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Disease Occurrence in- and the Transferal of Zoonotic Agents by North American Feedlot Cattle. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040904. [PMID: 36832978 PMCID: PMC9956193 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
North America is a large producer of beef and contains approximately 12% of the world's cattle inventory. Feedlots are an integral part of modern cattle production in North America, producing a high-quality, wholesome protein food for humans. Cattle, during their final stage, are fed readily digestible high-energy density rations in feedlots. Cattle in feedlots are susceptible to certain zoonotic diseases that impact cattle health, growth performance, and carcass characteristics, as well as human health. Diseases are often transferred amongst pen-mates, but they can also originate from the environment and be spread by vectors or fomites. Pathogen carriage in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle often leads to direct or indirect contamination of foods and the feedlot environment. This leads to the recirculation of these pathogens that have fecal-oral transmission within a feedlot cattle population for an extended time. Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter are commonly associated with animal-derived foods and can be transferred to humans through several routes such as contact with infected cattle and the consumption of contaminated meat. Brucellosis, anthrax, and leptospirosis, significant but neglected zoonotic diseases with debilitating impacts on human and animal health, are also discussed.
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Deblais L, Jang H, Kauffman M, Gangiredla J, Sawyer M, Basa S, Poelstra JW, Babu US, Harrison LM, Hiett KL, Balan KV, Rajashekara G. Whole genome characterization of thermophilic Campylobacter species isolated from dairy manure in small specialty crop farms of Northeast Ohio. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1074548. [PMID: 37025625 PMCID: PMC10071015 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1074548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction With more public interest in consuming locally grown produce, small specialty crop farms (SSCF) are a viable and growing segment of the food production chain in the United States. Methods The goal of this study was to investigate the genomic diversity of Campylobacter isolated from dairy manure (n = 69) collected from 10 SSCF in Northeast Ohio between 2018 and 2020. Results A total of 56 C. jejuni and 13 C. coli isolates were sequenced. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) identified 22 sequence types (STs), with ST-922 (18%) and ST-61 (13%) predominant in C. jejuni and ST-829 (62%) and ST-1068 (38%) predominant in C. coli. Interestingly, isolates with similar genomic and gene contents were detected within and between SSCF over time, suggesting that Campylobacter could be transmitted between farms and may persist in a given SSCF over time. Virulence-associated genes (n = 35) involved in the uptake and utilization of potassium and organic compounds (succinate, gluconate, oxoglutarate, and malate) were detected only in the C. jejuni isolates, while 45 genes associated with increased resistance to environmental stresses (capsule production, cell envelope integrity, and iron uptake) were detected only in the C. coli isolates. Campylobacter coli isolates were also sub-divided into two distinct clusters based on the presence of unique prophages (n = 21) or IncQ conjugative plasmid/type-IV secretion system genes (n = 15). Campylobacter coli isolates harbored genes associated with resistance to streptomycin (aadE-Cc; 54%) and quinolone (gyrA-T86I; 77%), while C. jejuni had resistance genes for kanamycin (aph3'-IIIa; 20%). Both species harbored resistance genes associated with β-lactam (especially, blaOXA-193; up to 100%) and tetracycline (tetO; up to 59%). Discussion/Conclusion Our study demonstrated that Campylobacter genome plasticity associated with conjugative transfer might provide resistance to certain antimicrobials and viral infections via the acquisition of protein-encoding genes involved in mechanisms such as ribosomal protection and capsule modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loic Deblais
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Hyein Jang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Mike Kauffman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Marianne Sawyer
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Saritha Basa
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Jelmer W. Poelstra
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Uma S. Babu
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Lisa M. Harrison
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Kelli L. Hiett
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Kannan V. Balan
