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Li XS, Qi Y, Li PH, Xue JZ, Li XY, Muhammad I, Li YZ, Zhu DM, Ma Y, Kong LC, Ma HX. Genetic characterization of MDR genomic elements carrying two aac(6')- aph(2″) genes in feline-derived clinical Enterococcus faecalis isolate. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1191837. [PMID: 37577435 PMCID: PMC10413266 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1191837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) often cause intestinal infections in cats. The aim of this study was to investigate a multidrug-resistant E. faecalis isolate for plasmidic and chromosomal antimicrobial resistance and their genetic environment. E. faecalis strain ESC1 was obtained from the feces of a cat. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using the broth microdilution method. Conjugation experiments were performed using Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as receptors. Complete sequences of chromosomal DNA and plasmids were generated by whole genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatics analysis for the presence of drug resistance genes and mobile elements. Multidrug-resistant E. faecalis ESC1 contained a chromosome and three plasmids. The amino acid at position 80 of the parC gene on the chromosome was mutated from serine to isoleucine, and hence the amino acid mutation at this site led to the resistance of ESC1 strain to fluoroquinolones. Eleven antibiotic resistance genes were located on two plasmids. We identified a novel composite transposon carrying two aminoglycoside resistance genes aac(6')-aph(2″). This study reported the coexistence of a novel 5.4 kb composite transposon and a resistance plasmid with multiple homologous recombination in an isolate of E. faecalis ESC1. This data provides a basis for understanding the genomic signature and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Song Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng-hui Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun-ze Xue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuan-yu Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Inam Muhammad
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Zoology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Pakistan
| | - Ya-zhuo Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Dao-mi Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Liaoyuan Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Liaoyuan, China
| | - Ling-Cong Kong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong-Xia Ma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- The Engineering Research Center of Bioreactor and Drug Development, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Monteiro Marques J, Coelho M, Santana AR, Pinto D, Semedo-Lemsaddek T. Dissemination of Enterococcal Genetic Lineages: A One Health Perspective. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1140. [PMID: 37508236 PMCID: PMC10376465 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus spp. are commensals of the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals and colonize a variety of niches such as water, soil, and food. Over the last three decades, enterococci have evolved as opportunistic pathogens, being considered ESKAPE pathogens responsible for hospital-associated infections. Enterococci's ubiquitous nature, excellent adaptative capacity, and ability to acquire virulence and resistance genes make them excellent sentinel proxies for assessing the presence/spread of pathogenic and virulent clones and hazardous determinants across settings of the human-animal-environment triad, allowing for a more comprehensive analysis of the One Health continuum. This review provides an overview of enterococcal fitness and pathogenic traits; the most common clonal complexes identified in clinical, veterinary, food, and environmental sources; as well as the dissemination of pathogenic genomic traits (virulome, resistome, and mobilome) found in high-risk clones worldwide, across the One Health continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Monteiro Marques
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariana Coelho
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andressa Rodrigues Santana
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel Pinto
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Teresa Semedo-Lemsaddek
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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Ribeiro J, Silva V, Monteiro A, Vieira-Pinto M, Igrejas G, Reis FS, Barros L, Poeta P. Antibiotic Resistance among Gastrointestinal Bacteria in Broilers: A Review Focused on Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1362. [PMID: 37106925 PMCID: PMC10135345 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chickens can acquire bacteria at different stages, and bacterial diversity can occur due to production practices, diet, and environment. The changes in consumer trends have led to increased animal production, and chicken meat is one of the most consumed meats. To ensure high levels of production, antimicrobials have been used in livestock for therapeutic purposes, disease prevention, and growth promotion, contributing to the development of antimicrobial resistance across the resident microbiota. Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli are normal inhabitants of the gastrointestinal microbiota of chickens that can develop strains capable of causing a wide range of diseases, i.e., opportunistic pathogens. Enterococcus spp. isolated from broilers have shown resistance to at least seven classes of antibiotics, while E. coli have shown resistance to at least four. Furthermore, some clonal lineages, such as ST16, ST194, and ST195 in Enterococcus spp. and ST117 in E. coli, have been identified in humans and animals. These data suggest that consuming contaminated animal-source food, direct contact with animals, or environmental exposure can lead to the transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Therefore, this review focused on Enterococcus spp. and E. coli from the broiler industry to better understand how antibiotic-resistant strains have emerged, which antibiotic-resistant genes are most common, what clonal lineages are shared between broilers and humans, and their impact through a One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ribeiro
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Andreia Monteiro
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Madalena Vieira-Pinto
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Filipa S. Reis
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Leigh RJ, McKenna C, McWade R, Lynch B, Walsh F. Comparative genomics and pangenomics of vancomycin-resistant and susceptible Enterococcus faecium from Irish hospitals. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction.
Enterococcus faecium
has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen, which is increasingly difficult to treat due to the genetic acquisition of vancomycin resistance. Ireland has a recalcitrant vancomycin-resistant bloodstream infection rate compared to other developed countries.
Hypothesis/Gap statement. Vancomycin resistance rates persist amongst
E. faecium
isolates from Irish hospitals. The evolutionary genomics governing these trends have not been fully elucidated.
Methodology. A set of 28 vancomycin-resistant isolates was sequenced to construct a dataset alongside 61 other publicly available Irish genomes. This dataset was extensively analysed using in silico methodologies (comparative genomics, pangenomics, phylogenetics, genotypics and comparative functional analyses) to uncover distinct evolutionary, coevolutionary and clinically relevant population trends.
