1
|
Duangupama T, Pansomsuay R, Pittayakhajonwut P, Intaraudom C, Suriyachadkun C, He YW, Tanasupawat S, Thawai C. Micromonospora solifontis sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from hot spring soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73. [PMID: 37141114 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An actinobacterium strain, PPF5-17T, was isolated from hot spring soil collected from Chiang Rai province, Thailand. The strain exhibited morphological and chemotaxonomic properties similar to those of members of the genus Micromonospora. Colonies of PPF5-17T were strong pinkish red and turned black after sporulation in ISP 2 agar medium. Cells formed single spores directly on the substrate mycelium. Growth was observed from 15 to 45 °C and at pH 5-8. Maximum NaCl concentration for growth was 3 % (w/v). PPF5-17T was found to have meso-diaminopimelic acid, xylose, mannose and glucose in the whole-cell hydrolysate. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositolmannosides were observed as the membrane phospholipids. MK-10(H6), MK-9(H6), MK-10(H4) and MK-9(H4) were the major menaquinones. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. PPF5-17T shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Micromonospora fluminis LMG 30467T (99.3 %). A genome-based taxonomic study revealed that PPF5-17T was closely related to Micromonospora aurantinigra DSM 44815T in the phylogenomic tree with an average nucleotide identity by blast (ANIb) of 87.7 % and a digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) value of, 36.1 % which were below the threshold values for delineation of a novel species. Moreover, PPF5-17T could be distinguished from its closest neighbours, M. fluminis LMG 30467T and M. aurantinigra DSM 44815T, with respect to a broad range of phenotypic properties. Thus, PPF5-17T represents a novel species, for which the name Micromonospora solifontis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PPF5-17T (= TBRC 8478T = NBRC 113441T).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thitikorn Duangupama
- Department of Biology, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Rawirat Pansomsuay
- Department of Biology, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Pattama Pittayakhajonwut
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Chakapong Intaraudom
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Chanwit Suriyachadkun
- Thailand Bioresource Research Center (TBRC), National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Ya-Wen He
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Somboon Tanasupawat
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chitti Thawai
- Department of Biology, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
- Actinobacterial Research Unit, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Re-classification of Streptomyces venezuelae strains and mining secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. iScience 2021; 24:103410. [PMID: 34877485 PMCID: PMC8627960 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces species have attracted considerable interest as a reservoir of medically important secondary metabolites, which are even diverse and different between strains. Here, we reassess ten Streptomyces venezuelae strains by presenting the highly resolved classification, using 16S rRNA sequencing, MALDI-TOF MS protein profiling, and whole-genome sequencing. The results revealed that seven of the ten strains were misclassified as S. venezuelae species. Secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene cluster (smBGC) mining and targeted LC-MS/MS based metabolite screening of S. venezuelae and misclassified strains identified in total 59 secondary metabolites production. In addition, a comparison of pyrrolamide-type antibiotic BGCs of four misclassified strains, followed by functional genomics, revealed that athv28 is critical in the synthesis of the anthelvencin precursor, 5-amino-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate (ADPC). Our findings illustrate the importance of the accurate classification and better utilization of misclassified Streptomyces strains to discover smBGCs and their secondary metabolite products.
Collapse
|
3
|
Sabido EM, Tenebro CP, Trono DJVL, Vicera CVB, Leonida SFL, Maybay JJWB, Reyes-Salarda R, Amago DS, Aguadera AMV, Octaviano MC, Saludes JP, Dalisay DS. Insights into the Variation in Bioactivities of Closely Related Streptomyces Strains from Marine Sediments of the Visayan Sea against ESKAPE and Ovarian Cancer. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19080441. [PMID: 34436280 PMCID: PMC8399204 DOI: 10.3390/md19080441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine sediments host diverse actinomycetes that serve as a source of new natural products to combat infectious diseases and cancer. Here, we report the biodiversity, bioactivities against ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) and ovarian cancer, and metabolites variation among culturable actinomycetes isolated from the marine sediments of Visayan Sea, Philippines. We identified 15 Streptomyces species based on a 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The crude extracts of 10 Streptomyces species have inhibited the growth of ESKAPE pathogens with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.312 mg/mL to 20 mg/mL depending on the strain and pathogens targeted. Additionally, ten crude extracts have antiproliferative activity against A2780 human ovarian carcinoma at 2 mg/mL. To highlight, we observed that four phylogenetically identical Streptomyces albogriseolus strains demonstrated variation in antibiotic and anticancer activities. These strains harbored type I and II polyketide synthase (PKS) and non-ribosomal synthetase (NRPS) genes in their genomes, implying that their bioactivity is independent of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-detected bio-synthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in this study. Metabolite profiling revealed that the taxonomically identical strains produced core and strain-specific metabolites. Thus, the chemical diversity among these strains influences the variation observed in their biological activities. This study expanded our knowledge on the potential of marine-derived Streptomyces residing from the unexplored regions of the Visayan Sea as a source of small molecules against ESKAPE pathogens and cancer. It also highlights that Streptomyces species strains produce unique strain-specific secondary metabolites; thus, offering new chemical space for natural product discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edna M. Sabido
- Center for Natural Drug Discovery and Development (CND3), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines; (E.M.S.); (S.F.L.L.); (J.J.W.B.M.); (D.S.A.); (A.M.V.A.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Chuckcris P. Tenebro
- Center for Chemical Biology and Biotechnology (C2B2), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines; (C.P.T.); (D.J.V.L.T.); (C.V.B.V.); (R.R.-S.)
| | - Dana Joanne Von L. Trono
- Center for Chemical Biology and Biotechnology (C2B2), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines; (C.P.T.); (D.J.V.L.T.); (C.V.B.V.); (R.R.-S.)
| | - Carmela Vannette B. Vicera
- Center for Chemical Biology and Biotechnology (C2B2), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines; (C.P.T.); (D.J.V.L.T.); (C.V.B.V.); (R.R.-S.)
| | - Sheeny Fane L. Leonida
- Center for Natural Drug Discovery and Development (CND3), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines; (E.M.S.); (S.F.L.L.); (J.J.W.B.M.); (D.S.A.); (A.M.V.A.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Jose Jeffrey Wayne B. Maybay
- Center for Natural Drug Discovery and Development (CND3), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines; (E.M.S.); (S.F.L.L.); (J.J.W.B.M.); (D.S.A.); (A.M.V.A.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Rikka Reyes-Salarda
- Center for Chemical Biology and Biotechnology (C2B2), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines; (C.P.T.); (D.J.V.L.T.); (C.V.B.V.); (R.R.-S.)
