid
- Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM)
| | - Marek Maly
- Department of Innovative Technologies
- University of Applied Science of Southern Switzerland
- Switzerland
- Faculty of Science
- J. E. Purkinje University
| | - Mª Angeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón
- 28007 Madrid
- Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM)
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11
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Functional analysis of glyco-molecules that bind with influenza virus. Uirusu 2016; 66:101-116. [PMID: 28484173 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.66.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) recognizes terminal sialic acid of sialoglyco-conjugates on host cells through the viral envelope glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA), followed by initiation of entry into the cells. Molecular species of sialic acid are largely divided into two moieties: N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). A receptor for IAV infection generally means Neu5Ac. Almost all equine IAVs and some human, swine, and duck IAVs bind not only to Neu5Ac but also to Neu5Gc. In nonhuman animals, Neu5Gc has been detected in swine and equine tracheas and the duck colon, which are the main replication sites of mammalian and avian IAVs. Therefore, Neu5Gc in these sites has been suggested to be a functional receptor for IAV infection. Humans cannot synthesize Neu5Gc due to a genetic defect of the Neu5Gc-synthesizing enzyme. We evaluated the receptor function of Neu5Gc in IAV infection in human cells. Our results indicated that Neu5Gc expression on the surface of human cells is not a functional receptor for IAV infection and that it has a negative effect on infectivity of IAV possessing Neu5Gc binding ability. IAV also binds to non-sialo 3-O-sulfated galactosylceramide (sulfatide). Sulfatide has been suggested to be a functional receptor for IAV infection. However, we have shown that sulfatide is not a functional receptor for IAV infection and that the binding of HA with sulfatide enhances progeny virus production. It is expected that functions of these glyco-molecules can be used in prevention and development of new drugs against IAV.
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12
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Li J, Yu F, Chen Y, Oupický D. Polymeric drugs: Advances in the development of pharmacologically active polymers. J Control Release 2015; 219:369-382. [PMID: 26410809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers play a critical role in pharmaceutical discovery and development. Current research and applications of pharmaceutical polymers are mainly focused on their functions as excipients and inert carriers of other pharmacologically active agents. This review article surveys recent advances in alternative pharmaceutical use of polymers as pharmacologically active agents known as polymeric drugs. Emphasis is placed on the benefits of polymeric drugs that are associated with their macromolecular character and their ability to explore biologically relevant multivalency processes. We discuss the main therapeutic uses of polymeric drugs as sequestrants, antimicrobials, antivirals, and anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Fei Yu
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yi Chen
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - David Oupický
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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13
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Perez-Anes A, Rodrigues F, Caminade AM, Stefaniu C, Tiersch B, Turrin CO, Blanzat M. Influence of Structural Parameters on the Self-Association Properties of Anti-HIV Catanionic Dendrimers. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:3433-7. [PMID: 26377841 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The self-association properties of anti-HIV catanionic dendrimers as multivalent galactosylceramide (GalCer)-derived inhibitors are presented. The study was designed to elucidate the origin of the relatively high cytotoxicity values of these anti-HIV catanionic dendrimers, which have previously been found to exhibit in vitro anti-HIV activity in the submicromolar range. The physicochemical properties of these catanionic dendrimers were studied to tentatively correlate the structural parameters with self-association and biological properties. We can conclude from this study that the absence of correlation between the hydrophobicity and the cytotoxicity of the catanionic systems could be explained by the partial segregation of the different partners of the catanionic entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Perez-Anes
- IMRCP, UMR 5623 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse cedex 9, France.,CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205, route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077, Toulouse cedex 4, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 31077, Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Fernanda Rodrigues
- IMRCP, UMR 5623 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Anne-Marie Caminade
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205, route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077, Toulouse cedex 4, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 31077, Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Cristina Stefaniu
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Brigitte Tiersch
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Cédric-Olivier Turrin
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205, route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077, Toulouse cedex 4, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 31077, Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Muriel Blanzat
- IMRCP, UMR 5623 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse cedex 9, France.
