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Borba MP, Witusk JP, Cunha DM, de Lima-Morales D, Martins AF, Van Der Sand S. Whole-genome sequencing-based characterization of Streptomyces sp. 6(4): focus on natural product. Access Microbiol 2023; 5:000466.v3. [PMID: 37091737 PMCID: PMC10118248 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000466.v3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have sequenced the whole genome of
Streptomyces
sp. 6(4) isolated from tomato roots that presents antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi, mainly Bipolaris sorokiniana. The genome has almost 7 Mb and 3368 hypothetical proteins that were analysed and characterized in Uniprot with the emphasis on biological compounds. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analyses were performed in an effort to characterize and identify this isolate, resulting in a new sequence type (ST), classified as ST64. Phenetic and phylogenetic trees were constructed to investigate
Streptomyces
sp. 6(4) evolution and sequence similarity, and the isolate is a strain closer to
Streptomyces prasinus
and
Streptomyces viridosporus
. It is known that the genus
Streptomyces
possess huge metabolic capacity with the presence of cryptic genes. These genes are usually present in clusters, which are responsible for the production of diverse natural products, mainly antibiotics. In addition, 6(4) showed 11 biosynthetic gene clusters through antiSMASH, including 3 polyketide synthase (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) type clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Proença Borba
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Witusk
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Débora Marchesan Cunha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daiana de Lima-Morales
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Resistência Bacteriana (LABRESIS), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Núcleo de Bioinformática do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andreza Francisco Martins
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sueli Van Der Sand
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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2
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Magar RT, Pham VTT, Poudel PB, Nguyen HT, Bridget AF, Sohng JK. Biosynthetic pathway of peucemycin and identification of its derivative from Streptomyces peucetius. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1217-1231. [PMID: 36680588 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Streptomyces peucetius ATCC 27952 is a well-known producer of important anticancer compounds, daunorubicin and doxorubicin. In this study, we successfully identified a new macrolide, 25-hydroxy peucemycin, that exhibited an antibacterial effect on some pathogens. Based on the structure of a newly identified compound and through the inactivation of a polyketide synthase gene, we successfully identified its biosynthetic gene cluster which was considered to be the cryptic biosynthetic gene cluster. The biosynthetic gene cluster spans 51 kb with 16 open reading frames. Five type I polyketide synthase (PKS) genes encode eight modules that synthesize the polyketide chain of peucemycin before undergoing post-PKS tailoring steps. In addition to the regular starter and extender units, some modules have specificity towards ethylmalonyl-CoA and unusual butylmalonyl-CoA. A credible explanation for the specificity of the unusual extender unit has been searched for. Moreover, the enzyme responsible for the final tailoring pathway was also identified. Based on all findings, a plausible biosynthetic pathway is here proposed. KEY POINTS: • Identification of a new macrolide, 25-hydroxy peucemycin. • An FMN-dependent monooxygenase is responsible for the hydroxylation of peucemycin. • The module encoded by peuC is unique to accept the butylmalonyl-CoA as an unusual extender unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubin Thapa Magar
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sun Moon-Ro 221, Tangjeong-Myeon, Asan-Si, Chungnam, 31460, South Korea
| | - Van Thuy Thi Pham
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sun Moon-Ro 221, Tangjeong-Myeon, Asan-Si, Chungnam, 31460, South Korea
| | - Purna Bahadur Poudel
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sun Moon-Ro 221, Tangjeong-Myeon, Asan-Si, Chungnam, 31460, South Korea
| | - Hue Thi Nguyen
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sun Moon-Ro 221, Tangjeong-Myeon, Asan-Si, Chungnam, 31460, South Korea
| | - Adzemye Fovennso Bridget
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sun Moon-Ro 221, Tangjeong-Myeon, Asan-Si, Chungnam, 31460, South Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sun Moon-Ro 221, Tangjeong-Myeon, Asan-Si, Chungnam, 31460, South Korea.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Sun Moon University, 70 Sun Moon-Ro 221, Tangjeong-Myeon, Asan-Si, Chungnam, 31460, South Korea.