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts, Sciences, and Education, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines
| | - Diana S. Amago
- Center for Natural Drug Discovery and Development (CND3), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines; (E.M.S.); (S.F.L.L.); (J.J.W.B.M.); (D.S.A.); (A.M.V.A.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Angelica Marie V. Aguadera
- Center for Natural Drug Discovery and Development (CND3), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines; (E.M.S.); (S.F.L.L.); (J.J.W.B.M.); (D.S.A.); (A.M.V.A.); (M.C.O.)
| | - May C. Octaviano
- Center for Natural Drug Discovery and Development (CND3), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines; (E.M.S.); (S.F.L.L.); (J.J.W.B.M.); (D.S.A.); (A.M.V.A.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Jonel P. Saludes
- Center for Natural Drug Discovery and Development (CND3), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines; (E.M.S.); (S.F.L.L.); (J.J.W.B.M.); (D.S.A.); (A.M.V.A.); (M.C.O.)
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts, Sciences, and Education, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines
- Tuklas Lunas Development Center, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines
- Balik Scientist Program, Department of Science and Technology, Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD), Bicutan, Taguig City 1631, Philippines
- Correspondence: (J.P.S.); (D.S.D.); Tel.: +63-33-503-6887 (J.P.S.); +63-33-501-0350 (D.S.D.)
| | - Doralyn S. Dalisay
- Center for Chemical Biology and Biotechnology (C2B2), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines; (C.P.T.); (D.J.V.L.T.); (C.V.B.V.); (R.R.-S.)
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts, Sciences, and Education, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines
- Tuklas Lunas Development Center, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines
- Balik Scientist Program, Department of Science and Technology, Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD), Bicutan, Taguig City 1631, Philippines
- Correspondence: (J.P.S.); (D.S.D.); Tel.: +63-33-503-6887 (J.P.S.); +63-33-501-0350 (D.S.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhai G, Wang W, Xu W, Sun G, Hu C, Wu X, Cong Z, Deng L, Shi Y, Leadlay PF, Song H, Hong K, Deng Z, Sun Y. Cross-Module Enoylreduction in the Azalomycin F Polyketide Synthase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22738-22742. [PMID: 32865309 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The colinearity of canonical modular polyketide synthases, which creates a direct link between multienzyme structure and the chemical structure of the biosynthetic end-product, has become a cornerstone of knowledge-based genome mining. Herein, we report genetic and enzymatic evidence for the remarkable role of an enoylreductase in the polyketide synthase for azalomycin F biosynthesis. This internal enoylreductase domain, previously identified as acting only in the second of two chain extension cycles on an initial iterative module, is shown to also catalyze enoylreduction in trans within the next module. The mechanism for this rare deviation from colinearity appears to involve direct cross-modular interaction of the reductase with the longer acyl chain, rather than back transfer of the substrate into the iterative module, suggesting an additional and surprising plasticity in natural PKS assembly-line catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guifa Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Wenyan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China.,Current address: Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Chaoqun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Xiangming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Zisong Cong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Liang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Yanrong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Peter F Leadlay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, No. 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Heng Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Kui Hong
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Yuhui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhai G, Wang W, Xu W, Sun G, Hu C, Wu X, Cong Z, Deng L, Shi Y, Leadlay PF, Song H, Hong K, Deng Z, Sun Y. Cross‐Module Enoylreduction in the Azalomycin F Polyketide Synthase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guifa Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Wuhan University) Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University No. 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Wenyan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University No. 299 Bayi Road Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Wuhan University) Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University No. 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
- Current address: Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR) Singapore Singapore
| | - Guo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Wuhan University) Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University No. 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Chaoqun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Wuhan University) Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University No. 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Xiangming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Wuhan University) Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University No. 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Zisong Cong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University No. 299 Bayi Road Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Liang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Wuhan University) Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University No. 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Yanrong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Wuhan University) Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University No. 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Peter F. Leadlay
- Department of Biochemistry University of Cambridge No. 80 Tennis Court Road Cambridge CB2 1GA UK
| | - Heng Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University No. 299 Bayi Road Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Kui Hong
