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Torrez Lamberti MF, Terán LC, Lopez FE, de Las Mercedes Pescaretti M, Delgado MA. Genomic and proteomic characterization of two strains of Shigella flexneri 2 isolated from infants' stool samples in Argentina. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:495. [PMID: 35804311 PMCID: PMC9264714 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08711-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shigella specie is a globally important intestinal pathogen disseminated all over the world. In this study we analyzed the genome and the proteomic component of two Shigella flexneri 2a clinical isolates, collected from pediatric patients with gastroenteritis of the Northwest region of Argentina (NWA) in two periods of time, with four years of difference. Our goal was to determine putative changes at molecular levels occurred during these four years, that could explain the presence of this Shigella`s serovar as the prevalent pathogen in the population under study. Results As previously reported, our findings support the idea of Shigella has a conserved “core” genome, since comparative studies of CI133 and CI172 genomes performed against 80 genomes obtained from the NCBI database, showed that there is a large number of genes shared among all of them. However, we observed that CI133 and CI172 harbors a small number of strain-specific genes, several of them present in mobile genetic elements, supporting the hypothesis that these isolates were established in the population by horizontal acquisition of genes. These differences were also observed at proteomic level, where it was possible to detect the presence of certain secreted proteins in a culture medium that simulates the host environment. Conclusion Great similarities were observed between the CI133 and CI172 strains, confirming the high percentage of genes constituting the “core” genome of S. flexneri 2. However, numerous strain specific genes were also determined. The presence of the here identified molecular elements into other strain of our culture collation, is currently used to develop characteristic markers of local pathogens. In addition, the most outstanding result of this study was the first description of a S. flexneri 2 producing Colicin E, as one of the characteristics that allows S. flexneri 2 to persist in the microbial community. These findings could also contribute to clarify the mechanism and the evolution strategy used by this pathogen to specifically colonize, survive, and cause infection within the NWA population. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08711-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica F Torrez Lamberti
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT. Chacabuco 461, 5Q7R+96, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Lucrecia C Terán
- Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145, 5Q9R+3J, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Fabián E Lopez
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT. Chacabuco 461, 5Q7R+96, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Chilecito (UNdeC), 9 de Julio 22, F5360CKB, Chilecito, La Rioja, Argentina
| | - María de Las Mercedes Pescaretti
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT. Chacabuco 461, 5Q7R+96, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - Mónica A Delgado
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT. Chacabuco 461, 5Q7R+96, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
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Mat Jalil MT, Hairudin NH, Ibrahim D. Muscodor sp. IBRL OS-94, A Promising Endophytic Fungus of Ocimum sanctum with Antimicrobial Activity. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/ps.2020.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: An endophytic fungus, Muscodor sp. IBRL OS-94 isolated from the leaf of Ocimum sanctum was believed to possess significant antimicrobial activity and several assays were carried out to evaluate its pharmaceutical potential. Methods: Agar plug diffusion and the disk diffusion assays were performed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the fungal extract. Also, the broth microdilution assay was done to investigate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the fungal extract. Meanwhile, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to observe the structural degeneration of the microbial cells treated to the extract. Results: The results revealed that fungal isolate showed favorable antimicrobial activity through agar plug diffusion assay and the disk diffusion assay demonstrated that most of the test microorganisms were susceptible to extracellular extract compared to extracellular extract. As for the MIC and MLC values, the extracellular fungal extract exerted a bactericidal/fungicidal effect against all five Gram-positive bacteria, four Gram-negative bacteria, one yeast, and none of the test fungi. Meanwhile, the intracellular fungal extract exhibited bactericidal/fungicidal activity against three Gram-positive bacteria, one Gram-negative bacterium, and one yeast. The structural degeneration study via SEM revealed that various cell abnormalities including severe damage to the cell wall which led to microbial cell death. Conclusion: The present study suggests the fungal extract from Muscodor sp. IBRLOS-94 as an antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Taufiq Mat Jalil
- School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
- Industrial Biotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nabila Husna Hairudin
- School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
- Industrial Biotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Darah Ibrahim
- School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
- Industrial Biotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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El-Kazzaz SS, Mashaly GES, S. Zeid M. Multidrug Resistant <i>Shigella</i> Associated with Class 1 Integrase and Other Virulence Genes as a Cause of Diarrhea in Pediatric Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/ojmm.2020.101001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abelman RL, M'ikanatha NM, Figler HM, Dudley EG. Use of whole genome sequencing in surveillance for antimicrobial-resistant Shigella sonnei infections acquired from domestic and international sources. Microb Genom 2019; 5. [PMID: 31099740 PMCID: PMC6562246 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella species are a major cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, and Shigella sonnei is the most common species isolated within the United States. Previous surveillance work in Pennsylvania documented increased antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in S. sonnei associated with reported illnesses. The present study examined a subset of these isolates by whole genome sequencing (WGS) to determine the relationship between domestic and international isolates, to identify genes that may be useful for identifying specific Global Lineages of S. sonnei and to test the accuracy of WGS for predicting AMR phenotype. A collection of 22 antimicrobial-resistant isolates from patients infected within the United States or while travelling internationally between 2009 and 2014 was chosen for WGS. Phylogenetic analysis revealed both international and domestic isolates were one of two previously defined Global Lineages of S. sonnei, designated Lineage II and Lineage III. Twelve of 17 alleles tested distinguish these two lineages. Lastly, genome analysis was used to identify AMR determinants. Genotypic analysis was concordant with phenotypic resistance for six of eight antibiotic classes. For aminoglycosides and trimethoprim, resistance genes were identified in two and three phenotypically sensitive isolates, respectively. This article contains data hosted by Microreact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Abelman
- 1 Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Hillary M Figler
- 3 Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edward G Dudley
- 1 Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,4 E. coli Reference Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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First report of the qnrA determinant in Shigella sonnei isolated from China. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:2193-2196. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817000917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYWe investigated the first presence of qnrA among Shigella sonnei clinical isolates in Jiangsu Province, China. The qnrA-positive isolates coexisted with the mutation in gyrA at codon 83, these isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and 22·2% (2 of 9) of them were resistant to norfloxacin.