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14
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Sepúlveda-Crespo D, Gómez R, De La Mata FJ, Jiménez JL, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. Polyanionic carbosilane dendrimer-conjugated antiviral drugs as efficient microbicides: Recent trends and developments in HIV treatment/therapy. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1481-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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HIV-1 antiviral behavior of anionic PPI metallo-dendrimers with EDA core. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 98:139-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Appelhans D, Klajnert-Maculewicz B, Janaszewska A, Lazniewska J, Voit B. Dendritic glycopolymers based on dendritic polyamine scaffolds: view on their synthetic approaches, characteristics and potential for biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:3968-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00339j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The potential of dendritic glycopolymers based on dendritic polyamine scaffolds for biomedical applications is presented and compared with that of the structurally related anti-adhesive dendritic glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Barbara Klajnert-Maculewicz
- Department of General Biophysics
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection
- University of Lodz
- 90-236 Lodz
- Poland
| | - Anna Janaszewska
- Department of General Biophysics
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection
- University of Lodz
- 90-236 Lodz
- Poland
| | - Joanna Lazniewska
- Department of General Biophysics
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection
- University of Lodz
- 90-236 Lodz
- Poland
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Organic Chemistry of Polymers
- Technische Universität Dresden
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Danial M, Klok HA. Polymeric anti-HIV therapeutics. Macromol Biosci 2014; 15:9-35. [PMID: 25185484 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The scope of this review is to highlight the application of polymer therapeutics in an effort to curb the transmission and infection of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Following a description of the HIV life cycle, the use of approved antiretroviral drugs that inhibit critical steps in the HIV infection process is highlighted. After that, a comprehensive overview of the structure and inhibitory properties of polymeric anti-HIV therapeutic agents is presented. This overview will include inhibitors based on polysaccharides, synthetic polymers, dendritic polymers, polymer conjugates as well as polymeric DC-SIGN antagonists. The review will conclude with a section that discusses the applications of polymers and polymer conjugates as systemic and topical anti-HIV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Danial
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
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Lian W, Wu M, Huang N, Gao N, Xiao C, Li Z, Zhang Z, Zheng Y, Peng W, Zhao J. Anti-HIV-1 activity and structure–activity-relationship study of a fucosylated glycosaminoglycan from an echinoderm by targeting the conserved CD4 induced epitope. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4681-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Peng J, Wu Z, Qi X, Chen Y, Li X. Dendrimers as potential therapeutic tools in HIV inhibition. Molecules 2013; 18:7912-29. [PMID: 23884127 PMCID: PMC6270362 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18077912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present treatments for HIV transfection include chemical agents and gene therapies. Although many chemical drugs, peptides and genes have been developed for HIV inhibition, a variety of non-ignorable drawbacks limited the efficiency of these materials. In this review, we discuss the application of dendrimers as both therapeutic agents and non-viral vectors of chemical agents and genes for HIV treatment. On the one hand, dendrimers with functional end groups combine with the gp120 of HIV and CD4 molecule of host cell to suppress the attachment of HIV to the host cell. Some of the dendrimers are capable of intruding into the cell and interfere with the later stages of HIV replication as well. On the other hand, dendrimers are also able to transfer chemical drugs and genes into the host cells, which conspicuously increase the anti-HIV activity of these materials. Dendrimers as therapeutic tools provide a potential treatment for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhenghong Wu
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-150-6220-8341; Fax: +86-025-8317-9703
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A review of nanotechnological approaches for the prophylaxis of HIV/AIDS. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6202-28. [PMID: 23726227 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Successful treatment and control of HIV/AIDS is one of the biggest challenges of 21st century. More than 33 million individuals are infected with HIV worldwide and more than 2 million new cases of HIV infection have been reported. The situation demands development of effective prevention strategies to control the pandemic of AIDS. Due to lack of availability of an effective HIV vaccine, antiretroviral drugs and nucleic acid therapeutics like siRNA have been explored for HIV prophylaxis. Clinical trials shave shown that antiretroviral drugs, tenofovir and emtricitabine can offer some degree of HIV prevention. However, complete prevention of HIV infection has not been achieved yet. Nanotechnology has brought a paradigm shift in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of many diseases. The current review discusses potential of various nanocarriers such as dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, lipid nanocarriers, drug nanocrystals, inorganic nanocarriers and nanofibers in improving efficacy of various modalities available for HIV prophylaxis.