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Wuhan University) Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University No. 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Wuhan University) Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University No. 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Yuhui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Wuhan University) Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University No. 185 East Lake Road Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guerrero-Garzón JF, Zehl M, Schneider O, Rückert C, Busche T, Kalinowski J, Bredholt H, Zotchev SB. Streptomyces spp. From the Marine Sponge Antho dichotoma: Analyses of Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis Gene Clusters and Some of Their Products. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:437. [PMID: 32256483 PMCID: PMC7093587 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinomycete bacteria from marine environments represent a potential source for new antibiotics and anti-tumor drugs. Ten strains belonging to the genus Streptomyces isolated from the marine sponge Antho dichotoma collected at the bottom of the Trondheim fjord (Norway) were screened for antibiotic activity. Since only few isolates proved to be bioactive in the conditions tested, we decided to gain an insight into their biosynthetic potential using genome sequencing and analysis. Draft genomes were analyzed for the presence of secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters (BGCs) using antiSMASH software. BGCs specifying both known and potentially novel secondary metabolites were identified, suggesting that these isolates might be sources for new bioactive compounds. The results of this analysis also implied horizontal transfer of several gene clusters between the studied isolates, which was especially evident for the lantibiotic- and thiopeptide-encoding BGCs. The latter implies the significance of particular secondary metabolites for the adaptation of Streptomyces to the spatially enclosed marine environments such as marine sponges. Two bioactive isolates, one showing activity against both yeast and Bacillus subtilis, and one only against yeast were analyzed in details, leading to the identification of cycloheximide, linearmycins, and echinomycins that are presumably responsible for the observed bioactivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Zehl
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olha Schneider
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Tobias Busche
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gleissner CL, Pyka CL, Heydenreuter W, Gronauer TF, Atzberger C, Korotkov VS, Cheng W, Hacker SM, Vollmar AM, Braig S, Sieber SA. Neocarzilin A Is a Potent Inhibitor of Cancer Cell Motility Targeting VAT-1 Controlled Pathways. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1170-1178. [PMID: 31403069 PMCID: PMC6661975 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The natural product neocarzilin A (NCA) was discovered decades ago, and despite its potent cytotoxic effects no mode of action studies have been performed up to date. Synthesis of neocarzilins A, B, and C and a stereoisomer of NCA provided insights into structural preferences as well as access to probes for functional studies. NCA turned out to be the most active member and was not only effective against cell proliferation but also migration, a novel and so far overlooked activity. To decipher the molecular mode of action, we applied chemical proteomics for target discovery and revealed that NCA targets cancer cell migration via irreversible binding to the largely uncharacterized synaptic vesicle membrane protein VAT-1. A corresponding knockout of the protein confirmed the phenotype, and pull-down studies showed the interaction with an intricate network of key migration mediators such as Talin-1. Overall, we introduce VAT-1 as a promising novel target for the development of selective migration inhibitors with the perspective to limit toxicity in the absence of antiproliferative effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin
M.-L. Gleissner
- Center
for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching, D-85747, Germany
| | - Carolin L. Pyka
- Department
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University
of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Munich, D-81377, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Heydenreuter
- Center
for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching, D-85747, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Gronauer
- Center
for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching, D-85747, Germany
| | - Carina Atzberger
- Department
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University
of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Munich, D-81377, Germany
| | - Vadim S. Korotkov
- Center
for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching, D-85747, Germany
| | - Weiting Cheng
- Department
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University
of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Munich, D-81377, Germany
| | - Stephan M. Hacker
- Department
of Chemistry, Technische Universität
München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching, D-85747, Germany
| | - Angelika M. Vollmar
- Department
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University
of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Munich, D-81377, Germany
| | - Simone Braig
- Department
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University
of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Munich, D-81377, Germany
| | - Stephan A. Sieber
- Center
for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching, D-85747, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The enzymology of 135 assembly lines containing primarily cis-acyltransferase modules is comprehensively analyzed, with greater attention paid to less common phenomena. Diverse online transformations, in which the substrate and/or product of the reaction is an acyl chain bound to an acyl carrier protein, are classified so that unusual reactions can be compared and underlying assembly-line logic can emerge. As a complement to the chemistry surrounding the loading, extension, and offloading of assembly lines that construct primarily polyketide products, structural aspects of the assembly-line machinery itself are considered. This review of assembly-line phenomena, covering the literature up to 2017, should thus be informative to the modular polyketide synthase novice and expert alike.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian T Keatinge-Clay
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nah HJ, Pyeon HR, Kang SH, Choi SS, Kim ES. Cloning and Heterologous Expression of a Large-sized Natural Product Biosynthetic Gene Cluster in Streptomyces Species. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:394. [PMID: 28360891 PMCID: PMC5350119 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinomycetes family including Streptomyces species have been a major source for the discovery of novel natural products (NPs) in the last several decades thanks to their structural novelty, diversity and complexity. Moreover, recent genome mining approach has provided an attractive tool to screen potentially valuable NP biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) present in the actinomycetes genomes. Since many of these NP BGCs are silent or cryptic in the original actinomycetes, various techniques have been employed to activate these NP BGCs. Heterologous expression of BGCs has become a useful strategy to produce, reactivate, improve, and modify the pathways of NPs present at minute quantities in the original actinomycetes isolates. However, cloning and efficient overexpression of an entire NP BGC, often as large as over 100 kb, remain challenging due to the ineffectiveness of current genetic systems in manipulating large NP BGCs. This mini review describes examples of actinomycetes NP production through BGC heterologous expression systems as well as recent strategies specialized for the large-sized NP BGCs in Streptomyces heterologous hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Ju Nah
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hye-Rim Pyeon
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Kang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University Incheon, South Korea