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Gu B, Xu T, Kang H, Xu Y, Liu G, Pan S, Qian H, Ma P. A 10-year surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in Shigella sonnei isolates circulating in Jiangsu Province, China. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2017; 10:29-34. [PMID: 28606485 PMCID: PMC7103933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term multicentre surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in Shigella sonnei. Epidemic clones and integron types and resistance gene cassettes were characterised. PFGE indicated large-scale clonal transmission among different cities occurred several times during 10 years. Class 1, 2 and atypical class 1 integrons were detected in S. sonnei. High prevalence of integrons and gene cassettes was related to the increasing antimicrobial resistance.
Objectives The rapid emergence of drug-resistant Shigella sonnei is a serious public health problem. This study aimed to characterise the antimicrobial resistance patterns, molecular subtypes, and integron types and resistance gene cassettes in S. sonnei from Jiangsu Province, China. Methods In total, 340 S. sonnei were collected in 2002–2011 throughout Jiangsu Province. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), PCR amplification of integrons, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and DNA sequencing of cassette regions were performed. Results Resistance rates to ampicillin (67.7%), nalidixic acid (75.2%), tetracycline (73.7%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (68.7%) remained high. Strains from Centre and South Jiangsu showed higher resistance and multiresistance rates compared with the North. PFGE analysis indicated that large-scale clonal transmission among different cities occurred several times during 10 years. Among all strains, 55.9% (190/340) harboured class 1 integrons, 80.3% (273/340) harboured class 2 integrons and 49.4% (168/340) harboured an atypical class 1 integron. Resistance rates to nine antimicrobials in the class 1 integron-positive group were significantly higher than in the negative group (P < 0.05). Seven different gene cassettes were detected in class 1 integrons. The most prevalent type was aacA4–cmlA1 (114/286). Class 2 integrons carried the gene cassette array dfrA1–sat1–aadA1, and the atypical class 1 integron carried blaOXA-30–aadA1. Conclusions The increasing antimicrobial resistance and significant clonal transmission of S. sonnei circulating in Jiangsu were closely related to the high prevalence of integrons and gene cassettes. Long-term cross-regional monitoring of antimicrobial resistance is urgently required for S. sonnei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gu
- Medical Technology Institute of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Haiquan Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Yanling Xu
- Department of General Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Genyan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shiyang Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Huimin Qian
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Ping Ma
- Medical Technology Institute of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China.
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Gu B, Qin TT, Fan WT, Bi RR, Chen Y, Li Y, Ma P. Novel mutations in gyrA and parC among Shigella sonnei strains from Jiangsu Province of China, 2002-2011. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 59:44-49. [PMID: 28392317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate fluoroquinolone resistance and associated mechanisms of Shigella sonnei isolates in Jiangsu Province of China between 2002 and 2011. METHODS All 337 unduplicated S. sonnei isolates were collected from hospitals in Jiangsu Province from January 2002 to December 2011. Fluoroquinolone susceptibility was characterized by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and direct nucleotide sequencing of genes of the quinolone resistance determining regions were conducted. Also, the transferable quinolone resistance determinants, including qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS, aac-(6')-Ib-cr and qepA were amplified by PCR. RESULTS Among 950 Shigella isolates, 337 (35.5%) were identified as S. sonnei, of which 76.6% displayed nalidixic acid resistance and norfloxacin-resistant isolates appeared in 2005-2009, with an average resistance rate of 21.8%. Commonly reported point mutations of Ser83Leu and Asp87Asn/Gly in gyrA and Ser80Ile in parC were detected, with mutation rates of 78.0%, 9.5% and 30.3%, respectively, while no alteration in gyrB or parE were detected. Besides, His211Tyr mutation in gyrA was first reported in a S. sonnei strain in 2009 and two novel mutations in parC were found, of which Met86Trp occurred in another strain in 2009 and Ser129Pro appeared every year except 2011 (28.8%). Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants were found in 23 isolates and 19 of these isolates were resistant to both nalidixic acid and norfloxacin. qnrB, qnrS, aac-(6')-Ib-cr and qepA were detected in 1, 7, 14 and 2 S. sonnei strains, relatively, and the most abundant PMQR gene found in this work was aac-(6')-Ib-cr (4.2%). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS S. sonnei became increasingly important as fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates emerged, and further detection on the resistant genes would be useful in the treatment and control of this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gu
- Medical Technology School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Ting-Ting Qin
- Medical Technology School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Wen-Ting Fan
- Medical Technology School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Ru-Ru Bi
- Medical Technology School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Medical Technology School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Ying Li
- Medical Technology School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Medical Technology School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China.