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Abstract
Dendrimers constitute an intriguing class of macromolecules which find applications in a variety of areas including biology. These hyperbranched macromolecules with tailored backbone and surface groups have been extensively investigated as nanocarriers for gene and drug delivery, by molecular encapsulation or covalent conjugation. Dendrimers have provided an excellent platform to develop multivalent and multifunctional nanoconjugates incorporating a variety of functional groups including drugs which are known to be anti-inflammatory agents. Recently, dendrimers have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties themselves. This unexpected and intriguing discovery has provided an additional impetus in designing novel active pharmaceutical agents. In this review, we highlight some of the recent developments in the field of dendrimers as nanoscale anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod K. Avti
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada; École Polytechnique de Montreál, Canada; McGill University, Canada
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Abstract
AbstractAccording to the universal biological findings, cellular bodies are covered with an intense coating of glycans. Diversity of glycan chains, linked to lipids and proteins is due to isomeric and conformational modifications of various sugar residues, giving rise to unique carbohydrate structures with a wide range of sequences and anomeric configurations. Proteins and lipids, carrying specific sugar residues (like Galactose) with particular stereochemical properties (sequence, anomery and linkages) are involved in broad spectrums of biological processes, including intercellular and intracellular interactions, microbial adhesion and cellular signaling. By studying the role of specific seterochemical features of galactose (Gal), we have improved our understanding about the normal physiology and diseases in human bodies.
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Takahashi T, Suzuki T. Role of sulfatide in normal and pathological cells and tissues. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1437-50. [PMID: 22619219 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r026682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfatide is 3-O-sulfogalactosylceramide that is synthesized by two transferases (ceramide galactosyltransferase and cerebroside sulfotransferase) from ceramide and is specifically degraded by a sulfatase (arylsulfatase A). Sulfatide is a multifunctional molecule for various biological fields including the nervous system, insulin secretion, immune system, hemostasis/thrombosis, bacterial infection, and virus infection. Therefore, abnormal metabolism or expression change of sulfatide could cause various diseases. Here, we discuss the important biological roles of sulfatide in the nervous system, insulin secretion, immune system, hemostasis/thrombosis, cancer, and microbial infections including human immunodeficiency virus and influenza A virus. Our review will be helpful to achieve a comprehensive understanding of sulfatide, which serves as a fundamental target of prevention of and therapy for nervous disorders, diabetes mellitus, immunological diseases, cancer, and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanobu Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka and Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Mishra V, Gupta U, Jain NK. Surface-Engineered Dendrimers: a Solution for Toxicity Issues. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 20:141-66. [DOI: 10.1163/156856208x386246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Mishra
- a Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour University, Sagar (M.P.) 470003, India
| | - Umesh Gupta
- b Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour University, Sagar (M.P.) 470003, India
| | - N. K. Jain
- c Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour University, Sagar (M.P.) 470003, India