Results. These results suggest that a stable (in terms of genome size, GC% and number of genes), yet genetically diverse population (in terms of gene content) of
E. faecium
persists in Ireland with acquired resistance arising via plasmid acquisition (vanA) or, to a lesser extent, chromosomal recombination (vanB). Population analysis revealed five clusters with one cluster partitioned into four clades which transcend isolation dates. Pangenomic and recombination analyses revealed an open (whole genome and chromosomal specific) pangenome illustrating a rampant evolutionary pattern. Comparative resistomics and virulomics uncovered distinct chromosomal and mobilomal propensity for multidrug resistance, widespread chromosomal point-mutation-mediated resistance and chromosomally harboured arsenals of virulence factors. Interestingly, a potential difference in biofilm formation strategies was highlighted by coevolutionary analysis, suggesting differential biofilm genotypes between vanA and vanB isolates.
Conclusions. These results highlight the evolutionary history of Irish
E. faecium
isolates and may provide insight into underlying infection dynamics in a clinical setting. Due to the apparent ease of vancomycin resistance acquisition over time, susceptible
E. faecium
should be concurrently reduced in Irish hospitals to mitigate potential resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Leigh
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Mariavilla, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Chloe McKenna
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Mariavilla, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Robert McWade
- Department of Microbiology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles St., Dublin 7, D07 R2WY, Ireland
| | - Breda Lynch
- Department of Microbiology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles St., Dublin 7, D07 R2WY, Ireland
| | - Fiona Walsh
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Mariavilla, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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Meta-analysis of the global prevalence of Enterococcus spp. in foods: Antibiotic resistance profile of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and diversity of Enterococcus spp. and antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates in different foods worldwide.
Method and Result: This study used meta-analytical methods. Besides, Web of Science (n= 705), Medline (n= 6), and Scopus (n= 1.338) were searched for studies in the years 1995-2021 using related keywords. Results showed that the pooled prevalence for Enterococcus spp. and antibiotic-resistant of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates were found 0.41 (95% C.I. 0.34-0.47), 0.25 (95% C.I. 0.13-0.38), respectively. According to the results of the subgroup analysis, the lowest and highest prevalence of Enterococcus spp. in food types were calculated for red meat (0.56), and fermented foods (0.29). Also, as a result of subgroup analyses by country the highest prevalence of Enterococcus spp. was calculated in studies conducted in Slovakia (0.74). In contrast, the lowest prevalence was calculated in studies conducted in Georgia (0.07).
Conclusion: The meta-analyses improved our understanding of the prevalence of Enterococcus spp. and the antibiotic resistance of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates in different foods and provided results that can be useful as input for quantitative microbiological risk evaluation modeling.
Significance and Impact of Study: We demonstrated the antibiotic resistance of E. faecalis and E. faecium in foods and gaps that could be addressed in the future. Therefore, it is believed that the results compiled herein will contribute to the epidemiological surveillance of the presence and antibiotic resistance of E. faecalis and E. faecium in foods.
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Belloso Daza MV, Milani G, Cortimiglia C, Pietta E, Bassi D, Cocconcelli PS. Genomic Insights of Enterococcus faecium UC7251, a Multi-Drug Resistant Strain From Ready-to-Eat Food, Highlight the Risk of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Chain. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:894241. [PMID: 35814695 PMCID: PMC9262338 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.894241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria in ready-to-eat foods comprises a threat for public health due to their ability to acquire and transfer antibiotic-resistant determinants that could settle in the microbiome of the human digestive tract. In this study, Enterococcus faecium UC7251 isolated from a fermented dry sausage was characterized phenotypically and genotypically to hold resistance to multiple antibiotics including aminoglycosides, macrolides, β-lactams, and tetracyclines. We further investigated this strain following a hybrid sequencing and assembly approach (short and long reads) and determined the presence of various mobile genetic elements (MGEs) responsible of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). On the chromosome of UC7251, we found one integrative and conjugative element (ICE) and a conjugative transposon Tn916-carrying tetracycline resistance. UC7251 carries two plasmids: one small plasmid harboring a rolling circle replication and one MDR megaplasmid. The latter was identified as mobilizable and containing a putative integrative and conjugative element-like region, prophage sequences, insertion sequences, heavy-metal resistance genes, and several antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, confirming the phenotypic resistance characteristics. The transmissibility potential of AMR markers was observed through mating experiments, where Tn916-carried tetracycline resistance was transferred at intra- and inter-species levels. This work highlights the significance of constant monitoring of products of animal origin, especially RTE foodstuffs, to stimulate the development of novel strategies in the race for constraining the spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Antimicrobial Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence Genes in Enterococcus Species from Small Backyard Chicken Flocks. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030380. [PMID: 35326843 PMCID: PMC8944505 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Backyard birds are small flocks that are more common in developing countries. They are used for poultry meat and egg production. However, they are also implicated in the maintenance and transmission of several zoonotic diseases, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. Enterococci are one of the most common zoonotic bacteria. They colonize numerous body sites and cause a wide range of serious nosocomial infections in humans. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the diversity in Enterococcus spp. in healthy birds and to determine the occurrence of multidrug resistance (MDR), multi-locus sequence types, and virulence genes and biofilm formation. From March 2019 to December 2020, cloacal swabs were collected from 15 healthy backyard broiler flocks. A total of 90 enterococci strains were recovered and classified according to the 16S rRNA sequence into Enterococcus faecalis (50%); Enterococcus faecium (33.33%), Enterococcus hirae (13.33%), and Enterococcus avium (3.33%). The isolates exhibited high resistance to tetracycline (55.6%), erythromycin (31.1%), and ampicillin (30%). However, all of the isolates were susceptible to linezolid. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was identified in 30 (33.3%) isolates. The enterococci AMR-associated genes ermB, ermA, tetM, tetL, vanA, cat, and pbp5 were identified in 24 (26.6%), 11 (12.2%), 39 (43.3%), 34 (37.7%), 1 (1.1%), 4 (4.4%), and 23 (25.5%) isolates, respectively. Of the 90 enterococci, 21 (23.3%), 27 (30%), and 36 (40%) isolates showed the presence of cylA, gelE, and agg virulence-associated genes, respectively. Seventy-three (81.1%) isolates exhibited biofilm formation. A statistically significant correlation was obtained for biofilm formation versus the MAR index and MDR. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) identified eleven and eight different STs for E. faecalis and E. faecium, respectively. Seven different rep-family plasmid genes (rep1–2, rep3, rep5–6, rep9, and rep11) were detected in the MDR enterococci. Two-thirds (20/30; 66.6%) of the enterococci were positive for one or two rep-families. In conclusion, the results show that healthy backyard chickens could act as a reservoir for MDR and virulent Enterococcus spp. Thus, an effective antimicrobial stewardship program and further studies using a One Health approach are required to investigate the role of backyard chickens as vectors for AMR transmission to humans.