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Gireesh Rajashekara,
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St. Charles JL, Brooks PT, Bell JA, Ahmed H, Van Allen M, Manning SD, Mansfield LS. Zoonotic Transmission of Campylobacter jejuni to Caretakers From Sick Pen Calves Carrying a Mixed Population of Strains With and Without Guillain Barré Syndrome-Associated Lipooligosaccharide Loci. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:800269. [PMID: 35591997 PMCID: PMC9112162 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.800269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni causes foodborne gastroenteritis and may trigger acute autoimmune sequelae including Guillain Barré Syndrome. Onset of neuromuscular paralysis is associated with exposure to C. jejuni lipooligosaccharide (LOS) classes A, B, C, D, and E that mimic and evoke antibodies against gangliosides on myelin and axons of peripheral nerves. Family members managing a Michigan dairy operation reported recurring C. jejuni gastroenteritis. Because dairy cattle are known to shed C. jejuni, we hypothesized that calves in the sick pen were the source of human infections. Fecal samples obtained from twenty-five calves, one dog, and one asymptomatic family member were cultured for Campylobacter. C. jejuni isolates were obtained from thirteen calves and the family member: C. coli from two calves, and C. hyointestinalis from two calves. Some calves had diarrhea; most were clinically normal. Typing of lipooligosaccharide biosynthetic loci showed that eight calf C. jejuni isolates fell into classes A, B, and C. Two calf isolates and the human isolate possessed LOS class E, associated mainly with enteric disease and rarely with Guillain Barré Syndrome. Multi-locus sequence typing, porA and flaA typing, and whole genome comparisons of the thirteen C. jejuni isolates indicated that the three LOS class E strains that included the human isolate were closely related, indicating zoonotic transmission. Whole-genome comparisons revealed that isolates differed in virulence gene content, particularly in loci encoding biosynthesis of surface structures. Family members experienced diarrheal illness repeatedly over 2 years, yet none experienced GBS despite exposure to calves carrying invasive C. jejuni with LOS known to elicit antiganglioside autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. St. Charles
- Comparative Enteric Diseases Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Phillip T. Brooks
- Comparative Enteric Diseases Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Julia A. Bell
- Comparative Enteric Diseases Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Husnain Ahmed
- Comparative Enteric Diseases Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Mia Van Allen
- Comparative Enteric Diseases Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Shannon D. Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Linda S. Mansfield
- Comparative Enteric Diseases Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Linda S. Mansfield,
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Effect of Danofloxacin Treatment on the Development of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Campylobacter jejuni in Calves. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040531. [PMID: 35453282 PMCID: PMC9025843 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a leading cause of foodborne gastroenteritis. Recent studies have indicated a rise in fluoroquinolone-resistant (FQ-R) Campylobacter in cattle, where FQ is used to control bovine respiratory disease (BRD). To assess the effect of danofloxacin treatment on the development of FQ-resistance in C. jejuni, 30 commercial calves were divided into Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 (n = 10), and were all inoculated orally with FQ-susceptible (FQ-S) C. jejuni; seven days later, Group 3 was challenged with transtracheal Mannheimia haemolytica, and one week later, Group 2 and Group 3 were injected subcutaneously with danofloxacin. Rectal feces were collected to determine relative percentages of FQ-R Campylobacter via culture. Before oral inoculation with C. jejuni, 87% of calves were naturally colonized by FQ-R C. jejuni. Two days after the inoculation, FQ-R C. jejuni decreased substantially in the majority of calves. Within 24 h of danofloxacin injection, almost all C. jejuni populations shifted to an FQ-R phenotype in both FQ-treated groups, which was only transitory, as FQ-S strains became predominant during later periods. Genotyping indicated that the spike seen in FQ-R C. jejuni populations following the injection was due mainly to enrichment of preexisting FQ-R C. jejuni, rather than development of de novo FQ resistance in susceptible strains. These results provide important insights into the dynamic changes of FQ-resistant Campylobacter in cattle in response to FQ treatment.