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Jiménez JL, Pion M, Mata FJDL, Gomez R, Muñoz E, Leal M, Muñoz-Fernandez MA. Dendrimers as topical microbicides with activity against HIV. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1nj20396g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Clayton R, Hardman J, LaBranche CC, McReynolds KD. Evaluation of the synthesis of sialic acid-PAMAM glycodendrimers without the use of sugar protecting groups, and the anti-HIV-1 properties of these compounds. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:2186-97. [PMID: 21859137 PMCID: PMC3241508 DOI: 10.1021/bc200331v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A study was undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of synthesizing six sialic acid-PAMAM glycodendrimers using unprotected sialic acid in as few as 1-4 steps using two different reaction pathways, and to assess the sulfated derivatives for anti-HIV activity. The syntheses were accomplished through either the direct attachment of the sialic acid carboxyl group to amine-terminated PAMAM (a divergent-like approach) using BOP coupling, or by first reacting sialic acid with a polar bifunctional spacer molecule, attaching the sugar-linker to carboxy-terminated PAMAM (a convergent-like approach), and again using BOP-mediated coupling reactions. It was hypothesized that the latter approach would be the most successful method, as any steric congestion between the sialic acid and the PAMAM would be minimized using an intervening polar linker. However, the divergent-like synthesis proved to be the superior method, resulting in 11.4%, 14%, and 28% of the fully substituted generations 0, 1, and 2 sialic acid-PAMAM conjugates, respectively, as compared to 6.4% of only the generation -0.5 sialic acid-linker-PAMAM conjugate for the convergent-like method. Upon sulfation of the four glycodendrimers, binding capabilities to the recombinant HIV protein, gp120, were assessed using an ELISA assay. Compounds that showed promising binding characteristics were then further assessed for inhibition of HIV-1 infection using a well-characterized luciferase reporter gene neutralization assay. The generation 2 sulfated sialic acid-PAMAM glycodendrimer, sulfo-6, bearing 16 sialic acids with 11 sulfate groups incorporated at 4.03% sulfur content by weight, was found to inhibit all four HIV-1 strains tested in the low micromolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Clayton
- Department of Chemistry California State University, Sacramento 6000 J Street Sacramento, CA 95819-6057 USA
| | - Janee’ Hardman
- Department of Chemistry California State University, Sacramento 6000 J Street Sacramento, CA 95819-6057 USA
| | | | - Katherine D. McReynolds
- Department of Chemistry California State University, Sacramento 6000 J Street Sacramento, CA 95819-6057 USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Vaccinia virus (VACV) was used as a surrogate of variola virus (genus Orthopoxvirus), the causative agent of smallpox, to study orthopoxvirus infection. VACV infects cells via attachment and fusion of the viral membrane with the host cell membrane. Glycosphingolipids, expressed in multiple organs, are major components of lipid rafts and have been associated with the infectious route of several pathogens. RESULTS We demonstrate that the VACV-WR (VACV Western-Reserve strain) displays no binding to Cer (ceramide) or to Gal-Cer (galactosylceramide), but binds to a natural sulfated derivative of these molecules: the Sulf (sulfatide) 3' sulfogalactosylceramide. The interaction between Sulf and VACV-WR resulted in a time-dependent inhibition of virus infection. Virus cell attachment was the crucial step inhibited by Sulf. Electron microscopy showed that SUVs (small unilamellar vesicles) enriched in Sulf bound to VACV particles. Both the A27 and L5 viral membrane proteins were shown to interact with Sulf, indicating that they could be the major viral ligands for Sulf. Soluble Sulf was successful in preventing mortality, but not morbidity, in a lethal mouse model infection with VACV-WR. CONCLUSIONS Together the results suggest that Sulf could play a role as an alternate receptor for VACV-WR and probably other Orthopoxviruses.