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Kozyreva VK, Jospin G, Greninger AL, Watt JP, Eisen JA, Chaturvedi V. Recent Outbreaks of Shigellosis in California Caused by Two Distinct Populations of Shigella sonnei with either Increased Virulence or Fluoroquinolone Resistance. mSphere 2016; 1:e00344-16. [PMID: 28028547 PMCID: PMC5177732 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00344-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella sonnei has caused unusually large outbreaks of shigellosis in California in 2014 and 2015. Preliminary data indicated the involvement of two distinct bacterial populations, one from San Diego and San Joaquin (SDi/SJo) and one from the San Francisco (SFr) Bay area. Whole-genome analysis and antibiotic susceptibility testing of 68 outbreak and archival isolates of S. sonnei were performed to investigate the microbiological factors related to these outbreaks. Both SDi/SJo and SFr populations, as well as almost all of the archival S. sonnei isolates belonged to sequence type 152 (ST152). Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis clustered the majority of California (CA) isolates to an earlier described lineage III. Isolates in the SDi/SJo population had a novel lambdoid bacteriophage carrying genes encoding Shiga toxin (STX) that were most closely related to that found in Escherichia coli O104:H4. However, the STX genes (stx1A and stx1B) from this novel phage had sequences most similar to the phages from Shigella flexneri and S. dysenteriae. The isolates in the SFr population were resistant to ciprofloxacin due to point mutations in gyrA and parC genes and were related to the fluoroquinolone-resistant S. sonnei clade within lineage III that originated in South Asia. The emergence of a highly virulent S. sonnei strain and introduction of a fluoroquinolone-resistant strain reflect the changing traits of this pathogen in California. An enhanced monitoring is advocated for early detection of future outbreaks caused by such strains. IMPORTANCE Shigellosis is an acute diarrheal disease causing nearly half a million infections, 6,000 hospitalizations, and 70 deaths annually in the United States. S. sonnei caused two unusually large outbreaks in 2014 and 2015 in California. We used whole-genome sequencing to understand the pathogenic potential of bacteria involved in these outbreaks. Our results suggest the persistence of a local S. sonnei SDi/SJo clone in California since at least 2008. Recently, a derivative of the original clone acquired the ability to produce Shiga toxin (STX) via exchanges of bacteriophages with other bacteria. STX production is connected with more severe disease, including bloody diarrhea. A second population of S. sonnei that caused an outbreak in the San Francisco area was resistant to fluoroquinolones and showed evidence of connection to a fluoroquinolone-resistant lineage from South Asia. These emerging trends in S. sonnei populations in California must be monitored for future risks of the spread of increasingly virulent and resistant clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara K. Kozyreva
- Microbial Diseases Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Guillaume Jospin
- Genome Center, Department of Evolution and Ecology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Alexander L. Greninger
- Microbial Diseases Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
| | - James P. Watt
- Division of Communicable Disease Control, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Eisen
- Genome Center, Department of Evolution and Ecology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Vishnu Chaturvedi
- Microbial Diseases Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
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Rahimi E, Shirazi F, Khamesipour F. Isolation and Study of the Antibiotic Resistance Properties ofShigellaSpecies in Meat and Meat Products. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Rahimi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch; Islamic Azad University; Shahrekord Iran
| | - Farzaneh Shirazi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord Branch; Islamic Azad University; Shahrekord Iran
| | - Faham Khamesipour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences; Sabzevar Iran
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Khaghani S, Shamsizadeh A, Nikfar R, Hesami A. Shigella flexneri: a three-year antimicrobial resistance monitoring of isolates in a Children Hospital, Ahvaz, Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2014; 6:225-9. [PMID: 25802704 PMCID: PMC4367937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Shigellosis is an acute gastroenteritis that is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in children with diarrhea in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to describe the distribution of Shigella serogroups and serotypes and their antibacterial drug resistance profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fecal samples of all children suffering from shigellosis who had been admitted to Abuzar Children's Hospital in Ahvaz, southwestern Iran, from September 2008 to August 2010 were examined. Antibiotics susceptibility testing was performed according to the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. RESULTS Shigella flexneri was the predominant serogroup and being identified in 87 isolates (49.8%). The most common S. flexneri serotypes were type 2 (57.5%) and type 1 (21.8%). High rates of resistance were observed to trimethoprime-sulfamethpxazole (85%) and ampicillin (87.5%). CONCLUSION S. flexneri and its serotypes was the most frequently isolated Shigella species from southwest of Iran, Ahvaz. Identification of predominant S. flexneri serotypes in developing countries can help in prioritizing strategies such as development of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Khaghani
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Shamsizadeh
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Abuzar Children’s Teaching Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Roya Nikfar
- Abuzar Children’s Teaching Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Hesami
- Department of Immunology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Changing patterns and widening of antibiotic resistance inShigellaspp. over a decade (2000–2011), Andaman Islands, India. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 143:470-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814000958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThis study is a part of the surveillance study on childhood diarrhoea in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands; here we report the drug resistance pattern of recent isolates ofShigellaspp. (2006–2011) obtained as part of that study and compare it with that ofShigellaisolates obtained earlier during 2000–2005. During 2006–2011, stool samples from paediatric diarrhoea patients were collected and processed for isolation and identification ofShigellaspp. Susceptibility to 22 antimicrobial drugs was tested and minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for third-generation cephalosporins, quinolones, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combinations and gentamicin. A wide spectrum of antibiotic resistance was observed in theShigellastrains obtained during 2006–2011. The proportions of resistant strains showed an increase from 2000–2005 to 2006–2011 in 20/22 antibiotics tested. The number of drug resistance patterns increased from 13 in 2000–2005 to 43 in 2006–2011. Resistance to newer generation fluoroquinolones, third-generation cephalosporins and augmentin, which was not observed during 2000–2005, appeared during 2006–2011. The frequency of resistance inShigellaisolates has increased substantially between 2000–2006 and 2006–2011, with a wide spectrum of resistance. At present, the option for antimicrobial therapy in shigellosis in Andaman is limited to a small number of drugs.