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3
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Williams K, de Mattos-Shipley KMJ, Willis CL, Bailey AM. In silico analyses of maleidride biosynthetic gene clusters. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2022; 9:2. [PMID: 35177129 PMCID: PMC8851701 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-022-00132-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Maleidrides are a family of structurally related fungal natural products, many of which possess diverse, potent bioactivities. Previous identification of several maleidride biosynthetic gene clusters, and subsequent experimental work, has determined the 'core' set of genes required to construct the characteristic medium-sized alicyclic ring with maleic anhydride moieties. Through genome mining, this work has used these core genes to discover ten entirely novel putative maleidride biosynthetic gene clusters, amongst both publicly available genomes, and encoded within the genome of the previously un-sequenced epiheveadride producer Wicklowia aquatica CBS 125634. We have undertaken phylogenetic analyses and comparative bioinformatics on all known and putative maleidride biosynthetic gene clusters to gain further insights regarding these unique biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Williams
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol, BS8 1TQ UK
| | - Kate M. J. de Mattos-Shipley
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol, BS8 1TQ UK
| | - Christine L. Willis
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS UK
| | - Andrew M. Bailey
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol, BS8 1TQ UK
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4
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Curran SC, Pereira JH, Baluyot MJ, Lake J, Puetz H, Rosenburg DJ, Adams P, Keasling JD. Structure and Function of BorB, the Type II Thioesterase from the Borrelidin Biosynthetic Gene Cluster. Biochemistry 2020; 59:1630-1639. [PMID: 32250597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
α/β hydrolases make up a large and diverse protein superfamily. In natural product biosynthesis, cis-acting thioesterase α/β hydrolases can terminate biosynthetic assembly lines and release products by hydrolyzing or cyclizing the biosynthetic intermediate. Thioesterases can also act in trans, removing aberrant intermediates and restarting stalled biosynthesis. Knockout of this "editing" function leads to reduced product titers. The borrelidin biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces parvulus Tü4055 contains a hitherto uncharacterized stand-alone thioesterase, borB. In this work, we demonstrate that purified BorB cleaves acyl substrates with a preference for propionate, which supports the hypothesis that it is also an editing thioesterase. The crystal structure of BorB shows a wedgelike hydrophobic substrate binding crevice that limits substrate length. To investigate the structure-function relationship, we made chimeric BorB variants using loop regions from characterized homologues with different specificities. BorB chimeras slightly reduced activity, arguing that the modified region is a not major determinant of substrate preference. The structure-function relationships described here contribute to the process of elimination for understanding thioesterase specificity and, ultimately, engineering and applying trans-acting thioesterases in biosynthetic assembly lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Curran
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Jose H Pereira
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Marian-Joy Baluyot
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Julie Lake
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Hendrik Puetz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50923 Albertus-Magnus-Platz, Cologne 51149, Germany.,Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | | | - Paul Adams
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Jay D Keasling
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
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5
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Van Dolah FM, Morey JS, Milne S, Ung A, Anderson PE, Chinain M. Transcriptomic analysis of polyketide synthases in a highly ciguatoxic dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscus polynesiensis and low toxicity Gambierdiscus pacificus, from French Polynesia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231400. [PMID: 32294110 PMCID: PMC7159223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine dinoflagellates produce a diversity of polyketide toxins that are accumulated in marine food webs and are responsible for a variety of seafood poisonings. Reef-associated dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus produce toxins responsible for ciguatera poisoning (CP), which causes over 50,000 cases of illness annually worldwide. The biosynthetic machinery for dinoflagellate polyketides remains poorly understood. Recent transcriptomic and genomic sequencing projects have revealed the presence of Type I modular polyketide synthases in dinoflagellates, as well as a plethora of single domain transcripts with Type I sequence homology. The current transcriptome analysis compares polyketide synthase (PKS) gene transcripts expressed in two species of Gambierdiscus from French Polynesia: a highly toxic ciguatoxin producer, G. polynesiensis, versus a non-ciguatoxic species G. pacificus, each assembled from approximately 180 million Illumina 125 nt reads using Trinity, and compares