Identification of Reductive Dehalogenases That Mediate Complete Debromination of Penta- and Tetrabrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Dehalococcoides spp

Interspecies Mobility of Organohalide Respiration Gene Clusters Enables Genetic Bioaugmentation

Anthropogenic organohalide pollutants pose a severe threat to public health and ecosystems. In situ bioremediation using organohalide respiring bacteria (OHRB) offers an environmentally friendly and cost-efficient strategy for decontaminating organohalide-polluted sites. The genomic structures of many OHRB suggest that dehalogenation traits can be horizontally transferred among microbial populations, but their occurrence among anaerobic OHRB has not yet been demonstrated experimentally. This study isolates and characterizes a novel tetrachloroethene (PCE)-dechlorinating Sulfurospirillum sp. strain SP, distinguishing itself among anaerobic OHRB by showcasing a mechanism essential for horizontal dissemination of reductive dehalogenation capabilities within microbial populations. Its genetic characterization identifies a unique plasmid (pSULSP), harboring reductive dehalogenase and de novo corrinoid biosynthesis operons, functions critical to organohalide respiration, flanked by mobile elements. The active mobility of these elements was demonstrated through genetic analyses of spontaneously emerging nondehalogenating variants of strain SP. More importantly, bioaugmentation of nondehalogenating microcosms with pSULSP DNA triggered anaerobic PCE dechlorination in taxonomically diverse bacterial populations. Our results directly support the hypothesis that exposure to anthropogenic organohalide pollutants can drive the emergence of dehalogenating microbial populations via horizontal gene transfer and demonstrate a mechanism by which genetic bioaugmentation for remediation of organohalide pollutants could be achieved in anaerobic environments.

Modified nano zero-valent iron coupling microorganisms to degrade BDE-209: Degradation pathways and microbial responses

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in soil and groundwater have garnered considerable attention owing to the significant bioaccumulation potential and toxicity. Currently, the coupling treatment method of nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) with dehalogenation microorganisms is a research hotspot in the field of PBDE degradation. In this study, various systems were established within anaerobic environments, including the nZVI-only system, microorganism-only system, and the nZVI + microorganisms system. The aim was to investigate the degradation pathway of BDE-209 and elucidate the degradation mechanism within the coupled system. The results indicated that the degradation efficiency of the coupled system was better than that of the nZVI-only or microorganism-only system. Two modified nZVI (carboxymethyl cellulose and polyacrylamide) were prepared to improve the coupling degradation efficiency. CMC-nZVI showed the highest stability, and the coupled system consisting of microorganisms and CMC-nZVI showed the best degradation effect among all of the systems in this study, reaching 89.53% within 30 days. Furthermore, 22 intermediate products were detected in the coupling systems. Notably, changing the inoculation time did not significantly improve the degradation effect. The expression changes of the two reductive dehalogenase genes, e.g. TceA and Vcr, reflected the stress response and self-recovery ability of the dehalogenating bacteria, indicating such genes can be used as biomarker for evaluating the degradation performance of the coupling system. These findings provide a better understanding about the mechanism of coupling debromination process and the direction for the optimization and on-site repair of coupled systems.

Coupling between 2, 2', 4, 4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) debromination and methanogenesis in anaerobic soil microcosms

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent pollutants that may undergo microbial-mediated debromination in anoxic environments, where diverse anaerobic microbes such as methanogenic archaea co-exist. However, current understanding of the relations between PBDE pollution and methanogenic process is far from complete. To address this knowledge gap, a series of anaerobic soil microcosms were established. BDE-47 (2, 2', 4, 4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether) was selected as a model pollutant, and electron donors were supplied to stimulate the activity of anaerobes. Debromination and methane production were monitored during the 12 weeks incubation, while obligate organohalide-respiring bacteria (OHRBs), methanogenic, and the total bacterial communities were examined at week 7 and 12. The results demonstrated slow debromination of BDE-47 in all microcosms, with considerable growth of Dehalococcoides and Dehalogenimonas over the incubation observed in most BDE-47 spiked treatments. In addition, the accumulation of intermediate metabolites positively correlated with the abundance of Dehalogenimonas at week 7, suggesting potential role of these OHRBs in debromination. Methanosarcinaceae were identified as the primary methanogenic archaea, and their abundance were correlated with the production of debrominated metabolites at week 7. Furthermore, it was observed for the first time that BDE-47 considerably enhanced methane production and increased the abundance of mcrA genes, highlighting the potential effects of PBDE pollution on climate change. This might be related to the inhibition of reductive N- and S-transforming microbes, as revealed by the quantitative microbial element cycling (QMEC) analysis. Overall, our findings shed light on the intricate interactions between PBDE and methanogenic processes, and contribute to a better understanding of the environmental fate and ecological implication of PBDE under anaerobic settings.