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The Evolution of Pharmacological Activities Bouea macrophylla Griffith In Vivo and In Vitro Study: A Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020238. [PMID: 35215350 PMCID: PMC8880147 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bouea macrophylla Griffith (B. macrophylla) is one of the many herbal plants found in Asia, and its fruit is plum mango. This plant is rich in secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, tannins, polyphenolic compounds, and many others. Due to its bioactive components, plum mango has powerful antioxidants that have therapeutic benefits for many common ailments, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. This review describes the evolution of plum mango’s phytochemical properties and pharmacological activities including in vitro and in vivo studies. The pharmacological activities of B. macrophylla Griffith reviewed in this article are antioxidant, anticancer, antihyperglycemic, antimicrobial, and antiphotoaging. Each of these pharmacological activities described and studied the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of action. Interestingly, plum mango seeds show good pharmacological activity where the seed is the part of the plant that is a waste product. This can be an advantage because of its economic value as a herbal medicine. Overall, the findings described in this review aim to allow this plant to be explored and utilized more widely, especially as a new drug discovery.
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Wada Y, Irekeola AA, Shueb RH, Wada M, Afolabi HA, Yean CY, Harun A, Zaidah AR. Prevalence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) in Poultry in Malaysia: The First Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020171. [PMID: 35203775 PMCID: PMC8868266 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Databases such as PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched. Data extraction and assessment of study protocol was done by two independent reviewers and the results were reviewed by a third. OpenMeta analyst and comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) were used for the meta-analysis. The random effect model was used, publication bias and between-study heterogeneity was assessed. Seventeen studies were added to the final meta-analysis. Studies were sampled from 2000–2018 and of the 8684 isolates tested, 2824 were VRE. The pooled prevalence of VRE among poultry in Malaysia was estimated at 24.0% (95% CI; 16.7–33.1%; I2 = 98.14%; p < 0.001). Between-study variability was high (t2 = 0.788; heterogeneity I2 = 98.14% with heterogeneity chi-square (Q) = 858.379, degrees of freedom (df) = 16, and p < 0.001). The funnel plot showed bias which was confirmed by Egger’s test and estimates from the leave-one-out forest plot did not affect the pooled prevalence. Pooled prevalence of VRE in chickens and ducks were 29.2% (CI = 18.8–42.5%) and 11.2%, CI = 9.0–14.0%) respectively. Enterococcus faecalis was reported most with more studies being reported in Peninsular Malaysia Central region and used antibiotic disc diffusion as detection method. Increased surveillance of VRE in poultry in Malaysia is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Wada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (Y.W.); (A.A.I.); (R.H.S.); (C.Y.Y.); (A.H.)
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Nigeria
| | - Ahmad A. Irekeola
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (Y.W.); (A.A.I.); (R.H.S.); (C.Y.Y.); (A.H.)
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Summit University Offa, Offa PMB 4412, Nigeria
| | - Rafidah H. Shueb
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (Y.W.); (A.A.I.); (R.H.S.); (C.Y.Y.); (A.H.)
| | - Mustapha Wada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Nigeria;
| | - Hafeez A. Afolabi
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia;
| | - Chan Y. Yean
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (Y.W.); (A.A.I.); (R.H.S.); (C.Y.Y.); (A.H.)
| | - Azian Harun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (Y.W.); (A.A.I.); (R.H.S.); (C.Y.Y.); (A.H.)
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Abdul R. Zaidah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (Y.W.); (A.A.I.); (R.H.S.); (C.Y.Y.); (A.H.)