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Ruekit S, Wangchuk S, Dorji T, Tshering KP, Pootong P, Nobthai P, Serichantalergs O, Poramathikul K, Bodhidatta L, Mason CJ. Molecular characterization and PCR-based replicon typing of multidrug resistant Shigella sonnei isolates from an outbreak in Thimphu, Bhutan. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:95. [PMID: 24555739 PMCID: PMC3936901 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shigella species are an important cause of diarrhea in developing countries. These bacteria normally acquire their antibiotic resistance via several different mobile genetic elements including plasmids, transposons, and integrons involving gene cassettes. During a diarrhea surveillance study in Thimphu, Bhutan in June and July, 2011, Shigella sonnei were isolated more frequently than expected. This study describes the antibiotic resistance of these S. sonnei isolates. Methods A total of 29 S. sonnei isolates from Thimphu, Bhutan was characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility by disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. All isolates were tested by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with restriction enzyme XbaI and were tested for plasmid. The plasmid patterns and the PFGE patterns were analyzed by Bionumerics software. DNA sequencing was performed on amplified products for gyraseA gene and class 1 and class 2 integrons. S. sonnei isolates were classified for incompatibility of plasmids by PCR-based replicon typing (PBRT). Results These S. sonnei were resistant to multiple drugs like ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, and tetracycline but susceptible to azithromycin. All isolates had class 2 integrons dfrA1, sat1 and aadA1 genes. Two point mutations in Gyrase A subunit at position Ser83Leu and Asp87Gly were detected in these quinolone resistant isolates. The plasmid and PFGE patterns of S. sonnei isolates suggested a clonal relationship of the isolates. All isolates carried common ColE plasmid. ColE plasmid co-resided with B/O plasmid (nine isolates) or I1 plasmid (one isolate). Conclusions The characteristics of 29 S. sonnei isolates from Thimphu, Bhutan in June and July, 2011 are identical in PFGE, plasmid and resistance pattern. This study suggests that these recent S. sonnei isolates are clonally related and multidrug-resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirigade Ruekit
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand.
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Khan S, Singh P, Ansari M, Asthana A. Isolation of Shigella species and their resistance patterns to a panel of fifteen antibiotics in mid and far western region of Nepal. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Khan S, Singh P, Asthana A, Ansari M. Magnitude of drug resistant shigellosis in Nepalese patients. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2013; 5:334-8. [PMID: 25848501 PMCID: PMC4385157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Shigella plays an important role as a causative organism of acute gastroenteritis, in children and others. Rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance warrants continuous monitoring of susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates. We report here our findings about Shigella spp. isolates and their drug resistance patterns in Nepalese patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted on 507 Nepalese patients with acute gastroenteritis attending outpatient and inpatient departments of Nepalgunj Medical college and teaching Hospital, Banke, Nepal from September 2011 to April 2013. Stool specimens were processed for isolation and identification of Shigella species following the standard microbiological methods while the disc diffusion test was used to determine antimicrobial resistance patterns of the recovered isolates at the central Laboratory of Microbiology. RESULTS Sixty nine isolates were identified as Shigella species. S. flexneri, S. dysenteriae, S. boydii and S. sonnei accounted, respectively, for 42.03%, 27.54%, 21.74% and 8.70% of the total number of Shigella isolates. Resistance to nalidixic acid (95.65%), ampicillin (85.51%), co-trimoxazole (82.61%) and ciprofloxacin (47.83%) was observed. Among 69 isolates, 29 (42.03%) were from children aged 1-10 years and this group was statistically significant (P < 0.05), compared to the other age groups. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed endemicity of shigellosis with S. flexneri as the predominant serogroup in Nepalese patients. Children were at a higher risk of severe shigellosis. Nalidixic acid, ampicillin, co-trimoxazole and ciprofloxacin should not be used empirically as the first line drugs in treatment of shigellosis. Continuous local monitoring of resistance patterns is necessary for the appropriate selection of empirical antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Nepalgunj Medical College, Nepal
| | - Priti Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Nepalgunj Medical College, Nepal
| | - Asnish Asthana
- Department of Microbiology, Neta ji Subhash Chandra bose subharti Medical College, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, India
| | - Mukhtar Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology, National Medical College, Nepal
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Yang H, Duan G, Zhu J, Zhang W, Xi Y, Fan Q. Prevalence and characterisation of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance and mutations in the gyrase and topoisomerase IV genes among Shigella isolates from Henan, China, between 2001 and 2008. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013; 42:173-7. [PMID: 23796894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A total of 293 Shigella isolates were isolated from patients with diarrhoea in four villages of Henan, China. This study investigated the prevalence of the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, qepA and aac(6')-Ib-cr and compared the polymorphic quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE. Of the isolates, 292 were found to be resistant to nalidixic acid and pipemidic acid, whereas 77 were resistant to ciprofloxacin (resistance rate of 26.3%). Resistance of the Shigella isolates to ciprofloxacin significantly increased from 2001 to 2008 (P<0.05). A mutation in gyrA was present in 277 (94.5%) of the isolates and a mutation in parC was present in 19 (6.5%) of the isolates. Moreover, 168 (57.3%) of the isolates contained only the gyrA (Ser83Leu) mutation. In addition, 107 isolates had two gyrA point mutations (Ser83Leu and either Asp87Gly, Asp87Asn or Asp113Tyr) and 13 isolates had two gyrA point mutations (Ser83Leu and Asp87Gly or Gly214Ala) and one parC mutation (Ser80Ile). In addition, qepA and aac(6')-Ib-cr were present in 6 (2.05%) and 19 (6.48%) of the isolates, respectively. All but one of the PMQR-positive isolates with a ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentration in the range 4-32μg/mL had a mutation in the QRDR. It is known that PMQR-positive Shigella isolates are common in China. This study found that there was a significant increase in mutation rates of the QRDR and the resistant rates to ciprofloxacin. Other mechanisms may be present in the isolates that also contribute to their resistance to ciprofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
