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Zhan X, Li Q, Tian P, Wang D. The attachment factors and attachment receptors of human noroviruses. Food Microbiol 2024; 123:104591. [PMID: 39038896 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading etiological agent causing the worldwide outbreaks of acute epidemic non-bacterial gastroenteritis. Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are commonly acknowledged as cellular receptors or co-receptors for HuNoVs. However, certain genotypes of HuNoVs cannot bind with any HBGAs, suggesting potential additional co-factors and attachment receptors have not been identified yet. In addition, food items, such as oysters and lettuce, play an important role in the transmission of HuNoVs. In the past decade, a couple of attachment factors other than HBGAs have been identified and analyzed from foods and microbiomes. Attachment factors exhibit potential as inhibitors of viral binding to receptors on host cells. Therefore, it is imperative to further characterize the attachment factors for HuNoVs present in foods to effectively control the spread of HuNoVs within the food chain. This review summarizes the potential attachment factors/receptors of HuNoVs in humans, foods, and microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Zhan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Peng Tian
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service-United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, 94706, USA
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Chandran S, Gibson KE. Utilizing Zebrafish Embryos for Replication of Tulane Virus: A Human Norovirus Surrogate. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2024:10.1007/s12560-024-09610-6. [PMID: 39179704 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-024-09610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
The zebrafish larvae/embryo model has been shown to support the replication of seven strains (G1.7[P7], GII.2[P16], GII.3[P16], GII.4[P4], GII.4[P16], GII.6[P7], and GII.17[P13]) of human norovirus (HuNoV). However, due to challenges in consistently obtaining HuNoV-positive stool samples from clinical sources, evaluating HuNoV surrogates in this model is highly valuable. This study assesses the potential of zebrafish embryos and larvae as a model for Tulane virus (TuV) replication. Three infection methods were examined: microinjection, immersion, and feeding. Droplet digital PCR was used to quantify viral RNA across all three infection methods. Microinjection of 3 nL of TuV into zebrafish embryos (< 6-h post-fertilization) resulted in significant replication, with viral RNA levels reaching 6.22 logs at 4-day post-infection. In contrast, the immersion method showed no replication after immersing 4-day post-fertilization (dpf) larvae in TuV suspension for 6 h. Similarly, no replication was observed with the feeding method, where Paramecium caudatum loaded with TuV were fed to 4 dpf larvae. The findings indicate that the zebrafish embryo model supports TuV replication through the microinjection method, suggesting that TuV may serve as a useful surrogate for studying HuNoV pathogenesis. Additionally, TuV can be utilized in place of HuNoV in method optimization studies using the zebrafish embryo model, circumventing the limited availability of HuNoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahaana Chandran
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA
| | - Kristen E Gibson
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA.
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Fajar S, Dwi SP, Nur IS, Wahyu AP, Sukamto S M, Winda AR, Nastiti W, Andri F, Firzan N. Zebrafish as a model organism for virus disease research: Current status and future directions. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33865. [PMID: 39071624 PMCID: PMC11282986 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have emerged as valuable models for investigating viral infections, providing insights into viral pathogenesis, host responses, and potential therapeutic interventions. This review offers a comprehensive synthesis of research on viral infections using zebrafish models, focusing on the molecular mechanisms of viral action and host-virus interactions. Zebrafish models have been instrumental in elucidating the replication dynamics, tissue tropism, and immune evasion strategies of various viruses, including Chikungunya virus, Dengue virus, Herpes Simplex Virus type 1, and Influenza A virus. Additionally, studies utilizing zebrafish have evaluated the efficacy of antiviral compounds and natural agents against emerging viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, Zika virus, and Dengue virus. The optical transparency and genetic tractability of zebrafish embryos enable real-time visualization of viral infections, facilitating the study of viral spread and immune responses. Despite challenges such as temperature compatibility and differences in host receptors, zebrafish models offer unique advantages, including cost-effectiveness, high-throughput screening capabilities, and conservation of key immune pathways. Importantly, zebrafish models complement existing animal models, providing a platform for rapid evaluation of potential therapeutics and a deeper understanding of viral pathogenesis. This review underscores the significance of zebrafish research in advancing our understanding of viral diseases and highlights future research directions to combat infectious diseases effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofyantoro Fajar