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-169227344
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Fatoba DO, Amoako DG, Akebe ALK, Ismail A, Essack SY. Genomic analysis of antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus spp. reveals novel enterococci strains and the spread of plasmid-borne Tet(M), Tet(L) and Erm(B) genes from chicken litter to agricultural soil in South Africa. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 302:114101. [PMID: 34800768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Manure from food animals exposed to antibiotics is often used as soil fertiliser, potentially releasing antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) with diverse antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) into the soil. To determine the impact of chicken litter application on the soil resistome, Enterococcus spp. isolated from chicken litter and soil samples collected before and after the soil amendment were characterised, using whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics tools. Nineteen Enterococcus spp. isolates from the three sources were sequenced on Illumina Miseq platform to ascertain the isolates' resistome, mobilome, virulome, clonality, and phylogenomic relationships. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis revealed eight novel sequence types (STs) (ST1700, ST1752, ST1753, ST1754, ST1755, ST1756, ST1004, and ST1006). The isolates harboured multiple resistance genes including those conferring resistance to inter alia macrolides-lincosamide-streptogramin (erm(B), lnu(B), lnu(G), lsaA, lsaE, eat(A), msr(C)), tetracycline (tet(M), tet(L), tet(S)), aminoglycosides (aac(6')-Ii, aac(6')-Iih, ant(6)-Ia, aph(3')-III, ant(9)-Ia), fluoroquinolones (efmA, and emeA), vancomycin (VanC {VanC-2, VanXY, VanXYC-3, VanXYC-4, VanRC}), and chloramphenicol (cat). The litter-amended soil harboured new ARB (particularly E. faecium) and ARGs (ant(6)-Ia, aac(6')-Ii, aph(3')-III), lnu(G), msr(C), and eat(A), efmA) that were not previously detected in the soil. The identified ARGs were associated with diverse mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as insertion sequences (IS6, ISL3, IS256, IS30), transposons (Tn3 and Tn916) and plasmids (repUS43, repUS1, rep9b, and rep 22). Twenty-eight virulence genes encoding adherence/biofilm formation (ebpA, ebpB, ebpC), antiphagocytosis (elrA) and bacterial sex pheromones (Ccf10, cOB1, cad, and camE), were detected in the genomes of the isolates. Phylogenomic analysis revealed a close relationship between a few isolates from litter-amended soil and the chicken litter isolates. The differences in the ARG and ARB profiles in the soil before and after the litter amendment and their association with diverse MGEs indicate the mobilisation and transmission of ARGs and ARB from the litter to the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorcas Oladayo Fatoba
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Daniel Gyamfi Amoako
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Abia Luther King Akebe
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Arshad Ismail
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sabiha Y Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Wongnak K, Pattanachaiwit S, Rattanasirirat W, Limsrivanichakorn S, Kiratisin P, Assanasen S, Leelaporn A. First characterization of Tn1546-like structures of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium Thai isolates. J Infect Chemother 2021; 27:991-998. [PMID: 33663929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) carrying vanA was first isolated from patient at Siriraj Hospital, Thailand in 2004. Since then, VREfm isolates have been detected increasingly in this 2500-bed university hospital. To understand the epidemiology of vanA VREfm in this setting, the isolates collected during 2004-2013 were characterized. METHODS A total of 49 vanA VREfm isolates previously confirmed by multiplex PCR were characterized by determining resistance phenotypes to vancomycin, teicoplanin, ampicillin and ciprofloxacin by broth microdilution method. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and virulence genes of those isolates were investigated. The Tn1546 structure diversity was studied by long-range overlapping PCR and primer walking sequencing. RESULTS Of all isolates studied, 9 sequence types (ST17, ST80, ST78, ST730, ST203, ST18, ST280, ST64, ST323) in clonal complex 17 and a novel ST1051 were revealed. The esp-positive isolates were 73.5%. Of all vanA operons characterized, at least 9 types of Tn1546-like structures were detected. All of vanA determinants contained 5'-end different from the Tn1546 prototype. Approximately 47% of them also carried the insertion sequence IS1251 at the intergenic region between vanS and vanH. Interestingly, another IS (ISEfa4) was found to be inside the sequence of IS1251 in ST17 isolate. CONCLUSION Heterogeneity of vanA VREfm was observed. Nearly all of isolates studied belonged to CC17. One novel ST1051 strain was detected. Isolates in the initial period carried vanA operon similar to the prototype. The diversity of vanA determinants has been increased in the recent isolates. A novel vanA operon structure was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornikar Wongnak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Supanit Pattanachaiwit
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Wasinee Rattanasirirat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Sunee Limsrivanichakorn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Pattarachai Kiratisin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Susan Assanasen
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Amornrut Leelaporn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
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Huang J, Wang M, Gao Y, Chen L, Wang L. Emergence of plasmid-mediated oxazolidinone resistance gene poxtA from CC17 Enterococcus faecium of pig origin-authors' response. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:1359-1361. [PMID: 32097468 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhu Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mengli Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yi Gao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Li Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Liping Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Meena B, Anburajan L, Varma KS, Vinithkumar NV, Kirubagaran R, Dharani G. A multiplex PCR kit for the detection of three major virulent genes in Enterococcus faecalis. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 177:106061. [PMID: 32950564 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex PCR kit that detects three major virulence genes, gelE, hyl and asaI, in Enterococcus faecalis was developed. Analyses of the available sequences of three major virulence genes and designed primers allowed us to develop the three-gene, multiplex PCR protocol that maintained the specificity of each primer pair. The resulting three amplicon bands for gelE, hyl and asaI were even and distinct with product sizes of 213, 273 and 713 bp, respectively. The multiplex PCR procedure was validated with a total of 243 E. faecalis strains that included 02 ATCC strains, 109 isolates from marine samples (sediment, water and sea foods), 22 isolates from cattle fodder, 79 isolates fresh water samples and 31 isolates from nosocomial samples. Specificity of the kit was indicated by amplification of only three major virulent genes gelE, hyl and asaI without any nonspecific bands. Tests for the limit of detection revealed that amplified genes from the sample with a minimum of 104 CFU/g or CFU/mL (10 cells/reaction) of E. faecalis and lower cell load samples, after a 3 h enrichment in NIOT-E. faecalis enrichment medium at 37 °C, a sensitivity level of 10 CFU/g or CFU/mL was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balakrishnan Meena
- Atal Centre for Ocean Science and Technology for Islands, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Port Blair 744103, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.