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Gu B, Ke X, Pan S, Cao Y, Zhuang L, Yu R, Qian H, Liu G, Tong M. Prevalence and trends of aminoglycoside resistance in Shigella worldwide, 1999-2010. J Biomed Res 2013; 27:103-15. [PMID: 23554801 PMCID: PMC3602868 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.27.20120125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis causes diarrheal disease in humans in both developed and developing countries, and multi-drug resistance in Shigella is an emerging problem. Understanding changing resistance patterns is important in determining appropriate antibiotic treatments. This meta-analysis systematically evaluated aminoglycoside resistance in Shigella. A systematic review was constructed based on MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Random-effect models or fixed-effect models were used based on P value considering the possibility of heterogeneity between studies for meta-analysis. Data manipulation and statistical analyses were performed using software STATA 11.0. By means of meta-analysis, we found a lower resistance to three kinds of aminoglycosides in the Europe-America areas during the 12 year study period than that of the Asia-Africa areas. Kanamycin resistance was observed to be the most common drug resistance among Shigella isolates with a prevalence of 6.88% (95%CI: 6.36%-7.43%). Comparison of data from Europe-America and Asia-Africa areas revealed that Shigella flexneri resistance was greater than the resistance calculated for Shigella sonnei. Importantly, Shigella sonnei has played a significant role in aminoglycoside-resistance in recent years. Similarly, data showed that resistance to these drugs in children was higher than the corresponding data of adults. In conclusion, aminoglycoside-resistant Shigella is not an unusual phenomenon worldwide. Distribution in Shigella resistance differs sharply based on geographic areas, periods of time and subtypes. The results from the present study highlight the need for continuous surveillance of resistance and control of antibiotic usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; ; National Key Clinical, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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Erdman SM, Buckner EE, Hindler JF. Options for treating resistant Shigella species infections in children. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2013; 13:29-43. [PMID: 23055862 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-13.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Infection due to Shigella species remains an important public health problem, especially in developing countries where it remains the most common cause of bloody diarrhea. In the United States (US), 10,000 to 15,000 cases of shigellosis are reported each year in both children and adults. US surveillance data from 2004 has demonstrated increased resistance in Shigella species to first-line antibiotics such as ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, with approximately 37% of isolates demonstrating resistance to both ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Since approximately 69% of Shigella infections occur in children younger than 5 years of age, it is important that alternative antibiotics other than typical first-line agents such as ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole be available to treat Shigella infections in this population. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends cefixime, ceftriaxone, azithromycin, and fluoroquinolones as alternative antibiotics for the treatment of Shigella species infections in children. This paper will review the microbiology, susceptibility, efficacy and safety data of these alternative antibiotics with regard to the treatment of Shigella species infections in children, and will attempt to define the role of each of these agents in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Erdman
- Purdue University School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Gu B, Cao Y, Pan S, Zhuang L, Yu R, Peng Z, Qian H, Wei Y, Zhao L, Liu G, Tong M. Comparison of the prevalence and changing resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin of Shigella between Europe-America and Asia-Africa from 1998 to 2009. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012; 40:9-17. [PMID: 22483324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 12/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Shigella is becoming an increasing public health problem due to development of multiple antimicrobial resistance, frequently resulting in treatment failure. A systematic review was conducted based on a literature search of computerised databases. Random or fixed-effects models were used, based on the P-value considering the possibility of heterogeneity between studies, for meta-analysis. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA 10.0. In the area of Asia-Africa, resistance rates to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin were 33.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) 21.8-46.6%] and 5.0% (95% CI 2.8-7.8%), respectively, 10.5 and 16.7 times those of Europe-America. Moreover, resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin in Asia-Africa progressively increased each year, reaching 64.5% (95% CI 13.8-99.3%) and 29.1% (95% CI 0.9-74.8%), respectively, in 2007-2009, whilst isolates in Europe-America remained at low levels of resistance (<5.0% and <1.0%, respectively). All Shigella flexneri strains showed higher resistance than Shigella sonnei in Europe-America: overall, 3.5% (95% CI 1.4-6.4%) vs. 2.6% (95% CI 1.0-5.0%) resistant to nalidixic acid and 1.0% (95% CI 0.3-2.2%) vs. 0.1% (95% CI 0.0-0.3%) resistant to ciprofloxacin. In Asia-Africa, a similar trend was found for ciprofloxacin [3.0% (95% CI 1.4-5.3%) vs. 0.5% (95% CI 0.2-0.8%)], whereas the trend was reversed for nalidixic acid [32.6% (95% CI 14.5-53.9%) vs. 44.3% (95% CI 26.9-62.5%). In conclusion, quinolone resistance in Shigella has increased at an alarming speed, reinforcing the importance of continuous monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in Shigella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road No. 300, Nanjing 210029, China