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Cabe PR. European Starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris) as Vectors and Reservoirs of Pathogens Affecting Humans and Domestic Livestock. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020466. [PMID: 33578636 PMCID: PMC7916395 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
European starlings are an abundant, widespread avian species frequently found in close association with human development and agriculture. The ability of starlings to carry and disperse pathogens of humans and domesticated livestock has received considerable attention, including studies of enteric bacteria, viruses, and some fungi. To investigate the importance of European starlings as disease vectors, I reviewed and assessed the available literature, comprising several hundred published papers. Although a wide variety of potential pathogens have been reported in starlings, the strongest evidence suggests that they may be responsible for harboring and dispersing some species of enteric bacteria, with Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuni of perhaps greatest interest, and primarily in the context of dairies, concentrated animal feeding operations, and other intensive livestock agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Cabe
- Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA 24450, USA
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Szott V, Friese A. Emission Sources of Campylobacter from Agricultural Farms, Impact on Environmental Contamination and Intervention Strategies. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 431:103-125. [PMID: 33620650 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65481-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Although extensive research has been carried out to describe the transmission pathways of Campylobacter entering livestock farms, the role of livestock farms as source of Campylobacter contamination of the environment is still poorly investigated. It is assumed that Campylobacter-positive livestock farms contribute to an environmental contamination, depending on the animal species on the farm, their Campylobacter status, the housing system, manure management as well as their general farm hygienic and biosecurity management. Different emission sources, like manure, air, water, insects and rodents as well as personnel, including equipment and vehicles, contribute to Campylobacter emission into the environment. Even though Campylobacter are rather fastidious bacteria, they are able to survive in the environment for even a longer period of time, when environmental conditions enable survival in specific niches. We conclude that a significant reduction of Campylobacter emission in the environment can be successfully achieved if various intervention strategies, depending on the farm type, are applied simultaneously, including proper general and personal hygiene, establishing of hygienic barriers, insect controls, manure management and hygienization of stables, barns and exhaust air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Szott
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Free University Berlin, Centre for Infection Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anika Friese
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Free University Berlin, Centre for Infection Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
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Importance of the Farm Environment and Wildlife for Transmission of Campylobacter jejuni in A Pasture-Based Dairy Herd. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121877. [PMID: 33260888 PMCID: PMC7761079 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle are an established reservoir of the foodborne bacterial pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. Our six-month study aimed to evaluate sources and pathways governing long-term presence of C. jejuni in a pasture-based dairy herd. C. jejuni was detected in all sample types (soil, pasture, stock drinking water, bird, rodents and cow faeces). It was persistently detected from cow (54%; 49/90 samples) and bird (36%; 77/211) faeces. Genetic comparison of 252 C. jejuni isolates identified 30 Multi-Locus Sequence Types (ST). ST-61 and ST-42 were persistent in the herd and accounted for 43% of the cow isolates. They were also detected on pasture collected from fields both recently and not recently grazed, indicating that grazed pasture is an important pathway and reservoir for horizontal transmission among cows. ST-61 accounted for 9% of the bird isolates and was detected at four of the six sampling events, suggesting that bird populations might contribute to the cycling of ruminant-adapted genotypes on-farm. Overall, the results indicated that management of grazed pasture and supplementary feed contaminated by bird droppings could be targeted to effectively reduce transmission of C. jejuni to dairy herds, the farm environment and ultimately to humans.
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Wu Z, Yaeger MJ, Sahin O, Xu C, Beyi AF, Plummer PJ, Meral Ocal M, Zhang Q. A Homologous Bacterin Protects Sheep against Abortion Induced by a Hypervirulent Campylobacter jejuni Clone. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040662. [PMID: 33172100 PMCID: PMC7711547 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni clone SA has emerged as the predominant cause of ovine abortion outbreaks in the United States (US). Despite the fact that commercial Campylobacter vaccines are available, their efficacy in protecting abortion induced by C. jejuni clone SA is uncertain, and a protective vaccine is needed to control the disease. In this study, an experimental homologous bacterin (made of a clone SA isolate) and two commercial Campylobacter vaccines were evaluated for their protection against C. jejuni clone SA-induced sheep abortion. All vaccines induced high levels of antibodies against C. jejuni clone SA in pregnant ewes, but only the experimental homologous bacterin produced significant protection (80%). Immunoblotting showed that the experimental vaccine elicited more specific antibodies against C. jejuni clone SA. These findings strongly suggest the necessity of developing a homologous vaccine for the control C. jejuni clone SA induced abortion on sheep farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuowei Wu
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (Z.W.); (C.X.); (A.F.B.); (P.J.P.); (M.M.O.)