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Sendi Priyono Dwi
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Mamada Sukamto S
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | | | - Wijayanti Nastiti
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Frediansyah Andri
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing (PRTPP), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Yogyakarta 55861, Indonesia
| | - Nainu Firzan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
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Falcó I, Randazzo W, Sánchez G. Antiviral Activity of Natural Compounds for Food Safety. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2024:10.1007/s12560-024-09605-3. [PMID: 38884930 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-024-09605-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Gastroenteritis and hepatitis are the most common illnesses resulting from the consumption of food contaminated with human enteric viruses. Several natural compounds have demonstrated antiviral activity against human enteric viruses, such as human norovirus and hepatitis A virus, while little information is available for hepatitis E virus. Many in-vitro studies have evaluated the efficacy of different natural compounds against human enteric viruses or their surrogates. However, only few studies have investigated their antiviral activity in food applications. Among them, green tea extract, grape seed extract and carrageenans have been extensively investigated as antiviral natural compounds to improve food safety. Indeed, these extracts have been studied as sanitizers on food-contact surfaces, in produce washing solutions, as active fractions in antiviral food-packaging materials, and in edible coatings. The most innovative applications of these antiviral natural extracts include the development of coatings to extend the shelf life of berries or their combination with established food technologies for improved processes. This review summarizes existing knowledge in the underexplored field of natural compounds for enhancing the safety of viral-contaminated foods and underscores the research needs to be covered in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Falcó
- VISAFELab, Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, IATA-CSIC, Valencia, Spain.
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, C/Doctor Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Walter Randazzo
- VISAFELab, Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, IATA-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- Universidad Internacional de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Sánchez
- VISAFELab, Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, IATA-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
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Chandran S, Gibson KE. Improving the Detection and Understanding of Infectious Human Norovirus in Food and Water Matrices: A Review of Methods and Emerging Models. Viruses 2024; 16:776. [PMID: 38793656 PMCID: PMC11125872 DOI: 10.3390/v16050776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a leading global cause of viral gastroenteritis, contributing to numerous outbreaks and illnesses annually. However, conventional cell culture systems cannot support the cultivation of infectious HuNoV, making its detection and study in food and water matrices particularly challenging. Recent advancements in HuNoV research, including the emergence of models such as human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) and zebrafish larvae/embryo, have significantly enhanced our understanding of HuNoV pathogenesis. This review provides an overview of current methods employed for HuNoV detection in food and water, along with their associated limitations. Furthermore, it explores the potential applications of the HIE and zebrafish larvae/embryo models in detecting infectious HuNoV within food and water matrices. Finally, this review also highlights the need for further optimization and exploration of these models and detection methods to improve our understanding of HuNoV and its presence in different matrices, ultimately contributing to improved intervention strategies and public health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristen E. Gibson
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA;
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Hayashi T, Kobayashi S, Hirano J, Murakami K. Human norovirus cultivation systems and their use in antiviral research. J Virol 2024; 98:e0166323. [PMID: 38470106 PMCID: PMC11019851 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01663-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis and foodborne diseases, affecting all age groups. Despite its clinical needs, no approved antiviral therapies are available. Since the discovery of HuNoV in 1972, studies on anti-norovirals, mechanism of HuNoV infection, viral inactivation, etc., have been hampered by the lack of a robust laboratory-based cultivation system for HuNoV. A recent breakthrough in the development of HuNoV cultivation systems has opened opportunities for researchers to investigate HuNoV biology in the context of de novo HuNoV infections. A tissue stem cell-derived human intestinal organoid/enteroid (HIO) culture system is one of those that supports HuNoV replication reproducibly and, to our knowledge, is most widely distributed to laboratories worldwide to study HuNoV and develop therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes recently developed HuNoV cultivation systems, including HIO, and their use in antiviral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Hayashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakura Kobayashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junki Hirano