Short-chain fatty acids facilitated long-term dechlorination of PCBs in Taihu Lake sediment microcosms: Evidence from PCB congener and microbial community analyses

Microbial reductive dechlorination hosts great promise as an in situ bioremediation strategy for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contamination. However, the slow dechlorination in sediments limits natural attenuation. Short-chain fatty acids, as preferred carbon sources and electron donors for dechlorinating microorganisms, might stimulate PCB dechlorination. Herein, two sets of short-chain fatty acids, sole acetate and a fatty acid mixture (acetate, propionate, and butyrate), were amended periodically into Taihu Lake (China) sediment microcosms containing nine PCB congeners (PCB5, 12, 64, 71, 105, 114, 149, 153, and 170) after 24 weeks of incubation. Short-chain fatty acids facilitated the long-term PCB dechlorination and the promoting effect of the fatty acid mixture compared favorably with that of sole acetate. By the end of 108 weeks, the total PCB mass concentrations in acetate amended and fatty acid mixture amended microcosms significantly declined by 7.6% and 10.3% compared with non-amended microcosms (P < 0.05), respectively. Short-chain fatty acids selectively favored the removal of flanked meta and single-flanked para chlorines. Notably, a rare ortho dechlorination pathway, PCB25 (24-3-CB) to PCB13 (3-4-CB), was enhanced. Supplementary fatty acids significantly increased reductive dehalogenases (RDase) gene pcbA5 instead of improving the growth of Dehalococcoides. These findings highlight the merits of low cost short-chain fatty acids on in situ biostimulation in treating PCBs contamination.

Mechanistic and microbial ecological insights into the impacts of micro- and nano- plastics on microbial reductive dehalogenation of organohalide pollutants

Micro- and nano-plastics are prevalent in diverse ecosystems, but their impacts on biotransformation of organohalide pollutants and underpinning microbial communities remain poorly understood. Here we investigated the influence of micro- and nano-plastics on microbial reductive dehalogenation at strain and community levels. Generally, microplastics including polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polylactic acid (PLA), and a weathered microplastic mixture increased dehalogenation rate by 10 - 217% in both the Dehalococcoides isolate and enrichment culture, whereas the effects of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and a defined microplastic mixture depended on their concentrations and cultures. Contrarily, nano-PS (80 nm) consistently inhibited dehalogenation due to increased production of reactive oxygen species. Nevertheless, the enrichment culture showed higher tolerance to nano-PS inhibition, implying crucial roles of non-dehalogenating populations in ameliorating nanoplastic inhibition. The variation in dehalogenation activity was linked to altered organohalide-respiring bacteria (OHRB) growth and reductive dehalogenase (RDase) gene transcription. Moreover, microplastics changed the community structure and benefited the enrichment of OHRB, favoring the proliferation of Dehalogenimonas. More broadly, the assembly of microbial communities on plastic biofilms was more deterministic than that in the planktonic cells, with more complex co-occurrence networks in the former. Collectively, these findings contribute to better understanding the fate of organohalides in changing environments with increasing plastic pollution.

Dual C-Br Isotope Fractionation Indicates Distinct Reductive Dehalogenation Mechanisms of 1,2-Dibromoethane in Dehalococcoides- and Dehalogenimonas-Containing Cultures

