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Andrés MT, Yount NY, Acosta-Zaldívar M, Yeaman MR, Fierro JF. The Archetypal Gamma-Core Motif of Antimicrobial Cys-Rich Peptides Inhibits H +-ATPases in Target Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9672. [PMID: 39273619 PMCID: PMC11395145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Human lactoferrin (hLf) is an innate host defense protein that inhibits microbial H+-ATPases. This protein includes an ancestral structural motif (i.e., γ-core motif) intimately associated with the antimicrobial activity of many natural Cys-rich peptides. Peptides containing a complete γ-core motif from hLf or other phylogenetically diverse antimicrobial peptides (i.e., afnA, SolyC, PA1b, PvD1, thanatin) showed microbicidal activity with similar features to those previously reported for hLf and defensins. Common mechanistic characteristics included (1) cell death independent of plasma membrane (PM) lysis, (2) loss of intracellular K+ (mediated by Tok1p K+ channels in yeast), (3) inhibition of microbicidal activity by high extracellular K+, (4) influence of cellular respiration on microbicidal activity, (5) involvement of mitochondrial ATP synthase in yeast cell death processes, and (6) increment of intracellular ATP. Similar features were also observed with the BM2 peptide, a fungal PM H+-ATPase inhibitor. Collectively, these findings suggest host defense peptides containing a homologous γ-core motif inhibit PM H+-ATPases. Based on this discovery, we propose that the γ-core motif is an archetypal effector involved in the inhibition of PM H+-ATPases across kingdoms of life and contributes to the in vitro microbicidal activity of Cys-rich antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- María T Andrés
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology (LMO), Clinical University of Odontology (CLUO), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- SamerLabs SL, Asturias Technology Park, 33428 Llanera, Asturias, Spain
| | - Nannette Y Yount
- Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles County (LAC)-Harbor University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor UCLA, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Maikel Acosta-Zaldívar
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology (LMO), Clinical University of Odontology (CLUO), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Michael R Yeaman
- Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles County (LAC)-Harbor University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor UCLA, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - José F Fierro
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology (LMO), Clinical University of Odontology (CLUO), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology (Microbiology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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Andrés MT, Fierro P, Antuña V, Fierro JF. The Antimicrobial Activity of Human Defensins at Physiological Non-Permeabilizing Concentrations Is Caused by the Inhibition of the Plasma Membrane H +-ATPases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7335. [PMID: 39000442 PMCID: PMC11242853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Human defensins are cysteine-rich peptides (Cys-rich peptides) of the innate immune system. Defensins contain an ancestral structural motif (i.e., γ-core motif) associated with the antimicrobial activity of natural Cys-rich peptides. In this study, low concentrations of human α- and β-defensins showed microbicidal activity that was not associated with cell membrane permeabilization. The cell death pathway was similar to that previously described for human lactoferrin, also an immunoprotein containing a γ-core motif. The common features were (1) cell death not related to plasma membrane (PM) disruption, (2) the inhibition of microbicidal activity via extracellular potassium, (3) the influence of cellular respiration on microbicidal activity, and (4) the influence of intracellular pH on bactericidal activity. In addition, in yeast, we also observed (1) partial K+-efflux mediated via Tok1p K+-channels, (2) the essential role of mitochondrial ATP synthase in cell death, (3) the increment of intracellular ATP, (4) plasma membrane depolarization, and (5) the inhibition of external acidification mediated via PM Pma1p H+-ATPase. Similar features were also observed with BM2, an antifungal peptide that inhibits Pma1p H+-ATPase, showing that the above coincident characteristics were a consequence of PM H+-ATPase inhibition. These findings suggest, for the first time, that human defensins inhibit PM H+-ATPases at physiological concentrations, and that the subsequent cytosolic acidification is responsible for the in vitro microbicidal activity. This mechanism of action is shared with human lactoferrin and probably other antimicrobial peptides containing γ-core motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María T. Andrés
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology (LMO), University Clinic of Dentistry (CLUO), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; (M.T.A.); (P.F.); (V.A.)
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- SamerLabs SL, Asturias Technology Park, 33428 Llanera, Spain
| | - Patricia Fierro
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology (LMO), University Clinic of Dentistry (CLUO), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; (M.T.A.); (P.F.); (V.A.)
- Primary Care Emergency Service, Cantabrian Health Service, 39000 Santander, Spain
| | - Victoria Antuña
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology (LMO), University Clinic of Dentistry (CLUO), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; (M.T.A.); (P.F.); (V.A.)
| | - José F. Fierro
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology (LMO), University Clinic of Dentistry (CLUO), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; (M.T.A.); (P.F.); (V.A.)
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Deparment of Functional Biology (Microbiology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Zhao CR, You ZL, Bai L. Fungal Plasma Membrane H +-ATPase: Structure, Mechanism, and Drug Discovery. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:273. [PMID: 38667944 PMCID: PMC11051447 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The fungal plasma membrane H+-ATPase (Pma1) pumps protons out of the cell to maintain the transmembrane electrochemical gradient and membrane potential. As an essential P-type ATPase uniquely found in fungi and plants, Pma1 is an attractive antifungal drug target. Two recent Cryo-EM studies on Pma1 have revealed its hexameric architecture, autoinhibitory and activation mechanisms, and proton transport mechanism. These structures provide new perspectives for the development of antifungal drugs targeting Pma1. In this article, we review the history of Pma1 structure determination, the latest structural insights into Pma1, and drug discoveries targeting Pma1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ran Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Zi-Long You
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lin Bai
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
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Gao L, Xia X, Gong X, Zhang H, Sun Y. In vitro interactions of proton pump inhibitors and azoles against pathogenic fungi. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1296151. [PMID: 38304196 PMCID: PMC10831725 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1296151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Azole resistance has been increasingly reported and become an issue for clinical managements of invasive mycoses. New strategy with combination therapy arises as a valuable and promising alternative option. The aim of the present study is to investigate the in vitro combinational effect of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and azoles against pathogenic fungi. Methods In vitro interactions of PPIs including omeprazole (OME), lansoprazole (LAN), pantoprazole (PAN), and rabeprazole (RAB), and commonly used azoles including itraconazole (ITC), posaconazole (POS), voriconazole (VRC) and fluconazole (FLC), were investigated via broth microdilution chequerboard procedure adapted from the CLSI M27-A3 and M38-A2. A total of 67 clinically isolated strains, namely 27 strains of Aspergillus spp., 16 strains of Candida spp., and 24 strains of dematiaceous fungi, were studied. C. parapsilosis (ATCC 22019) and A. flavus (ATCC 204304) was included to ensure quality control. Results PPIs individually did not exert any significant antifungal activity. The combination of OME with ITC, POS, or VRC showed synergism against 77.6%, 86.6%, and 4% strains of tested pathogenic fungi, respectively, while synergism of OME/FLC was observed in 50% strains of Candida spp. Synergism between PAN and ITC, POS, or VRC was observed against 47.8%, 77.6% and 1.5% strains of tested fungi, respectively, while synergism of PNA/FLC was observed in 50% strains of Candida spp. Synergism of LAN with ITC, POS, or VRC was observed against 86.6%, 86.6%, and 3% of tested strains, respectively, while synergism of LAN/FLC was observed in 31.3% strains of Candida spp. Synergy of the combination of RAB with ITC, POS, or VRC was observed against 25.4%, 64.2%, and 4.5% of tested strains, respectively, while synergism of RAB/FLC was observed in 12.5% of Candida spp.. Among PPIs, synergism was least observed between RAB and triazoles, while among triazoles, synergism was least observed between VRC and PPIs. Among species, synergy was much more frequently observed in Aspergillus spp. and dematiaceous fungi as compared to Candida spp. Antagonism between PPIs with ITC or VRC was occasionally observed in Aspergillus spp. and dematiaceous fungi. It is notable that PPIs combined with azoles showed synergy against azole resistant A. fumigatus, and resulted in category change of susceptibility of ITC and POS against Candida spp. Discussion The results suggested that PPIs combined with azoles has the potential to enhance the susceptibilities of azoles against multiple pathogenic fungi and could be a promising strategy to overcome azole resistance issues. However, further investigations are warranted to study the combinational efficacy in more isolates and more species, to investigate the underlying mechanism of interaction and to evaluate the potential for concomitant use of these agents in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujuan Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital (Xiamen), Fudan University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuqiong Xia