| | - Si-Sun Choi
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University Incheon, South Korea
| | - Eung-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University Incheon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sugimoto Y, Ishida K, Traitcheva N, Busch B, Dahse HM, Hertweck C. Freedom and Constraint in Engineered Noncolinear Polyketide Assembly Lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:229-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
11
|
Chen X, Ji R, Jiang X, Yang R, Liu F, Xin Y. Iterative type I polyketide synthases involved in enediyne natural product biosynthesis. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:587-95. [PMID: 25278375 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enediyne natural products are potent antibiotics structurally characterized by an enediyne core containing two acetylenic groups conjugated to a double bond in a 9- or 10-membered carbocycle. The biosynthetic gene clusters for enediynes encode a novel iterative type I polyketide synthase (PKSE), which is generally believed to initiate the biosynthetic process of enediyne cores. This review article will cover research efforts made since its discovery to elucidate the role of the PKSE in enediyne core biosynthesis. Topics covered include the unique domain architecture, identification, and characterization of turnover products, and interaction with partner thioesterase protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Arakawa K. Genetic and biochemical analysis of the antibiotic biosynthetic gene clusters on the Streptomyces linear plasmid. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:183-9. [PMID: 25036669 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.882761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We extensively analyzed the giant linear plasmid pSLA2-L in Streptomyces rochei 7434AN4, a producer of two structurally unrelated polyketide antibiotics, lankacidin and lankamycin. It was found that amine oxidase LkcE oxidizes an acyclic amine to an imine, which is in turn converted to the 17-membered carbocyclic lankacidin. Heterologous expression and translational fusion experiments indicated the modular-iterative mixed polyketide biosynthesis of lankacidin. Concerning to lankamycin biosynthesis, starter unit biosynthesis and the post-PKS modification pathway were elucidated by feeding and gene inactivation experiments. It was shown that pSLA2-L contains many regulatory genes, which constitute the signaling molecule/receptor system for antibiotic production and morphological differentiation in this strain. Two signaling molecules, SRB1 and SRB2, that induce production of lankacidin and lankamycin were further isolated and their structures were elucidated. Each contains a 2,3-disubstituted butenolide skeleton, and the stereochemistry at C-1' position is crucial for inducing activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Arakawa
- a Department of Molecular Biotechnology , Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Young J, Stevens DC, Carmichael R, Tan J, Rachid S, Boddy CN, Müller R, Taylor RE. Elucidation of gephyronic acid biosynthetic pathway revealed unexpected SAM-dependent methylations. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:2269-2276. [PMID: 24298873 DOI: 10.1021/np400629v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Gephyronic acid, a cytostatic polyketide produced by the myxobacterium Cystobacter violaceus Cb vi76, exhibits potent and selective eukaryotic protein synthesis inhibition. Next-generation sequencing of the C. violaceus genome revealed five type I polyketide synthases and post-PKS tailoring enzymes including an O-methyltransferase and a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase. Seven methyltransferase (MT) domains embedded within the PKS subunits were found to install the methyl branches throughout the gephyronic acid skeleton. A rare loading domain from the GNAT superfamily also contains an embedded MT domain that catalyzes the in situ production of an isobutyryl starter unit. Phylogenetic analysis identified new motifs that distinguish MT domains located in PKS pathways with in cis acyltransferase (AT) domains from MT domains located in PKS pathways with trans AT enzymes. The identification of the gene cluster sets the stage for the generation of a heterologous expression system, which will allow further investigation of selective eukaryotic protein synthesis inhibitors through the generation of gephyronic acid analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Young
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wyche TP, Standiford M, Hou Y, Braun D, Johnson DA, Johnson JA, Bugni TS. Activation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 pathway by novel natural products halomadurones A-D and a synthetic analogue. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:5089-99. [PMID: 24351907 PMCID: PMC3877905 DOI: 10.3390/md11125089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Two novel chlorinated pyrones, halomadurones A and B, and two novel brominated analogues, halomadurones C and D, were isolated from a marine Actinomadura sp. cultivated from the ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinata. Additionally, a non-halogenated analogue, 2-methyl-6-((E)-3-methyl-1,3-hexadiene)-γ-pyrone, was synthesized to understand the role of the halogens for activity. Halomadurones C and D demonstrated potent nuclear factor E2-related factor antioxidant response element (Nrf2-ARE) activation, which is an important therapeutic approach for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tim S Bugni
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Galm U, Shen B. Expression of biosynthetic gene clusters in heterologous hosts for natural product production and combinatorial biosynthesis. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 1:409-37. [PMID: 23495943 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.1.5.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Expression of biosynthetic gene clusters in heterologous hosts for natural product production and combinatorial biosynthesis is playing an increasingly important role in natural product-based drug discovery and development programmes. This review highlights the requirements and challenges associated with this conceptually simple strategy of using surrogate hosts for the production of natural products in good yields and for the generation of novel analogues by combinatorial biosynthesis methods, taking advantage of the recombinant DNA technologies and tools available in the model hosts. Specific topics addressed include: i) the mobilisation of biosynthetic gene clusters using different vector systems; ii) the selection of suitable model heterologous hosts; iii) the requirement of post-translational protein modifications and precursor supply within the model hosts; iv) the influence of promoters and pathway regulators; and v) the choice of suitable fermentation conditions. Lastly, the use of heterologous expression in combinatorial biosynthesis is addressed. Future directions for model heterologous host engineering and the optimisation of natural product biosynthetic gene cluster expression in heterologous hosts are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Galm