their PKS content with previously published data from other Gambierdiscus species and more distantly related dinoflagellates. Both modular and single-domain PKS transcripts were present. Single domain β-ketoacyl synthase (KS) transcripts were highly amplified in both species (98 in G. polynesiensis, 99 in G. pacificus), with smaller numbers of standalone acyl transferase (AT), ketoacyl reductase (KR), dehydratase (DH), enoyl reductase (ER), and thioesterase (TE) domains. G. polynesiensis expressed both a larger number of multidomain PKSs, and larger numbers of modules per transcript, than the non-ciguatoxic G. pacificus. The largest PKS transcript in G. polynesiensis encoded a 10,516 aa, 7 module protein, predicted to synthesize part of the polyether backbone. Transcripts and gene models representing portions of this PKS are present in other species, suggesting that its function may be performed in those species by multiple interacting proteins. This study contributes to the building consensus that dinoflagellates utilize a combination of Type I modular and single domain PKS proteins, in an as yet undefined manner, to synthesize polyketides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M. Van Dolah
- Marine Genomics Core, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeanine S. Morey
- Marine Genomics Core, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Shard Milne
- Charleston Computational Genomics Group, Department of Computer Science, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - André Ung
- Laboratoire des Biotoxines Marines, Institut Louis Malardé—UMR 241 EIO, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Paul E. Anderson
- Charleston Computational Genomics Group, Department of Computer Science, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratoire des Biotoxines Marines, Institut Louis Malardé—UMR 241 EIO, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
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6
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Guo F, Zhang H, Eltahan R, Zhu G. Molecular and Biochemical Characterization of a Type II Thioesterase From the Zoonotic Protozoan Parasite Cryptosporidium parvum. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:199. [PMID: 31231619 PMCID: PMC6568194 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is a globally important zoonotic parasite capable of causing severe to deadly diarrhea in humans and animals. Its small genome (~9.1 Mb) encodes not only a highly streamlined metabolism, but also a 25-kb, 3-module fatty acid synthase (CpFAS1) and a 40-kb, 7-module polyketide synthase (CpPKS1). The two megasynthases contain a C-terminal reductase domain to release the final products with predicted chain lengths of ≥C22 for CpFAS1 or C28 to C38 for CpPKS1.The parasite genome also encodes a discrete thioesterase ortholog, suggesting its role to be an alternative tool in releasing the final products from CpFAS1 and/or CpPKS1, or as an editor to remove non-reactive residues or aberrant intermediates, or to control starter units as seen in other parasites. In this study, we have confirmed that this C. parvum thioesterase is a type II thioesterase (thus named as CpTEII). CpTEII contains motifs and a catalytic triad characteristic to the type II thioesterase family. CpTEII is expressed during the entire parasite life cycle stages with the highest levels of expression in the later developmental stages. CpTEII showed the highest hydrolytic activity toward C10:0 decanoyl-CoA, so we speculated that CpTEII may mainly act as an editor to remove non-reactive residues and/or aberrant medium acyl chain from CpFAS1 and/or CpPKS1. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that CpTEII may also participate in the release of final products from CpFAS1 because of its moderate activity on C20:0, C:22:0 and C24:0 acyl-CoA thioesters (i.e., ~20–30% activity vs. decanoyl-CoA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengguang Guo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Haili Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Rana Eltahan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Guan Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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7
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Ohlemacher SI, Xu Y, Kober DL, Malik M, Nix JC, Brett TJ, Henderson JP. YbtT is a low-specificity type II thioesterase that maintains production of the metallophore yersiniabactin in pathogenic enterobacteria. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19572-19585. [PMID: 30355735 PMCID: PMC6314147 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical isolates of Yersinia, Klebsiella, and Escherichia coli frequently secrete the small molecule metallophore yersiniabactin (Ybt), which passivates and scavenges transition metals during human infections. YbtT is encoded within the Ybt biosynthetic operon and is critical for full Ybt production in bacteria. However, its biosynthetic function has been unclear because it is not essential for Ybt production by the in vitro reconstituted nonribosomal peptide synthetase/polyketide synthase (NRPS/PKS) pathway. Here, we report the structural and biochemical characterization of YbtT. YbtT structures at 1.4-1.9 Å resolution possess a serine hydrolase catalytic triad and an associated substrate chamber with features similar to those previously reported for low-specificity type II thioesterases (TEIIs). We found that YbtT interacts with the two major Ybt biosynthetic proteins, HMWP1 (high-molecular-weight protein 1) and HMWP2 (high-molecular-weight protein 2), and hydrolyzes a variety of aromatic and acyl groups from their phosphopantetheinylated carrier protein domains. In vivo YbtT titration in uropathogenic E. coli revealed a distinct optimum for Ybt production consistent with a tradeoff between clearing both stalled inhibitory intermediates and productive Ybt precursors from HMWP1 and HMWP2. These results are consistent with a model in which YbtT maintains cellular Ybt biosynthesis by removing nonproductive, inhibitory thioesters that form aberrantly at multiple sites on HMWP1 and HMWP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon I Ohlemacher
