1
|
Koval M, Schug WJ, Isakson BE. Pharmacology of pannexin channels. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2023; 69:102359. [PMID: 36858833 PMCID: PMC10023479 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2023.102359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Pannexin channels play fundamental roles in regulating inflammation and have been implicated in many diseases including hypertension, stroke, and neuropathic pain. Thus, the ability to pharmacologically block these channels is a vital component of several therapeutic approaches. Pharmacologic interrogation of model systems also provides a means to discover new roles for pannexins in cell physiology. Here, we review the state of the art for agents that can be used to block pannexin channels, with a focus on chemical pharmaceuticals and peptide mimetics that act on pannexin 1. Guidance on interpreting results obtained with pannexin pharmacologics in experimental systems is discussed, as well as strengths and caveats of different agents, including specificity and feasibility of clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Koval
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wyatt J Schug
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Derivatives of the Antimalarial Drug Mefloquine Are Broad-Spectrum Antifungal Molecules with Activity against Drug-Resistant Clinical Isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.02331-19. [PMID: 31907188 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02331-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The antifungal pharmacopeia is critically small, particularly in light of the recent emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens, such as Candida auris Here, we report that derivatives of the antimalarial drug mefloquine have broad-spectrum antifungal activity against pathogenic yeasts and molds. In addition, the mefloquine derivatives have activity against clinical isolates that are resistant to one or more of the three classes of antifungal drugs currently used to treat invasive fungal infections, indicating that they have a novel mechanism of action. Importantly, the in vitro toxicity profiles obtained using human cell lines indicated that the toxicity profiles of the mefloquine derivatives are very similar to those of the parent mefloquine, despite being up to 64-fold more active against fungal cells. In addition to direct antifungal activity, subinhibitory concentrations of the mefloquine derivatives inhibited the expression of virulence traits, including filamentation in Candida albicans and capsule formation/melanization in Cryptococcus neoformans Mode/mechanism-of-action experiments indicated that the mefloquine derivatives interfere with both mitochondrial and vacuolar function as part of a multitarget mechanism of action. The broad-spectrum scope of activity, blood-brain barrier penetration, and large number of previously synthesized analogs available combine to support the further optimization and development of the antifungal activity of this general class of drug-like molecules.
Collapse
|
3
|
Guntner AS, Thalhamer B, Klampfl C, Buchberger W. Collision cross sections obtained with ion mobility mass spectrometry as new descriptor to predict blood-brain barrier permeation by drugs. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19182. [PMID: 31844124 PMCID: PMC6915761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55856-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating the ability of a drug to permeate the blood-brain barrier is not a trivial task due to the structural complexity of the central nervous system. Nevertheless, it is of immense importance to identify related properties of the drugs either to be able to produce a desired effect in the brain or to avoid unwanted side effects there. In the past, multiple methods have been used for that purpose. However, these are sometimes methodologically problematic and do not claim universal validity. Therefore, additional new methods for judging blood-brain barrier penetration by drugs are advantageous. Accordingly, within the scope of this study, we tried to introduce a new structure-derived parameter to predict the blood-brain barrier permeation of small molecules based on ion mobility mass spectrometry experiments – the collision cross section, as an illustration of the branching and the molecular volume of a molecule. In detail, we used ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometric data of 46 pharmacologically active small-molecules as well as literature-derived permeability and lipophilicity data to set up our model. For the first time we were able to show a strong correlation between the brain penetration of pharmacologically active ingredients and their mass spectrometric collision cross sections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernhard Thalhamer
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Christian Klampfl
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Buchberger
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Linz, 4040, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang D, Qiao K, Hua J, Liu Z, Qi H, Yang Z, Zhu N, Fang Z, Guo K. Preparation of fluoroalkoxy or fluorophenoxy substituted N-heterocycles from heterocyclic N-oxides and polyfluoroalcohols. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00499d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel and efficient approach to introduce fluorine-containing groups into N-heterocycles was reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Kai Qiao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Jiawei Hua
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Hao Qi
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Zhao Yang
- School of Engineering
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
- China