- Department of Dermatology, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Gong
- Department of Dermatology, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
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Sharma L, Bisht GS. Short Antimicrobial Peptides: Therapeutic Potential and Recent Advancements. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:3005-3017. [PMID: 38018196 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128248959231102114334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
There has been a lot of interest in antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as potential next-generation antibiotics. They are components of the innate immune system. AMPs have broad-spectrum action and are less prone to resistance development. They show potential applications in various fields, including medicine, agriculture, and the food industry. However, despite the good activity and safety profiles, AMPs have had difficulty finding success in the clinic due to their various limitations, such as production cost, proteolytic susceptibility, and oral bioavailability. To overcome these flaws, a number of solutions have been devised, one of which is developing short antimicrobial peptides. Short antimicrobial peptides do have an advantage over longer peptides as they are more stable and do not collapse during absorption. They have generated a lot of interest because of their evolutionary success and advantageous properties, such as low molecular weight, selective targets, cell or organelles with minimal toxicity, and enormous therapeutic potential. This article provides an overview of the development of short antimicrobial peptides with an emphasis on those with ≤ 30 amino acid residues as a potential therapeutic agent to fight drug-resistant microorganisms. It also emphasizes their applications in many fields and discusses their current state in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Gopal Singh Bisht
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Tung TT, Nielsen J. Drug Discovery and Development on Pma1, Where Are We Now? A Critical Review from 1995 to 2022. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200356. [PMID: 36094750 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane H+ -ATPase (Pma1) is an enzyme uniquely found in plants and fungi. The enzyme controls the nutrient uptake of plants and fungi via an electrochemical gradient processes, which is essential for their survival. Inhibiting Pma1, therefore, constitutes an alternative antifungal target void of toxicity to humans. From a medicinal chemistry point of view, this review provides a first summary of the recent drug design, synthesis, evaluation, and discovery of molecules targeting Pma1 for 25 years from 1995 to 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong-Thanh Tung
- Faculty of Pharmacy, PHENIKAA University, Hanoi, 12116, Vietnam.,PHENIKAA Institute for Advanced Study (PIAS), PHENIKAA University, Hanoi, 12116, Vietnam
| | - John Nielsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Liu L, Jiang T, Zhou J, Mei Y, Li J, Tan J, Wei L, Li J, Peng Y, Chen C, Liu N, Wang H. Repurposing the FDA-approved anticancer agent ponatinib as a fluconazole potentiator by suppression of multidrug efflux and Pma1 expression in a broad spectrum of yeast species. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:482-498. [PMID: 33955652 PMCID: PMC8867973 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections have emerged as a major global threat to human health because of the increasing incidence and mortality rates every year. The emergence of drug resistance and limited arsenal of antifungal agents further aggravates the current situation resulting in a growing challenge in medical mycology. Here, we identified that ponatinib, an FDA-approved antitumour drug, significantly enhanced the activity of the azole fluconazole, the most widely used antifungal drug. Further detailed investigation of ponatinib revealed that its combination with fluconazole displayed broad-spectrum synergistic interactions against a variety of human fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Cryptococcus neoformans. Mechanistic insights into the mode of action unravelled that ponatinib reduced the efflux of fluconazole via Pdr5 and suppressed the expression of the proton pump, Pma1. Taken together, our study identifies ponatinib as a novel antifungal that enhances drug activity of fluconazole against diverse fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Tong Jiang
- Center for MicrobesDevelopment and HealthKey Laboratory of Molecular Virology and ImmunologyInstitut Pasteur of ShanghaiChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Yikun Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Jinyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Jingcong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Luqi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Jingquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Yibing Peng
- Department of Laboratory MedicineRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineNo. 197 Ruijin ER RoadShanghai200025China
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory ScienceShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineNo. 197 Ruijin ER RoadShanghai200025China
| | - Changbin Chen
- Center for MicrobesDevelopment and HealthKey Laboratory of Molecular Virology and ImmunologyInstitut Pasteur of ShanghaiChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
- The Nanjing Unicorn Academy of InnovationInstitut Pasteur of ShanghaiChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing211135China
| | - Ning‐Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
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Grinevich VB, Kravchuk YA, Ped VI, Sas EI, Salikova SP, Gubonina IV, Tkachenko EI, Sitkin SI, Lazebnik LB, Golovanova EV, Belousova EA, Makarchuk PA, Eremina EY, Sarsenbaeva AS, Abdulganieva DI, Tarasova LV, Gromova OA, Ratnikov VA, Kozlov KV, Ratnikova AK. Management of patients with digestive diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Russian scientific medical society of internal medicine (RSMSIM) and the Gastroenterological Scientific Society of Russia (2nd edition). EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY 2021:5-82. [DOI: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-187-3-5-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The presented clinical practice guidelines of the Gastroenterological Scientific Society of Russia (GSSR), diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches for patients with digestive diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. The guidelines were approved by the XXIII Congress of the GSSR and the 22nd International Slavonic-Baltic Scientifi c Forum “St. Petersburg - Gastro-2020 ON-LINE” (St. Petersburg, June 11, 2020). The presented clinical practice guidelines of the Russian Scientific Medical Society of Internal Medicine (RSMSIM) and the Gastroenterological Scientific Society of Russia (GSSR), diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches for patients with digestive diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. The recommendations were approved at the XV National Congress of Internal Medicine, XXIII Congress of NOGR on the basis of the 1st edition, adopted at the 22nd International Slavic- Baltic Scientific Forum “St. Petersburg - Gastro-2020 ON-LINE”.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - V. I. Ped
- Military Medical Academy named after S. M. Kirov
| | - E. I. Sas
- Military Medical Academy named after S. M. Kirov
| | | | | | | | - S. I. Sitkin
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations of FMBA of Russia; Almazov National Medical Research Centre; North-Western state medical University named after I. I. Mechnikov, Ministry of health of the Russian Federation
| | - L. B. Lazebnik
- Moscow state University of Medicine a. Densitry named after A. I. Yevdokimov of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - E. V. Golovanova
- Moscow state University of Medicine a. Densitry named after A. I. Yevdokimov of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - E. A. Belousova
- State Budgetary Institution of Moscow Region “Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute n.a. M. F. Vladimirsky”
| | - P. A. Makarchuk
- State Budgetary Institution of Moscow Region “Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute n.a. M. F. Vladimirsky”
| | - E. Yu. Eremina
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University”
| | - A. S. Sarsenbaeva
- FSBEI HE SUSMU MOH Russia, st. Vorovskogo, 64, Ural Federal District
| | | | - L. V. Tarasova
- FSBEI of HE “The Chuvash State University n.a. I. N. Ulyanov”; BI of HE “The Surgut State University”
| | - O. A. Gromova
- Federal Research Center “Informatics and Management” of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Education Lomonosov Moscow State University
| | - V. A. Ratnikov
- Federal state budgetary institution “North-West District Scientific and Clinical Center named after L. G. Sokolov Federal Medical and Biological Agency“
| | - K. V. Kozlov
- Military Medical Academy named after S. M. Kirov
| | - A. K. Ratnikova
- Military Medical Academy named after S. M. Kirov; Federal state budgetary institution “North-West District Scientific and Clinical Center named after L. G. Sokolov Federal Medical and Biological Agency“
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Tits J, Cammue BPA, Thevissen K. Combination Therapy to Treat Fungal Biofilm-Based Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228873. [PMID: 33238622 PMCID: PMC7700406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of people is affected by fungal biofilm-based infections, which are resistant to the majority of currently-used antifungal drugs. Such infections are often caused by species from the genera Candida, Aspergillus or Cryptococcus. Only a few antifungal drugs, including echinocandins and liposomal formulations of amphotericin B, are available to treat such biofilm-based fungal infections. This review discusses combination therapy as a novel antibiofilm strategy. More specifically, in vitro methods to discover new antibiofilm combinations will be discussed. Furthermore, an overview of the main modes of action of promising antibiofilm combination treatments will be provided as this knowledge may facilitate the optimization of existing antibiofilm combinations or the development of new ones with a similar mode of action.