| | - Lawrance Anburajan
- Atal Centre for Ocean Science and Technology for Islands, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Port Blair 744103, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.
| | | | - Nambali Valsalan Vinithkumar
- Atal Centre for Ocean Science and Technology for Islands, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Port Blair 744103, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Ramalingam Kirubagaran
- Marine Biotechnology Division, Ocean Science and Technology for Islands Group, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Chennai 600100, India
| | - Gopal Dharani
- Marine Biotechnology Division, Ocean Science and Technology for Islands Group, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Chennai 600100, India
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Melese A, Genet C, Andualem T. Prevalence of Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:124. [PMID: 32046668 PMCID: PMC7014939 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) poses a major public health problem since it was first reported. Although the rising rates of VRE infections are being reported elsewhere in the worldwide; there is limited national pooled data in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of VRE and antimicrobial resistance profiles of enterococci in Ethiopia. Methods Literature search was done at PubMed, EMBASE, Google scholar, African Journals online (AJOL) and Addis Ababa University repository following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. Both published and unpublished studies reporting the prevalence of VRE until June 30, 2019 were included. Data were extracted using Microsoft Excel and copied to Comprehensive Meta-analysis (CMA 2.0) for analysis. Pooled estimate of VRE was computed using the random effects model and the 95% CIs. The level of heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran’s Q and I2 tests. Publication bias was checked by visual inspection of funnel plots and Begg’s and/or Egger’s test. Results Twenty studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria and found with relevant data. A total of 831 enterococci and 71 VRE isolates were included in the analysis. The pooled prevalence of VRE was 14.8% (95% CI; 8.7–24.3; I2 = 74.05%; P < 0.001). Compared to vancomycin resistance, enterococci had higher rate of resistance to Penicillin (60.7%), Amoxicillin (56.5%), Doxycycline (55.1%) and Tetracycline (53.7%). Relatively low rate of resistance was found for Daptomycin and Linezolid with a pooled estimate of 3.2% (95% CI, 0.5–19.7%) and 9.9% (95% CI, 2.8–29.0%); respectively. The overall pooled multidrug resistance (MDR) rate of enterococci was 60.0% (95% CI, 42.9–75.0%). Conclusion The prevalence of VRE and drug resistant enterococci are on the rise in Ethiopia. Enterococcal isolates showed resistance to one or more of the commonly prescribed drugs in different or the same drug lines. Multidrug resistant (MDR) enterococci were also found. Although the rates were low, the emergence of resistance to Daptomycin and Linezolid is an alarm for searching new ways for the treatment and control of VRE infections. Adherence to antimicrobial stewardship, comprehensive testing and ongoing monitoring of VRE infections in the health care settings are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addisu Melese
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Chalachew Genet
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Andualem
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
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O'Dea M, Sahibzada S, Jordan D, Laird T, Lee T, Hewson K, Pang S, Abraham R, Coombs GW, Harris T, Pavic A, Abraham S. Genomic, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Public Health Insights into Enterococcus spp. from Australian Chickens. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:e00319-19. [PMID: 31118269 PMCID: PMC6663891 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00319-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to Australia's management of antimicrobial use in poultry, particularly the discontinued use of avoparcin for nearly 20 years, it is hypothesized that vancomycin-resistant enterococci associated with human disease are not derived from poultry isolates. This study evaluated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of five enterococcal species isolated from Australian meat chickens, genomic features of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis, and the phylogenetic relationship of the poultry-derived E. faecium with isolates from human sepsis cases. All enterococcal isolates from chicken ceca were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. E. faecium and E. faecalis underwent whole-genome sequencing. E. faecium was compared at the core genome level to a collection of human isolates (n = 677) obtained from cases of sepsis over a 2-year period spanning 2015 to 2016. Overall, 205 enterococci were isolated consisting of five different species. E. faecium was the most frequently isolated species (37.6%), followed by E. durans (29.7%), E. faecalis (20%), E. hirae (12.2%), and E. gallinarum (0.5%). All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and gentamicin, while one isolate was linezolid resistant (MIC 16 mg/liter). Core genome analysis of the E. faecium demonstrated two clades consisting predominantly of human or chicken isolates in each clade, with minimal overlap. Principal component analysis for total gene content revealed three clusters comprised of vanA-positive, vanB-positive, and both vanA- and vanB-negative E. faecium populations. The results of this study provide strong evidence that Australian chicken E. faecium isolates are unlikely to be precursor strains to the currently circulating vancomycin-resistant strains being isolated in Australian hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark O'Dea
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Shafi Sahibzada