- From the Center for Women's Infectious Diseases Research
- Division of Infectious Diseases
- Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Yiquan Xu
- From the Center for Women's Infectious Diseases Research
- Division of Infectious Diseases
- Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Daniel L Kober
- Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 and
| | - Mahnoor Malik
- From the Center for Women's Infectious Diseases Research
- Division of Infectious Diseases
- Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Jay C Nix
- the Molecular Biology Consortium, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Tom J Brett
- Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 and
| | - Jeffrey P Henderson
- From the Center for Women's Infectious Diseases Research,
- Division of Infectious Diseases
- Department of Internal Medicine, and
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8
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Bhetariya PJ, Prajapati M, Bhaduri A, Mandal RS, Varma A, Madan T, Singh Y, Sarma PU. Phylogenetic and Structural Analysis of Polyketide Synthases in Aspergilli. Evol Bioinform Online 2016; 12:109-19. [PMID: 27199544 PMCID: PMC4863872 DOI: 10.4137/ebo.s32694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyketide synthases (PKSs) of Aspergillus species are multidomain and multifunctional megaenzymes that play an important role in the synthesis of diverse polyketide compounds. Putative PKS protein sequences from Aspergillus species representing medically, agriculturally, and industrially important Aspergillus species were chosen and screened for in silico studies. Six candidate Aspergillus species, Aspergillus fumigatus Af293, Aspergillus flavus NRRL3357, Aspergillus niger CBS 513.88, Aspergillus terreus NIH2624, Aspergillus oryzae RIB40, and Aspergillus clavatus NRRL1, were selected to study the PKS phylogeny. Full-length PKS proteins and only ketosynthase (KS) domain sequence were retrieved for independent phylogenetic analysis from the aforementioned species, and phylogenetic analysis was performed with characterized fungal PKS. This resulted into grouping of Aspergilli PKSs into nonreducing (NR), partially reducing (PR), and highly reducing (HR) PKS enzymes. Eight distinct clades with unique domain arrangements were classified based on homology with functionally characterized PKS enzymes. Conserved motif signatures corresponding to each type of PKS were observed. Three proteins from Protein Data Bank corresponding to NR, PR, and HR type of PKS (XP_002384329.1, XP_753141.2, and XP_001402408.2, respectively) were selected for mapping of conserved motifs on three-dimensional structures of KS domain. Structural variations were found at the active sites on modeled NR, PR, and HR enzymes of Aspergillus. It was observed that the number of iteration cycles was dependent on the size of the cavity in the active site of the PKS enzyme correlating with a type with reducing or NR products, such as pigment, 6MSA, and lovastatin. The current study reports the grouping and classification of PKS proteins of Aspergilli for possible exploration of novel polyketides based on sequence homology; this information can be useful for selection of PKS for polyketide exploration and specific detection of Aspergilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetida J Bhetariya
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Madhvi Prajapati
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Asani Bhaduri
- Cluster innovation Centre, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Shubhra Mandal
- Biomedical Informatics Center, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Anupam Varma
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Taruna Madan
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Yogendra Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - P Usha Sarma
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India
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9
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Li Y, Li J, Tian Z, Xu Y, Zhang J, Liu W, Tan H. Coordinative Modulation of Chlorothricin Biosynthesis by Binding of the Glycosylated Intermediates and End Product to a Responsive Regulator ChlF1. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:5406-17. [PMID: 26750095 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.695874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorothricin, isolated from Streptomyces antibioticus, is a parent member of spirotetronate family of antibiotics that have long been appreciated for their remarkable biological activities. ChlF1 plays bifunctional roles in chlorothricin biosynthesis by binding to its target genes (chlJ, chlF1, chlG, and chlK). The dissociation constants of ChlF1 to these genes are ∼ 102-140 nm. A consensus sequence, 5'-GTAANNATTTAC-3', was found in these binding sites. ChlF1 represses the transcription of chlF1, chlG, and chlK but activates chlJ, which encodes a key enzyme acyl-CoA carboxyl transferase involved in the chlorothricin biosynthesis. We demonstrate that the end product chlorothricin and likewise its biosynthetic intermediates (demethylsalicycloyl chlorothricin and deschloro-chlorothricin) can act as signaling molecules to modulate the binding of ChlF1 to its target genes. Intriguingly, a correlation between the antibacterial activity and binding ability of signaling molecules to the regulator ChlF1 is clearly observed. These features of the signaling molecules are associated with the glycosylation of spirotetronate macrolide aglycone. The findings provide new insights into the TetR family regulators responding to special structure of signaling molecules, and we reveal the regulatory mini-network mediated by ChlF1 in chlorothricin biosynthesis for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, and