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10
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Keniya MV, Monk BC. Attenuated apoptotic BAX expression as a xenobiotic reporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 19:5530756. [PMID: 31291458 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are a major challenge to medicine and agriculture. Repeated and prophylactic use of antifungals can lead to pathogen cross-resistance to different classes of drugs. The early development of multidrug resistance in pathogenic fungi includes drug tolerance mediated by drug-dependent activation of drug efflux. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata, xenobiotic sensing motifs in transcription factors upregulate expression of several ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug efflux pumps. We have therefore considered how drug candidates that trigger or prevent drug resistance could be identified and evaluated during drug discovery. We report a robust and sensitive, S. cerevisiae-based xenobiotic sensing system using the Pdr1 protein as a sensor and an attenuated version of the apoptotic murine BCL2-associated X (BAX) gene as a reporter. A molecular mechanism of attenuation that involves frameshift reversal may be associated with translation coupling and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Keniya
- The Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Brian C Monk
- The Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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11
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Costa-de-Oliveira S, Rodrigues AG. Candida albicans Antifungal Resistance and Tolerance in Bloodstream Infections: The Triad Yeast-Host-Antifungal. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E154. [PMID: 31979032 PMCID: PMC7074842 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans represents the most frequent isolated yeast from bloodstream infections. Despite the remarkable progress in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, these infections continue to be a critical challenge in intensive care units worldwide. The economic cost of bloodstream fungal infections and its associated mortality, especially in debilitated patients, remains unacceptably high. Candida albicans is a highly adaptable microorganism, being able to develop resistance following prolonged exposure to antifungals. Formation of biofilms, which diminish the accessibility of the antifungal, selection of spontaneous mutations that increase expression or decreased susceptibility of the target, altered chromosome abnormalities, overexpression of multidrug efflux pumps and the ability to escape host immune defenses are some of the factors that can contribute to antifungal tolerance and resistance. The knowledge of the antifungal resistance mechanisms can allow the design of alternative therapeutically options in order to modulate or revert the resistance. We have focused this review on the main factors that are involved in antifungal resistance and tolerance in patients with C. albicans bloodstream infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Costa-de-Oliveira
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (CINTESIS), R. Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Acácio G. Rodrigues
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (CINTESIS), R. Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Burn Unit, São João Hospital Center, Al. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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12
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Proton pump inhibitors act synergistically with fluconazole against resistant Candida albicans. Sci Rep 2020; 10:498. [PMID: 31949170 PMCID: PMC6965112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of resistant Candida isolates, especially Candida albicans, has increased continuously. To overcome the resistance, research on antifungal agent sensitizers has attracted considerable attention. Omeprazole and lansoprazole were found to inhibit the growth of sensitive C. albicans and hyphae formation in a high dose, respectively. This study aimed to determine the interactions of common clinically proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and fluconazole both in vitro and in vivo and to further explore the possible mechanisms. In vitro, the tested PPIs all acted synergistically with fluconazole against both resistant C. albicans planktonic cells and biofilms preformed for ≤12 h with the minimum inhibitory concentration of fluconazole decreased from >512 μg/mL to 1–4 μg/mL. In vivo, PPIs plus fluconazole prolonged the survival rate of infected Galleria mellonella larvae by two-fold compared with that for the fluconazole monotherapy group and significantly reduced the tissue damage of infected larvae. Mechanism studies showed that PPIs significantly suppressed efflux pump activity, which is the common resistance mechanism of C. albicans, and significantly inhibited the virulence factors: phospholipase activity and morphology switching. These findings will provide new insights into antifungal agent discovery and potential approaches for the treatment of candidiasis caused by resistant C. albicans.
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13
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Rane HS, Hayek SR, Frye JE, Abeyta EL, Bernardo SM, Parra KJ, Lee SA. Candida albicans Pma1p Contributes to Growth, pH Homeostasis, and Hyphal Formation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1012. [PMID: 31143168 PMCID: PMC6521590 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans occupies diverse ecological niches within the host and must tolerate a wide range of environmental pH. The plasma membrane H+-ATPase Pma1p is the major regulator of cytosolic pH in fungi. Pma1p extrudes protons from the cytosol to maintain neutral-to-alkaline pH and is a potential drug target due to its essentiality and fungal specificity. We characterized mutants in which one allele of PMA1 has been deleted and the other truncated by 18–38 amino acids. Increasing C-terminal truncation caused corresponding decreases in plasma membrane ATPase-specific activity and cytosolic pH. Pma1p is regulated by glucose: glucose rapidly activates the ATPase, causing a sharp increase in cytosolic pH. Increasing Pma1p truncation severely impaired this glucose response. Pma1p truncation also altered cation responses, disrupted vacuolar morphology and pH, and reduced filamentation competence. Early studies of cytosolic pH and filamentation have described a rapid, transient alkalinization of the cytosol preceding germ tube formation; Pma1p has been proposed as a regulator of this process. We find Pma1p plays a role in the establishment of cell polarity, and distribution of Pma1p is non-homogenous in emerging hyphae. These findings suggest a role of PMA1 in cytosolic alkalinization and in the specialized form of polarized growth that is filamentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallie S Rane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Summer R Hayek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jillian E Frye
- Section of Infectious Diseases, New Mexico VA Healthcare System, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Esteban L Abeyta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Stella M Bernardo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Karlett J Parra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Samuel A Lee
- Medicine Service, White River Junction VA Medical Center, White River Junction, VT, United States.,Infectious Disease Section, Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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14
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Monk BC, Sagatova AA, Hosseini P, Ruma YN, Wilson RK, Keniya MV. Fungal Lanosterol 14α-demethylase: A target for next-generation antifungal design. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1868:140206. [PMID: 30851431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 enzyme lanosterol 14α-demethylase (LDM) is the target of the azole antifungals used widely in medicine and agriculture as prophylaxis or treatments of infections or diseases caused by fungal pathogens. These drugs and agrochemicals contain an imidazole, triazole or tetrazole substituent, with one of the nitrogens in the azole ring coordinating as the sixth axial ligand to the LDM heme iron. Structural studies show that this membrane bound enzyme contains a relatively rigid ligand binding pocket comprised of a deeply buried heme-containing active site together with a substrate entry channel and putative product exit channel that reach to the membrane. Within the ligand binding pocket the azole antifungals have additional affinity determining interactions with hydrophobic side-chains, the polypeptide backbone and via water-mediated hydrogen bond networks. This review will describe the tools that can be used to identify and characterise the next generation of antifungals targeting LDM, with the goal of obtaining highly potent broad-spectrum fungicides that will be able to avoid target and drug efflux mediated antifungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Monk
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Alia A Sagatova
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Parham Hosseini
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Yasmeen N Ruma
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Rajni K Wilson
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Mikhail V Keniya
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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15
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Li Y, Sun L, Lu C, Gong Y, Li M, Sun S. Promising Antifungal Targets Against Candida albicans Based on Ion Homeostasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:286. [PMID: 30234023 PMCID: PMC6131588 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, invasive fungal infections have been increasing significantly, contributing to high incidences and mortality in immunosuppressed patients. Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most prevalent opportunistic fungal pathogen in humans that can cause severe and often fatal bloodstream infections. Current antifungal agents have several limitations, including that only a small number of classes of antifungals are available, certain of which have severe toxicity and high cost. Moreover, the emergence of drug resistance is a new limitation to successful patient outcomes. Therefore, the development of antifungals with novel targets is an essential strategy for the efficient management of C. albicans infections. It is widely recognized that ion homeostasis is crucial for all living cells. Many studies have identified that ion-signaling and transduction networks are central to fungal survival by regulating gene expression, morphological transition, host invasion, stress response, and drug resistance. Dysregulation of ion homeostasis rapidly mediates cell death, forming the mechanistic basis of a growing number of compounds that elicit antifungal activity. Most of the potent antifungals have been widely used in the clinic, and certain of them have low toxicity, meaning that they may be expected to be used as antifungal drugs in the future. Hence, we briefly summarize the homeostasis regulation of several important ions, potential antifungal targets based on these ion-signaling networks, and antifungal compounds based on the disruption of ion homeostasis. This summary will help in designing effective drugs and identifying new targets for combating fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiman Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Licui Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Feicheng Mining Central Hospital, Feicheng, China
| | - Chunyan Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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16