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - David Jordan
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar, NSW, Australia
| | - Tanya Laird
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Terence Lee
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Kylie Hewson
- Australian Chicken Meat Federation, North Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stanley Pang
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Rebecca Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W Coombs
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Taha Harris
- Birling Avian Laboratories, Bringelly, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony Pavic
- Birling Avian Laboratories, Bringelly, NSW, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
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Agricultural Origins of a Highly Persistent Lineage of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis in New Zealand. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00137-19. [PMID: 31028029 PMCID: PMC6581176 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00137-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Historical antimicrobial use in NZ agriculture has driven the evolution of ST108, a VRE lineage carrying a range of clinically relevant antimicrobial resistances. The persistence of this lineage in NZ for over a decade indicates that coselection may be an important stabilizing mechanism for its persistence. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are human and animal gut commensals. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are important opportunistic pathogens with limited treatment options. Historically, the glycopeptide antibiotics vancomycin and avoparcin selected for the emergence of vancomycin resistance in human and animal isolates, respectively, resulting in global cessation of avoparcin use between 1997 and 2000. To better understand human- and animal-associated VRE strains in the postavoparcin era, we sequenced the genomes of 231 VRE isolates from New Zealand (NZ; 75 human clinical, 156 poultry) cultured between 1998 and 2009. E. faecium lineages and their antibiotic resistance carriage patterns strictly delineated between agricultural and human reservoirs, with bacitracin resistance ubiquitous in poultry but absent in clinical E. faecium strains. In contrast, one E. faecalis lineage (ST108) predominated in both poultry and human isolates in the 3 years following avoparcin discontinuation. Both phylogenetic and antimicrobial susceptibility (i.e., ubiquitous bacitracin resistance in both poultry and clinical ST108 isolates) analyses suggest an agricultural origin for the ST108 lineage. VRE isolate resistomes were carried on multiple, heterogeneous plasmids. In some isolate genomes, bacitracin, erythromycin, and vancomycin resistance elements were colocalized, indicating multiple potentially linked selection mechanisms. IMPORTANCE Historical antimicrobial use in NZ agriculture has driven the evolution of ST108, a VRE lineage carrying a range of clinically relevant antimicrobial resistances. The persistence of this lineage in NZ for over a decade indicates that coselection may be an important stabilizing mechanism for its persistence.
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17
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Sacramento AG, Fernandes MR, Sellera FP, Dolabella SS, Zanella RC, Cerdeira L, Lincopan N. VanA-type vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium ST1336 isolated from mussels in an anthropogenically impacted ecosystem. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 142:533-536. [PMID: 31232334 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the occurrence and genomic features of multidrug-resistant vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium vanA belonging to a novel sequence type (designated ST1336), carrying a Tn1546-like element, in marine brown mussels (Perna perna) from anthropogenically affected coastal waters of the Atlantic coast of Brazil, highlighting a potential source of dissemination for related ecosystems, with additional consequences for seafood safety and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G Sacramento
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil.
| | - Miriam R Fernandes
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio P Sellera
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvio S Dolabella
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | | | - Louise Cerdeira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilton Lincopan
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Abstract
Enterococci are natural inhabitants of the intestinal tract in humans and many animals, including food-producing and companion animals. They can easily contaminate the food and the environment, entering the food chain. Moreover, Enterococcus is an important opportunistic pathogen, especially the species E. faecalis and E. faecium, causing a wide variety of infections. This microorganism not only contains intrinsic resistance mechanisms to several antimicrobial agents, but also has the capacity to acquire new mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. In this review we analyze the diversity of enterococcal species and their distribution in the intestinal tract of animals. Moreover, resistance mechanisms for different classes of antimicrobials of clinical relevance are reviewed, as well as the epidemiology of multidrug-resistant enterococci of animal origin, with special attention given to beta-lactams, glycopeptides, and linezolid. The emergence of new antimicrobial resistance genes in enterococci of animal origin, such as optrA and cfr, is highlighted. The molecular epidemiology and the population structure of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates in farm and companion animals is presented. Moreover, the types of plasmids that carry the antimicrobial resistance genes in enterococci of animal origin are reviewed.
