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From bitter to delicious: properties and uses of microbial aminopeptidases. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:72. [PMID: 36625962 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein hydrolysates are easily digested and utilized by humans and animals, and are less likely to cause allergies. Protein hydrolysis caused by endopeptidases often leads to the exposure of hydrophobic amino acids at the ends of peptides, which consequently causes bitter taste. Microbial aminopeptidases remove the exposed hydrophobic amino acids at the ends of aminopeptides, which improves taste, allowing for easier production. This processe is attacking significant attention from industry and laboratories. Aminopeptidases selectively hydrolyze peptide bonds from the N-terminal of proteins or peptides to produce free amino acids. Aminopeptidases can be classified into leucine, lysine, methionine and proline aminopeptidases by hydrolyzed N-terminal residues; metallo-, serine- and cysteine- aminopeptidases by the reaction mechanisms; dipeptide and triphoptide enzymes by the released number of amino acid residues at the end of hydrolyzed peptides; or acidic, neutral and basic aminopeptidases by their optimal hydrolysis pH. Commercial aminopeptidases are generally produced by microbial fermentation, and are mainly applied in the debittering of protein hydrolysates, the deep hydrolysis of protein, and the production of condiments, cheese, and bioactive peptides, as well as for disease detection in the medical industry.
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Chen Y, Zhang R, Zhang W, Xu Y. Alanine aminopeptidase from Bacillus licheniformis E7 expressed in Bacillus subtilis efficiently hydrolyzes soy protein to small peptides and free amino acids. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Ueda H. Review of Kyotorphin Research: A Mysterious Opioid Analgesic Dipeptide and Its Molecular, Physiological, and Pharmacological Characteristics. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 3:662697. [PMID: 35047919 PMCID: PMC8757751 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2021.662697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine-arginine (kyotorphin), an opioid analgesic dipeptide, was discovered more than 40 years ago in 1979. The evidence accumulated during this period has established the physiological significance of kyotorphin as a neuromodulating peptide, and pharmacological applications. Some of the following important findings have been discussed in this review: (1) kyotorphin is unevenly distributed in the brain; it is found in high concentrations in the pain pathway, which involves the regions associated with morphine analgesia; (2) kyotorphin is subcellularly localized in the synaptosome fraction or nerve-ending particles; (3) a specific synthetase generates kyotorphin from tyrosine and arginine; (4) kyotorphin may be also processed from calpastatin by a novel calcium-activated neutral protease or calpain; (5) kyotorphin preloaded into the synaptosome is released by high K+ depolarization in a Ca2+-dependent manner; (6) kyotorphin has a specific G protein coupled receptor, which mediates the activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase through Gi; (7) leucine-arginine works as a specific kyotorphin receptor antagonist; 8) membrane-bound aminopeptidase or excretion through a peptide transporter, PEPT2, may contribute to the inactivation of kyotorphin; and (9) kyotorphin causes increased Met-enkephalin release from brain and spinal slices. It is also known that the opening of plasma membrane Ca2+ channels through a conformational coupling of the InsP3 receptor with the transient receptor potential C1, which is downstream of the kyotorphin receptor-mediated activation of Gi and PLC, could be a potential underlying mechanism of Met-enkephalin release. Considering these findings, translational research is an exciting domain that can be explored in the future. As kyotorphin is a small molecule, we could design function-added kyotorphin derivatives. These studies would include not only the brain-permeable kyotorphin derivatives but also hybrid kyotorphin derivatives conjugated with small compounds that have additional pharmacological actions. Further, since there are reports of kyotorphin being involved in either the etiology or treatment of Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, inflammation, and chronic pain, studies on the beneficial effects of kyotorphin derivatives should also be expected in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Research Institute for Production Development, Kyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hiroshi Ueda