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Pedersen JT, Kanashova T, Dittmar G, Palmgren M. Isolation of native plasma membrane H +-ATPase (Pma1p) in both the active and basal activation states. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:774-783. [PMID: 29744292 PMCID: PMC5929935 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast plasma membrane H+‐ATPase Pma1p is a P‐type ATPase that energizes the yeast plasma membrane. Pma1p exists in two activation states: an autoinhibited basal state and an activated state. Here we show that functional and stable Pma1p can be purified in native form and reconstituted in artificial liposomes without altering its activation state. Acetylated tubulin has previously been reported to maintain Pma1p in the basal state but, as this protein was absent from the purified preparations, it cannot be an essential component of the autoinhibitory mechanism. Purification of and reconstitution of native Pma1p in both activation states opens up for a direct comparison of the transport properties of these states, which allowed us to confirm that the basal state has a low coupling ratio between ATP hydrolysis and protons pumped, whereas the activated state has a high coupling ratio. The ability to prepare native Pma1p in both activation states will facilitate further structural and biochemical studies examining the mechanism by which plasma membrane H+‐ATPases are autoinhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Torbøl Pedersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark.,Present address: Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM) Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Tamara Kanashova
- Mass Spectrometry Core Unit Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin Germany
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Mass Spectrometry Core Unit Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin Germany.,Proteome and Genome Research Laboratory Luxembourg Institute of Health Strassen Luxembourg
| | - Michael Palmgren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark
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17
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da Rocha Curvelo JA, Reis de Sá LF, Moraes DC, Soares RM, Ferreira-Pereira A. Histatin-5 induces the reversal of Pdr5p mediated fluconazole resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisae. J Mycol Med 2017; 28:137-142. [PMID: 29217144 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candidiasis is a major opportunistic fungal infection in humans. The low number of antifungal drugs available to treat Candida infections and the increasing incidence of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains point to an urgent need of identifying new therapeutic options. The role of salivary components can provide insights for the development of new methodologies of control. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of histatin-5, a constitutive immunological peptide present in saliva, in reversing fungal MDR phenotype, using a resistant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain as model of study. RESULTS A total of 2.5μg and 5μg of histatin-5 revealed to be able to chemosensitize (to revert antifungal resistance) a MDR strain to fluconazole impairing its intrinsic resistance. The presence of histatin-5 decreased the strain growth when associated to fluconazole, and also assisted in the retention of rhodamine 6G within cell cytoplasm. The ATPase activity of Pdr5p, an ABC efflux transporter, was significantly reduced up to 65% within physiological concentration of the peptide. CONCLUSION Results revealed that histatin-5 is able to revert MDR phenotype and may be considered a potential alternative MDR inhibitor. Since Pdr5p is homologous to Candida albicans CaCdr1p and CaCdr2p, data obtained might be extrapolated to these transporters, inferring that associating fluconazole and histatin-5 may be a useful tool to circumvent failure treatments of infections caused by Candida MDR strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A da Rocha Curvelo
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Microbiana, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco I-44, Cidade Universitária, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - L F Reis de Sá
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Microbiana, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco I-44, Cidade Universitária, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - D C Moraes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Microbiana, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco I-44, Cidade Universitária, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - R M Soares
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Microbiana, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco I-44, Cidade Universitária, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - A Ferreira-Pereira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Microbiana, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco I-44, Cidade Universitária, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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18
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Tung TT, Dao TT, Junyent MG, Palmgren M, Günther-Pomorski T, Fuglsang AT, Christensen SB, Nielsen J. LEGO-Inspired Drug Design: Unveiling a Class of Benzo[d]thiazoles Containing a 3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl Moiety as Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2017; 13:37-47. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Truong-Thanh Tung
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Trong T. Dao
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
- Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Marta G. Junyent
- Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Michael Palmgren
- Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Thomas Günther-Pomorski
- Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Anja T. Fuglsang
- Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Søren B. Christensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - John Nielsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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19
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Identification of Antifungal H +-ATPase Inhibitors with Effect on Plasma Membrane Potential. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00032-17. [PMID: 28438931 PMCID: PMC5487681 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00032-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane H+-ATPase (Pma1) is an essential fungal protein and a proposed target for new antifungal medications. The compounds in a small-molecule library containing ∼191,000 commercially available compounds were screened for their ability to inhibit Saccharomyces cerevisiae plasma membranes containing Pma1. The overall hit rate was 0.2%, corresponding to 407 compounds. These hit compounds were further evaluated for ATPase selectivity and broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Following this work, one Pma1 inhibitor series based on compound 14 and analogs was selected for further evaluation. This compound series was able to depolarize the membrane and inhibit extracellular acidification in intact fungal cells concomitantly with a significant increase in intracellular ATP levels. Collectively, we suggest that these effects may be a common feature of Pma1 inhibitors. Additionally, the work uncovered a dual mechanism for the previously identified cationic peptide BM2, revealing fungal membrane disruption, in addition to Pma1 inhibition. The methods presented here provide a solid platform for the evaluation of Pma1-specific inhibitors in a drug development setting. The present inhibitors could serve as a starting point for the development of new antifungal agents with a novel mode of action.
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20
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Andrés MT, Acosta-Zaldívar M, Fierro JF. Antifungal Mechanism of Action of Lactoferrin: Identification of H+-ATPase (P3A-Type) as a New Apoptotic-Cell Membrane Receptor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:4206-16. [PMID: 27139463 PMCID: PMC4914641 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03130-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human lactoferrin (hLf) is a protein of the innate immune system which induces an apoptotic-like process in yeast. Determination of the susceptibility to lactoferrin of several yeast species under different metabolic conditions, respiratory activity, cytoplasmic ATP levels, and external medium acidification mediated by glucose assays suggested plasma membrane Pma1p (P3A-type ATPase) as the hLf molecular target. The inhibition of plasma membrane ATPase activity by hLf and the identification of Pma1p as the hLf-binding membrane protein confirmed the previous physiological evidence. Consistent with this, cytoplasmic ATP levels progressively increased in hLf-treated Candida albicans cells. However, oligomycin, a specific inhibitor of the mitochondrial F-type ATPase proton pump (mtATPase), abrogated the antifungal activity of hLf, indicating a crucial role for mtATPase in the apoptotic process. We suggest that lactoferrin targeted plasma membrane Pma1p H(+)-ATPase, perturbing the cytoplasmic ion homeostasis (i.e., cytoplasmic H(+) accumulation and subsequent K(+) efflux) and inducing a lethal mitochondrial dysfunction. This initial event involved a normal mitochondrial ATP synthase activity responsible for both the ATP increment and subsequent hypothetical mitochondrial proton flooding process. We conclude that human lactoferrin inhibited Pma1p H(+)-ATPase, inducing an apoptotic-like process in metabolically active yeast. Involvement of mitochondrial H(+)-ATPase (nonreverted) was essential for the progress of this programmed cell death in which the ionic homeostasis perturbation seems to precede classical nonionic apoptotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- María T Andrés
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, School of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Maikel Acosta-Zaldívar
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, School of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain Department of Functional Biology (Microbiology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - José F Fierro
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, School of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain Department of Functional Biology (Microbiology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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21
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Ramesh S, Govender T, Kruger HG, de la Torre BG, Albericio F. Short AntiMicrobial Peptides (SAMPs) as a class of extraordinary promising therapeutic agents. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:438-51. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Ramesh
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4001 South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4001 South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4001 South Africa
| | - Beatriz G. de la Torre
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4001 South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4001 South Africa
- School of Chemistry and Physics; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4001 South Africa
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering; Biomaterials and Nanomedicine; Barcelona Science Park 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; King Saud University; P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Barcelona; 08028 Barcelona Spain
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22