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Lee T, Pang S, Abraham S, Coombs GW. Antimicrobial-resistant CC17 Enterococcus faecium: The past, the present and the future. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018; 16:36-47. [PMID: 30149193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium is a robust opportunistic pathogen that is most commonly found as a commensal of the human and animal gut but can also survive in the environment. Since the introduction and use of antimicrobials, E. faecium has been found to rapidly acquire resistance genes that, when expressed, can effectively circumvent the effects of most antimicrobials. The rapid acquisition of multiple antimicrobial resistances has led to the adaptation of specific E. faecium clones in the hospital environment, collectively known as clonal complex 17 (CC17). CC17 E. faecium are responsible for a significant proportion of hospital-associated infections, which can cause severe morbidity and mortality. Here we review the history of E. faecium from commensal to a significant hospital-associated pathogen, its robust phenotypic characteristics, commonly used laboratory typing schemes, and antimicrobial resistances with a focus on vancomycin and its associated mechanism of resistance. Finally, we review the global epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium and potential solutions to problems faced in public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Lee
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Stanley Pang
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W Coombs
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
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20
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Tan SC, Chong CW, Teh CSJ, Ooi PT, Thong KL. Occurrence of virulent multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in the pigs, farmers and farm environments in Malaysia. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5353. [PMID: 30123701 PMCID: PMC6084283 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are ubiquitous opportunistic pathogens found in the guts of humans and farmed animals. This study aimed to determine the occurrence, antimicrobial resistance, virulence, biofilm-forming ability and genotypes of E. faecalis and E. faecium from swine farms. Correlations between the genotypes, virulotypes, antibiotic resistance, and the environmental factors such as locality of farms and farm hygiene practice were explored. Methods E. faecalis and E. faecium strains were isolated from the oral, rectal and fecal samples of 140 pigs; nasal, urine and fecal samples of 34 farmers working in the farms and 42 environmental samples collected from seven swine farms located in Peninsular Malaysia. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the disk diffusion method, and the antibiotic resistance and virulence genes were detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction. Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic-Polymerase Chain Reaction and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis were performed to determine the clonality of the strains. Crosstab/Chi-square test and DistLM statistical analyses methods were used to determine the correlations between the genotypes, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, and the environmental factors. Results A total of 211 E. faecalis and 42 E. faecium were recovered from 140 pigs, 34 farmers and 42 environmental samples collected from seven swine farms in Peninsular Malaysia. Ninety-eight percent of the strains were multidrug-resistant (resistant to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and erythromycin). Fifty-two percent of the strains formed biofilms. Virulence genes efa, asaI, gelE, esp, cyl and ace genes were detected. Virulence genes efa and asaI were most prevalent in E. faecalis (90%) and E. faecium (43%), respectively. Cluster analyses based on REP-PCR and PFGE showed the strains were genetically diverse. Overall, the strains isolated from pigs and farmers were distinct, except for three highly similar strains found in pigs and farmers. The strains were regional- and host-specific. Discussion This study revealed alarming high frequencies of multidrug-resistant enterococci in pigs and swine farmers. The presence of resistance and virulence genes and the ability to form biofilm further enhance the persistence and pathogenicity of the strains. Although the overall clonality of the strains were regionals and host-specific, strains with high similarity were found in different hosts. This study reiterates a need of a more stringent regulation to ensure the proper use of antibiotics in swine husbandry to reduce the wide spread of multidrug-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiang Chiet Tan
- Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chun Wie Chong
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Centre for Translational Research, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cindy Shuan Ju Teh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kwai Lin Thong
- Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Sadiq MA, Hassan L, Aziz SA, Zakaria Z, Musa HI, Amin MM, Othman N. Phylogenetic Diversity of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolated from veterinary cases and the environments in Peninsular Malaysia. Vet Anim Sci 2018; 6:21-28. [PMID: 32734049 PMCID: PMC7386693 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the genotype and the phylogeny of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolated from veterinary cases and from the animal environments in Peninsular Malaysia. The Malaysian B. pseudomallei population were then compared to those found elsewhere. A total of 113 isolates from veterinary cases (35) and the environment (56 from soil and 22 from water) were characterized using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Two novel alleles, allele 97 and 69 of the gene locus ace and lepA respectively were recovered. Isolates were resolved into 12 distinct sequence types (STs) out of which five were novel, namely ST1130, ST1131, ST1338, ST1339 and ST1367. The isolates from veterinary cases co-clustered with those from the environment. B. pseudomallei isolates in this study were highly clonal and have descended from a common ancestor clonal complex (CC) 48 found in Southeast Asia. This study shows that veterinary case isolates are often caused by similar STs, with similar populations found in the direct animal environment and those previously reported to cause human infections in Malaysia and elsewhere. Isolates of B. pseudomallei from human infections have been given more attention, with a comparatively lower focus on isolates from animals and the farm environment. This study highlighted the genotype and phylogeny of B. pseudomallei isolated from animals and the environment and their relations to the isolates from human cases reported in Malaysia and elsewhere. Most STs reported in this study, from veterinary cases and animal environment are similar to those previously reported as causing human infections in Malaysia and elsewhere. Therefore, even though direct zoonosis is uncommon, monitoring melioidosis occurrences in animals can provide insights on the bacterial strains infecting humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abubakar Sadiq
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 44300 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Latiffah Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 44300 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Saleha Abdul Aziz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 44300 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Zunita Zakaria
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 44300 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Ismail Musa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 44300 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Maswati Mat Amin
- Makmal Veterinar Kawasan Bukit Tengah, Peti Surat 63, 14007 Bukit Mertajam, Seberang Perai Tengah, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Norlida Othman
