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Zheng X, Wang X, Zhou Y, Liu M, Li P, Gao L, Wang H, Ma X, Wang L, Huo X, Zhang W. Isolation, whole genome sequencing and application of a broad-spectrum Salmonella phage. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:335. [PMID: 38953983 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04061-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella is considered as one of the most common zoonotic /foodborne pathogens in the world. The application of bacteriophages as novel antibacterial agents in food substrates has become an emerging strategy. Bacteriophages have the potential to control Salmonella contamination.We have isolated and characterized a broad-spectrum Salmonella phage, SP154, which can lyse 9 serotypes, including S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Pullorum, S. Arizonae, S. Dublin, S. Cholerasuis, S. Chester, S. 1, 4, [5], 12: i: -, and S. Derby, accounting for 81.9% of 144 isolates. SP154 showed a short latent period (40 min) and a high burst size (with the first rapid burst size at 107 PFUs/cell and the second rapid burst size at approximately 40 PFUs/cell). Furthermore, SP154 activity has higher survival rates across various environmental conditions, including pH 4.0-12.0 and temperatures ranging from 4 to 50 °C for 60 min, making it suitable for diverse food processing and storage applications. Significant reductions in live Salmonella were observed in different foods matrices such as milk and chicken meat, with a decrease of up to 1.9 log10 CFU/mL in milk contamination and a 1 log10 CFU/mL reduction in chicken meat. Whole genome sequencing analysis revealed that SP154 belongs to the genus Ithacavirus, subfamily Humphriesvirinae, within the family Schitoviridae. Phylogenetic analysis based on the terminase large subunit supported this classification, although an alternate tree using the tail spike protein gene suggested affiliation with the genus Kuttervirus, underscoring the limitations of relying on a single gene for phylogenetic inference. Importantly, no virulence or antibiotic resistance genes were detected in SP154. Our research highlights the potential of using SP154 for biocontrol of Salmonella in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, 572024, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, 572024, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, 572024, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Meihan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, 572024, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Pei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, 572024, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Linyun Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, 572024, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, 572024, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xuelian Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Jiangsu Polytechnic College Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212400, China
| | - Xiang Huo
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology in Emerging Major Infectious Diseases, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Health Emergency, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- The Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, 572024, China.
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Guo K, Guo W, Liu D, Zhang W, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Li S, Wang J, Chu X, Wang Y, Hu Z, Wang X. Development and application of a competitive ELISA for the detection of antibodies against Salmonella Abortusequi in equids. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0027323. [PMID: 37874302 PMCID: PMC10662346 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00273-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The high abortion rate associated with Salmonella Abortusequi (S. Abortusequi) infection in equids has re-emerged over the past 10 years and has caused serious economic losses to China. Our previous studies showed that the flagellin FljB gene could distinguish S. Abortusequi from most Salmonella serotypes. In this study, the flagellin antigen was used to develop a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) that could be used to detect both horse and donkey serum samples using a monoclonal antibody (MAb) that was found to bind to FljB. A cELISA was established using the purified MAb coating of the plate and incubation of the mixture of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated FljB antigen with the undiluted serum sample. The performance of the cELISA and the tube agglutination test (TAT) assay was compared with respect to sensitivity and specificity, by testing a panel containing 660 S. Abortusequi-positive and 515 S. Abortusequi-negative serum samples, all of which had been characterized by Western blotting. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to determine the cutoff value and estimate the detection specificity (Sp) and sensitivity (Se). ROC analysis showed that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) values of cELISA [AUC = 0.9941; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.9898-0.9984] were higher than those of TAT (AUC = 0.7705; 95% Cl, 0.7437-0.7972). A cutoff value of 39.5% was selected with Sp and Se values of 100 (95% Cl, 99.26-100.00) and 97.58 (95% Cl, 96.10-98.50), respectively. The cELISA has excellent futures compared with TAT, such as shortened detection time, no need for pre-treatment of sera, and easy interpretation of the results, and is more suitable for disease surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Diqiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zenan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shuaijie Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yaoxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhe Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Liang S, Qi Y, Yu H, Sun W, Raza SHA, Alkhorayef N, Alkhalil SS, Salama EEA, Zhang L. Bacteriophage Therapy as an Application for Bacterial Infection in China. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020417. [PMID: 36830327 PMCID: PMC9952293 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has emerged as a significant issue to be resolved around the world. Bacteriophage (phage), in contrast to antibiotics, can only kill the target bacteria with no adverse effect on the normal bacterial flora. In this review, we described the biological characteristics of phage, and summarized the phage application in China, including in mammals, ovipara, aquatilia, and human clinical treatment. The data showed that phage had a good therapeutic effect on drug-resistant bacteria in veterinary fields, as well as in the clinical treatment of humans. However, we need to take more consideration of the narrow lysis spectrum, the immune response, the issues of storage, and the pharmacokinetics of phages. Due to the particularity of bacteriophage as a bacterial virus, there is no unified standard or regulation for the use of bacteriophage in the world at present, which hinders the application of bacteriophage as a substitute for antibiotic biological products. We aimed to highlight the rapidly advancing field of phage therapy as well as the challenges that China faces in reducing its reliance on antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Yanling Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Huabo Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Wuwen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130000, China
- Borui Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun 130000, China
| | | | - Nada Alkhorayef
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Quway’iyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh 19257, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samia S. Alkhalil
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Lei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130000, China
- Borui Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun 130000, China
- Correspondence:
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Fitness Trade-Offs in Phage Cocktail-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Results in Increased Antibiotic Susceptibility and Reduced Virulence. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0291422. [PMID: 36165776 PMCID: PMC9603643 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02914-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of phage-resistant bacterial mutants is a major challenge for phage therapy. Phage cocktails have been considered one approach to mitigate this issue. However, the synergistic effect of randomly selected phages in the cocktails is ambiguous. Here, we rationally designed a phage cocktail consisting of four phages that utilize the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O antigen, the LPS outer core, the LPS inner core, and the outer membrane proteins BtuB and TolC on the Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis cell surface as receptors. We demonstrated that the four-phage cocktail could significantly delay the emergence of phage-resistant bacterial mutants compared to the single phage. To investigate the fitness costs associated with phage resistance, we characterized a total of 80 bacterial mutants resistant to a single phage or the four-phage cocktail. We observed that mutants resistant to the four-phage cocktail were more sensitive to several antibiotics than the single-phage-resistant mutants. In addition, all mutants resistant to the four-phage cocktail had significantly reduced virulence compared to wild-type strains. Our mouse model of Salmonella Enteritidis infection also indicated that the four-phage cocktail exhibited an enhanced therapeutic effect. Together, our work demonstrates an efficient strategy to design phage cocktails by combining phages with different bacterial receptors, which can steer the evolution of phage-resistant strains toward clinically exploitable phenotypes. IMPORTANCE The selection pressure of phage promotes bacterial mutation, which results in a fitness cost. Such fitness trade-offs are related to the host receptor of the phage; therefore, we can utilize knowledge of bacterial receptors used by phages as a criterion for designing phage cocktails. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of a phage cocktail made up of phages that target four different receptors on Salmonella Enteritidis through in vivo and in vitro experiments. Importantly, we found that pressure from phage cocktails with different receptors can drive phage-resistant bacterial mutants to evolve in a direction that entails more severe fitness costs, resulting in reduced virulence and increased susceptibility to antibiotics. These findings suggest that phage cocktail therapy using combinations of phages targeting different important receptors (e.g., LPS or the efflux pump AcrAB-TolC) on the host surface can steer the host bacteria toward more detrimental surface mutations than single-phage therapy, resulting in more favorable therapeutic outcomes.
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Liu W, Han L, Song P, Sun H, Zhang C, Zou L, Cui J, Pan Q, Ren H. Complete genome sequencing of a Tequintavirus bacteriophage with a broad host range against Salmonella Abortus equi isolates from donkeys. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:938616. [PMID: 36051756 PMCID: PMC9424859 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.938616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar abortus equi (S. Abortus equi) is the most common cause of abortion in mares. It has recently been found to cause abortion in donkeys more frequently in China. A novel virulent bacteriophage vB_SabS_Sds2 (hereafter designated as Sds2) was isolated from the feces of donkeys using a S. Abortus equi strain as a host. Phage Sds2 had an isometric polyhedral head and an uncontracted long tail, belonging to the Tequintavirus, Markadamsvirinae, Demerecviridae, Caudovirales. The genome of phage Sds2 was 114,770 bp, with a GC content of 40.26%. The genome contained 160 open reading frames (ORFs), and no ORFs were associated with pathogenicity, drug resistance, or lysogenization by sequence analysis. Both genome annotation and phylogenetic analysis indicated that phage Sds2 was highly similar to T5-like bacteriophages. Phage Sds2 could lyse 100% (30/30) of S. Abortus equi strains, 25.3% (24/95) of other serotypes of Salmonella strains, and 27.6% (8/29) of Escherichia coli strains using the double-layer agar plate method. The in vitro test showed that phage Sds2 had high bactericidal activity against S. Abortus equi at a wide range of MOIs. The in vivo test indicated that phage Sds2 had an inhibitory effect on abortion in mice challenged with S. Abortus equi. In general, phage Sds2 is a novel lytic phage with a wide host range and has the potential to prevent abortion caused by S. Abortus equi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Letian Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Huzhi Sun