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Goldgof GM, Durrant JD, Ottilie S, Vigil E, Allen KE, Gunawan F, Kostylev M, Henderson KA, Yang J, Schenken J, LaMonte GM, Manary MJ, Murao A, Nachon M, Murray R, Prescott M, McNamara CW, Slayman CW, Amaro RE, Suzuki Y, Winzeler EA. Comparative chemical genomics reveal that the spiroindolone antimalarial KAE609 (Cipargamin) is a P-type ATPase inhibitor. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27806. [PMID: 27291296 PMCID: PMC4904242 DOI: 10.1038/srep27806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The spiroindolones, a new class of antimalarial medicines discovered in a cellular screen, are rendered less active by mutations in a parasite P-type ATPase, PfATP4. We show here that S. cerevisiae also acquires mutations in a gene encoding a P-type ATPase (ScPMA1) after exposure to spiroindolones and that these mutations are sufficient for resistance. KAE609 resistance mutations in ScPMA1 do not confer resistance to unrelated antimicrobials, but do confer cross sensitivity to the alkyl-lysophospholipid edelfosine, which is known to displace ScPma1p from the plasma membrane. Using an in vitro cell-free assay, we demonstrate that KAE609 directly inhibits ScPma1p ATPase activity. KAE609 also increases cytoplasmic hydrogen ion concentrations in yeast cells. Computer docking into a ScPma1p homology model identifies a binding mode that supports genetic resistance determinants and in vitro experimental structure-activity relationships in both P. falciparum and S. cerevisiae. This model also suggests a shared binding site with the dihydroisoquinolones antimalarials. Our data support a model in which KAE609 exerts its antimalarial activity by directly interfering with P-type ATPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Goldgof
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of
Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine,
La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter
Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jacob D. Durrant
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the National
Biomedical Computation Resource, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sabine Ottilie
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of
Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine,
La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Edgar Vigil
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of
Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine,
La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kenneth E. Allen
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Felicia Gunawan
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of
Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine,
La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Maxim Kostylev
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter
Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Yang
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of
Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine,
La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jake Schenken
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of
Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine,
La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gregory M. LaMonte
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of
Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine,
La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Micah J. Manary
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of
Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine,
La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ayako Murao
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter
Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marie Nachon
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of
Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine,
La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Rebecca Murray
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of
Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine,
La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Maximo Prescott
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of
Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine,
La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Case W. McNamara
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation,
San Diego, California, USA
| | - Carolyn W. Slayman
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rommie E. Amaro
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the National
Biomedical Computation Resource, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yo Suzuki
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter
Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Winzeler
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of
Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine,
La Jolla, California, USA
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23
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Inhibitors of the Candida albicans Major Facilitator Superfamily Transporter Mdr1p Responsible for Fluconazole Resistance. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126350. [PMID: 25951180 PMCID: PMC4423874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To identify a novel class of inhibitors of fungal transporters involved in drug resistance. Methods A series of structurally-related low molecular mass compounds was synthesized using combinatorial chemistry of a cyclobutene-dione (squarile) core. These compounds were screened for their inhibition of plasma membrane Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters responsible for efflux pump-mediated drug resistance in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that specifically overexpress the MFS pump CaMdr1p or the ABC transporter CaCdr1p were used in primary screens and counterscreens, respectively, and to detect inhibition of glucose-dependent Nile Red efflux. Efflux pump inhibition, activity as pump substrates and antifungal activity against yeast and clinical isolates expressing efflux pumps were determined using agarose diffusion susceptibility assays and checkerboard liquid chemosensitization assays with fluconazole. Results The screen identified five structurally-related compounds which inhibited CaMdr1p. Two compounds, A and B, specifically chemosensitized AD/CaMDR1 to FLC in a pH-dependent fashion and acted synergistically with FLC in checkerboard liquid MIC assays but compound B had limited solubility. Compound A chemosensitized to FLC the azole-resistant C. albicans strain FR2, which over-expresses CaMdr1p, inhibited Nile Red efflux mediated by CaMdr1p but not CaCdr1p and was not toxic to cultured human cells. A minor growth-inhibitory effect of B on AD/CaMDR1, but not on AD/CaCDR1 and AD/CaCDR2, indicated that compound B may be a substrate of these transporters. The related compound F was found to have antifungal activity against the three pump over-expressing strains used in the study. Conclusions Compound A is a ‘first in class’ small molecule inhibitor of MFS efflux pump CaMdr1p.
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Muñoz A, Chu M, Marris PI, Sagaram US, Kaur J, Shah DM, Read ND. Specific domains of plant defensins differentially disrupt colony initiation, cell fusion and calcium homeostasis inNeurospora crassa. Mol Microbiol 2014; 92:1357-74. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Muñoz
- Fungal Cell Biology Group; Institute of Cell Biology; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh EH9 3JH UK
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group; Institute of Inflammation and Repair; CTF Building; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9NT UK
| | - Meiling Chu
- Fungal Cell Biology Group; Institute of Cell Biology; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh EH9 3JH UK
| | - Peter I. Marris
- Fungal Cell Biology Group; Institute of Cell Biology; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh EH9 3JH UK
| | - Uma S. Sagaram
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center; St Louis MO 63132 USA
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center; St Louis MO 63132 USA
| | - Dilip M. Shah
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center; St Louis MO 63132 USA
| | - Nick D. Read
- Fungal Cell Biology Group; Institute of Cell Biology; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh EH9 3JH UK
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group; Institute of Inflammation and Repair; CTF Building; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9NT UK
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Gullo FP, Rossi SA, Sardi JDCO, Teodoro VLI, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Fusco-Almeida AM. Cryptococcosis: epidemiology, fungal resistance, and new alternatives for treatment. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32:1377-91. [PMID: 24141976 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-1915-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is an important systemic mycosis and the third most prevalent disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals. The incidence of cryptococcosis is high among the 25 million people with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), with recent estimates indicating that there are one million cases of cryptococcal meningitis globally per year in AIDS patients. In Cryptococcus neoformans, resistance to azoles may be associated with alterations in the target enzyme encoded by the gene ERG11, lanosterol 14α-demethylase. These alterations are obtained through mutations, or by overexpressing the gene encoding. In addition, C. gattii and C. neoformans present a heteroresistance phenotype, which may be related to increased virulence. Other species beyond C. neoformans and C. gattii, such as C. laurentii, have been diagnosed mainly in patients with immunosuppression. Infections of C. albidus have been isolated in cats and marine mammals. Recent evidence suggests that the majority of infections produced by this pathogen are associated with biofilm growth, which is also related with increased resistance to antifungal agents. Therefore, there is a great need to search for alternative antifungal agents for these fungi. The search for new molecules is currently occurring from nanoparticle drugs of plant peptide origin. This article presents a brief review of the literature regarding the epidemiology of cryptococcosis, as well as fungal resistance and new alternatives for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Gullo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, Department of Clinical Analysis, Laboratory of Clinical Mycology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), R. Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, 14801-902, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Keniya MV, Cannon RD, Nguyễn Â, Tyndall JDA, Monk BC. Heterologous expression of Candida albicans Pma1p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2013; 13:302-11. [PMID: 23374681 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a major cause of opportunistic and life-threatening systemic fungal infections, especially in the immunocompromised. The plasma membrane proton-pumping ATPase (Pma1p) is an essential enzyme that generates the electrochemical gradient required for cell growth. We expressed C. albicans Pma1p (CaPma1p) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to facilitate screening for inhibitors. Replacement of S. cerevisiae PMA1 with C. albicans PMA1 gave clones expressing CaPma1p that grew slowly at low pH. CaPma1p was expressed at significantly lower levels and had lower specific activity than the native Pma1p. It also conferred pH sensitivity, hygromycin B resistance, and low levels of glucose-dependent proton pumping. Recombination between CaPMA1 and the homologous nonessential ScPMA2 resulted in chimeric suppressor mutants that expressed functional CaPma1p with improved H(+) -ATPase activity and growth rates at low pH. Molecular models of suppressor mutants identified specific amino acids (between 531 and 595 in CaPma1p) that may affect regulation of the activity of Pma1p oligomers in S. cerevisiae. A modified CaPma1p chimeric construct containing only 5 amino acids from ScPma2p enabled the expression of a fully functional enzyme for drug screens and structural resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Keniya