| | - Ning Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rastelli EJ, Coltart DM. Asymmetric Synthesis of (+)-anti- and (-)-syn-Mefloquine Hydrochloride. J Org Chem 2016; 81:9567-9575. [PMID: 27657347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric (er > 99:1) total synthesis of (+)-anti- and (-)-syn-mefloquine hydrochloride from a common intermediate is described. The Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation is the key asymmetric transformation used in the synthesis of this intermediate. It is carried out on an olefin that is accessed in three steps from commercially available materials, making the overall synthetic sequence very concise. The common diol intermediate derived from the Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation is converted into either a trans- or cis-epoxide, and these are subsequently converted to (+)-anti- and (-)-syn-mefloquine, respectively. X-ray crystallographic analysis of derivatives of (+)-anti- and (-)-syn-mefloquine is used to lay to rest a 40 year argument regarding the absolute stereochemistry of the mefloquines. A formal asymmetric (er > 99:1) synthesis of (+)-anti-mefloquine hydrochloride is also presented that uses a Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation as a key step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ettore J Rastelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Don M Coltart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wan L, Qiao K, Sun XN, Di ZC, Fang Z, Li ZJ, Guo K. Benzylation of heterocyclic N-oxides via direct oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling with toluene derivatives. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj02560a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) of heterocyclic N-oxides with toluene derivatives has been disclosed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. Wan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- 30 Puzhu South Road
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - K. Qiao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- 30 Puzhu South Road
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - X. N. Sun
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- 30 Puzhu South Road
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Z. C. Di
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- 30 Puzhu South Road
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Z. Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- 30 Puzhu South Road
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Z. J. Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- 30 Puzhu South Road
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - K. Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- 30 Puzhu South Road
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bentzinger G, De Souza W, Mullié C, Agnamey P, Dassonville-Klimpt A, Sonnet P. Asymmetric synthesis of new antimalarial aminoquinolines through Sharpless aminohydroxylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
8
|
McCarthy S. Malaria Prevention, Mefloquine Neurotoxicity, Neuropsychiatric Illness, and Risk-Benefit Analysis in the Australian Defence Force. J Parasitol Res 2015; 2015:287651. [PMID: 26793391 PMCID: PMC4697095 DOI: 10.1155/2015/287651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Australian Defence Force (ADF) has used mefloquine for malaria chemoprophylaxis since 1990. Mefloquine has been found to be a plausible cause of a chronic central nervous system toxicity syndrome and a confounding factor in the diagnosis of existing neuropsychiatric illnesses prevalent in the ADF such as posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury. Overall health risks appear to have been mitigated by restricting the drug's use; however serious risks were realised when significant numbers of ADF personnel were subjected to clinical trials involving the drug. The full extent of the exposure, health impacts for affected individuals, and consequences for ADF health management including mental health are not yet known, but mefloquine may have caused or aggravated neuropsychiatric illness in large numbers of patients who were subsequently misdiagnosed and mistreated or otherwise failed to receive proper care. Findings in relation to chronic mefloquine neurotoxicity were foreseeable, but this eventuality appears not to have been considered during risk-benefit analyses. Thorough analysis by the ADF would have identified this long-term risk as well as other qualitative risk factors. Historical exposure of ADF personnel to mefloquine neurotoxicity now also necessitates ongoing risk monitoring and management in the overall context of broader health policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart McCarthy
- Headquarters 2nd Division, Australian Army, Randwick Barracks, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hagrs M, Bayoumi AH, El-Gamal KM, Mayhoub AS, Abulkhair HS. Synthesis and preliminary antimicrobial evaluation of some new 6-methoxyquinoline-3-carbonitrile derivatives. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
10
|
Rastelli EJ, Coltart DM. A Concise and Highly Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)-anti- and (-)-syn-Mefloquine Hydrochloride: Definitive Absolute Stereochemical Assignment of the Mefloquines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14070-4. [PMID: 26422780 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A concise asymmetric (>99:1 e.r.) total synthesis of (+)-anti- and (-)-syn-mefloquine hydrochloride from a common intermediate is described. The key asymmetric transformation is a Sharpless dihydroxylation of an olefin that is accessed in three steps from commercially available materials. The Sharpless-derived diol is converted into either a trans or cis epoxide, and these are subsequently converted into (+)-anti- and (-)-syn-mefloquine, respectively. The synthetic (+)-anti- and (-)-syn-mefloquine samples were derivatized with (S)-(+)-mandelic acid tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether, and a crystal structure of each derivative was obtained. These are the first X-ray structures for mefloquine derivatives that were obtained by coupling to a known chiral, nonracemic compound, and provide definitive confirmation of the absolute stereochemistry of (+)-anti- as well as (-)-syn-mefloquine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Don M Coltart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX (USA).