Brominated organic compounds such as 1,2-dibromoethane (1,2-DBA) are highly toxic groundwater contaminants. Multi-element compound-specific isotope analysis bears the potential to elucidate the biodegradation pathways of 1,2-DBA in the environment, which is crucial information to assess its fate in contaminated sites. This study investigates for the first time dual C-Br isotope fractionation during in vivo biodegradation of 1,2-DBA by two anaerobic enrichment cultures containing organohalide-respiring bacteria (i.e., either Dehalococcoides or Dehalogenimonas). Different ε_bulk^C values (-1.8 ± 0.2 and -19.2 ± 3.5‰, respectively) were obtained, whereas their respective ε_bulk^Br values were lower and similar to each other (-1.22 ± 0.08 and -1.2 ± 0.5‰), leading to distinctly different trends (Λ_C-Br = Δδ¹³C/Δδ⁸¹Br ≈ ε_bulk^C/ε_bulk^Br) in a dual C-Br isotope plot (1.4 ± 0.2 and 12 ± 4, respectively). These results suggest the occurrence of different underlying reaction mechanisms during enzymatic 1,2-DBA transformation, that is, concerted dihaloelimination and nucleophilic substitution (S_N2-reaction). The strongly pathway-dependent Λ_C-Br values illustrate the potential of this approach to elucidate the reaction mechanism of 1,2-DBA in the field and to select appropriate ε_bulk^C values for quantification of biodegradation. The results of this study provide valuable information for future biodegradation studies of 1,2-DBA in contaminated sites.

Resilience of organohalide-detoxifying microbial community to oxygen stress in sewage sludge

Organohalide pollutants are prevalent in the environment, causing harms to wildlife and human. Organohalide-respiring bacteria (OHRB) could detoxify these pollutants in anaerobic environments, but the most competent OHRB (i.e., Dehalococcoides) is susceptible to oxygen. This study reports exceptional resistance and resilience of sewage sludge microbial communities to oxygen stress for attenuation of structurally distinct organohalide pollutants, including tetrachloroethene, tetrabromobisphenol A, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. The dehalogenation rate constant of these organohalide pollutants in oxygen-exposed sludge microcosms was maintained as 74-120% as that in the control without oxygen exposure. Subsequent top-down experiments clarified that sludge flocs and non-OHRB contributed to alleviating oxygen stress on OHRB. In the dehalogenating microcosms, multiple OHRB (Dehahlococcoides, Dehalogenimonas, and Sulfurospirillum) harboring distinct reductive dehalogenase genes (pceA, pteA, tceA, vcrA, and bdeA) collaborated to detoxify organohalide pollutants but responded differentially to oxygen stress. Comprehensive microbial community analyses (taxonomy, diversity, and structure) demonstrated certain resilience of the sludge-derived dehalogenating microbial communities to oxygen stress. Additionally, microbial co-occurrence networks were intensified by oxygen stress in most microcosms, as a possible stress mitigation strategy. Altogether the mechanistic and ecological findings in this study contribute to remediation of organohalide-contaminated sites encountering oxygen disturbance.

Diversity of organohalide respiring bacteria and reductive dehalogenases that detoxify polybrominated diphenyl ethers in E-waste recycling sites

Widespread polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) contamination poses risks to human health and ecosystems. Bioremediation is widely considered to be a less ecologically disruptive strategy for remediation of organohalide contamination, but bioremediation of PBDE-contaminated sites is limited by a lack of knowledge about PBDE-dehalogenating microbial populations. Here we report anaerobic PBDE debromination in microcosms established from geographically distinct e-waste recycling sites. Complete debromination of a penta-BDE mixture to diphenyl ether was detected in 16 of 24 investigated microcosms; further enrichment of these 16 microcosms implicated microbial populations belonging to the bacterial genera Dehalococcoides, Dehalogenimonas, and Dehalobacter in PBDE debromination. Debrominating microcosms tended to contain either both Dehalogenimonas and Dehalobacter or Dehalococcoides alone. Separately, complete debromination of a penta-BDE mixture was also observed by axenic cultures of Dehalococcoides mccartyi strains CG1, CG4, and 11a5, suggesting that this phenotype may be fairly common amongst Dehalococcoides. PBDE debromination in these isolates was mediated by four reductive dehalogenases not previously known to debrominate PBDEs. Debromination of an octa-BDE mixture was less prevalent and less complete in microcosms. The PBDE reductive dehalogenase homologous genes in Dehalococcoides genomes represent plausible molecular markers to predict PBDE debromination in microbial communities via their prevalence and transcriptions analysis.