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Baranova EO, Shastina NS, Shvets VI. Polyanionic inhibitors of HIV adsorption. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011; 37:592-608. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162011050037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Borges AR, Wieczorek L, Johnson B, Benesi AJ, Brown BK, Kensinger RD, Krebs FC, Wigdahl B, Blumenthal R, Puri A, McCutchan FE, Birx DL, Polonis VR, Schengrund CL. Multivalent dendrimeric compounds containing carbohydrates expressed on immune cells inhibit infection by primary isolates of HIV-1. Virology 2010; 408:80-8. [PMID: 20880566 PMCID: PMC2966527 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Specific glycosphingolipids (GSL), found on the surface of target immune cells, are recognized as alternate cell surface receptors by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) external envelope glycoprotein. In this study, the globotriose and 3'-sialyllactose carbohydrate head groups found on two GSL were covalently attached to a dendrimer core to produce two types of unique multivalent carbohydrates (MVC). These MVC inhibited HIV-1 infection of T cell lines and primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by T cell line-adapted viruses or primary isolates, with IC(50)s ranging from 0.1 to 7.4 μg/ml. Inhibition of Env-mediated membrane fusion by MVC was also observed using a dye-transfer assay. These carbohydrate compounds warrant further investigation as a potential new class of HIV-1 entry inhibitors. The data presented also shed light on the role of carbohydrate moieties in HIV-1 virus-host cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Rosa Borges
- Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Lindsay Wieczorek
- Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Benitra Johnson
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD
| | - Alan J. Benesi
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA
| | - Bruce K. Brown
- Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Richard D. Kensinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Fred C. Krebs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Robert Blumenthal
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD
| | - Anu Puri
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD
| | | | - Deborah L. Birx
- Military HIV Research Program, Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD
| | - Victoria R. Polonis
- Military HIV Research Program, Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD
| | - Cara-Lynne Schengrund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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Abstract
Retroviruses undergo several critical steps to complete a replication cycle. These include the complex processes of virus entry, assembly, and budding that often take place at the plasma membrane of the host cell. Both virus entry and release involve membrane fusion/fission reactions between the viral envelopes and host cell membranes. Accumulating evidence indicates important roles for lipids and lipid microdomains in virus entry and egress. In this review, we outline the current understanding of the role of lipids and membrane microdomains in retroviral replication.
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New-generation biomedical materials: Peptide dendrimers and their application in biomedicine. Sci China Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-0107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PEPTIDE DENDRONS WITH GLY-GLU AS BUILDING BLOCKS. ACTA POLYM SIN 2010. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2010.00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gajbhiye V, Palanirajan VK, Tekade RK, Jain NK. Dendrimers as therapeutic agents: a systematic review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [PMID: 19703342 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.08.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Dendrimers by virtue of their therapeutic value have recently generated enormous interest among biomedical scientists. This review describes the therapeutic prospects of the dendrimer system.
Key findings
Their bioactivity suggests them to be promising therapeutic agents, especially in wound healing, bone mineralisation, cartilage formation and tissue repair, and in topical treatments to prevent HIV transmission. Findings also demonstrate their potential as anti-prion, anti-Alzheimer's, anticoagulant, antidote, anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents. One of the dendrimer-based formulations with activity against herpes simplex virus (VivaGel from Starpharma) has successfully completed phase I clinical trials and is expected to be available on the market soon.
Summary
All reports cited in this review demonstrate the use of dendrimers as medical therapeutics in different ailments. The review focuses on the current state of therapeutic potential of the dendrimer system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra Gajbhiye
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar, India
| | - Vijayaraj K Palanirajan
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar, India
| | - Rakesh K Tekade
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar, India
| | - Narendra K Jain
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar, India
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Abstract
From the authors' opinion, this chapter constitutes a modest extension of the seminal and inspiring contribution of Stowell and Lee on neoglycoconjugates published in this series [C. P. Stowell and Y. C. Lee, Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem., 37 (1980) 225-281]. The outstanding progresses achieved since then in the field of the "glycoside cluster effect" has witnessed considerable creativity in the design and synthetic strategies toward a vast array of novel carbohydrate structures and reflects the dynamic activity in the field even since the recent chapter by the Nicotra group in this series [F. Nicotra, L. Cipolla, F. Peri, B. La Ferla, and C. Radaelli, Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem., 61 (2007) 353-398]. Beyond the more classical neoglycoproteins and glycopolymers (not covered in this work) a wide range of unprecedented and often artistically beautiful multivalent and monodisperse nanostructures, termed glycodendrimers for the first time in 1993, has been created. This chapter briefly surveys the concept of multivalency involved in carbohydrate-protein interactions. The topic is also discussed in regard to recent steps undertaken in glycobiology toward identification of lead candidates using microarrays and modern analytical tools. A systematic description of glycocluster and glycodendrimer synthesis follows, starting from the simplest architectures and ending in the most complex ones. Presentation of multivalent glycostructures of intermediate size and comprising, calix[n]arene, porphyrin, cyclodextrin, peptide, and carbohydrate scaffolds, has also been intercalated to better appreciate the growing synthetic complexity involved. A subsection describing novel all-carbon-based glycoconjugates such as fullerenes and carbon nanotubes is inserted, followed by a promising strategy involving dendrons self-assembling around metal chelates. The chapter then ends with those glycodendrimers that have been prepared using commercially available dendrimers possessing varied functionalities, or systematically synthesized using either divergent or convergent strategies.