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Comandè A, Greco M, Belsito EL, Liguori A, Leggio A. A titanium tetrachloride-based effective methodology for the synthesis of dipeptides. RSC Adv 2019; 9:22137-22142. [PMID: 35518841 PMCID: PMC9066614 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04058g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of dipeptide systems have been easily achieved through a TiCl4-assisted condensation reaction. The reaction of N-protected amino acids with amino acid methyl esters in pyridine and in the presence of TiCl4 furnished the corresponding dipeptides with high yields and diastereoselectivity. The reaction was successfully applied to amino acids protected on the α-amino function with different protecting groups. The adopted experimental conditions allowed preserving both the protecting groups on the α-amino function and on the side chain functionalities. Furthermore, the preservation of the stereochemical integrity at the amino acid chiral centres has been verified. The use of titanium tetrachloride as a condensing agent for the synthesis of dipeptide systems is reported.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Comandè
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Università della Calabria Edificio Polifunzionale I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende CS Italy +39 984 493265 +39 984 493199
| | - Marianna Greco
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Università della Calabria Edificio Polifunzionale I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende CS Italy +39 984 493265 +39 984 493199
| | - Emilia Lucia Belsito
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Università della Calabria Edificio Polifunzionale I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende CS Italy +39 984 493265 +39 984 493199
| | - Angelo Liguori
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Università della Calabria Edificio Polifunzionale I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende CS Italy +39 984 493265 +39 984 493199
| | - Antonella Leggio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Università della Calabria Edificio Polifunzionale I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende CS Italy +39 984 493265 +39 984 493199
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5
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Enhancement of Z-aspartame synthesis by rational engineering of metalloprotease. Food Chem 2018; 253:30-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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Tsukahara T, Yamagishi S, Neyama H, Ueda H. Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase: A potential kyotorphin synthetase in mammals. Peptides 2018; 101:60-68. [PMID: 29289698 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Kyotorphin (KTP; L-tyrosyl-l-arginine), an opioid-like analgesic discovered in the bovine brain, is potentially a neuromodulator because of its localization in synaptosomes, the existence of a specific KTP receptor, and the presence of its biosynthetic enzyme in the brain. KTP is formed in the brain from its constituent amino acids, L-tyrosine and L-arginine, by an enzyme termed KTP synthetase. However, the latter has never been identified. We aimed to test the hypothesis that tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS) is also KTP synthetase. We found that recombinant hTyrRS synthesizes KTP from tyrosine, arginine, and ATP, with Km = 1400 μM and 200 μM for arginine and tyrosine, respectively. TyrRS knockdown of PC12 cells with a small interfering RNA (siRNA) in the presence of 1.6 mM tyrosine, arginine, proline, or tryptophan significantly reduced the level of KTP, but not those of tyrosine-tyrosine, tyrosine-proline, or tyrosine-tryptophan. siRNA treatment did not affect cell survival or proliferation. In mice, TyrRS levels were found to be greater in the midbrain and medulla oblongata than in other brain regions. When arginine was administered 2 h prior to brain dissection, the KTP levels in these regions plus olfactory bulb significantly increased, although basal brain KTP levels remained relatively even. Our conclusion is further supported by a positive correlation across brain regions between TyrRS expression and arginine-accelerated KTP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamotsu Tsukahara
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamagishi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Neyama
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
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Tanaka T, Takagi K, Saddam HM, Takeda Y, Wakayama M. Purification and Characterization of Elizabethkingia L-Amino Acid Esterase: an Enzyme Useful for Enzymatic Synthesis of the Dipeptide, Valyl-Glycine. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 183:362-373. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2450-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lei F, Zhao Q, Lin L, Sun B, Zhao M. Evaluation of the Hydrolysis Specificity of an Aminopeptidase from Bacillus licheniformis SWJS33 Using Synthetic Peptides and Soybean Protein Isolate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:167-173. [PMID: 27992209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The substrate specificity of aminopeptidases has often been determined against aminoacyl-p-nitroanilide; thus, its specificity toward synthetic peptides and complex substrates remained unclear. The hydrolysis specificity of an aminopeptidase from Bacillus licheniformis SWJS33 (BLAM) was evaluated using a series of synthetic peptides and soybean protein isolate. The aminopeptidase showed high specificity for dipeptides with Leu, Val, Ala, Gly, and Phe at the N-terminus, and the specificity was significantly affected by the nature of the penultimate residue. In the hydrolysis of soy protein isolate, BLAM preferred peptides with Leu, Glu, Gly, and Ala at the N-terminus by free amino acid analysis and preferred peptides with Leu, Ala, Ser, Trp, and Tyr at the N-terminus by UPLC-MS/MS. The introduction of complex substrates provides a deeper understanding of the aminopeptidase's specificity, which can instruct the application of the enzyme in protein hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Lei
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, China 510640
| | - Qiangzhong Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, China 510640
| | - Lianzhu Lin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, China 510640
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing, China 100048
| | - Mouming Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, China 510640
- Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing, China 100048
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Ding GW, Zhou ND, Tian YP. Over-Expression of a Proline Specific Aminopeptidase from Aspergillus oryzae JN-412 and Its Application in Collagen Degradation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:1765-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Matsushita-Morita M, Nakagawa H, Tada S, Marui J, Hattori R, Suzuki S, Yamagata Y, Amano H, Ishida H, Takeuchi M, Kusumoto KI. Characterization of a (D)-stereoselective aminopeptidase (DamA) exhibiting aminolytic activity and halophilicity from Aspergillus oryzae. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:145-64. [PMID: 23821291 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0330-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
β-Aminopeptidases exhibit both hydrolytic and aminolytic (peptide bond formation) activities and have only been reported in bacteria. We identified a gene encoding the β-aminopeptidase homolog from a genome database of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. The gene was overexpressed in A. oryzae, and the resulting recombinant enzyme was purified. Apart from bacterial homologs [β-Ala-para-nitroanilide (pNA)], the enzyme preferred D-Leu-pNA and D-Phe-pNA as substrates. Therefore, we designated this gene as d-stereoselective aminopeptidase A (damA). The purified recombinant DamA was estimated to be a hexamer and was composed of two subunits with molecular masses of 29.5 and 11.5 kDa, respectively. Optimal hydrolytic activity of DamA toward D-Leu-pNA was observed at 50 °C and pH 8.0. The enzyme was stable up to 60 °C and from pH 4.0-11.0. DamA also exhibited aminolytic activity, producing D-Leu-D-Leu-NH2 from D-Leu-NH2 as a substrate. In the presence of 3.0 M NaCl, the amount of pNA liberated from D-Leu-pNA by DamA was 3.1-fold higher than that in the absence of NaCl. Thus, DamA is a halophilic enzyme. The enzyme was utilized to synthesize several hetero-dipeptides containing a D-amino acid at the N-terminus as well as physiologically active peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Matsushita-Morita
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan
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Arima J, Kono M, Kita M, Mori N. A mutant leucine aminopeptidase from Streptomyces cinnamoneus with enhanced L-aspartyl L-amino acid methyl ester synthetic activity. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 34:1093-9. [PMID: 22354473 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-0877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
L-aspartyl L-amino acid methyl ester was synthesized using a mutant of a thermostable leucine aminopeptidase from Streptomyces cinnamoneus, D198 K SSAP, obtained in previously. A peptide of high-intensity sweetener, L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester, was selected as a model for demonstrating the synthesis of L-aspartyl L-amino acid methyl ester. The hydrolytic activities of D198 K SSAP toward L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine and its methyl ester were, respectively, 74-fold and fourfold higher than those of wild type. Similarly, the initial rate of the enzyme for L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester synthesis was over fivefold higher than that of wild-type SSAP in 90% methanol (v/v) in a one-pot reaction. Furthermore, other L-aspartyl L-amino acid methyl esters were synthesized efficiently using D198 K SSAP. Results show that the substitution of Asp198 of SSAP with Lys is effective for synthesizing L-aspartyl L-amino acid methyl ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Arima
- Department of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.