| | - Jingjing Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, and
| | - Zhenhua Tian
- the State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Xu
- the State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jihui Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wen Liu
- the State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huarong Tan
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,
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10
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Leis B, Angelov A, Mientus M, Li H, Pham VTT, Lauinger B, Bongen P, Pietruszka J, Gonçalves LG, Santos H, Liebl W. Identification of novel esterase-active enzymes from hot environments by use of the host bacterium Thermus thermophilus. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:275. [PMID: 25904908 PMCID: PMC4389547 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional metagenomic screening strategies, which are independent of known sequence information, can lead to the identification of truly novel genes and enzymes. Since E. coli has been used exhaustively for this purpose as a host, it is important to establish alternative expression hosts and to use them for functional metagenomic screening for new enzymes. In this study we show that Thermus thermophilus HB27 is an excellent screening host and can be used as an alternative provider of truly novel biocatalysts. In a previous study we constructed mutant strain BL03 with multiple markerless deletions in genes for major extra- and intracellular lipolytic activities. This esterase-diminished strain was no longer able to grow on defined minimal medium supplemented with tributyrin as the sole carbon source and could be used as a host to screen for metagenomic DNA fragments that could complement growth on tributyrin. Several thousand single fosmid clones from thermophilic metagenomic libraries from heated compost and hot spring water samples were subjected to a comparative screening for esterase activity in both T. thermophilus strain BL03 and E. coli EPI300. We scored a greater number of active esterase clones in the thermophilic bacterium than in the mesophilic E. coli. From several thousand functionally screened clones only two thermostable α/β-fold hydrolase enzymes with high amino acid sequence similarity to already characterized enzymes were identifiable in E. coli. In contrast, five further fosmids were found that conferred lipolytic activities in T. thermophilus only. Four open reading frames (ORFs) were found which did not share significant similarity to known esterase enzymes but contained the conserved GXSXG motif regularly found in lipolytic enzymes. Two of the genes were expressed in both hosts and the novel thermophilic esterases, which based on their primary structures could not be assigned to known esterase or lipase families, were purified and preliminarily characterized. Our work underscores the benefit of using additional screening hosts other than E. coli for the identification of novel biocatalysts with industrial relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Leis
- Department of Microbiology, Technische Universität München Freising, Germany
| | - Angel Angelov
- Department of Microbiology, Technische Universität München Freising, Germany
| | - Markus Mientus
- Department of Microbiology, Technische Universität München Freising, Germany
| | - Haijuan Li
- Department of Microbiology, Technische Universität München Freising, Germany
| | - Vu T T Pham
- Department of Microbiology, Technische Universität München Freising, Germany
| | - Benjamin Lauinger
- Research Center Juelich, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Juelich, Germany
| | - Patrick Bongen
- Research Center Juelich, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Juelich, Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Research Center Juelich, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Juelich, Germany
| | - Luís G Gonçalves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Helena Santos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Wolfgang Liebl
- Department of Microbiology, Technische Universität München Freising, Germany
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11