- Divison of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bayer K, Scheuermayer M, Fieseler L, Hentschel U. Genomic mining for novel FADH₂-dependent halogenases in marine sponge-associated microbial consortia. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 15:63-72. [PMID: 22562484 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-012-9455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Many marine sponges (Porifera) are known to contain large amounts of phylogenetically diverse microorganisms. Sponges are also known for their large arsenal of natural products, many of which are halogenated. In this study, 36 different FADH₂-dependent halogenase gene fragments were amplified from various Caribbean and Mediterranean sponges using newly designed degenerate PCR primers. Four unique halogenase-positive fosmid clones, all containing the highly conserved amino acid motif "GxGxxG", were identified in the microbial metagenome of Aplysina aerophoba. Sequence analysis of one halogenase-bearing fosmid revealed notably two open reading frames with high homologies to efflux and multidrug resistance proteins. Single cell genomic analysis allowed for a taxonomic assignment of the halogenase genes to specific symbiotic lineages. Specifically, the halogenase cluster S1 is predicted to be produced by a deltaproteobacterial symbiont and halogenase cluster S2 by a poribacterial sponge symbiont. An additional halogenase gene is possibly produced by an actinobacterial symbiont of marine sponges. The identification of three novel, phylogenetically, and possibly also functionally distinct halogenase gene clusters indicates that the microbial consortia of sponges are a valuable resource for novel enzymes involved in halogenation reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Bayer
- Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 3, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Stevens DC, Hari TPA, Boddy CN. The role of transcription in heterologous expression of polyketides in bacterial hosts. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:1391-411. [DOI: 10.1039/c3np70060g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
18
|
Busch B, Ueberschaar N, Sugimoto Y, Hertweck C. Interchenar Retrotransfer of Aureothin Intermediates in an Iterative Polyketide Synthase Module. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:12382-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja304454r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Busch
- Leibniz Institute for
Natural Product Research and
Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany,
and Friedrich Schiller University, Jena,
Germany
| | - Nico Ueberschaar
- Leibniz Institute for
Natural Product Research and
Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany,
and Friedrich Schiller University, Jena,
Germany
| | - Yuki Sugimoto
- Leibniz Institute for
Natural Product Research and
Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany,
and Friedrich Schiller University, Jena,
Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Leibniz Institute for
Natural Product Research and
Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany,
and Friedrich Schiller University, Jena,
Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang H, Boghigian BA, Armando J, Pfeifer BA. Methods and options for the heterologous production of complex natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:125-51. [PMID: 21060956 PMCID: PMC9896020 DOI: 10.1039/c0np00037j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This review will detail the motivations, experimental approaches, and growing list of successful cases associated with the heterologous production of complex natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhang
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Science & Technology Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kudo F, Motegi A, Mizoue K, Eguchi T. Cloning and characterization of the biosynthetic gene cluster of 16-membered macrolide antibiotic FD-891: involvement of a dual functional cytochrome P450 monooxygenase catalyzing epoxidation and hydroxylation. Chembiochem 2010; 11:1574-82. [PMID: 20589823 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
FD-891 is a 16-membered cytotoxic antibiotic macrolide that is especially active against human leukemia such as HL-60 and Jurkat cells. We identified the FD-891 biosynthetic (gfs) gene cluster from the producer Streptomyces graminofaciens A-8890 by using typical modular type I polyketide synthase (PKS) genes as probes. The gfs gene cluster contained five typical modular type I PKS genes (gfsA, B, C, D, and E), a cytochrome P450 gene (gfsF), a methyltransferase gene (gfsG), and a regulator gene (gfsR). The gene organization of PKSs agreed well with the basic polyketide skeleton of FD-891 including the oxidation states and alpha-alkyl substituent determined by the substrate specificities of the acyltransferase (AT) domains. To clarify the involvement of the gfs genes in the FD-891 biosynthesis, the P450 gfsF gene was inactivated; this resulted in the loss of FD-891 production. Instead, the gfsF gene-disrupted mutant accumulated a novel FD-891 analogue 25-O-methyl-FD-892, which lacked the epoxide and the hydroxyl group of FD-891. Furthermore, the recombinant GfsF enzyme coexpressed with putidaredoxin and putidaredoxin reductase converted 25-O-methyl-FD-892 into FD-891. In the course of the GfsF reaction, 10-deoxy-FD-891 was isolated as an enzymatic reaction intermediate, which was also converted into FD-891 by GfsF. Therefore, it was clearly found that the cytochrome P450 GfsF catalyzes epoxidation and hydroxylation in a stepwise manner in the FD-891 biosynthesis. These results clearly confirmed that the identified gfs genes are responsible for the biosynthesis of FD-891 in S. graminofaciens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Kudo
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
This review discusses the biosynthesis of natural products that are generated by trans-AT polyketide synthases, a family of catalytically versatile enzymes that have recently been recognized as one of the major group of proteins involved in the production of bioactive polyketides. 436 references are cited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Piel
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Podzelinska K, Latimer R, Bhattacharya A, Vining LC, Zechel DL, Jia Z. Chloramphenicol biosynthesis: the structure of CmlS, a flavin-dependent halogenase showing a covalent flavin-aspartate bond. J Mol Biol 2010; 397:316-31. [PMID: 20080101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chloramphenicol is a halogenated natural product bearing an unusual dichloroacetyl moiety that is critical for its antibiotic activity. The operon for chloramphenicol biosynthesis in Streptomyces venezuelae encodes the chloramphenicol halogenase CmlS, which belongs to the large and diverse family of flavin-dependent halogenases (FDH's). CmlS was previously shown to be essential for the formation of the dichloroacetyl group. Here we report the X-ray crystal structure of CmlS determined at 2.2 A resolution, revealing a flavin monooxygenase domain shared by all FDHs, but also a unique 'winged-helix' C-terminal domain that creates a T-shaped tunnel leading to the halogenation active site. Intriguingly, the C-terminal tail of this domain blocks access to the halogenation active site, suggesting a structurally dynamic role during catalysis. The halogenation active site is notably nonpolar and shares nearly identical residues with Chondromyces crocatus tyrosyl halogenase (CndH), including the conserved Lys (K71) that forms the reactive chloramine intermediate. The exception is Y350, which could be used to stabilize enolate formation during substrate halogenation. The strictly conserved residue E44, located near the isoalloxazine ring of the bound flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor, is optimally positioned to function as a remote general acid, through a water-mediated proton relay, which could accelerate the reaction of the chloramine intermediate during substrate halogenation, or the oxidation of chloride by the FAD(C4alpha)-OOH intermediate. Strikingly, the 8alpha carbon of the FAD cofactor is observed to be covalently attached to D277 of CmlS, a residue that is highly conserved in the FDH family. In addition to representing a new type of flavin modification, this has intriguing implications for the mechanism of FDHs. Based on the crystal structure and in analogy to known halogenases, we propose a reaction mechanism for CmlS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Podzelinska