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Pérez-Anes A, Stefaniu C, Moog C, Majoral JP, Blanzat M, Turrin CO, Caminade AM, Rico-Lattes I. Multivalent catanionic GalCer analogs derived from first generation dendrimeric phosphonic acids. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 18:242-8. [PMID: 19942442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a new series of catanionic multivalent analogs of GalCer is described. These systems are based on phosphonic acid terminated dendrimers and N-hexadecylamino lactitol moieties. Despite important structural differences that affect the dendrimers' outer-shell, these supramolecular assemblies showed a fairly comparable anti-HIV-1 activity. All compounds have submicromolar IC(50) in a cell-based HIV-infection model but also a high general cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Pérez-Anes
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, UPR 8241, 205 Route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
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Architectures of Multivalent Glycomimetics for Probing Carbohydrate–Lectin Interactions. GLYCOSCIENCE AND MICROBIAL ADHESION 2009; 288:183-65. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2008_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Klajnert B, Appelhans D, Komber H, Morgner N, Schwarz S, Richter S, Brutschy B, Ionov M, Tonkikh A, Bryszewska M, Voit B. The Influence of Densely Organized Maltose Shells on the Biological Properties of Poly(propylene imine) Dendrimers: New Effects Dependent on Hydrogen Bonding. Chemistry 2008; 14:7030-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Niederhafner P, Reinis M, Sebestík J, Jezek J. Glycopeptide dendrimers, part III: a review. Use of glycopeptide dendrimers in immunotherapy and diagnosis of cancer and viral diseases. J Pept Sci 2008; 14:556-87. [PMID: 18275089 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycopeptide dendrimers containing different types of tumor associated-carbohydrate antigens (T(N), TF, sialyl-T(N), sialyl-TF, sialyl-Le(x), sialyl-Le(a) etc.) were used in diagnosis and therapy of different sorts of cancer. These dendrimeric structures with incorporated T-cell epitopes and adjuvants can be used as antitumor vaccines. Best results were obtained with multiantigenic vaccines, containing, e.g. five or six different TAAs. The topic of TAAs and their dendrimeric forms at molecular level are reviewed, including structure, syntheses, and biological activities. Use of glycopeptide dendrimers as antiviral vaccines against HIV and influenza is also described. Their syntheses, physico-chemical properties, and biological activities are given with many examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Niederhafner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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McReynolds KD, Gervay-Hague J. Chemotherapeutic Interventions Targeting HIV Interactions with Host-Associated Carbohydrates. Chem Rev 2007; 107:1533-52. [PMID: 17439183 DOI: 10.1021/cr0502652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D McReynolds
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Sacramento, Sacramento, California 95819, USA.