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rastelli EJ, Coltart DM. A Concise and Highly Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)‐
anti
‐ and (−)‐
syn
‐Mefloquine Hydrochloride: Definitive Absolute Stereochemical Assignment of the Mefloquines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Don M. Coltart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX (USA)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang X, Xu X. Silver-Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of Aniline and Ene Carbonyl/Acetylenic Carbonyl Compounds: An Efficient Route for the Synthesis of Quinolines. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:3089-93. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
13
|
Nevin RL. Idiosyncratic quinoline central nervous system toxicity: Historical insights into the chronic neurological sequelae of mefloquine. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2014; 4:118-25. [PMID: 25057461 PMCID: PMC4095041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Regulators now warn adverse neurological effects from mefloquine may be irreversible. Many neurological effects resemble those of a common quinoline CNS toxidrome. The quinoline toxidrome is associated with a risk of CNS neuronal degeneration. CNS neuronal degeneration may underlie some neurological effects from mefloquine.
Mefloquine is a quinoline derivative antimalarial which demonstrates promise for the treatment of schistosomiasis. Traditionally employed in prophylaxis and treatment of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria, recent changes to the approved European and U.S. product labeling for mefloquine now warn of a risk of permanent and irreversible neurological sequelae including vertigo, loss of balance and symptoms of polyneuropathy. The newly described permanent nature of certain of these neurological effects challenges the conventional belief that they are due merely to the long half-life of mefloquine and its continued presence in the body, and raises new considerations for the rational use of the drug against parasitic disease. In this opinion, it is proposed that many of the reported lasting adverse neurological effects of mefloquine are consistent with the chronic sequelae of a well characterized but idiosyncratic central nervous system (CNS) toxicity syndrome (or toxidrome) common to certain historical antimalarial and antiparasitic quinolines and associated with a risk of permanent neuronal degeneration within specific CNS regions including the brainstem. Issues in the development and licensing of mefloquine are then considered in the context of historical awareness of the idiosyncratic CNS toxicity of related quinoline drugs. It is anticipated that the information presented in this opinion will aid in the future clinical recognition of the mefloquine toxidrome and its chronic sequelae, and in informing improved regulatory evaluation of mefloquine and related quinoline drugs as they are explored for expanded antiparasitic use and for other indications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Remington L Nevin
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Room 782, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhou G, Liu X, Liu X, Nie H, Zhang S, Chen W. A Stereospecific Synthesis and Unambiguous Assignment of the Absolute Configuration of (−)‐
erythro
‐Mefloquine Hydrochloride. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University,169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University,169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueying Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University,169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Nie
- School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University,169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengyong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University,169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University,169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chowdhury C, Das B, Mukherjee S, Achari B. Palladium-Catalyzed Approach for the General Synthesis of (E)-2-Arylmethylidene-N-tosylindolines and (E)-2-Arylmethylidene-N-tosyl/nosyltetrahydroquinolines: Access to 2-Substituted Indoles and Quinolines. J Org Chem 2012; 77:5108-19. [DOI: 10.1021/jo300458v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay Chowdhury
- Chemistry
Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR), 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road,
Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Bimolendu Das
- Chemistry
Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR), 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road,
Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Sanjukta Mukherjee
- Chemistry
Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR), 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road,
Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Basudeb Achari
- Chemistry
Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR), 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road,
Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
de Souza MVN, Wardell JL, Wardell SMSV, Ng SW, Tiekink ERT. 2-{[2,8-Bis(trifluoro-meth-yl)quinolin-4-yl](hy-droxy)meth-yl}piperidin-1-ium 3-amino-5-nitro-benzoate sesquihydrate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2012; 67:o3019-20. [PMID: 22220036 PMCID: PMC3247418 DOI: 10.1107/s160053681104270x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric unit of the title salt solvate, C17H17F6N2O+·C7H5N2O4−·1.5H2O, comprises a piperidin-1-ium cation, a 3-amino-5-nitrobenzoate anion, and three fractionally occupied [i.e. 0.414 (3), 0.627 (6) and 0.459 (5)] disordered water molecules of solvation. The cation has an L shape with a C—C—C—C torsion angle of −102.9 (3)° for the atoms linking the quinolinyl group to the rest of the cation. In the anion, the carboxylate and nitro groups are essentially coplanar with the benzene ring [O—C—C—C torsion angle = 179.7 (2)° and O—N—C—C torsion angle = −3.9 (3)°]. In the crystal, extensive O—H⋯O, O—H⋯F and N—H⋯·O hydrogen bonding leads to the formation of a layer in the ab plane.