| | | | - Orhan Sahin
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - Changyun Xu
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (Z.W.); (C.X.); (A.F.B.); (P.J.P.); (M.M.O.)
| | - Ashenafi F. Beyi
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (Z.W.); (C.X.); (A.F.B.); (P.J.P.); (M.M.O.)
| | - Paul J. Plummer
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (Z.W.); (C.X.); (A.F.B.); (P.J.P.); (M.M.O.)
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
- National Institute of Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Education, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Melda Meral Ocal
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (Z.W.); (C.X.); (A.F.B.); (P.J.P.); (M.M.O.)
| | - Qijing Zhang
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (Z.W.); (C.X.); (A.F.B.); (P.J.P.); (M.M.O.)
- Correspondence:
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Hormeño L, Campos MJ, Vadillo S, Quesada A. Occurrence of tet(O/M/O) Mosaic Gene in Tetracycline-Resistant Campylobacter. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1710. [PMID: 33142824 PMCID: PMC7693602 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is one of the most important microorganisms responsible for foodborne diseases in the EU. In this study, we investigated resistance to tetracycline in 139 Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli samples isolated from human clinical cases. From these, 110 were resistant to tetracycline, with MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) varying in a range of 1 to >512 μg/mL, and 109 (78.4%) carried tet(O), a gene that confers resistance to tetracycline through the expression of a protein that confers protection to the ribosome. Amongst the tetracycline-resistant isolates, one C. jejuni (HCC30) was the only tet(O)-negative sample, presenting an MIC of 256 μg/mL. Instead, the mosaic gene tet(O/M/O) was found in HCC30 and, as far as we know, this is the first description of this chimeric gene originating from homologous recombination between tet(O) and tet(M). The previously described mosaic gene tet(O/32/O), also found in Campylobacter, presents a chimeric structure very similar to that of tet(O/M/O), affecting domains II and III of encoded proteins distantly related to the elongation factor G (EF-G). The tet(O/M/O) mosaic gene has been found in nucleotide databases in several genomes of Campylobacter isolated from different origins, indicating its frequent acquisition, even though it can be undetected through screening by PCR with specific tet(O) primers. In this work, we address the improvement of classical PCR to efficiently diagnose the most prevalent tetracycline resistance determinants in Campylobacter, including tet(O/M/O), which should be taken into account in the optimization of campylobacteriosis treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Hormeño
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (L.H.); (A.Q.)
| | - Maria J. Campos
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal
| | - Santiago Vadillo
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - Alberto Quesada
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (L.H.); (A.Q.)
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Small Noncoding RNA CjNC110 Influences Motility, Autoagglutination, AI-2 Localization, Hydrogen Peroxide Sensitivity, and Chicken Colonization in Campylobacter jejuni. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00245-20. [PMID: 32366573 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00245-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Small noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are involved in many important physiological functions in pathogenic microorganisms. Previous studies have identified the presence of noncoding RNAs in the major zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni; however, few have been functionally characterized to date. CjNC110 is a conserved ncRNA in C. jejuni, located downstream of the luxS gene, which is responsible for the production of the quorum sensing molecule autoinducer-2 (AI-2). In this study, we utilized strand specific high-throughput RNAseq to identify potential targets or interactive partners of CjNC110 in a sheep abortion clone of C. jejuni These data were then utilized to focus further phenotypic evaluation of the role of CjNC110 in motility, autoagglutination, quorum sensing, hydrogen peroxide sensitivity, and chicken colonization in C. jejuni Inactivation of the CjNC110 ncRNA led to a statistically significant decrease in autoagglutination ability as well as increased motility and hydrogen peroxide sensitivity compared to the wild-type. Extracellular AI-2 detection was decreased in ΔCjNC110; however, intracellular AI-2 accumulation was significantly increased, suggesting a key role of CjNC110 in modulating the transport of AI-2. Notably, ΔCjNC110 also showed a decreased ability to colonize chickens. Complementation of CjNC110 restored all phenotypic changes back to wild-type levels. The collective results of the phenotypic and transcriptomic changes observed in our data provide valuable insights into the pathobiology of C. jejuni sheep abortion clone and strongly suggest that CjNC110 plays an important role in the regulation of energy taxis, flagellar glycosylation, cellular communication via quorum sensing, oxidative stress tolerance, and chicken colonization in this important zoonotic pathogen.