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Li J, Jaitzig J, Theuer L, Legala OE, Süssmuth RD, Neubauer P. Type II thioesterase improves heterologous biosynthesis of valinomycin in Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2014; 193:16-22. [PMID: 25449019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Heterologous expression of secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways in a surrogate host, e.g. Escherichia coli, has emerged in recent years as an effective way to produce complex natural products. The nonribosomal peptide (NRP) antibiotic valinomycin has been recombinantly produced in E. coli through reconstitution of its biosynthetic pathway from the native producer Streptomyces tsusimaensis. In this study, a discrete protein type II thioesterase (TEII) encoded in the valinomycin gene cluster was coexpressed in the valinomycin producing E. coli strain. Valinomycin titers were significantly improved from 0.5 (without TEII coexpression) to 3.3 mg L(-1), which demonstrates the reconstitutive function of TEII involved in NRP biosynthesis. Based on a flask scale fed-batch cultivation system, repeated feeding of the glucose polymer during the cultivation further increased cell density and valinomycin titer up to 55 (OD600) and 13 mg L(-1), respectively. This indicates scalable high cell density cultivation in a bioreactor for overproduction of valinomycin will be a potential and feasible approach. In this work we present an in vivo example to show that TEII plays a positive role in heterologous valinomycin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, ACK24, D-13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jennifer Jaitzig
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, ACK24, D-13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenz Theuer
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, ACK24, D-13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ongey Elvis Legala
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, ACK24, D-13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roderich D Süssmuth
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, ACK24, D-13355 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Kotowska M, Pawlik K. Roles of type II thioesterases and their application for secondary metabolite yield improvement. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:7735-46. [PMID: 25081554 PMCID: PMC4147253 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5952-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A large number of antibiotics and other industrially important microbial secondary metabolites are synthesized by polyketide synthases (PKSs) and nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs). These multienzymatic complexes provide an enormous flexibility in formation of diverse chemical structures from simple substrates, such as carboxylic acids and amino acids. Modular PKSs and NRPSs, often referred to as megasynthases, have brought about a special interest due to the colinearity between enzymatic domains in the proteins working as an “assembly line” and the chain elongation and modification steps. Extensive efforts toward modified compound biosynthesis by changing organization of PKS and NRPS domains in a combinatorial manner laid good grounds for rational design of new structures and their controllable biosynthesis as proposed by the synthetic biology approach. Despite undeniable progress made in this field, the yield of such “unnatural” natural products is often not satisfactory. Here, we focus on type II thioesterases (TEIIs)—discrete hydrolytic enzymes often encoded within PKS and NRPS gene clusters which can be used to enhance product yield. We review diverse roles of TEIIs (removal of aberrant residues blocking the megasynthase, participation in substrate selection, intermediate, and product release) and discuss their application in new biosynthetic systems utilizing PKS and NRPS parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kotowska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland,
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13
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Wang YY, Ran XX, Chen WB, Liu SP, Zhang XS, Guo YY, Jiang XH, Jiang H, Li YQ. Characterization of type II thioesterases involved in natamycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces chattanoogensis L10. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3259-64. [PMID: 25064840 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The known functions of type II thioesterases (TEIIs) in type I polyketide synthases (PKSs) include selecting of starter acyl units, removal of aberrant extender acyl units, releasing of final products, and dehydration of polyketide intermediates. In this study, we characterized two TEIIs (ScnI and PKSIaTEII) from Streptomyces chattanoogensis L10. Deletion of scnI in S. chattanoogensis L10 decreased the natamycin production by about 43%. Both ScnI and PKSIaTEII could remove acyl units from the acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) involved in the natamycin biosynthesis. Our results show that the TEII could play important roles in both the initiation step and the elongation steps of a polyketide biosynthesis; the intracellular TEIIs involved in different biosynthetic pathways could complement each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Yue Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xin-Xin Ran
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Wei-Bin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Shui-Ping Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Sheng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yuan-Yang Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xin-Hang Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China,; Key Laboratory of Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolism Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Yong-Quan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China,; Key Laboratory of Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolism Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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14