Collapse
|
17
|
ALLISON DAVIDW, WILCOX REBECCAS, ELLEFSEN KYLEL, ASKEW CAITLINE, HANSEN DAVIDM, WILCOX JEFFREYD, SANDOVAL STEPHANIES, EGGETT DENNISL, YANAGAWA YUCHIO, STEFFENSEN SCOTTC. Mefloquine effects on ventral tegmental area dopamine and GABA neuron inhibition: a physiologic role for connexin-36 GAP junctions. Synapse 2011; 65:804-13. [PMID: 21218452 PMCID: PMC4056588 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Connexin-36 (Cx36) gap junctions (GJs) appear to be involved in the synchronization of GABA interneurons in many brain areas. We have previously identified a population of Cx36-connected ventral tegmental area (VTA) GABA neurons that may regulate mesolimbic dopamine (DA) neurotransmission, a system implicated in reward from both natural behaviors and drugs of abuse. The aim of this study was to determine the effect mefloquine (MFQ) has on midbrain DA and GABA neuron inhibition, and the role Cx36 GJs play in regulating midbrain VTA DA neuron activity in mice. In brain slices from adolescent wild-type (WT) mice the Cx36-selective GJ blocker mefloquine (MFQ, 25 μM) increased VTA DA neuron sIPSC frequency sixfold, and mIPSC frequency threefold. However, in Cx36 KO mice, MFQ only increased sIPSC and mIPSC frequency threefold. The nonselective GJ blocker carbenoxolone (CBX, 100 μM) increased DA neuron sIPSC frequency twofold in WT mice, did not affect Cx36 KO mouse sIPSCs, and did not affect mIPSCs in WT or Cx36 KO mice. Interestingly, MFQ had no effect on VTA GABA neuron sIPSC frequency. We also examined MFQ effects on VTA DA neuron firing rate and current-evoked spiking in WT and Cx36 KO mice, and found that MFQ decreased WT DA neuron firing rate and current-evoked spiking, but did not alter these measures in Cx36 KO mice. Taken together these findings suggest that blocking Cx36 GJs increases VTA DA neuron inhibition, and that GJs play in key role in regulating inhibition of VTA DA neurons. Synapse, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Collapse
|
18
|
Knight JD, Sauer SJ, Coltart DM. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of the Antimalarial Drug (+)-Mefloquine Hydrochloride via Chiral N-Amino Cyclic Carbamate Hydrazones. Org Lett 2011; 13:3118-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ol2010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John D. Knight
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Scott J. Sauer
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Don M. Coltart
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Grimberg BT, Mehlotra RK. Expanding the Antimalarial Drug Arsenal-Now, But How? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2011; 4:681-712. [PMID: 21625331 PMCID: PMC3102560 DOI: 10.3390/ph4050681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of available and effective antimalarial drugs is quickly dwindling. This is mainly because a number of drug resistance-associated mutations in malaria parasite genes, such as crt, mdr1, dhfr/dhps, and others, have led to widespread resistance to all known classes of antimalarial compounds. Unfortunately, malaria parasites have started to exhibit some level of resistance in Southeast Asia even to the most recently introduced class of drugs, artemisinins. While there is much need, the antimalarial drug development pipeline remains woefully thin, with little chemical diversity, and there is currently no alternative to the precious artemisinins. It is difficult to predict where the next generation of antimalarial drugs will come from; however, there are six major approaches: (i) re-optimizing the use of existing antimalarials by either replacement/rotation or combination approach; (ii) repurposing drugs that are currently used to treat other infections or diseases; (iii) chemically modifying existing antimalarial compounds; (iv) exploring natural sources; (v) large-scale screening of diverse chemical libraries; and (vi) through parasite genome-based ("targeted") discoveries. When any newly discovered effective antimalarial treatment is used by the populus, we must maintain constant vigilance for both parasite-specific and human-related factors that are likely to hamper its success. This article is neither comprehensive nor conclusive. Our purpose is to provide an overview of antimalarial drug resistance, associated parasite genetic factors (1. Introduction; 2. Emergence of artemisinin resistance in P. falciparum), and the antimalarial drug development pipeline (3. Overview of the global pipeline of antimalarial drugs), and highlight some examples of the aforementioned approaches to future antimalarial treatment. These approaches can be categorized into "short term" (4. Feasible options for now) and "long term" (5. Next generation of antimalarial treatment-Approaches and candidates). However, these two categories are interrelated, and the approaches in both should be implemented in parallel with focus on developing a successful, long-lasting antimalarial chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Grimberg
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; E-Mails: (B.T.G.); (R.K.M.); Tel.: +1-216-368-6328 or +1-216-368-6172, Fax: +1-216-368-4825
| | - Rajeev K. Mehlotra
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; E-Mails: (B.T.G.); (R.K.M.); Tel.: +1-216-368-6328 or +1-216-368-6172, Fax: +1-216-368-4825
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Milatovic D, Jenkins JW, Hood JE, Yu Y, Rongzhu L, Aschner M. Mefloquine neurotoxicity is mediated by non-receptor tyrosine kinase. Neurotoxicology 2011; 32:578-85. [PMID: 21241737 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Among several available antimalarial drugs, mefloquine has proven to be effective against drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum and remains the drug of choice for both therapy and chemoprophylaxis. However, mefloquine is known to cause adverse neurological and/or psychiatric symptoms, which offset its therapeutic advantage. The exact mechanisms leading to the adverse neurological effects of mefloquine are poorly defined. Alterations in neurotransmitter release and calcium homeostasis, the inhibition of cholinesterases and the interaction with adenosine A(2A) receptors have been hypothesized to play prominent roles in mediating the deleterious effects of this drug. Our recent data have established that mefloquine can also trigger oxidative damage and subsequent neurodegeneration in rat cortical primary neurons. Furthermore, we have utilized a system biology-centered approach and have constructed a pathway model of cellular responses to mefloquine, identifying non-receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) as a critical target in mediating mefloquine neurotoxicity. In this study, we sought to establish an experimental validation of Pyk2 using gene-silencing techniques (siRNA). We have examined whether the downregulation of Pyk2 in primary rat cortical neurons alters mefloquine neurotoxicity by evaluating cell viability, apoptosis and oxidative stress. Results from our study have confirmed that mefloquine neurotoxicity is associated with apoptotic response and oxidative injury, and we have demonstrated that mefloquine affects primary rat cortical neurons, at least in part, via Pyk2. The implication of these findings may prove beneficial in suppressing the neurological side effects of mefloquine and developing effective therapeutic modalities to offset its adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Milatovic
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yu D, Ding D, Jiang H, Stolzberg D, Salvi R. Mefloquine damage vestibular hair cells in organotypic cultures. Neurotox Res 2010; 20:51-8. [PMID: 20859773 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9221-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mefloquine is an effective and widely used anti-malarial drug; however, some clinical reports suggest that it can cause dizziness, balance, and vestibular disturbances. To determine if mefloquine might be toxic to the vestibular system, we applied mefloquine to organotypic cultures of the macula of the utricle from postnatal day 3 rats. The macula of the utricle was micro-dissected out as a flat surface preparation and cultured with 10, 50, 100, or 200 μM mefloquine for 24 h. Specimens were stained with TRITC-conjugated phalloidin to label the actin in hair cell stereocilia and TO-PRO-3 to visualize cell nuclei. Some utricles were also labeled with fluorogenic caspase-3, -8, or -9 indicators to evaluate the mechanism of programmed cell death. Mefloquine treatment caused a dose-dependent loss of utricular hair cells. Treatment with 10 μM caused a slight reduction, 50 μM caused a significant reduction, and 200 μM destroyed nearly all the hair cells. Hair cell nuclei in mefloquine-treated utricles were condensed and fragmented, morphological features of apoptosis. Mefloquine-treated utricles were positive for the extrinsic initiator caspase-8 and intrinsic initiator caspase-9 and downstream executioner caspase-3. These results indicate that mefloquine can induce significant hair cell degeneration in the postnatal rat utricle and that mefloquine-induced hair cell death is initiated by both caspase-8 and caspase-9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhen Yu