- The Sir John Walsh Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Muñoz A, Gandía M, Harries E, Carmona L, Read ND, Marcos JF. Understanding the mechanism of action of cell-penetrating antifungal peptides using the rationally designed hexapeptide PAF26 as a model. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Niimi K, Harding DRK, Holmes AR, Lamping E, Niimi M, Tyndall JDA, Cannon RD, Monk BC. Specific interactions between the Candida albicans ABC transporter Cdr1p ectodomain and a D-octapeptide derivative inhibitor. Mol Microbiol 2012; 85:747-67. [PMID: 22788839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of the Candida albicans ATP-binding cassette transporter CaCdr1p causes clinically significant resistance to azole drugs including fluconazole (FLC). Screening of a ~1.89 × 10(6) member D-octapeptide combinatorial library that concentrates library members at the yeast cell surface identified RC21v3, a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylbenzenesulphonyl derivative of the D-octapeptide D-NH(2) -FFKWQRRR-CONH(2) , as a potent and stereospecific inhibitor of CaCdr1p. RC21v3 chemosensitized Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains overexpressing CaCdr1p but not other fungal ABC transporters, the C. albicans MFS transporter CaMdr1p or the azole target enzyme CaErg11p, to FLC. RC21v3 also chemosensitized clinical C. albicans isolates overexpressing CaCDR1 to FLC, even when CaCDR2 was overexpressed. Specific targeting of CaCdr1p by RC21v3 was confirmed by spontaneous RC21v3 chemosensitization-resistant suppressor mutants of S. cerevisiae expressing CaCdr1p. The suppressor mutations introduced a positive charge beside, or within, extracellular loops 1, 3, 4 and 6 of CaCdr1p or an aromatic residue near the extracytoplasmic end of transmembrane segment 5. The mutations did not affect CaCdr1p localization or CaCdr1p ATPase activity but some increased susceptibility to the CaCdr1p substrates FLC, rhodamine 6G, rhodamine 123 and cycloheximide. The suppressor mutations showed that the drug-like CaCdr1p inhibitors FK506, enniatin, milbemycin α11 and milbemycin β9 have modes of action similar to RC21v3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Niimi
- The Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Lee H, Khanal Lamichhane A, Garraffo HM, Kwon-Chung KJ, Chang YC. Involvement of PDK1, PKC and TOR signalling pathways in basal fluconazole tolerance in Cryptococcus neoformans. Mol Microbiol 2012; 84:130-46. [PMID: 22339665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study shows the importance of PDK1, TOR and PKC signalling pathways to the basal tolerance of Cryptococcus neoformans towards fluconazole, the widely used drug for treatment of cryptococcosis. Mutations in genes integral to these pathway resulted in hypersensitivity to the drug. Upon fluconazole treatment, Mpk1, the downstream target of PKC was phosphorylated and its phosphorylation required Pdk1. We show genetically that the PDK1 and TOR phosphorylation sites in Ypk1 as well as the kinase activity of Ypk1 are required for the fluconazole basal tolerance. The involvement of these pathways in fluconazole basal tolerance was associated with sphingolipid homeostasis. Deletion of PDK1, SIN1 or YPK1 but not MPK1 affected cell viability in the presence of sphingolipid biosynthesis inhibitors. Concurrently, pdk1Δ, sin1Δ, ypk1Δ and mpk1Δ exhibited altered sphingolipid content and elevated fluconazole accumulation compared with the wild type. The fluconazole hypersensitivity phenotype of these mutants, therefore, appears to be the result of malfunction of the influx/efflux systems due to modifications of membrane sphingolipid content. Interestingly, the reduced virulence of these strains in mice suggests that the cryptococcal PDK1, PKC, and likely the TOR pathways play an important role in managing stress exerted either by fluconazole or by the host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeseung Lee
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Peptide Scaffolds: Flexible Molecular Structures With Diverse Therapeutic Potentials. Int J Pept Res Ther 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-011-9286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Friedman M, Levin CE. Nutritional and medicinal aspects of D-amino acids. Amino Acids 2011; 42:1553-82. [PMID: 21519915 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0915-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews and interprets a method for determining the nutritional value of D-amino acids, D-peptides, and amino acid derivatives using a growth assay in mice fed a synthetic all-amino acid diet. A large number of experiments were carried out in which a molar equivalent of the test compound replaced a nutritionally essential amino acid such as L-lysine (L-Lys), L-methionine (L-Met), L-phenylalanine (L-Phe), and L-tryptophan (L-Trp) as well as the semi-essential amino acids L-cysteine (L-Cys) and L-tyrosine (L-Tyr). The results show wide-ranging variations in the biological utilization of test substances. The method is generally applicable to the determination of the biological utilization and safety of any amino acid derivative as a potential nutritional source of the corresponding L-amino acid. Because the organism is forced to use the D-amino acid or amino acid derivative as the sole source of the essential or semi-essential amino acid being replaced, and because a free amino acid diet allows better control of composition, the use of all-amino-acid diets for such determinations may be preferable to protein-based diets. Also covered are brief summaries of the widely scattered literature on dietary and pharmacological aspects of 27 individual D-amino acids, D-peptides, and isomeric amino acid derivatives and suggested research needs in each of these areas. The described results provide a valuable record and resource for further progress on the multifaceted aspects of D-amino acids in food and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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Kodedová M, Sigler K, Lemire BD, Gášková D. Fluorescence method for determining the mechanism and speed of action of surface-active drugs on yeast cells. Biotechniques 2011; 50:58-63. [DOI: 10.2144/000113568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
New antifungal agents are needed to treat life-threatening fungal infections, particularly with the development of resistance. Surface-active antifungals have the advantages of minimizing host toxicity and the emergence of drug resistance. We have developed a time-dependent drug exposure assay that allows us to rapidly investigate the mechanism of surface-active antifungal drug action. The assay uses a multidrug pump-deficient strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the potentiometric dye 3,3′-dipropylthiacarbocyanine iodide [diS-C3(3)] and can assess whether cells are depolarized, hyperpolarized, or permeabilized by drug exposure. In this work, we investigated the mechanisms of action of five surface-active compounds: SDS, nystatin, amphotericin B, octenidine dihydrochloride, and benzalkonium chloride. The diS-C3(3) time-dependent drug exposure assay can be used to identify the mechanisms of action of a wide range of drugs. It is a fast and cost-effective method for screening drugs to determine their lowest effective concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Kodedová
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Sigler
- Institute of Microbiology, CR Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bernard D. Lemire
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dana Gášková
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
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Goffa E, Bialkova A, Batova M, Dzugasova V, Subik J. A yeast cell-based system for screening Candida glabrata multidrug resistance reversal agents and selection of loss-of-function pdr1 mutants. FEMS Yeast Res 2010; 11:155-9. [PMID: 21129149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2010.00702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata, multidrug resistance is associated with the overexpression of drug efflux pumps caused by gain-of-function mutations in the CgPDR1 gene. CgPdr1p transcription factor, which activates the expression of several drug efflux transporter genes, is considered to be a promising target for compounds sensitizing the multidrug-resistant yeast cells. Here, we describe a cell-based screening system for detecting the inhibitory activity of compounds interfering with the CgPdr1p function in a heterologous genetic background of the hypersensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant strain. The screening is based on the ability to abrogate the growth defect of cells suffering from the galactose-induced and CgPdr1p-driven overexpression of a dominant lethal pma1(D378N) allele placed under the control of the ScPDR5 promoter. The system allows rapid identification of multidrug resistance reversal agents inhibiting the CgPdr1p activity or loss-of-function Cgpdr1 mutations, and is amenable to high-throughput screening on solid or liquid media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Goffa
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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López-García B, Gandía M, Muñoz A, Carmona L, Marcos JF. A genomic approach highlights common and diverse effects and determinants of susceptibility on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to distinct antimicrobial peptides. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:289. [PMID: 21078184 PMCID: PMC2996382 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanism of action of antimicrobial peptides (AMP) was initially correlated with peptide membrane permeation properties. However, recent evidences indicate that action of a number of AMP is more complex and involves specific interactions at cell envelopes or with intracellular targets. In this study, a genomic approach was undertaken on the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to characterize the antifungal effect of two unrelated AMP. Results Two differentiated peptides were used: the synthetic cell-penetrating PAF26 and the natural cytolytic melittin. Transcriptomic analyses demonstrated distinctive gene expression changes for each peptide. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed differential expression of selected genes. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation of differential gene lists showed that the unique significant terms shared by treatment with both peptides were related to the cell wall (CW). Assays with mutants lacking CW-related genes including those of MAPK signaling pathways revealed genes having influence on sensitivity to peptides. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry demonstrated PAF26 interaction with cells and internalization that correlated with cell killing in sensitive CW-defective mutants such as Δecm33 or Δssd1. GO annotation also showed differential responses between peptides, which included ribosomal biogenesis, ARG genes from the metabolism of amino groups (specifically induced by PAF26), or the reaction to unfolded protein stress. Susceptibility of deletion mutants confirmed the involvement of these processes. Specifically, mutants lacking ARG genes from the metabolism of arginine pathway were markedly more resistant to PAF26 and had a functional CW. In the deletant in the arginosuccinate synthetase (ARG1) gene, PAF26 interaction occurred normally, thus uncoupling peptide interaction from cell killing. The previously described involvement of the glycosphingolipid gene IPT1 was extended to the peptides studied here. Conclusions Reinforcement of CW is a general response common after exposure to distinct AMP, and likely contributes to shield cells from peptide interaction. However, a weakened CW is not necessarily indicative of a higher sensitivity to AMP. Additional processes modulate susceptibility to specific peptides, exemplified in the involvement of the metabolism of amino groups in the case of PAF26. The relevance of the response to unfolded protein stress or the sphingolipid biosynthesis, previously reported for other unrelated AMP, was also independently confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén López-García