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Keddy KH, Sooka A, Crowther-Gibson P, Quan V, Meiring S, Cohen C, Nana T, Sriruttan C, Seetharam S, Hoosen A, Naicker P, Elliott E, Haffejee S, Whitelaw A, Klugman KP. Systemic shigellosis in South Africa. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54:1448-54. [PMID: 22474223 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic disease due to shigellae is associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), malnutrition, and other immunosuppressed states. We examined the clinical and microbiologic characteristics of systemic shigellosis in South Africa, where rates of HIV infection are high. METHODS From 2003 to 2009, 429 cases of invasive shigellosis were identified through national laboratory-based surveillance. At selected sites, additional information was captured on HIV serostatus and outcome. Isolates were serotyped and antimicrobial susceptibility testing performed. RESULTS Most cases of systemic shigellosis were diagnosed on blood culture (408 of 429 cases; 95%). HIV prevalence was 67% (80 of 120 cases), highest in patients aged 5-54 years, and higher among females (55 of 70 cases; 79%) compared with males (25 of 48 cases; 52%; P = .002). HIV-infected people were 4.1 times more likely to die than HIV-uninfected cases (case-fatality ratio, 29 of 78 HIV-infected people [37%] vs 5 of 40 HIV-uninfected people [13%]; P = .008; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-11.8). The commonest serotype was Shigella flexneri 2a (89 of 292 serotypes [30.5%]). Pentavalent resistance occurred in 120 of 292 isolates (41.1%). There was no difference in multidrug resistance between HIV-infected patients (33 of 71 [46%]) and uninfected patients (12 of 33 [36%]; 95% CI, .65--3.55). CONCLUSIONS Systemic shigellosis is associated with HIV-infected patients, primarily in older girls and women, potentially due to the burden of caring for sick children in the home; interventions need to be targeted here. Death rates are higher in HIV-infected versus uninfected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen H Keddy
- Centre for Enteric Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Bhattacharya D, Sugunan AP, Bhattacharjee H, Thamizhmani R, Sayi DS, Thanasekaran K, Manimunda SP, Ghosh A, Bharadwaj A, Singhania M, Roy S. Antimicrobial resistance in Shigella--rapid increase & widening of spectrum in Andaman Islands, India. Indian J Med Res 2012; 135:365-70. [PMID: 22561624 PMCID: PMC3361874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Shigellosis is known to be a major cause of acute childhood diarrhoea in Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India. Rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance warrants continuous monitoring of sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates. We report here the salient findings of an ongoing study on shigellosis in Andaman Islands, India, with regards to change in drug resistance pattern during the past one decade. METHOD During 2006-2009, stools samples from 412 paediatric diarrhoea patients were collected and processed for isolation and identification of Shigella spp. Susceptibility to 22 antimicrobial drugs was tested and MICs were determined for 3 rd generation cephalosporins, quinolones, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination and gentamicin. Drug susceptibility pattern of these isolates were compared with that of 33 isolates obtained during 2000-2002. RESULTS Shigella isolates were recovered from 50 of 412 stool samples processed. Resistance to ampicillin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin was observed in 100, 96, 94 and 82 per cent of the isolates, respectively. The frequency of resistance to these drugs was significantly (P<0.001) higher than that observed during 2000-2002. Resistance to seven drugs was observed in 2000-2002, whereas resistance to 21 drugs was seen during 2006-2009. The number of drug resistance pattern increased from 13 in 2000-2002 to 43 in 2006-2009. Resistance to newer generation fluoroquinolones, 3 rd generation cephalosporins and augmentin, which was not observed during 2000-2002, appeared during 2006-2009. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS The frequency of resistance among Shigella isolates has increased substantially between 2000-2002 and 2006-2009 and the spectrum of resistance has widened. At present, the option for antimicrobial therapy in shigellosis in Andaman is limited to a small number of drugs. Continuous local monitoring of resistance patterns is necessary for the appropriate selection of empirical antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. P. Sugunan
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair, India
| | | | - R. Thamizhmani
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair, India
| | - D. S. Sayi
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair, India
| | | | | | - A.R. Ghosh
- School of Biotechnology, Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | | | | | - Subarna Roy
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair, India
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Izumiya H, Tada Y, Ito K, Morita-Ishihara T, Ohnishi M, Terajima J, Watanabe H. Characterization of Shigella sonnei isolates from travel-associated cases in Japan. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:1486-1491. [PMID: 19589900 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.011809-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella sonnei infection in industrialized countries is often associated with foreign travel. A total of 195 S. sonnei isolates in Japan, isolated from cases associated with foreign travel, were analysed by biotyping and molecular typing using PFGE and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA); their antimicrobial susceptibilities were also evaluated. The isolates were from 26 countries, most of which were Asian. Molecular typing revealed a correlation among the genotypes, biotypes and their geographical areas of origin. The isolates were classified into two biotypes, a and g. Biotype g isolates (n=178) were further divided into distinct clusters mainly on the basis of their geographical areas of origin by both PFGE and MLVA. Isolates from South Asian countries constituted one of the distinct clusters. Biotype g isolates from countries other than South Asia constituted other distinct clusters. Most of the isolates from other countries and continents, excluding the South Asian countries, were included in one major cluster by PFGE analysis. However, by MLVA, they were further divided into minor subclusters mainly on the basis of their countries of origin. MLVA was also demonstrated to be useful in molecular epidemiological analysis, even when only seven loci were applied, resulting in a high resolution with Simpson's index of diversity (D) of 0.993. A core drug-resistance pattern of streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was observed in 108 isolates, irrespective of their geographical areas of origin, but the frequency of resistance to nalidixic acid was high among the South Asian and East Asian isolates. Two isolates from China and India were resistant to cefotaxime and harboured the bla(CTX-M-14) and bla(CTX-M-15) genes, respectively; these isolates were also resistant to nalidixic acid, which is a matter of concern in terms of shigellosis treatment. Use of a combination of methods was found to be effective for epidemiological investigation in the case of S. sonnei infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemasa Izumiya