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Olano C, Méndez C, Salas JA. Post-PKS tailoring steps in natural product-producing actinomycetes from the perspective of combinatorial biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:571-616. [DOI: 10.1039/b911956f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
24
|
|
25
|
Elsebai MF, Kehraus S, Gütschow M, König GM. New Polyketides from the Marine-derived Fungus Phaeosphaeria spartinae. Nat Prod Commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0900401104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Phaeosphaeria spartinae is an endophyte of the marine alga Ceramium sp. Investigation of this marine-derived fungus led to the isolation of the new natural products spartinol A (1), B (2), C (3) and D (4). The structures of these closely related compounds were established from extensive spectroscopic investigations. Compound 3 showed weak inhibition of human leukocyte elastase (HLE).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Kehraus
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriele M. König
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Busch B, Hertweck C. Evolution of metabolic diversity in polyketide-derived pyrones: using the non-colinear aureothin assembly line as a model system. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1833-1840. [PMID: 19651421 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polyketide-derived pyrones are structurally diverse secondary metabolites that are represented in all three kingdoms of life and are endowed with various biological functions. The aureothin family of Streptomyces metabolites was chosen as a model to study the factors governing structural diversity and the evolutionary processes involved. This review highlights recent insights into the non-colinear aureothin and neoaureothin modular type I polyketide synthase (PKS), aromatic starter unit biosynthesis, polyketide tailoring reactions, and a non-enzymatic polyene splicing cascade. Pyrone biosynthesis in bacteria, fungi, and plants is compared. Finally, various strategies to increase metabolic diversity of aureothin derivatives through mutasynthesis, pathway engineering, and biotransformation are presented. The unusual aureothin and neoaureothin assembly lines thus not only represent a model for PKS evolution, but provided important insights into non-canonical enzymatic processes that could be employed for the production of antitumor and antifungal agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Busch
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Jena, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cheng YQ, Coughlin JM, Lim SK, Shen B. Type I polyketide synthases that require discrete acyltransferases. Methods Enzymol 2009; 459:165-86. [PMID: 19362640 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)04608-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The diverse structures of polyketide natural products are reflected by the equally diverse polyketide biosynthetic enzymes, namely polyketide synthases (PKSs). Three major classes of PKSs are known-noniterative type I PKSs, iterative type II PKSs and acyl carrier protein-independent type III PKSs, each of which consists of additional variants. One such variant is the noniterative type I PKS in which each PKS module lacks the cognate acyltransferase (AT) domain. The essential AT activity is instead provided by a discrete AT in trans. Termed "AT-less" type I PKSs, the loading of the malonate extender units by the discrete AT enzyme LnmG to each of the AT-less PKS modules of LnmI and LnmJ was confirmed experimentally for biosynthesis of the anticancer antibiotic leinamycin (LNM). The LNM PKS has since served as a model for the continuous discovery of numerous additional AT-less type I PKSs incorporating variable extender units. However, biochemical characterization of AT-less type I PKSs remains very limited, and the mechanism by which AT-less type I PKSs accommodate multiple extender units is unknown. This chapter provides the protocols used to establish and characterize the LNM PKS. Application of these methods to other AT-less type I PKSs should aid the biochemical characterization and hence possible exploitation of these unique PKSs for polyketide natural product structural diversity by combinatorial biosynthetic methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qiang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
|
30
|
Detection, distribution, and organohalogen compound discovery implications of the reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent halogenase gene in major filamentous actinomycete taxonomic groups. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:4813-20. [PMID: 19447951 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02958-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Halogenases have been shown to play a significant role in biosynthesis and introducing the bioactivity of many halogenated secondary metabolites. In this study, 54 reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH(2))-dependent halogenase gene-positive strains were identified after the PCR screening of a large collection of 228 reference strains encompassing all major families and genera of filamentous actinomycetes. The wide distribution of this gene was observed to extend to some rare lineages with higher occurrences and large sequence diversity. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses revealed that strains containing highly homologous halogenases tended to produce halometabolites with similar structures, and halogenase genes are likely to propagate by horizontal gene transfer as well as vertical inheritance within actinomycetes. Higher percentages of halogenase gene-positive strains than those of halogenase gene-negative ones contained polyketide synthase genes and/or nonribosomal peptide synthetase genes or displayed antimicrobial activities in the tests applied, indicating their genetic and physiological potentials for producing secondary metabolites. The robustness of this halogenase gene screening strategy for the discovery of particular biosynthetic gene clusters in rare actinomycetes besides streptomycetes was further supported by genome-walking analysis. The described distribution and phylogenetic implications of the FADH(2)-dependent halogenase gene present a guide for strain selection in the search for novel organohalogen compounds from actinomycetes.