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), CSIC, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Ueno K, Tamura Y, Chibana H. Target validation and ligand development for a pathogenic fungal profilin, using a knock-down strain of pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata and structure-based ligand design. Yeast 2010; 27:369-78. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Oura T, Kajiwara S. Candida albicans sphingolipid C9-methyltransferase is involved in hyphal elongation. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 156:1234-1243. [PMID: 20019081 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.033985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
C9-methylated glucosylceramide is a fungus-specific sphingolipid. This lipid is a major membrane component in the cell and is thought to play important roles in the growth and virulence of several fungal species. To investigate the importance of the methyl branch of the long-chain base in glucosylceramides in pathogenic fungi, we identified and characterized a sphingolipid C9-methyltransferase gene (MTS1, C9-MethylTransferase for Sphingolipid 1) in the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. The mts1 disruptant lacked (E,E)-9-methylsphinga-4,8-dienine in its glucosylceramides and contained (E)-sphing-4-enine and (E,E)-sphinga-4,8-dienine. Reintroducing the MTS1 gene into the mts1 disruptant restored the synthesis of (E,E)-9-methylsphinga-4,8-dienine in the glucosylceramides. We also created a disruptant of the HSX11 gene, encoding glucosylceramide synthase, which catalyses the final step of glucosylceramide synthesis, in C. albicans and compared this mutant with the mts1 disruptant. The C. albicans mts1 and hsx11 disruptants both had a decreased hyphal growth rate compared to the wild-type strain. The hsx11 disruptant showed increased susceptibility to SDS and fluconazole, similar to a previously reported sld1 disruptant that contained only (E)-sphing-4-enine in its glucosylceramides, suggesting that these strains have defects in their cell membrane structures. In contrast, the mts1 disruptant grew similarly to wild-type in medium containing SDS or fluconazole. These results suggest that the C9-methyl group of a long-chain base in glucosylceramides plays an important role in the hyphal elongation of C. albicans independent of lipid membrane disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Oura
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B5 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 266-8501, Japan
| | - Susumu Kajiwara
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B5 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 266-8501, Japan
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Funke SA, Willbold D. Mirror image phage display--a method to generate D-peptide ligands for use in diagnostic or therapeutical applications. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 5:783-6. [PMID: 19603110 DOI: 10.1039/b904138a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mirror image phage display is a straightforward approach to identify new potentially therapeutically active D-enantiomeric peptides. Such D-peptides are more resistant to proteolytic degradation compared to L-peptides. In this review, several examples of mirror image phage display derived D-peptides with therapeutical potential are introduced and discussed.
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Billack B, Santoro M, Lau-Cam C. Growth Inhibitory Action of Ebselen on Fluconazole-Resistant Candida albicans: Role of the Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase. Microb Drug Resist 2009; 15:77-83. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2009.0872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Blase Billack
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St. John's University, Jamaica, New York
| | - Michelle Santoro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St. John's University, Jamaica, New York
| | - Cesar Lau-Cam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St. John's University, Jamaica, New York
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P-type ATPases as drug targets: tools for medicine and science. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1787:207-20. [PMID: 19388138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
P-type ATPases catalyze the selective active transport of ions like H+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+ across diverse biological membrane systems. Many members of the P-type ATPase protein family, such as the Na+,K+-, H+,K+-, Ca2+-, and H+-ATPases, are involved in the development of pathophysiological conditions or provide critical function to pathogens. Therefore, they seem to be promising targets for future drugs and novel antifungal agents and herbicides. Here, we review the current knowledge about P-type ATPase inhibitors and their present use as tools in science, medicine, and biotechnology. Recent structural information on a variety of P-type ATPase family members signifies that all P-type ATPases can be expected to share a similar basic structure and a similar basic machinery of ion transport. The ion transport pathway crossing the membrane lipid bilayer is constructed of two access channels leading from either side of the membrane to the ion binding sites at a central cavity. The selective opening and closure of the access channels allows vectorial access/release of ions from the binding sites. Recent structural information along with new homology modeling of diverse P-type ATPases in complex with known ligands demonstrate that the most proficient way for the development of efficient and selective drugs is to target their ion transport pathway.
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Cannon RD, Lamping E, Holmes AR, Niimi K, Baret PV, Keniya MV, Tanabe K, Niimi M, Goffeau A, Monk BC. Efflux-mediated antifungal drug resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009; 22:291-321, Table of Contents. [PMID: 19366916 PMCID: PMC2668233 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00051-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi cause serious infections in the immunocompromised and debilitated, and the incidence of invasive mycoses has increased significantly over the last 3 decades. Slow diagnosis and the relatively few classes of antifungal drugs result in high attributable mortality for systemic fungal infections. Azole antifungals are commonly used for fungal infections, but azole resistance can be a problem for some patient groups. High-level, clinically significant azole resistance usually involves overexpression of plasma membrane efflux pumps belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) or the major facilitator superfamily class of transporters. The heterologous expression of efflux pumps in model systems, such Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has enabled the functional analysis of efflux pumps from a variety of fungi. Phylogenetic analysis of the ABC pleiotropic drug resistance family has provided a new view of the evolution of this important class of efflux pumps. There are several ways in which the clinical significance of efflux-mediated antifungal drug resistance can be mitigated. Alternative antifungal drugs, such as the echinocandins, that are not efflux pump substrates provide one option. Potential therapeutic approaches that could overcome azole resistance include targeting efflux pump transcriptional regulators and fungal stress response pathways, blockade of energy supply, and direct inhibition of efflux pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Cannon
- Department of Oral Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 647, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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Oura T, Kajiwara S. Disruption of the sphingolipid Delta8-desaturase gene causes a delay in morphological changes in Candida albicans. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 154:3795-3803. [PMID: 19047747 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/018788-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ceramides and glycosylceramides, including desaturated long-chain bases, are present in most fungi as well as animals and plants. However, as the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is not capable of desaturating long-chain bases, little is known about the physiological roles of these compounds in fungi. To investigate the necessity of desaturation of long-chain backbones in ceramides and glucosylceramides in fungal cells, we have identified and characterized a sphingolipid Delta8-desaturase (SLD) gene from the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Gene disruption of the C. albicans SLD homologue led to the accumulation of (E)-sphing-4-enine, a main substrate for the SLD enzyme. Introducing the Candida SLD gene homologue into these mutant cells resulted in the recovery of synthesis of (4E, 8E)-sphinga-4,8-dienine and this gene homologue was therefore identified as a Ca-SLD gene. Additionally, the sld disruptant of C. albicans had a decreased hyphal growth rate compared with the wild-type strain. These results suggest that Delta8-desaturation of long-chain bases in ceramides plays a role in the morphogenesis of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Oura
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B5 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 266-8501, Japan
| | - Susumu Kajiwara
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B5 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 266-8501, Japan
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ABC transporter Cdr1p contributes more than Cdr2p does to fluconazole efflux in fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:3851-62. [PMID: 18710914 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00463-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluconazole (FLC) remains the antifungal drug of choice for non-life-threatening Candida infections, but drug-resistant strains have been isolated during long-term therapy with azoles. Drug efflux, mediated by plasma membrane transporters, is a major resistance mechanism, and clinically significant resistance in Candida albicans is accompanied by increased transcription of the genes CDR1 and CDR2, encoding plasma membrane ABC-type transporters Cdr1p and Cdr2p. The relative importance of each transporter protein for efflux-mediated resistance in C. albicans, however, is unknown; neither the relative amounts of each polypeptide in resistant isolates nor their contributions to efflux function have been determined. We have exploited the pump-specific properties of two antibody preparations, and specific pump inhibitors, to determine the relative expression and functions of Cdr1p and Cdr2p in 18 clinical C. albicans isolates. The antibodies and inhibitors were standardized using recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that hyper-express either protein in a host strain with a reduced endogenous pump background. In all 18 C. albicans strains, including 13 strains with reduced FLC susceptibilities, Cdr1p was present in greater amounts (2- to 20-fold) than Cdr2p. Compounds that inhibited Cdr1p-mediated function, but had no effect on Cdr2p efflux activity, significantly decreased the resistance to FLC of seven representative C. albicans isolates, whereas three other compounds that inhibited both pumps did not cause increased chemosensitization of these strains to FLC. We conclude that Cdr1p expression makes a greater functional contribution than does Cdr2p to FLC resistance in C. albicans.