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Murakami
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Wales SQ, Pandiscia A, Kulka M, Sanchez G, Randazzo W. Challenges for estimating human norovirus infectivity by viability RT-qPCR as compared to replication in human intestinal enteroids. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 411:110507. [PMID: 38043474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Viability RT-qPCR, a molecular detection method combining viability marker pre-treatment with RT-qPCR, has been proposed to infer infectivity of viruses which is particularly relevant for non-culturable viruses or sophisticated cell culture systems. Being human noroviruses (HuNoV) most frequently associated with foodborne outbreaks, this study compared different viability techniques and infectivity in human intestinal enteroids (HIE) to ultimately determine whether the molecular approaches could serve as rapid assays to predict HuNoV inactivation in high-risk food. To this end, the performance of three viability RT-qPCR assays with different intercalating markers ((Viability PCR Crosslinker Kit (CL), propidium monoazide (PMAxx™), and platinum chloride (PtCl4)) in estimating survival of HuNoV exposed to thermal and high pressure (HPP) treatments was compared to replication tested in the HIE cell culture model. A nearly full-length genomic molecular assay coupled with PMAxx™ to infer HuNoV thermal inactivation was also assessed. The experimental design included HuNoV genogroup I.3 [P13], GII.4 Sydney [P16], GII.6 [P7], along with Tulane virus (TV) serving as surrogate. Finally, viability RT-qPCR was tested in HPP-treated strawberry puree, selected as a food matrix with high viral contamination risk. PMAxx™ and CL performed evenly, while PtCl4 affected HuNoV infectivity. Taking all experimental data together, viability RT-qPCR was demonstrated to be an improved method over direct RT-qPCR to estimate viral inactivation at extreme thermal (95 °C) and HPP (450 MPa) exposures, but not under milder conditions as amplification signals were detected. Despite its complexity and limitations, the HIE demonstrated a more robust model than viability RT-qPCR to assess HuNoV infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Q Wales
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Annamaria Pandiscia
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Avda. Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Valencia, Paterna 46980, Spain; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Provincial Road to Casamassima Km 3, Bari, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| | - Michael Kulka
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Gloria Sanchez
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Avda. Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Valencia, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - Walter Randazzo
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Avda. Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Valencia, Paterna 46980, Spain.
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Toh JYL, Zwe YH, Tan MTH, Gong Z, Li D. Sequential infection of human norovirus and Salmonella enterica resulted in higher mortality and ACOD1/IRG1 upregulation in zebrafish larvae. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105229. [PMID: 37739029 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Human norovirus (HNoVs) and Salmonella are both very important foodborne pathogens with mixed infection of HNoV and Salmonella reported clinically. With the use of model organism zebrafish (Danio rerio), it was observed that the sequential infection of HNoVs and Salmonella caused lower survival rates (12.5 ± 4.2%) than the single-pathogen infection by Salmonella (31.6 ± 7.3%, P < 0.05) or HNoVs (no mortality observed). Gene expression study with the use of RT-PCR and global transcriptomic analysis revealed that the mortality of zebrafish larvae was very likely due to the harmful inflammatory responses. Specifically, it was noted that the genes encoding aconitate decarboxylase 1 (ACOD1), also known as immunoresponsive gene 1 (IRG1), were significantly upregulated in the sequentially infected zebrafish larvae. The expression of acod1 could lead to mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The ROS levels were indeed higher in sequentially infected zebrafish larvae than the single-pathogen infected ones (P < 0.05). An immersion treatment of glutathione or citraconate did not affect the microbial loads of HNoVs and Salmonella but significantly reduced the ROS levels and protected the zebrafish larvae by inducing higher survival rates in the sequentially infected zebrafish larvae (P < 0.05). Taken together, this study accumulated new knowledge over the function of ACOD1/IRG1 pathway in infectious diseases, and proposed possible treatment strategies accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillinda Yi Ling Toh
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ye Htut Zwe
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Malcolm Turk Hsern Tan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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