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Rahulan R, Dhar KS, Nampoothiri KM, Pandey A. Characterization of leucine amino peptidase from Streptomyces gedanensis and its applications for protein hydrolysis. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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One-pot synthesis of diverse DL-configuration dipeptides by a Streptomyces D-stereospecific amidohydrolase. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:8209-18. [PMID: 21948842 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05543-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of diverse DL-configuration dipeptides in a one-pot reaction was demonstrated by using a function of the aminolysis reaction of a D-stereospecific amidohydrolase from Streptomyces sp., a clan SE, S12 family peptidase categorized as a peptidase with D-stereospecificity. The enzyme was able to use various aminoacyl derivatives, including L-aminoacyl derivatives, as acyl donors and acceptors. Investigations of the specificity of the peptide synthetic activity revealed that the enzyme preferentially used D-aminoacyl derivatives as acyl donors. In contrast, L-amino acids and their derivatives were preferentially used as acyl acceptors. Consequently, the synthesized dipeptides had a DL-configuration when D- and L-aminoacyl derivatives were mixed in a one-pot reaction. This report also describes that the enzyme produced cyclo(D-Pro-L-Arg), a specific inhibitor of family 18 chitinase, with a conversion rate for D-Pro benzyl ester and L-Arg methyl ester to cyclo(D-Pro-L-Arg) of greater than 65%. Furthermore, based on results of cyclo(D-Pro-L-Arg) synthesis, we propose a reaction mechanism for cyclo(D-Pro-L-Arg) production.
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Arima J, Ito H, Hatanaka T, Mori N. Aminolytic reaction catalyzed by d-stereospecific amidohydrolases from Streptomyces spp. Biochimie 2011; 93:1460-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rahulan R, Pandey A, Madhavan Nampoothiri K. An Improved Bioprocess for Extracellular l-Leucine Amino Peptidase Production Using Streptomyces gedanensis. Curr Microbiol 2010; 62:1009-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-010-9813-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Proline-Specific Extracellular Aminopeptidase Purified from Streptomyces lavendulae. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 163:994-1001. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-9103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Eryngase: a Pleurotus eryngii aminopeptidase exhibiting peptide bond formation activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:1791-801. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2663-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gaur R, Grover T, Sharma R, Kapoor S, Khare SK. Purification and characterization of a solvent stable aminopeptidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Cloning and analysis of aminopeptidase gene conferring solvent stability. Process Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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The aminolysis reaction of streptomyces S9 aminopeptidase promotes the synthesis of diverse prolyl dipeptides. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:4109-12. [PMID: 20418423 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00577-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolyl dipeptide synthesis by S9 aminopeptidase from Streptomyces thermocyaneoviolaceus (S9AP-St) has been demonstrated. In the synthesis, S9AP-St preferentially used l-Pro-OBzl as the acyl donor, yielding synthesized dipeptides having an l-Pro-Xaa structure. In addition, S9AP-St showed broad specificity toward the acyl acceptor. Furthermore, S9AP-St produced cyclo (l-Pro-l-His) with a conversion ratio of substrate to cyclo (l-Pro-l-His) higher than 40%.