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, 137 Cary Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wardell JL, Wardell SMSV, Tiekink ERT, de Lima GM. Bis(2-{[2,8-bis-(trifluoro-meth-yl)quinolin-4-yl](hydr-oxy)meth-yl}piperidin-1-ium) tetra-chloridodiphenyl-stannate(IV). Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:m336-7. [PMID: 21580269 PMCID: PMC2983573 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810006574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the title salt, (C(17)H(17)F(6)N(2)O)(2)[Sn(C(6)H(5))(2)Cl(4)], the complete anion is generated by crystallograaphic inversion symmetry, giving a trans-SnC(2)Cl(4) octa-hedral coordination geometry for the metal atom. In the cation, the quinoline residue is almost normal to the other atoms, so that the ion has an L-shaped conformation [the C-C-C-C torsion angle linking the fused-ring systems is 100.9 (7)°]; the six-membered piperidin-1-ium ring has a chair conformation. An intra-molecular N-H⋯O inter-action occurs. In the crystal, N-H⋯Cl and O-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds link the components into a supra-molecular chain propagating along the a axis. C-H⋯Cl inter-actions are also present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James L. Wardell
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Casa Amarela, Campus de Manguinhos, Av. Brasil 4365, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Geraldo M. de Lima
- Departamento de Quimica, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ding D, Wei–dong Q, Dong–zhen Y, Hai–yan J, Salvi R. Ototoxic effects of mefloquine in cochlear organotypic cultures. J Otol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1672-2930(09)50018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
24
|
Antimalarial activity of phenylthiazolyl-bearing hydroxamate-based histone deacetylase inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:3467-77. [PMID: 18644969 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00439-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimalarial activity and pharmacology of a series of phenylthiazolyl-bearing hydroxamate-based histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) was evaluated. In in vitro growth inhibition assays approximately 50 analogs were evaluated against four drug resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The range of 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)s) was 0.0005 to >1 microM. Five analogs exhibited IC(50)s of <3 nM, and three of these exhibited selectivity indices of >600. The most potent compound, WR301801 (YC-2-88) was shown to cause hyperacetylation of P. falciparum histones, which is a marker for HDAC inhibition in eukaryotic cells. The compound also inhibited malarial and mammalian HDAC activity in functional assays at low nanomolar concentrations. WR301801 did not exhibit cures in P. berghei-infected mice at oral doses as high as 640 mg/kg/day for 3 days or in P. falciparum-infected Aotus lemurinus lemurinus monkeys at oral doses of 32 mg/kg/day for 3 days, despite high relative bioavailability. The failure of monotherapy in mice may be due to a short half-life, since the compound was rapidly hydrolyzed to an inactive acid metabolite by loss of its hydroxamate group in vitro (half-life of 11 min in mouse microsomes) and in vivo (half-life in mice of 3.5 h after a single oral dose of 50 mg/kg). However, WR301801 exhibited cures in P. berghei-infected mice when combined at doses of 52 mg/kg/day orally with subcurative doses of chloroquine. Next-generation HDACIs with greater metabolic stability than WR301801 may be useful as antimalarials if combined appropriately with conventional antimalarial drugs.