Efficient and Complete Detoxification of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Sediments Achieved by Bioaugmentation with Dehalococcoides and Microbial Ecological Insights

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are prevalent environmental pollutants, but bioremediation of PBDEs remains to be reported. Here we report accelerated remediation of a penta-BDE mixture in sediments by bioaugmentation with Dehalococcoides mccartyi strains CG1 and TZ50. Bioaugmentation with different amounts of each Dehalococcoides strain enhanced debromination of penta-BDEs compared with the controls. The sediment microcosm spiked with 6.8 × 10⁶ cells/mL strain CG1 showed the highest penta-BDEs removal (89.9 ± 7.3%) to diphenyl ether within 60 days. Interestingly, co-contaminant tetrachloroethene (PCE) improved bioaugmentation performance, resulting in faster and more extensive penta-BDEs debromination using less bioinoculants, which was also completely dechlorinated to ethene by introducing D. mccartyi strain 11a. The better bioaugmentation performance in sediments with PCE could be attributed to the boosted growth of the augmented Dehalococcoides and capability of the PCE-induced reductive dehalogenases to debrominate penta-BDEs. Finally, ecological analyses showed that bioaugmentation resulted in more deterministic microbial communities, where the augmented Dehalococcoides established linkages with indigenous microorganisms but without causing obvious alterations of the overall community diversity and structure. Collectively, this study demonstrates that bioaugmentation with Dehalococcoides is a feasible strategy to completely remove PBDEs in sediments.

Combined read- and assembly-based metagenomics to reconstruct a Dehalococcoides mccartyi genome from PCB-contaminated sediments and evaluate functional differences among organohalide-respiring consortia in the presence of different halogenated contaminants

Microbial communities that support respiration of halogenated organic contaminants by Dehalococcoides sp. facilitate full-scale bioremediation of chlorinated ethenes and demonstrate the potential to aid in bioremediation of halogenated aromatics like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). However, it remains unclear if Dehalococcoides-containing microbial community dynamics observed in sediment-free systems quantitatively resemble that of sediment environments. To evaluate that possibility we assembled, annotated, and analyzed a Dehalococcoides sp. metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) from PCB-contaminated sediments. Phylogenetic analysis of reductive dehalogenase gene (rdhA) sequences within the MAG revealed that pcbA1 and pcbA4/5-like rdhA were absent, while several candidate PCB dehalogenase genes and potentially novel rdhA sequences were identified. Using a compositional comparative metagenomics approach, we quantified Dehalococcoides-containing microbial community structure shifts in response to halogenated organics and the presence of sediments. Functional level analysis revealed significantly greater abundances of genes associated with cobamide remodeling and horizontal gene transfer in tetrachloroethene-fed cultures as compared to halogenated aromatic-exposed consortia with or without sediments, despite little evidence of statistically significant differences in microbial community taxonomic structure. Our findings support the use of a generalizable comparative metagenomics workflow to evaluate Dehalococcoides-containing consortia in sediments and sediment-free environments to eludicate functions and microbial interactions that facilitate bioremediation of halogenated organic contaminants.

Understanding the mechanism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers reducing the anaerobic co-digestion efficiency of excess sludge and kitchen waste

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) widely existing in the environment can pose a serious threat to the ecological safety. However, the influence of PBDEs on methane production by excess sludge (ES) and kitchen waste (KW) anaerobic co-digestion and its mechanism is not clear. To fill this gap, in this work, the co-digestion characteristics of ES and KW exposed to different levels of PBDEs at medium temperature were investigated in sequencing batch reactor, and the related mechanisms were also revealed. The results showed that PBDEs reduced methane production and the proportion of methane in the biogas. Methane yield decreased from 215.3 mL/g· volatile suspended solids (VSS) to 161.5 mL/(g·VSS), accompanied by the increase of PBDE content from 0 to 8.0 mg/Kg. Volatile fatty acid (VFA) yield was also inhibited by PBDEs; especially when PBDEs were 8.0 mg/Kg, VFA production was only 215.6 mg/g VSS, accounting for 75.7% of that in the control. Mechanism investigation revealed PBDEs significantly inhibited the processes of hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. Further study showed that PBDEs could inhibit the degradation and bioavailability of ES and KW, but it had a greater inhibition on the utilization of KW. Enzyme activity investigation revealed that all the key enzyme activities related to methane production were suppressed by PBDEs.