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Kira I, Asano Y, Yokozeki K. Screening, purification, and identification of the enzyme producing N-(l-α-l-aspartyl)-l-phenylalanine methyl ester from l-isoasparagine and l-phenylalanine methyl ester. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 108:190-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tishinov K, Bayryamov S, Nedkov P, Stambolieva N, Galunsky B. A highly enantioselective aminopeptidase from sunflower seed—Kinetic studies, substrate mapping and application to biocatalytic transformations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Steinle A, Bergander K, Steinbüchel A. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for production of novel cyanophycins with an extended range of constituent amino acids. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:3437-46. [PMID: 19346356 PMCID: PMC2687305 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00383-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanophycin (multi-l-arginyl-poly-l-aspartic acid; also known as cyanophycin grana peptide [CGP]) is a putative precursor for numerous biodegradable technically used chemicals. Therefore, the biosynthesis and production of the polymer in recombinant organisms is of special interest. The synthesis of cyanophycin derivatives consisting of a wider range of constituents would broaden the applications of this polymer. We applied recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains defective in arginine metabolism and expressing the cyanophycin synthetase of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6308 in order to synthesize CGP with citrulline and ornithine as constituents. Strains defective in arginine degradation (Car1 and Car2) accumulated up to 4% (wt/wt) CGP, whereas strains defective in arginine synthesis (Arg1, Arg3, and Arg4) accumulated up to 15.3% (wt/wt) of CGP, which is more than twofold higher than the previously content reported in yeast and the highest content ever reported in eukaryotes. Characterization of the isolated polymers by different analytical methods indicated that CGP synthesized by strain Arg1 (with argininosuccinate synthetase deleted) consisted of up to 20 mol% of citrulline, whereas CGP from strain Arg3 (with ornithine carbamoyltransferase deleted) consisted of up to 8 mol% of ornithine, and CGP isolated from strain Arg4 (with argininosuccinate lyase deleted) consisted of up to 16 mol% lysine. Cultivation experiments indicated that the incorporation of citrulline or ornithine is enhanced by the addition of low amounts of arginine (2 mM) and also by the addition of ornithine or citrulline (10 to 40 mM), respectively, to the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Steinle
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
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Statistical optimization of l-leucine amino peptidase production from Streptomyces gedanensis IFO 13427 under submerged fermentation using response surface methodology. Biochem Eng J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Park H, Nandhakumar R, Hong J, Ham S, Chin J, Kim K. Stereoconversion of Amino Acids and Peptides in Uryl-Pendant Binol Schiff Bases. Chemistry 2008; 14:9935-42. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Nagy V, Nampoothiri KM, Pandey A, Rahulan R, Szakacs G. Production of L-leucine aminopeptidase by selected Streptomyces isolates. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 104:380-7. [PMID: 17887988 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To screen various Streptomyces cultures producing L-leucine aminopeptidase (LAP). METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-one Streptomyces strains were screened for LAP production. The best three producers were found to be Streptomyces mobaraensis NRRL B-3729, Streptomyces gedanensis IFO 13427, and Streptomyces platensis NRRL 2364. pH optima of the three enzymes were in the range of 8.0-8.5 and the temperature optima varied between 50 and 65 degrees C. LAP of S. mobaraensis was stable at 60 degrees C and pH 8.5 for 60 min. Metal ion salts, CoCl(2).6H(2)O and ZnSO(4).7H(2)O in 0.7 mmol l(-1) concentration enhanced the relative enzyme activity in all three enzymes. Molecular mass of LAP of S. mobaraensis was found to be approx. 37 kDa. CONCLUSIONS Streptomyces mobaraensis NRRL B-3729, S. gedanensis IFO 13427, and S. platensis NRRL 2364 were found to be good producers of extracellular LAP. The approx. 37 kDa enzyme of S. mobaraensis is considerably thermostable. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY A good number of Streptomyces were screened and the ability of the aminopeptidases to release a particular N-terminal amino acid along with its good thermal stability makes them interesting for controlling the degree of hydrolysis and flavour development for a wide range of substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Nagy
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
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Arima J, Uesugi Y, Iwabuchi M, Hatanaka T. Change in substrate preference of Streptomyces aminopeptidase through modification of the environment around the substrate binding site. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:7962-7. [PMID: 17028223 PMCID: PMC1694256 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01460-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We attempted to alter the substrate preference of aminopeptidase from Streptomyces septatus TH-2 (SSAP). Because Asp198 and Phe221 of SSAP are located in the substrate binding site, we screened 2,000 mutant enzymes with D198X/F221X mutations. By carrying out this examination, we obtained two enzymes; one specifically hydrolyzed an arginyl derivative, and the other specifically hydrolyzed a cystinyl derivative (65- and 12.5-fold higher k(cat) values for hydrolysis of p-nitroanilide derivatives than those of the wild type, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Arima
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences (RIBS), Okayama, 7549-1 Kibichuo-cho, Kaga-gun, Okayama 716-1241, Japan
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