- Qingdao Phagepharm Bio-tech Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Can Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ling Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jiaqi Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Pan
- Qingdao Phagepharm Bio-tech Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Pan,
| | - Huiying Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Huiying Ren,
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Huang C, Feng C, Liu X, Zhao R, Wang Z, Xi H, Ou H, Han W, Guo Z, Gu J, Zhang L. The Bacteriophage vB_CbrM_HP1 Protects Crucian Carp Against Citrobacter braakii Infection. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:888561. [PMID: 35601403 PMCID: PMC9120918 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.888561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter braakii is an opportunistic pathogen that induces aquatic infections in fish and turtles. In this study, a bacteriophage that infects C. braakii, named vB_CbrM_HP1, was isolated from sewage. This phage belongs to Myoviridae family, Ounavirinae subfamily, Mooglevirus genus. We also used the phage to treat crucian carp infection caused by C. braakii for the first time. vB_CbrM_HP1 was relatively stable at temperatures ranging from 4 to 60°C and pH values ranging from 3 to 11 but float slightly. When the multiplicities of infection (MOI) was 0.0001, the titer reached a maximum of 4.20 × 1010 PFU/ml. As revealed from the results of whole genomic sequence analysis, the total length of vB_CbrM_HP1 was 89335 bp, encoding 135 ORFs, 9 of which were <75% similar to the known sequences in NCBI. The phage vB_CbrM_HP1 showed a highly efficient bactericidal effect against C. braakii both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, vB_CbrM_HP1 was capable of effectively killing bacteria (the colony count decreased by 4.7 log units at 5 h). In vivo, administration of vB_CbrM_HP1 (1 × 109 PFU) effectively protected crucian carp against fatal infection caused by C. braakii. Phage treatment reduced the levels of inflammatory factors. All these results demonstrated the potential of vB_CbrM_HP1 as an alternative treatment strategy for infections caused by C. braakii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zijing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hengyu Xi
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongda Ou
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenyu Han
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhimin Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Zhimin Guo
| | - Jingmin Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jingmin Gu
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Lei Zhang
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Ji Y, Song L, Zhou Z, Liu X, Li F, Guo Z, Guan Y, Yang L, Feng X, Sun C, Lei L, Han W, Gu J. vB-ApyS-JF1, the First Trueperella pyogenes Phage, Shows Potential as an Alternative Treatment Strategy for Trueperella pyogenes Infections. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:736304. [PMID: 34759899 PMCID: PMC8573968 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.736304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trueperella pyogenes (T. pyogenes) is an important opportunistic animal pathogen that causes huge economic losses to the animal husbandry industry. The emergence of bacterial resistance and the unsatisfactory effect of the vaccine have prompted investigators to explore alternative strategies for controlling T. pyogenes infection. Due to the ability of phages to kill multidrug-resistant bacteria, the use of phage therapy to combat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections has attracted attention. In this study, a T. pyogenes phage, vB-ApyS-JF1 (JF1), was isolated from sewage samples, and its whole genome and biological characteristics were elucidated. Moreover, the protective effect of phage JF1 on a mouse bacteremic model caused by T. pyogenes was studied. JF1 harbors a double-stranded DNA genome with a length of 90,130 bp (30.57% G + C). The genome of JF1 lacked bacterial virulence-, antibiotic resistance- and lysogenesis-related genes. Moreover, the genome sequence of JF1 exhibited low coverage (<6%) with all published phages in the NCBI database, and a phylogenetic analysis of the terminase large subunits and capsid indicated that JF1 was evolutionarily distinct from known phages. In addition, JF1 was stable over a wide range of pH values (3 to 11) and temperatures (4 to 50°C) and exhibited strong lytic activity against T. pyogenes in vitro. In murine experiments, a single intraperitoneal administration of JF1 30 min post-inoculation provided 100% protection for mice against T. pyogenes infection. Compared to the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) treatment group, JF1 significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the bacterial load in the blood and tissues of infected mice. Meanwhile, treatment with phage JF1 relieved the pathological symptoms observed in each tissue. Furthermore, the levels of the inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the blood of infected mice were significantly (P < 0.01) decreased in the phage-treated group. Taken together, these results indicate that phage JF1 demonstrated great potential as an alternative therapeutic treatment against T. pyogenes infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liran Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zuoyong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fengyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhimin Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuan Guan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Changjiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liancheng Lei
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenyu Han
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jingmin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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