Dehalogenation of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Polychlorinated Biphenyls Catalyzed by a Reductive Dehalogenase in Dehalococcoides mccartyi Strain MB

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are notorious persistent organic pollutants. However, few organohalide-respiring bacteria that harbor reductive dehalogenases (RDases) capable of dehalogenating these pollutants have been identified. Here, we report reductive dehalogenation of penta-BDEs and PCBs byDehalococcoides mccartyi strain MB. The PCE-pregrown cultures of strain MB debrominated 86.6 ± 7.4% penta-BDEs to di- to tetra-BDEs within 5 days. Similarly, extensive dechlorination of Aroclor1260 and Aroclor1254 was observed in the PCE-pregrown cultures of strain MB, with the average chlorine per PCB decreasing from 6.40 ± 0.02 and 5.40 ± 0.03 to 5.98 ± 0.11 and 5.19 ± 0.07 within 14 days, respectively; para-substituents were preferentially dechlorinated from PCBs. Moreover, strain MB showed distinct enantioselective dechlorination of different chiral PCB congeners. Dehalogenation activity and cell growth were maintained during the successive transfer of cultures when amended with penta-BDEs as the sole electron acceptors but not when amended with only PCBs, suggesting metabolic and co-metabolic dehalogenation of these compounds, respectively. Transcriptional analysis, proteomic profiling, and in vitro activity assays indicated that MbrA was involved in dehalogenating PCE, PCBs, and PBDEs. Interestingly, resequencing of mbrA in strain MB identified three nonsynonymous mutations within the nucleotide sequence, although the consequences of which remain unknown. The substrate versatility of MbrA enabled strain MB to dechlorinate PCBs in the presence of either penta-BDEs or PCE, suggesting that co-metabolic dehalogenation initiated by multifunctional RDases may contribute to PCB attenuation at sites contaminated with multiple organohalide pollutants.

Enhanced perchloroethene dechlorination by humic acids via increasing the dehalogenase activity of Dehalococcoides strains

Perchloroethene (PCE) is a widely used chlorinated solvent. PCE is toxic to humans and has been identified as an environmental contaminant at thousands of sites worldwide. Several Dehalococcoides mccartyi strains can transform PCE to ethene, and thus contribute to bioremediation of contaminated sites. Humic acids (HA) are ubiquitous redox-active compounds of natural aquatic and soil systems and have been intensively studied because of their effect in electron transfer. In this study, we observed the dechlorination of PCE was accelerated by HA in mixed cultures containing Dehalococcoides strains. Anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid (AQDS), a humic acid analogue, inhibited PCE dechlorination in our cultures and thus induced an opposite effect on PCE dehalogenation than HA. We observed the same effect on PCE dechlorination with the pure culture of Dehalococcoides mccartyi strain CBDB1. Not only in mixed cultures but also in pure cultures, growth of Dehalococcoides was not influenced by HA but inhibited by AQDS. Enzymatic activity tests confirmed the dehalogenating activity of strain CBDB1 was increased by HA, especially when using hydrogen as electron donor. We conclude that HA enhanced PCE dechlorination by increasing the reaction speed between hydrogen and the dehalogenase enzyme rather than acting as electron shuttle through its quinone moieties.

Offshore Marine Sediment Microbiota Respire Structurally Distinct Organohalide Pollutants

Marine sediments are a major sink of organohalide pollutants, but the potential for offshore marine microbiota to transform these pollutants remains underexplored. Here, we report dehalogenation of diverse organohalide pollutants by offshore marine microbiota. Dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was observed in four marine sediment microcosms, which was positively correlated with in situ PCB contamination. Three distinct enrichment cultures were enriched from these PCB-dechlorinating microcosms using tetrachloroethene (PCE) as the sole organohalide. All enrichment cultures also dehalogenated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP). Particularly, two enrichments completely debrominated penta-BDEs, the first observation of complete debromination of penta-BDEs in marine cultures. Multiple Dehalococcoides and uncultivated Dehalococcoidia were identified in the initial sediment microcosms, but only Dehalococcoides was dominant in all enrichments. Transcription of a gene encoding a PcbA5-like reductive dehalogenase (RDase) was observed during dehalogenation of different organohalides in each enrichment culture. When induced by a single organohalide substrate, the PcbA5-like RDase dehalogenated all tested organohalides (PCE, PCBs, PBDEs, TBBPA, and 2,4,6-TCP) in in vitro tests, suggesting its involvement in dehalogenation of structurally distinct organohalides. Our results demonstrate the versatile dehalogenation capacity of marine Dehalococcoidia and contribute to a better understanding of the fate of these pollutants in marine systems.