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Tada
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Ito
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Terajima
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruo Watanabe
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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HAUKKA K, SIITONEN A. Emerging resistance to newer antimicrobial agents among Shigella isolated from Finnish foreign travellers. Epidemiol Infect 2007; 136:476-82. [PMID: 17578602 PMCID: PMC2870835 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268807008862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In Finland, most cases of shigellosis are related to travel abroad. Antimicrobial drug resistance of 1814 Shigella strains isolated from Finnish patients during 1990-2005 was studied using discs of 12 antimicrobial agents. Since 2000, the E-test has been performed to determine ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentrations of nalidixic acid-resistant isolates. The proportion of multi-resistant strains (resistant to >or =4 antimicrobials) was highest among isolates from China and India, but is increasing significantly in other parts of Asia. Resistance to nalidixic acid has become common among the strains from the Far East, and the first isolates also resistant to ciprofloxacin were detected during 2004-2005. All the ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates belonged to the S. flexneri 2a serotype. All the nalidixic acid-resistant S. flexneri strains had reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, whereas 23% of the nalidixic acid-resistant S. sonnei strains were still completely susceptible to ciprofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. HAUKKA
- Enteric Bacteria Laboratory, Department of Bacterial and Inflammatory Diseases, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - A. SIITONEN
- Enteric Bacteria Laboratory, Department of Bacterial and Inflammatory Diseases, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Helsinki, Finland
- Author for correspondence: Professor A. Siitonen, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland. ()
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Opintan JA, Newman MJ. Distribution of serogroups and serotypes of multiple drug resistant Shigella isolates. Ghana Med J 2007; 41:8-29. [PMID: 17622331 PMCID: PMC1890532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY BACKGROUND The distribution of Shigella serotypes is of epidemiological importance and antimicrobial therapy for shigellosis can prevent potential complications of shigellosis. Studies done fifty years ago in Ghana indicated the predominance of Shigella flexneri. OBJECTIVES To describe the distribution of Shigella serogroups and serotypes and their antibiogram profiles. STUDY DESIGN A prospective descriptive study. SETTING The Microbiology Department of the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital. METHODS Consecutive stool specimens from patients with diarrhoea submitted between February 2004 and June 2005 were cultured for Shigella and the isolates typed with commercial anti-sera. The susceptibilities of the isolates were also tested against eleven antimicrobial agents by the disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of isolates to ciprofloxacin were also determined by the E-test. RESULTS Five hundred and ninety four diarrhoea stool specimens yielded 24 Shigella isolates with the following serogroup distribution: S. flexneri 70.8%, S. dysenteriae 16.7%, S. sonnei 8.3% and S. boydii 4.2%. Approximately 96% of the isolates were multi-drug resistant but all twenty four were susceptible to nalidixic acid and the fluoroquinolones (ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin). The MICs of twenty one of the isolates to ciprofloxacin were </= 0.064 microg ml(-1). CONCLUSIONS The predominance of S. flexneri was confirmed and Shigella isolates from Accra are susceptible to nalidixic acid and the fluoroquinolones. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance particularly to monitor the emergence of Shigella strains resistant to nalidixic acid and the fluoroquiolones is important.
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Dubois V, Parizano MP, Arpin C, Coulange L, Bezian MC, Quentin C. High genetic stability of integrons in clinical isolates of Shigella spp. of worldwide origin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:1333-40. [PMID: 17242143 PMCID: PMC1855518 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01109-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a 12-year period, 68 Shigella strains (31 S. sonnei, 30 S. flexneri, 4 S. dysenteriae, and 3 S. boydii strains) were collected in a French University Hospital from the stools of patients who generally had a recent history of travel to various parts of the world (91%), particularly Africa (67%). These strains were often resistant (streptomycin, spectinomycin, trimethoprim, tetracycline, and sulfonamides, 66 to 84%; ampicillin and chloramphenicol, 34 to 38%; nalidixic acid, 4%) and even multiresistant (87%), and they generally carried integrons (81%) of class 1 (21%), class 2 (47%), or both (13%). Class 1 integrons were associated with ampicillin resistance due to the production of an OXA-30 beta-lactamase in S. flexneri and S. dysenteriae. Class 2 integrons were associated with trimethoprim resistance in S. sonnei. Class 1 and class 2 integrons were inserted within transposons Tn21 and Tn7, respectively, themselves located on the bacterial chromosome, except in one strain. Class 1 integrons showed an atypical organization consisting of the insertion sequence IS1 at the 3' end instead of the typical 3' conserved segment and two blaOXA-30 and aadA1 gene cassettes, despite the absence of epidemiological relationships between the strains, and an apparently functional integrase. Class 2 integrons showed the same albeit classical organization with the three dfrA1, sat, and aadA1 gene cassettes. Occasionally, the 3' end was deleted and the aadA1 gene cassette was unexpressed. Thus, integrons contributed only in part to the multidrug resistance of the Shigella strains. The highly conserved organization of integrons might be related to their location within mobile genetic superstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Dubois
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, and Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Hôpital Saint André, France.