Collapse
|
31
|
Wagner C, El Omari M, König GM. Biohalogenation: nature's way to synthesize halogenated metabolites. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:540-553. [PMID: 19245259 DOI: 10.1021/np800651m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated natural products are widely distributed in nature, some of them showing potent biological activities. Incorporation of halogen atoms in drug leads is a common strategy to modify molecules in order to vary their bioactivities and specificities. Chemical halogenation, however, often requires harsh reaction conditions and results in unwanted byproduct formation. It is thus of great interest to investigate the biosynthesis of halogenated natural products and the biotechnological potential of halogenating enzymes. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview on the current knowledge concerning biological halogenations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wagner
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Olano C, Méndez C, Salas JA. Antitumor compounds from actinomycetes: from gene clusters to new derivatives by combinatorial biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:628-60. [PMID: 19387499 DOI: 10.1039/b822528a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to October 2008. Antitumor compounds produced by actinomycetes and novel derivatives generated by combinatorial biosynthesis are reviewed (with 318 references cited.) The different structural groups for which the relevant gene clusters have been isolated and characterized are reviewed, with a description of the strategies used for the generation of the novel derivatives and the activities of these compounds against tumor cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Olano
- Departamento de Biología Funcional and Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A.), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
DKxanthene Biosynthesis—Understanding the Basis for Diversity-Oriented Synthesis in Myxobacterial Secondary Metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:771-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
34
|
Abstract
Four bacterial hosts are reviewed in the context of either native or heterologous natural product production. E. coli, B. subtilis, pseudomonads, and Streptomyces bacterial systems are presented with each having either a long-standing or more recent application to the production of therapeutic natural compounds. The four natural product classes focused upon include the polyketides, nonribosomal peptides, terpenoids, and flavonoids. From the perspective of both innate and heterologous production potential, each bacterial host is evaluated according to biological properties that would either hinder or facilitate natural product biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tooming-Klunderud A, Rohrlack T, Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Kristensen T, Jakobsen KS. Structural analysis of a non-ribosomal halogenated cyclic peptide and its putative operon from Microcystis: implications for evolution of cyanopeptolins. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2007; 153:1382-1393. [PMID: 17464052 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/001123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the major peptide produced by Microcystis cf. wesenbergii NIVA-CYA 172/5, the halogenated heptapeptide cyanopeptolin-984, was determined using LC/MS/MS. A gene cluster encoding a peptide synthetase putatively producing a cyanopeptolin was cloned from the same strain and sequenced. The cluster consists of four genes encoding peptide synthetases and one gene encoding a halogenase. Two additional ORFs transcribed in the opposite direction were found in the 5' flanking sequence; one of these encodes an ABC transporter. The overall organization of the cyanopeptolin synthetase operon (mcn) resembles a previously analysed anabaenopeptilide synthetase operon (apd) from Anabaena strain 90. Phylogenetic analyses of the individual domains from Mcn, Apd and other cyanobacterial peptide synthetases showed clustering of the adenylation domains according to function irrespective of operon origin - indicating strong functional constraints across peptide synthetases. In contrast, the condensation and thiolation domains to a large extent grouped according to operon affiliation or position in the respective operons. Phylogenetic analyses of condensation domains indicated that N-terminal domains and domains that condense L-amino acids and D-amino acids, respectively, form three separate groups. Although recombination events are likely to be involved in the evolution of mcn, no clear evidence of genetic recombination between the two cyanopeptolin gene clusters was found. Within the genus Microcystis, microcystin and cyanopeptolin synthetases have an evolutionary history of genomic coexistence. However, the data indicated that the two classes of peptide synthetase gene clusters have evolved independently.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Anabaena/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Chromatography, Liquid
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- Evolution, Molecular
- Gene Order
- Mass Spectrometry
- Microcystis/genetics
- Microcystis/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Structure
- Multigene Family
- Oligopeptides/biosynthesis
- Oligopeptides/chemistry
- Oligopeptides/genetics
- Open Reading Frames
- Operon
- Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Peptide Synthases/genetics
- Peptides, Cyclic/biosynthesis
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry
- Peptides, Cyclic/genetics
- Phylogeny
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Rohrlack
- NIVA, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, 0411 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi
- Department of Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom Kristensen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetill S Jakobsen
- Department of Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Traitcheva N, Jenke-Kodama H, He J, Dittmann E, Hertweck C. Non-Colinear Polyketide Biosynthesis in the Aureothin and Neoaureothin Pathways: An Evolutionary Perspective. Chembiochem 2007; 8:1841-9. [PMID: 17763486 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Aureothin and neoaureothin (spectinabilin) represent rare nitroaryl-substituted polyketide metabolites from Streptomyces thioluteus and Streptomyces orinoci, respectively, which only differ in the lengths of the polyene backbones. Cloning and sequencing of the 39 kb neoaureothin (nor) biosynthesis gene cluster and its comparison with the aureothin (aur) pathway genes revealed that both polyketide synthase (PKS) assembly lines are remarkably similar. In both cases the module architecture breaks with the principle of colinearity, as individual PKS modules are used in an iterative fashion. Parsimony and neighbour-joining phylogenetic studies provided insights into the evolutionary process that led to the programming of these unusual type I PKS systems and to prediction of which modules act iteratively. The iterative function of the first module in the neoaureothin pathway, NorA, was confirmed by a successful cross-complementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Traitcheva
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Vaillancourt FH, Yeh E, Vosburg DA, Garneau-Tsodikova S, Walsh CT. Nature's inventory of halogenation catalysts: oxidative strategies predominate. Chem Rev 2007; 106:3364-78. [PMID: 16895332 DOI: 10.1021/cr050313i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric H Vaillancourt
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Winter JM, Moffitt MC, Zazopoulos E, McAlpine JB, Dorrestein PC, Moore BS. Molecular basis for chloronium-mediated meroterpene cyclization: cloning, sequencing, and heterologous expression of the napyradiomycin biosynthetic gene cluster. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:16362-8. [PMID: 17392281 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611046200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural inspection of the bacterial meroterpenoid antibiotics belonging to the napyradiomycin family of chlorinated dihydroquinones suggests that the biosynthetic cyclization of their terpenoid subunits is initiated via a chloronium ion. The vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases that catalyze such reactions are distributed in fungi and marine algae and have yet to be characterized from bacteria. The cloning and sequence analysis of the 43-kb napyradiomycin biosynthetic cluster (nap) from Streptomyces aculeolatus NRRL 18422 and from the undescribed marine sediment-derived Streptomyces sp. CNQ-525 revealed 33 open reading frames, three of which putatively encode vanadium-dependent chloroperoxidases. Heterologous expression of the CNQ-525-based nap biosynthetic cluster in Streptomyces albus produced at least seven napyradiomycins, including the new analog 2-deschloro-2-hydroxy-A80915C. These data not only revealed the molecular basis behind the biosynthesis of these novel meroterpenoid natural products but also resulted in the first in vivo verification of vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn M Winter