- Makmal Veterinar Kawasan Kota Bharu, Jabatan Perkhidmatan Veterinar 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Dai D, Wang H, Xu X, Chen C, Song C, Jiang D, Du P, Zhang Y, Zeng H. The emergence of multi-resistant Enterococcus faecalis clonal complex, CC4, causing nosocomial infections. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:1069-1077. [PMID: 29923823 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Enterococcus faecalis is commonly found as a commensal gut bacteria, but some linages have caused increasing extra-gastrointestinal infections. In particular, strains with high-level virulence or antimicrobial resistance are prevalent in healthcare settings as nosocomial pathogens. This study was performed to elucidate the epidemiological characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of E. faecalis causing nosocomial infections in a Chinese general hospital over a 4-year period. METHODOLOGY We collected 77 isolates causing extra-gastrointestinal infections from patients at 14 different wards in a tertiary hospital from 2011 to 2014. The population relationship was assessed by multilocus sequence typing and multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to evaluate susceptibility against 11 antimicrobial agents. RESULTS The isolates showed high-level resistance to tetracycline (86.5 %), erythromycin (78.4 %), rifampin (62.2 %), etc. The major clonal complexes (CCs) included CC4, CC16 and CC21. As the most dominant subtype, CC16 was identified in almost all of the wards and all types of samples, but the isolation rate decreased continually. In contrast, the isolation rates of CC4 and CC21 increased and the proportion of these two CCs in 2014 was more than three times that in 2011. In addition, CC4 showed higher resistance than CC16. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the prevalent subtypes and resistance profiles of E. faecalis causing nosocomial infection, and indicated that CC4 may be a newly emerging high-risk, multi-resistant cluster. More surveillance is urgently needed, which will increase our understanding of the prevention and treatment of such infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfa Dai
- 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Huizhu Wang
- 2Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Xinmin Xu
- 2Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Chuan Song
- 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Dong Jiang
- 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Pengcheng Du
- 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Hui Zeng
- 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, PR China
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Daniel DS, Lee SM, Gan HM, Dykes GA, Rahman S. Genetic diversity of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from environmental, animal and clinical sources in Malaysia. J Infect Public Health 2017; 10:617-623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Lim SY, Yap KP, Teh CSJ, Jabar KA, Thong KL. Comparative genome analysis of multiple vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolated from two fatal cases. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 49:55-65. [PMID: 28039075 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium is both a commensal of the human intestinal tract and an opportunistic pathogen. The increasing incidence of enterococcal infections is mainly due to the ability of this organism to develop resistance to multiple antibiotics, including vancomycin. The aim of this study was to perform comparative genome analyses on four vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) strains isolated from two fatal cases in a tertiary hospital in Malaysia. Two sequence types, ST80 and ST203, were identified which belong to the clinically important clonal complex (CC) 17. This is the first report on the emergence of ST80 strains in Malaysia. Three of the studied strains (VREr5, VREr6, VREr7) were each isolated from different body sites of a single patient (patient Y) and had different PFGE patterns. While VREr6 and VREr7 were phenotypically and genotypically similar, the initial isolate, VREr5, was found to be more similar to VRE2 isolated from another patient (patient X), in terms of the genome contents, sequence types and phylogenomic relationship. Both the clinical records and genome sequence data suggested that patient Y was infected by multiple strains from different clones and the strain that infected patient Y could have derived from the same clone from patient X. These multidrug resistant strains harbored a number of virulence genes such as the epa locus and pilus-associated genes which could enhance their persistence. Apart from that, a homolog of E. faecalis bee locus was identified in VREr5 which might be involved in biofilm formation. Overall, our comparative genomic analyses had provided insight into the genetic relatedness, as well as the virulence potential, of the four clinical strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yong Lim
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kien-Pong Yap
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cindy Shuan Ju Teh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kartini Abdul Jabar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kwai Lin Thong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Roberts MC, No DB, Marzluff JM, Delap JH, Turner R. Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus spp. from crows and their environment in metropolitan Washington State, USA: Is there a correlation between VRE positive crows and the environment? Vet Microbiol 2016; 194:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sacramento AG, Zanella RC, de Almeida LM, Pires C, Popazoglo C, Costa EA, Cerdeira LT, Mamizuka EM, Lincopan N. Identification of new sequence types among Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis carrying the vanA gene in retail chicken meat. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2016; 4:72-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Public Health Risks of Multiple-Drug-Resistant Enterococcus spp. in Southeast Asia. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6090-7. [PMID: 26150452 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01741-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococci rank as one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections, such as urinary tract infections, surgical wound infections, and endocarditis, in humans. These infections can be hard to treat because of the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance. Enterococci inhabiting nonhuman reservoirs appear to play a critical role in the acquisition and dissemination of antibiotic resistance determinants. The spread of antibiotic resistance has become a major concern in both human and veterinary medicine, especially in Southeast Asia, where many developing countries have poor legislation and regulations to control the supply and excessive use of antimicrobials. This review addresses the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant enterococci in Association of Southeast Asian Nations countries and proposes infection control measures that should be applied to limit the spread of multiple-drug-resistant enterococci.
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Molecular characterization of resistance, virulence and clonality in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis : A hospital-based study in Beijing, China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 33:253-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ahmad A, Dada AC, Usup G, Heng LY. Occurrence of Enterococcus species with virulence markers in an urban flow-influenced tropical recreational beach. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 82:26-38. [PMID: 24725825 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Median enterococci counts of beach water samples gradually increased at statistically significant levels (χ2: 26.53, df: 4; p<0.0001) with increasing proximity to river influx. The difference in proportion of antibiotic resistant enterococci in beach water and river water samples was statistically significant (p<0.05) for the tested antibiotics with river isolates generally presenting higher resistance frequencies. Virulence genes cyl, esp, gelE and asa were detected at varying frequencies (7.32%, 21.95%, 100% and 63.41% respectively) among river isolates. On the other hand, the prevalence of these genes was lower (0%, 20%, 67.27% and 41.82% respectively) among beach water isolates. Multi-Locus-Sequence-Typing analysis of Enterococcus faecalis presented four sequence types (ST) one of which shared six out of seven tested loci with ST6, a member of the clonal complex of multi-drug resistant strains associated with hospital outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmat Ahmad
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Malaysia.
| | - Ayokunle Christopher Dada
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Malaysia; Institute of Ecology and Environmental Studies, Obafemi Awlowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
| | - Gires Usup
- School of Environmental & Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Lee Yook Heng
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Malaysia
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