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Phalipon A, Sansonetti PJ. Shigella’
s ways of manipulating the host intestinal innate and adaptive immune system: a tool box for survival? Immunol Cell Biol 2007; 85:119-29. [PMID: 17213832 DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb7100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Shigella, a Gram-negative invasive enteropathogenic bacterium, causes the rupture, invasion and inflammatory destruction of the human colonic epithelium. This complex and aggressive process accounts for the symptoms of bacillary dysentery. The so-called invasive phenotype of Shigella is linked to expression of a type III secretory system (TTSS) injecting effector proteins into the epithelial cell membrane and cytoplasm, thereby inducing local but massive changes in the cell cytoskeleton that lead to bacterial internalization into non-phagocytic intestinal epithelial cells. The invasive phenotype also accounts for the potent pro-inflammatory capacity of the microorganism. Recent evidence indicates that a large part of the mucosal inflammation is initiated by intracellular sensing of bacterial peptidoglycan by cytosolic leucine-rich receptors of the NOD family, particularly NOD1, in epithelial cells. This causes activation of the nuclear factor kappa B and c-JunNH(2)-terminal-kinase pathways, with interleukin-8 appearing as a major chemokine mediating the inflammatory burst that is dominated by massive infiltration of the mucosa by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Not unexpectedly, this inflammatory response, which is likely to be very harmful for the invading microbe, is regulated by the bacterium itself. A group of proteins encoded by Shigella, which are injected into target cells by the TTSS, has been recently recognized as a family of potent regulators of the innate immune response. These enzymes target key cellular functions that are essential in triggering the inflammatory response, and more generally defense responses of the intestinal mucosa. This review focuses on the mechanisms employed by Shigella to manipulate the host innate response in order to escape early bacterial killing, thus ensuring establishment of its infectious process. The escape strategies, the possible direct effect of Shigella on B and T lymphocytes, their impact on the development of adaptive immunity, and how they may help explain the limited protection induced by natural infection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Phalipon
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, INSERM U786, Institut Pasteur 25, Rue du Dr Roux, Paris, France.
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Ahmed AM, Furuta K, Shimomura K, Kasama Y, Shimamoto T. Genetic characterization of multidrug resistance in Shigella spp. from Japan. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:1685-1691. [PMID: 17108272 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46725-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study characterized the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance of a number of Shigella spp. isolated from humans from 2000 to 2004 in Hiroshima prefecture, Japan. A total of 26 isolates of Shigella spp. were included in this study. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests revealed high levels of resistance, especially to ampicillin, streptomycin, trimethoprim, tetracycline, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. PCR and DNA sequencing were used for screening and characterization of antibiotic-resistance determinants. PCR sequencing analysis revealed the presence of only one type of class 1 integron in one isolate of Shigella sonnei. This class 1 integron was 1904 bp and contained two gene cassettes: a probable esterase/lipase (estX) and aadA1, which confers resistance to streptomycin and spectinomycin. Two types of class 2 integron were identified in this study. One was the classic type (2158 bp) and carried the three conserved resistance gene cassettes of the class 2 integron, dfrA1, sat1 and aadA1, which confer resistance to trimethoprim, streptothricin and streptomycin/spectinomycin, respectively. This type was detected in both Shigella sonnei (14 isolates) and Shigella flexneri (five isolates). The other type was shorter (1313 bp) and carried only two gene cassettes, dfrA1 and sat1. This integron was detected in a single isolate of Shigella sonnei. PFGE patterns showed limited diversity within clusters of the same species. Furthermore, an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase gene, bla(OXA-30), which confers resistance to ampicillin, was characterized in all isolates of Shigella flexneri except the oldest strain, which was isolated in 2000. Southern blot hybridization and conjugation experiments showed that bla(OXA-30) was located in the chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Kimi Furuta
- Division of Biological Science, Hiroshima City Institute of Public Health, Hiroshima 733-8650, Japan
| | - Kei Shimomura
- Division of Biological Science, Hiroshima City Institute of Public Health, Hiroshima 733-8650, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kasama
- Division of Biological Science, Hiroshima City Institute of Public Health, Hiroshima 733-8650, Japan
| | - Tadashi Shimamoto
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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Sivapalasingam S, Nelson JM, Joyce K, Hoekstra M, Angulo FJ, Mintz ED. High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among Shigella isolates in the United States tested by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System from 1999 to 2002. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:49-54. [PMID: 16377666 PMCID: PMC1346809 DOI: 10.1128/aac.50.1.49-54.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella spp. infect approximately 450,000 persons annually in the United States, resulting in over 6,000 hospitalizations. Since 1999, the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) for Enteric Bacteria has tested every 10th Shigella isolate from 16 state or local public health laboratories for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobial agents. From 1999 to 2002, NARMS tested 1,604 isolates. Among 1,598 isolates identified to species level, 1,278 (80%) were Shigella sonnei, 295 (18%) were Shigella flexneri, 18 (1%) were Shigella boydii, and 7 (0.4%) were Shigella dysenteriae. Overall, 1,251 (78%) were resistant to ampicillin and 744 (46%) were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). Prevalence of TMP-SMX- or ampicillin- and TMP-SMX-resistant Shigella sonnei isolates varied by geographic region, with lower rates in the South and Midwest regions (TMP-SMX resistance, 27% and 30%, respectively; ampicillin and TMP-SMX resistance, 25% and 22%, respectively) and higher rates in the East and West regions (TMP-SMX resistance, 66% and 80%, respectively; ampicillin and TMP-SMX resistance, 54% and 65%, respectively). Nineteen isolates (1%) were resistant to nalidixic acid (1% of S. sonnei and 2% of S. flexneri isolates); 12 (63%) of these isolates had decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. One S. flexneri isolate was resistant to ciprofloxacin. All isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone. Since 1986, resistance to ampicillin and TMP-SMX has dramatically increased. Shigella isolates in the United States remain susceptible to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumathi Sivapalasingam
- Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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