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Blanzat M, Turrin CO, Aubertin AM, Couturier-Vidal C, Caminade AM, Majoral JP, Rico-Lattes I, Lattes A. Dendritic catanionic assemblies: in vitro anti-HIV activity of phosphorus-containing dendrimers bearing galbeta1cer analogues. Chembiochem 2006; 6:2207-13. [PMID: 16317767 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two series of water-soluble dendritic catanionic assemblies, acting as multisite analogues of galactosylceramide (Galbeta1cer), have been prepared with the goal of blocking HIV infection prior to the entry of the virus into human cells. Trifunctional and hexafunctional cinnamic acid-terminated dendrimers have been synthesized from phosphorus-containing dendrimers bearing aldehyde end groups. A classical acid-base reaction performed in water between acid-terminated dendrimers and stoichiometric amounts of N-hexadecylamino-1-deoxylactitol provided the expected catanionic assemblies. Antiviral assays on these supramolecular entities confirmed the crucial roles both of multivalency effects and of lipophilicity on the biological activity of Galbeta1cer analogues. Moreover, correlation between in vitro tests and molecular modeling highlights the specific influence of the assembly shape on the anti-HIV efficiency, with the tri- and hexafunctional cored dendrimers, both decorated with 12 sugar moieties, exhibiting IC50 values of 1.1 and 0.12 microM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Blanzat
- Laboratoire des Interactions Moléculaires et Réactivité Chimique et Photochimique, CNRS UMR 5623 Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France.
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42
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Abstract
Information contained in the mammalian glycome is decoded by glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) that mediate diverse functions including host-pathogen interactions, cell trafficking and transmembrane signaling. Although information on the biological roles of GBPs is rapidly expanding, challenges remain in identifying the glycan ligands and their impact on GBP function. Protein-glycan interactions are typically low affinity, requiring multivalent interactions to achieve a biological effect. Though many glycoproteins can carry the glycan structure recognized by the GBP, other factors, such as recognition of protein epitopes and microdomain localization, may restrict which glycoproteins are functional ligands in situ. Recent advances in development of glycan arrays, synthesis of multivalent glycan ligands, bioengineering of cell-surface glycans and glycomics databases are providing new tools to identify the ligands of GBPs and to elucidate the mechanisms by which they participate in GBP function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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43
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Lim KI, Yin J. Dynamic tradeoffs in the raft-mediated entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 into cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 93:246-57. [PMID: 16136590 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To initiate an infection human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles must first bind to receptors on the surface of their host cells, a process that eventually leads to fusion of viral and cellular membranes and release of the viral genome into the cytoplasm. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of these processes may enable the development of new anti-HIV strategies. Disagreement currently prevails on the role in virus entry of microdomains within the cellular plasma membrane known as lipid rafts. Experiments have suggested that lipid rafts, in their interactions with cellular receptors and viral particles, either promote or have minimal effect on viral entry. Here we develop a dynamic model for HIV-1 entry that enables us to identify and quantitatively assess tradeoffs that can arise from the clustering of receptors in rafts. Specifically, receptor clustering can be detrimental to the initiation of viral infection by reducing the probability that a virus particle finds its primary receptor, CD4. However, receptor clustering can also enable a virus particle, once bound, to rapidly form multivalent interactions with receptors and co-receptors that are required for virus-cell membrane fusion. We show how the resolution of such tradeoffs hinges on the level and spatial distribution of receptors and co-receptors on the cell surface, and we discuss implications of these effects for the design of therapeutics that inhibit HIV-1 entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-il Lim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1607, USA
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44
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Abstract
HIV-1 infects host cells by sequential interactions of its fusion protein (gp120-gp41) with receptors CD4, CXCR4 and/or CCR5 followed by fusion of viral and host membranes. Studies indicate that additional factors such as receptor density and composition of viral and cellular lipids can dramatically modulate the fusion reaction. Lipid rafts, which primarily consist of sphingolipids and cholesterol, have been implicated for infectious route of HIV-1 entry. Plasma membrane Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) have been proposed to support HIV-1 infection in multiple ways: (a) as alternate receptor(s) for CD4-independent entry in neuronal and other cell types, (b) viral transmission, and (c) gp120-gp41-mediated membrane fusion. However, the exact mechanism(s) by which GSLs support fusion is still elusive. This article will focus on the contribution of target membrane sphingolipids and their metabolites in modulating viral entry. We will discuss the current working hypotheses underlying the mechanisms by which these lipids promote and/or block HIV-1 entry. Recent approaches in the design and development of novel glycosyl derivatives, as anti-HIV agents will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satinder S Rawat
- Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box B, Bldg. 469, Rm. 211, Miller Drive, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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45
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Radin NS. Preventing the binding of pathogens to the host by controlling sphingolipid metabolism. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:938-45. [PMID: 16460984 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Revised: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The binding of many pathogens and toxins to human cells can be inhibited by (1) depleting host cells of their surface glycosphingolipids; (2) coating the binding sites on pathogens (adhesins) with glycosphingolipid-like substances (decoys); (3) coating the host's glycosphingolipids with substances that compete with the pathogen for binding. Details of using these methods are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman S Radin
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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46
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Augustin LA, Fantini J, Mootoo DR. C-Glycoside analogues of beta-galactosylceramide with a simple ceramide substitute: synthesis and binding to HIV-1 gp120. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 14:1182-8. [PMID: 16216516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Revised: 09/15/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and HIV-1 gp120 binding of C- and aza-C-glycoside analogues of beta-galactosylceramide (GalCer) that contain a simple C-17 hydrocarbon chain as a ceramide substitute are described. Both compounds originate from stearic acid, and a carbohydrate-derived thioacetal-alcohol, and their syntheses are potentially general for beta-C-galactosides and their aza-C-partners. They showed potent and specific affinity for gp120 in an assay based on the change of surface pressure when the glycolipid monolayers were exposed to solutions of gp120. Interestingly, the aza-C-glycoside exhibited a significantly higher affinity than GalCer, whereas the C-glycoside was as active as GalCer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line A Augustin
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, New York, NY 10021, USA
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47
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Doncel GF. Exploiting common targets in human fertilization and HIV infection: development of novel contraceptive microbicides. Hum Reprod Update 2005; 12:103-17. [PMID: 16172109 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmi040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The continued high rates of unintended pregnancies and the unrelentless expansion of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, especially in less developed countries, warrant the development of novel strategies to help individuals avoid these risks. Dually active compounds displaying contraceptive and microbicidal anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) properties constitute one such strategy. Sharing the same anatomical and functional context, sperm fertilization and genital infection by HIV offer an opportunity for simultaneous intervention. Some of the molecules and mechanisms used by sperm to fertilize the oocyte are similar, if not identical, to those used by HIV while infecting host cells. An example of common structures is the lipid membrane surrounding the spermatozoon and the HIV core. Disruption of its architecture by surface-active compounds exerts both spermicidal and virucidal activity. A more specific alteration of lipid rafts [membrane microdomains enriched in cholesterol and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins] by beta-cyclodextrins also results in similar effects. During fertilization and infection, both sperm and HIV interact with their target cell receptors through chemical charges, hydrophobic forces and carbohydrate recognition. Anionic polymers such as cellulose sulphate and polystyrene sulphonate (PSS) inhibit sperm and HIV cell binding. Because some of the molecules involved in this interaction, e.g. heparin sulphate proteoglycan, are also used by other pathogens to infect their target tissues, polyanions exert broad antimicrobial activity as well. During fertilization and infection, sperm and HIV, as well as other microbes, use signal transduction molecules and mechanisms such as adenyl cyclase/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent kinase, calcium and tyrosine phosphorylation, whose inhibition has been shown to impair sperm function and HIV replication. These commonalities at the level of sperm and HIV structure, cell binding and fusion processes, and signalling pathways therefore provide the biological framework to develop bifunctional inhibitors with both antimicrobial and contraceptive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo F Doncel
- CONRAD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jones Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, 23507, USA.
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48
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Crespo L, Sanclimens G, Pons M, Giralt E, Royo M, Albericio F. Peptide and Amide Bond-Containing Dendrimers. Chem Rev 2005; 105:1663-81. [PMID: 15884786 DOI: 10.1021/cr030449l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Crespo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
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