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen Y, Lopez-Sanchez M, Savoy DN, Billadeau DD, Dow GS, Kozikowski AP. A Series of Potent and Selective, Triazolylphenyl-Based Histone Deacetylases Inhibitors with Activity against Pancreatic Cancer Cells and Plasmodium falciparum. J Med Chem 2008; 51:3437-48. [DOI: 10.1021/jm701606b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Chen
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Springs, Maryland 20910, and Department of Immunology, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 13-42 Guggenheim, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Miriam Lopez-Sanchez
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Springs, Maryland 20910, and Department of Immunology, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 13-42 Guggenheim, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Doris N. Savoy
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Springs, Maryland 20910, and Department of Immunology, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 13-42 Guggenheim, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Daniel D. Billadeau
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Springs, Maryland 20910, and Department of Immunology, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 13-42 Guggenheim, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Geoffrey S. Dow
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Springs, Maryland 20910, and Department of Immunology, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 13-42 Guggenheim, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Alan P. Kozikowski
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Springs, Maryland 20910, and Department of Immunology, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 13-42 Guggenheim, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Every year, forty percent of the world population is at risk of contracting malaria. Hopes for the erradication of this disease during the 20th century were dashed by the ability of Plasmodium falciparum, its most deadly causative agent, to develop resistance to available drugs. Efforts to produce an effective vaccine have so far been unsuccessful, enhancing the need to develop novel antimalarial drugs. In this review, we summarize our knowledge concerning existing antimalarials, mechanisms of drug-resistance development, the use of drug combination strategies and the quest for novel anti-plasmodial compounds. We emphasize the potential role of host genes and molecules as novel targets for newly developed drugs. Recent results from our laboratory have shown Hepatocyte Growth Factor/MET signaling to be essential for the establishment of infection in hepatocytes. We discuss the potential use of this pathway in the prophylaxis of malaria infection.
Collapse
|
27
|
Dow GS, Heady TN, Bhattacharjee AK, Caridha D, Gerena L, Gettayacamin M, Lanteri CA, Obaldia N, Roncal N, Shearer T, Smith PL, Tungtaeng A, Wolf L, Cabezas M, Yourick D, Smith KS. Utility of alkylaminoquinolinyl methanols as new antimalarial drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:4132-43. [PMID: 16966402 PMCID: PMC1694001 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00631-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mefloquine has been one of the more valuable antimalarial drugs but has never reached its full clinical potential due to concerns about its neurologic side effects, its greater expense than that of other antimalarials, and the emergence of resistance. The commercial development of mefloquine superseded that of another quinolinyl methanol, WR030090, which was used as an experimental antimalarial drug by the U.S. Army in the 1970s. We evaluated a series of related 2-phenyl-substituted alkylaminoquinolinyl methanols (AAQMs) for their potential as mefloquine replacement drugs based on a series of appropriate in vitro and in vivo efficacy and toxicology screens and the theoretical cost of goods. Generally, the AAQMs were less neurotoxic and exhibited greater antimalarial potency, and they are potentially cheaper than mefloquine, but they showed poorer metabolic stability and pharmacokinetics and the potential for phototoxicity. These differences in physiochemical and biological properties are attributable to the "opening" of the piperidine ring of the 4-position side chain. Modification of the most promising compound, WR069878, by substitution of an appropriate N functionality at the 4 position, optimization of quinoline ring substituents at the 6 and 7 positions, and deconjugation of quinoline and phenyl ring systems is anticipated to yield a valuable new antimalarial drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G S Dow