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Hou J, Robbel L, Marahiel MA. Identification and characterization of the lysobactin biosynthetic gene cluster reveals mechanistic insights into an unusual termination module architecture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:655-64. [PMID: 21609846 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lysobactin (katanosin B) is a macrocyclic depsipeptide, displaying high antibacterial activity against human pathogens. In this work, we have identified and characterized the entire biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for lysobactin assembly. Sequential analysis of the Lysobacter sp. ATCC 53042 genome revealed the lysobactin gene cluster to encode two multimodular nonribosomal peptide synthetases. As the number of modules found within the synthetases LybA and LybB directly correlates with the primary sequence of lysobactin, a linear logic of lysobactin biosynthesis is proposed. Investigation of adenylation domain specificities in vitro confirmed the direct association between the synthetases and lysobactin biosynthesis. Furthermore, an unusual tandem thioesterase architecture of the LybB termination module was identified. Biochemical characterization of the individual thioesterases in vitro provides evidence that solely penultimate thioesterase domain mediates the cyclization and simultaneous release of lysobactin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hou
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, Germany
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15
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Mady ASA, Zolova OE, Millán MÁS, Villamizar G, de la Calle F, Lombó F, Garneau-Tsodikova S. Characterization of TioQ, a type II thioesterase from the thiocoraline biosynthetic cluster. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:1999-2011. [PMID: 21483938 DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05044c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
An antitumor agent thiocoraline is a thiodepsipeptide marine product derived from two Micromonospora sp. strains that inhibits protein synthesis by binding of its key 3-hydroxyquinaldic acid (3HQA) chromophores to duplex DNA. There are at least two potential pathways via which the 3HQA moiety could be biosynthesized from L-Trp. By biochemical characterization and by preparation of knockouts of an adenylation-thiolation enzyme, TioK, and of two type II thioesterases, TioP and TioQ, found in the thiocoraline biosynthetic gene cluster, we gained valuable insight into the pathway followed for the production of 3HQA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S A Mady
- University of Michigan, Life Sciences Institute, 210 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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16
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Rui Z, Petrícková K, Skanta F, Pospísil S, Yang Y, Chen CY, Tsai SF, Floss HG, Petrícek M, Yu TW. Biochemical and genetic insights into asukamycin biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:24915-24. [PMID: 20522559 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.128850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Asukamycin, a member of the manumycin family metabolites, is an antimicrobial and potential antitumor agent isolated from Streptomyces nodosus subsp. asukaensis. The entire asukamycin biosynthetic gene cluster was cloned, assembled, and expressed heterologously in Streptomyces lividans. Bioinformatic analysis and mutagenesis studies elucidated the biosynthetic pathway at the genetic and biochemical level. Four gene sets, asuA-D, govern the formation and assembly of the asukamycin building blocks: a 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoic acid core component, a cyclohexane ring, two triene polyketide chains, and a 2-amino-3-hydroxycyclopent-2-enone moiety to form the intermediate protoasukamycin. AsuE1 and AsuE2 catalyze the conversion of protoasukamycin to 4-hydroxyprotoasukamycin, which is epoxidized at C5-C6 by AsuE3 to the final product, asukamycin. Branched acyl CoA starter units, derived from Val, Leu, and Ile, can be incorporated by the actions of the polyketide synthase III (KSIII) AsuC3/C4 as well as the cellular fatty acid synthase FabH to produce the asukamycin congeners A2-A7. In addition, the type II thioesterase AsuC15 limits the cellular level of omega-cyclohexyl fatty acids and likely maintains homeostasis of the cellular membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Rui
- Department of Biological Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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17
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Buntin K, Weissman KJ, Müller R. An Unusual Thioesterase Promotes Isochromanone Ring Formation in Ajudazol Biosynthesis. Chembiochem 2010; 11:1137-46. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Miller MC, Fetherston JD, Pickett CL, Bobrov AG, Weaver RH, DeMoll E, Perry RD. Reduced synthesis of the Ybt siderophore or production of aberrant Ybt-like molecules activates transcription of yersiniabactin genes in Yersinia pestis. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2010; 156:2226-2238. [PMID: 20413552 PMCID: PMC3068685 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.037945-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of the siderophore yersiniabactin (Ybt) proceeds by a mixed nonribosomal peptide synthetase/polyketide synthase mechanism. Transcription of ybt genes encoding biosynthetic and transport functions is repressed under excess iron conditions by Fur, but is also activated by Ybt via the transcriptional regulator YbtA. While mutations in most biosynthetic genes and ybtA negate transcription activation from the regulated promoters, three biosynthetic mutations do not reduce this transcriptional activation. Here we show that two of these mutants, one lacking the putative type II thioesterase (TE) YbtT and the other with a mutation in the TE domain of HMWP1, produce reduced levels of authentic Ybt that are capable of signalling activity. Alanine substitutions in two residues of YbtT that are essential for catalytic activity in other type II TEs reduced the ability of Yersinia pestis to grow under iron-chelated conditions. The third mutant, which lacks the salicylate synthase YbtS, did not make authentic Ybt but did produce a signalling molecule. Finally, a Δpgm strain of Y. pestis, which lacks essential Ybt biosynthetic genes, also produced a signalling molecule that can activate transcription of ybt genes. The non-Ybt signal molecules from these two mutants are likely separate compounds. While these compounds are not biologically relevant to normal Ybt regulation, a comparison of the structures of Ybt and other signalling molecules will help in determining the chemical structures recognized as a Ybt signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clarke Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA
| | - Jacqueline D Fetherston
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St. MS-415 Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
| | - Carol L Pickett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St. MS-415 Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
| | - Alexander G Bobrov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St. MS-415 Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
| | - Robert H Weaver
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St. MS-415 Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
| | - Edward DeMoll
- Department of Biology, 101 T. H. Morgan Building, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA
| | - Robert D Perry
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St. MS-415 Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
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19
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The dynamic architecture of the metabolic switch in Streptomyces coelicolor. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:10. [PMID: 20053288 PMCID: PMC2824715 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the lifetime of a fermenter culture, the soil bacterium S. coelicolor undergoes a major metabolic switch from exponential growth to antibiotic production. We have studied gene expression patterns during this switch, using a specifically designed Affymetrix genechip and a high-resolution time-series of fermenter-grown samples. Results Surprisingly, we find that the metabolic switch actually consists of multiple finely orchestrated switching events. Strongly coherent clusters of genes show drastic changes in gene expression already many hours before the classically defined transition phase where the switch from primary to secondary metabolism was expected. The main switch in gene expression takes only 2 hours, and changes in antibiotic biosynthesis genes are delayed relative to the metabolic rearrangements. Furthermore, global variation in morphogenesis genes indicates an involvement of cell differentiation pathways in the decision phase leading up to the commitment to antibiotic biosynthesis. Conclusions Our study provides the first detailed insights into the complex sequence of early regulatory events during and preceding the major metabolic switch in S. coelicolor, which will form the starting point for future attempts at engineering antibiotic production in a biotechnological setting.
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Olano C, Méndez C, Salas JA. Post-PKS tailoring steps in natural product-producing actinomycetes from the perspective of combinatorial biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:571-616. [DOI: 10.1039/b911956f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Koglin A, Walsh CT. Structural insights into nonribosomal peptide enzymatic assembly lines. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:987-1000. [PMID: 19636447 DOI: 10.1039/b904543k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nonribosomal peptides have a variety of medicinal activities including activity as antibiotics, antitumor drugs, immunosuppressives, and toxins. Their biosynthesis on multimodular assembly lines as a series of covalently tethered thioesters, in turn covalently attached on pantetheinyl arms on carrier protein way stations, reflects similar chemical logic and protein machinery to fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis. While structural information on excised or isolated catalytic adenylation (A), condensation (C), peptidyl carrier protein (PCP) and thioesterase (TE) domains had been gathered over the past decade, little was known about how the NRPS catalytic and carrier domains interact with each other both within and across elongation or termination modules. This Highlight reviews recent breakthrough achievements in both X-ray and NMR spectroscopic studies that illuminate the architecture of NRPS PCP domains, PCP-containing didomain-fragments and of a full termination module (C-A-PCP-TE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Koglin
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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