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0204, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pulsawat N, Kitani S, Kinoshita H, Lee CK, Nihira T. Identification of the bkdAB gene cluster, a plausible source of the starter-unit for virginiamycin M production in Streptomyces virginiae. Arch Microbiol 2007; 187:459-66. [PMID: 17375285 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-007-0212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2006] [Revised: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The bkdAB gene cluster, which encodes plausible E1 and E2 components of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCDH) complex, was isolated from Streptomyces virginiae in the vicinity of a regulatory island for virginiamycin production. Gene disruption of bkdA completely abolished the production of virginiamycin M (a polyketide-peptide antibiotic), while the production of virginiamycin S (a cyclodepsipeptide antibiotic) was unaffected. Complementation of the bkdA disruptant by genome-integration of intact bkdA completely restored the virginiamycin M production, indicating that the bkdAB cluster is essential for virginiamycin M biosynthesis, plausibly via the provision of isobutyryl-CoA as a primer unit. In contrast to a feature usually seen in the Streptomyces E1 component, namely, the separate encoding of the alpha and beta subunits, S. virginiae bkdA seemed to encode the fused form of the alpha and beta subunits, which was verified by the actual catalytic activity of the fused protein in vitro using recombinant BkdA overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Supply of an additional bkdA gene under the strong and constitutive promoter ermE* in the wild-type strain of S. virginiae resulted in enhanced production of virginiamycin M, suggesting that the supply of isobutyryl-CoA is one of the rate-limiting factors in the biosynthesis of virginiamycin M.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nattika Pulsawat
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Van Wagoner RM, Drummond AK, Wright JLC. Biogenetic Diversity of Cyanobacterial Metabolites. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2007; 61:89-217. [PMID: 17448789 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(06)61004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Van Wagoner
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pawlik K, Kotowska M, Chater KF, Kuczek K, Takano E. A cryptic type I polyketide synthase (cpk) gene cluster in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Arch Microbiol 2006; 187:87-99. [PMID: 17009021 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-006-0176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The chromosome of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), a model organism for the genus Streptomyces, contains a cryptic type I polyketide synthase (PKS) gene cluster which was revealed when the genome was sequenced. The ca. 54-kb cluster contains three large genes, cpkA, cpkB and cpkC, encoding the PKS subunits. In silico analysis showed that the synthase consists of a loading module, five extension modules and a unique reductase as a terminal domain instead of a typical thioesterase. All acyltransferase domains are specific for a malonyl extender, and have a B-type ketoreductase. Tailoring and regulatory genes were also identified within the gene cluster. Surprisingly, some genes show high similarity to primary metabolite genes not commonly identified in any antibiotic biosynthesis cluster. Using western blot analysis with a PKS subunit (CpkC) antibody, CpkC was shown to be expressed in S. coelicolor at transition phase. Disruption of cpkC gave no obvious phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Pawlik
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
van Pée KH, Dong C, Flecks S, Naismith J, Patallo EP, Wage T. Biological halogenation has moved far beyond haloperoxidases. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2006; 59:127-57. [PMID: 16829258 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(06)59005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
43
|
van Pée KH, Patallo EP. Flavin-dependent halogenases involved in secondary metabolism in bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 70:631-41. [PMID: 16544142 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Revised: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 10/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of biological halogenation has increased during the last few years. While haloperoxidases were the only halogenating enzymes known until 1997, it is now clear that haloperoxidases are hardly, if at all, involved in biosynthesis of more complex halogenated compounds in microorganisms. A novel type of halogenating enzymes, flavin-dependent halogenases, has been identified as a major player in the introduction of chloride and bromide into activated organic molecules. Flavin-dependent halogenases require the activity of a flavin reductase for the production of reduced flavin, required by the actual halogenase. A number of flavin-dependent tryptophan halogenases have been investigated in some detail, and the first three-dimensional structure of a member of this enzyme subfamily, tryptophan 7-halogenase, has been elucidated. This structure suggests a mechanism involving the formation of hypohalous acid, which is used inside the enzyme for regioselective halogenation of the respective substrate. The introduction of halogen atoms into non-activated alkyl groups is catalysed by non-heme FeII alpha-ketoglutarate- and O2-dependent halogenases. Examples for the use of flavin-dependent halogenases for the formation of novel halogenated compounds in in vitro and in vivo reactions promise a bright future for the application of biological halogenation reactions.
Collapse
|
44
|
Donadio S, Sosio M, Stegmann E, Weber T, Wohlleben W. Comparative analysis and insights into the evolution of gene clusters for glycopeptide antibiotic biosynthesis. Mol Genet Genomics 2005; 274:40-50. [PMID: 16007453 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-005-1156-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The bal, cep, dbv, sta and tcp gene clusters specify the biosynthesis of the glycopeptide antibiotics balhimycin, chloroeremomycin, A40926, A47934 and teicoplanin, respectively. These structurally related compounds share a similar mechanism of action in their inhibition of bacterial cell wall formation. Comparative sequence analysis was performed on the five gene clusters. Extensive conserved synteny was observed between the bal and cep clusters, which direct the synthesis of very similar compounds but originate from two different species of the genus Amycolatopsis. All other cluster pairs show a limited degree of conserved synteny, involving biosynthetically functional gene cassettes: these include those involved in the synthesis of the carbon backbone of two non-proteinogenic amino acids; in the linkage of amino acids 1--3 and 4--7 in the heptapeptide; and in the formation of the aromatic cross-links. Furthermore, these segments of conserved synteny are often preceded by conserved intergenic regions. Phylogenetic analysis of protein families shows several instances in which relatedness in the chemical structure of the glycopeptides is not reflected in the extent of the relationship of the corresponding polypeptides. Coherent branchings are observed for all polypeptides encoded by the syntenous gene cassettes. These results suggest that the acquisition of distinct, functional genetic elements has played a significant role in the evolution of glycopeptide gene clusters, giving them a mosaic structure. In addition, the synthesis of the structurally similar compounds A40926 and teicoplanin appears as the result of convergent evolution.
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
The modular-type polyketide synthase (PKS) that is involved in aureothin (aur) biosynthesis represents one of the first examples in which a single PKS module (AurA) is used in an iterative fashion. Here we report on the heterologous expression of an engineered AurAB fusion protein that unequivocally proves the iterative nature of AurA. In addition, point mutations reveal that aur PKS module 4 participates in polyketide biosynthesis despite its aberrant acyltransferase domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- Hans-Knöll-Institute for Natural Products Research, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|