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Xie LH, Li Q, Lin AJ, Smith K, Zhang J, Skillman DS. New potential antimalarial agents: therapeutic-index evaluation of pyrroloquinazolinediamine and its prodrugs in a rat model of severe malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:1649-55. [PMID: 16641431 PMCID: PMC1472225 DOI: 10.1128/aac.50.5.1649-1655.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetra-acetamide pyrroloquinazolinediamine (PQD-A4) and bis-ethylcarbamyl pyrroloquinazolinediamine (PQD-BE) are new derivatives of pyrroloquinazolinediamine (PQD) and are being investigated as potential chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of malaria. Comparative studies to assess the therapeutic indices of PQD-A4, PQD-BE, and PQD were conducted in Plasmodium berghei-infected rats following daily intragastric dosing for three consecutive days. Artesunate (AS), a standard drug for treatment of severe malaria, was used as a comparator. The minimum doses required to clear malaria parasitemia were 156 micromol/kg of body weight for AS and 2.4 micromol/kg for PQD, PQD-4A, and PQD-BE. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of AS was 625 micromol/kg, and its therapeutic index was calculated to be 4. The MTDs of PQD-A4, PQD-BE, and PQD were found to be 190, 77, and 24 micromol/kg, respectively, yielding therapeutic indices of 80, 32, and 10, respectively. Although PQD-A4 and PQD-BE are only half as potent as PQD based on their curative effects, the two new derivatives, PQD-4A and PQD-BE, are 8.0-fold and 3.2-fold safer, respectively, than their parent compound when they are dosed for three consecutive days. Oral PQD-A4 and PQD-BE are 44 to 70 times more potent on an mg basis than intravenous AS. As assessed from the therapeutic index over 3 days, PQD-A4, PQD-BE, and PQD administered orally are 20.0, 8.0, and 2.5 times safer than AS given intravenously. The results indicate that PQD-4A is a promising candidate for antimalarial treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20307-5100, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Skórska A, Sliwiński J, Oleksyn BJ. Conformation stability and organization of mefloquine molecules in different environments. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:850-3. [PMID: 16303303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Revised: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of mefloquine base, [C17H16F6N2O], and two salts of mefloquine: hydrochloride [(C17H17F6N2O)+]3[Cl-]3.3H2O and hydrochloride tetrachlorocobaltate [(C17H17F6N2O)+]3Cl-[CoCl4]2-.C2H6O.H2O, were determined by X-ray diffraction measurements. A comparison of the crystal structures of mefloquine in three different crystalline environments shows that their conformations are stable regardless of mefloquine being a base or a salt. In addition, the conformation of mefloquine is similar to those of crystalline Cinchona alkaloids. The CF3 substituents in the quinoline moiety affect the packing of molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Skórska
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Alisky JM, Chertkova EL, Iczkowski KA. Drug interactions and pharmacogenetic reactions are the basis for chloroquine and mefloquine-induced psychosis. Med Hypotheses 2006; 67:1090-4. [PMID: 16843615 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chloroquine and mefloquine used for prophylaxis and treatment of malaria sometimes causes severe mental status changes, through mechanisms that are poorly understood. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS Psychosis is caused by interactions with other drugs or by pharmacogenetic vulnerabilities that cause heightened responses to chloroquine or mefloquine alone, mediated through dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin, P-glycoprotein, inhibited cortical activity, deranged calcium homeostasis, and impaired synaptogenesis. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS Retrospective studies can identify all other drugs taken coincident with chloroquine or mefloquine psychosis. Various genes from patients could be cloned and compared to those from individuals who tolerated chloroquine and mefloquine, culminating with transgenic animal studies. Identification of candidate genes may be aided by pharmacogenomic analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism maps. Finally, prospective studies with cerebrospinal fluid analysis and PET scanning could help verify the hypothesis. IMPLICATIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS If this hypothesis is correct, the incidence of chloroquine and mefloquine psychosis can be greatly reduced by avoiding interacting medications and by conducting genetic screening prior to initiating chloroquine and mefloquine. Validation of the hypothesis would also provide a paradigm to follow for avoiding neuropsychiatric side effects if antidepressants and neuroleptics are used to overcome chloroquine resistance, if new antimalarial drugs chemically related to chloroquine and mefloquine are developed and if chloroquine and mefloquine are used for non-malarial applications such as HIV and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Alisky
- Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, 1000 Oak Avenue, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|