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Abstract
The economic cost of fungal infection and its mortality associated with multidrug resistance remain unacceptably high. Recent understanding of the transcriptional regulation of plasma membrane efflux pumps of modest specificity provides new avenues for the development of broad-spectrum fungicides. Together with improved diagnosis and indirect intervention via inhibition of the energy supply for drug efflux, we envisage multifunctional azole analogs that inhibit not only ergosterol biosynthesis and drug efflux-pump activity but also activation of the transcriptional machinery that induces drug efflux-pump expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Monk
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Post Office Box 647, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Heinisch JJ. Baker's yeast as a tool for the development of antifungal drugs which target cell integrity – an update. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2008; 3:931-43. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.8.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen J Heinisch
- Universität Osnabrück, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, AG Genetik, Barbarastr. 11, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany ;
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Marcos JF, Muñoz A, Pérez-Payá E, Misra S, López-García B. Identification and rational design of novel antimicrobial peptides for plant protection. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2008; 46:273-301. [PMID: 18439131 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.121307.094843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Peptides and small proteins exhibiting antimicrobial activity have been isolated from many organisms ranging from insects to humans, including plants. Their role in defense is established, and their use in agriculture was already being proposed shortly after their discovery. However, some natural peptides have undesirable properties that complicate their application. Advances in peptide synthesis and high-throughput activity screening have made possible the de novo and rational design of novel peptides with improved properties. This review summarizes findings in the identification and design of short antimicrobial peptides with activity against plant pathogens, and will discuss alternatives for their heterologous production suited to plant disease control. Recent studies suggest that peptide antimicrobial action is not due solely to microbe permeation as previously described, but that more subtle factors might account for the specificity and absence of toxicity of some peptides. The elucidation of the mode of action and interaction with microbes will assist the improvement of peptide design with a view to targeting specific problems in agriculture and providing new tools for plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F Marcos
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos-CSIC, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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Muñoz A, López-García B, Marcos JF. Comparative study of antimicrobial peptides to control citrus postharvest decay caused by Penicillium digitatum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:8170-6. [PMID: 17867640 DOI: 10.1021/jf0718143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate and compare the in vitro efficacy and in vivo potential of eight distinct short antimicrobial peptides to control the postharvest green mold disease of oranges caused by the fungus Penicillium digitatum. The L-amino acid versions of the four peptides PAF26, PAF38, PAF40, and BM0, previously obtained by combinatorial approaches, were examined. The study included two antibacterial peptides formerly identified by rational design, BP15 and BP76, and it is demonstrated that they also have in vitro antifungal properties. The natural antimicrobial peptides melittin and indolicidin were also selected for comparison, due to their well-known properties and modes of action. In vitro and in vivo results indicated differential behaviors among peptides, regarding the inhibitory potency in growth media, selectivity against distinct microorganisms, fungicidal activity towards nongerminated conidia of P. digitatum, and efficacy in fruit inoculation assays. Interestingly, a high in vitro inhibitory activity did not necessarily associate with an effective control of fruit infection by P. digitatum. The short tryptophan-rich cationic peptides PAF26, PAF38, PAF40, and BM0 were lethal to conidia of P. digitatum, and this property is correlated with better protection in the decay control test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Muñoz
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), CSIC, Apartado de Correos 73, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
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Lamping E, Monk BC, Niimi K, Holmes AR, Tsao S, Tanabe K, Niimi M, Uehara Y, Cannon RD. Characterization of three classes of membrane proteins involved in fungal azole resistance by functional hyperexpression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2007; 6:1150-65. [PMID: 17513564 PMCID: PMC1951111 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00091-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The study of eukaryotic membrane proteins has been hampered by a paucity of systems that achieve consistent high-level functional protein expression. We report the use of a modified membrane protein hyperexpression system to characterize three classes of fungal membrane proteins (ABC transporters Pdr5p, CaCdr1p, CaCdr2p, CgCdr1p, CgPdh1p, CkAbc1p, and CneMdr1p, the major facilitator superfamily transporter CaMdr1p, and the cytochrome P450 enzyme CaErg11p) that contribute to the drug resistance phenotypes of five pathogenic fungi and to express human P glycoprotein (HsAbcb1p). The hyperexpression system consists of a set of plasmids that direct the stable integration of a single copy of the expression cassette at the chromosomal PDR5 locus of a modified host Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, ADDelta. Overexpression of heterologous proteins at levels of up to 29% of plasma membrane protein was achieved. Membrane proteins were expressed with or without green fluorescent protein (GFP), monomeric red fluorescent protein, His, FLAG/His, Cys, or His/Cys tags. Most GFP-tagged proteins tested were correctly trafficked within the cell, and His-tagged proteins could be affinity purified. Kinetic analysis of ABC transporters indicated that the apparent K(m) value and the V(max) value of ATPase activities were not significantly affected by the addition of His tags. The efflux properties of seven fungal drug pumps were characterized by their substrate specificities and their unique patterns of inhibition by eight xenobiotics that chemosensitized S. cerevisiae strains overexpressing ABC drug pumps to fluconazole. The modified hyperexpression system has wide application for the study of eukaryotic membrane proteins and could also be used in the pharmaceutical industry for drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Lamping
- Department of Oral Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 647, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Muñoz A, López-García B, Pérez-Payá E, Marcos JF. Antimicrobial properties of derivatives of the cationic tryptophan-rich hexapeptide PAF26. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 354:172-7. [PMID: 17222805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.12.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Short antimicrobial peptides represent an alternative to fight pathogen infections. PAF26 is a hexapeptide identified previously by a combinatorial approach against the fungus Penicillium digitatum and shows antimicrobial properties towards certain phytopathogenic fungi. In this work, PAF26 was used as lead compound and its properties were compared with two series of derivatives, obtained by either systematic alanine substitution or N-terminal amino acid addition. The alanine scan approach underlined the optimized sequence of PAF26 in terms of potency and permeation capability, and also the higher contribution of the cationic residues to these properties. The N-terminal addition of amino acids resulted in new heptapeptides with variations in their antimicrobial characteristics, and very low cytolysis to human red blood cells. Positive (Arg or Lys) and aromatic (Phe or Trp) residue addition increased broad spectrum activity of PAF26. Noteworthy, addition of selected residues had specific effects on the properties of derivatives of PAF26.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Muñoz
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA)-CSIC, Apartado de Correos 73, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
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