Microbial Debromination of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers by Dehalococcoides-Containing Enrichment Culture

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), commonly used as flame retardants in a wide variety of consumer products, are emerging persistent pollutants and ubiquitously distributed in the environment. The lack of proper bacterial populations to detoxify these recalcitrant pollutants, in particular of higher brominated congeners, has confounded the attempts to bioremediate PBDE-contaminated sites. In this study, we report a Dehalococcoides-containing enrichment culture, PB, which completely debrominates 0.44 μM tetra-brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) 47 to diphenyl ether within 25 days (0.07 μM Br^–/day) and extensively debrominates 62.4 ± 4.5% of 0.34 μM hepta-BDE 183 (0.006 μM Br^–/day) with a predominant generation of penta- through tri-BDEs as well as small amounts of diphenyl ether within 120 days. Later, a marked acceleration rate (0.021 μM Br^–/day) and more extensive debromination (87.7 ± 2.1%) of 0.38 μM hepta-BDE 183 was observed in the presence of 0.44 μM tetra-BDE 47, which is achieved via the faster growth rate of responsible bacterial populations on lower BDE-47 and debromination by expressed BDE-47 reductive dehalogenases. Therefore, the PB enrichment culture can serve as a potential candidate for in situ PBDE bioremediation since both BDE-47 and BDE-183 are dominant and representative BDE congeners and often coexist in contaminated sites.

Differentiating closely affiliated Dehalococcoides lineages by a novel genetic marker identified via computational pangenome analysis

As a group, Dehalococcoides dehalogenate a wide range of organohalide pollutants but the range of organohalide compounds that can be utilized for reductive dehalogenation differs among the Dehalococcoides strains. Dehalococcoides lineages cannot be reliably disambiguated in mixed communities using typical phylogenetic markers, which often confounds bioremediation efforts. Here, we describe a computational approach to identify Dehalococcoides genetic markers with improved discriminatory resolution. Screening core genes from the Dehalococcoides pangenome for degree of similarity and frequency of 100% identity found a candidate genetic marker encoding a bacterial neuraminidase repeat (BNR)-containing protein of unknown function. This gene exhibits the fewest completely identical amino acid sequences and among the lowest average amino acid sequence identity in the core pangenome. Primers targeting BNR could effectively discriminate between 40 available BNR sequences (in silico) and 10 different Dehalococcoides isolates (in vitro). Amplicon sequencing of BNR fragments generated from 22 subsurface soil samples revealed a total of 109 amplicon sequence variants, suggesting a high diversity of Dehalococcoides distributed in environment. Therefore, the BNR gene can serve as an alternative genetic marker to differentiate strains of Dehalococcoides in complicated microbial communities. Importance The challenge of discriminating between phylogenetically similar but functionally distinct bacterial lineages is particularly relevant to the development of technologies seeking to exploit the metabolic or physiological characteristics of specific members of bacterial genera. A computational approach was developed to expedite screening of potential genetic markers among phylogenetically affiliated bacteria. Using this approach, a gene encoding a bacterial neuraminidase repeat (BNR)-containing protein of unknown function was selected and evaluated as a genetic marker to differentiate strains of Dehalococcoides, an environmentally relevant genus of bacteria whose members can transform and detoxify a range of halogenated organic solvents and persistent organic pollutants, in complex microbial communities to demonstrate the validity of the approach. Moreover, many apparently phylogenetically distinct, currently uncharacterized Dehalococcoides were detected in environmental samples derived from contaminated sites.

Environmental occurrence and remediation of emerging organohalides: A review

As replacements for "old" organohalides, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), "new" organohalides have been developed, including decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), and perfluorobutyrate (PFBA). In the past decade, these emerging organohalides (EOHs) have been extensively produced as industrial and consumer products, resulting in their widespread environmental distribution. This review comprehensively summarizes the environmental occurrence and remediation methods for typical EOHs. Based on the data collected from 2015 to 2021, these EOHs are widespread in both abiotic (e.g., dust, air, soil, sediment, and water) and biotic (e.g., bird, fish, and human serum) matrices. A significant positive correlation was found between the estimated annual production amounts of EOHs and their environmental contamination levels, suggesting the prohibition of both production and usage of EOHs as a critical pollution-source control strategy. The strengths and weaknesses, as well as the future prospects of up-to-date remediation techniques, such as photodegradation, chemical oxidation, and biodegradation, are critically discussed. Of these remediation techniques, microbial reductive dehalogenation represents a promising in situ remediation method for removal of EOHs, such as perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and halogenated flame retardants (HFRs).