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Chandler JC, Anders JE, Blouin NA, Carlson JC, LeJeune JT, Goodridge LD, Wang B, Day LA, Mangan AM, Reid DA, Coleman SM, Hopken MW, Bisha B. The Role of European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in the Dissemination of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli among Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8093. [PMID: 32415136 PMCID: PMC7229194 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64544-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial use in livestock production is a driver for the development and proliferation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Wildlife interactions with livestock, acquiring associated AMR bacteria and genes, and wildlife's subsequent dispersal across the landscape are hypothesized to play an important role in the ecology of AMR. Here, we examined priority AMR phenotypes and genotypes of Escherichia coli isolated from the gastrointestinal tracts of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) found on concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). European starlings may be present in high numbers on CAFOs (>100,000 birds), interact with urban environments, and can migrate distances exceeding 1,500 km in North America. In this study, 1,477 European starlings from 31 feedlots in five U.S. states were sampled for E. coli resistant to third generation cephalosporins (3G-C) and fluoroquinolones. The prevalence of 3G-C and fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli was 4% and 10%, respectively. Multidrug resistance in the E. coli isolates collected (n = 236) was common, with the majority of isolates displaying resistance to six or more classes of antibiotics. Genetic analyses of a subset of these isolates identified 94 genes putatively contributing to AMR, including seven class A and C β-lactamases as well as mutations in gyrA and parC recognized to confer resistance to quinolones. Phylogenetic and subtyping assessments showed that highly similar isolates (≥99.4% shared core genome, ≥99.6% shared coding sequence) with priority AMR were found in birds on feedlots separated by distances exceeding 150 km, suggesting that European starlings could be involved in the interstate dissemination of priority AMR bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Chandler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer E Anders
- University of Wyoming, Department of Animal Science, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Nicolas A Blouin
- University of Wyoming, Department of Molecular Biology, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - James C Carlson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jeffrey T LeJeune
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Baolin Wang
- University of Wyoming, Department of Animal Science, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Leslie A Day
- University of Wyoming, Department of Animal Science, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Anna M Mangan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Dustin A Reid
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Shannon M Coleman
- Iowa State University, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Matthew W Hopken
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Bledar Bisha
- University of Wyoming, Department of Animal Science, Laramie, WY, USA.
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Sharma B, Thille K, Belmar VM, Thomas RN, Sharma RN. Molecular detection and genetic characterization of Arcobacter butzleri isolated from red-footed pet tortoises suspected for Campylobacter spp. from Grenada, West Indies. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230390. [PMID: 32176736 PMCID: PMC7075591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to detect and genetically characterize Arcobacter butzleri in pet red-footed tortoises suspected for Campylobacter spp., using molecular techniques. A written consent from tortoise owners was obtained, after explaining the advantages of the research to tortoise owners of Grenada. Fecal samples were collected from 114 tortoises from five parishes of the country and cultured for Campylobacter spp. using selective culture techniques. A. butzleri was isolated from 4.39% of pet tortoises. Total thirteen isolates were obtained; all identified as A. butzleri by a universal and a species-specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing. Genetic characterization of these isolates was performed based on Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) that generated eight different genetic fingerprints with a discriminatory power of 0.91. Campylobacter species were not detected molecularly in any of the culture-positive samples. This is the first report of infection of pet tortoises in Grenada, West Indies with A. butzleri. This study emphasizes on the risk of zoonotic transmission of A. butzleri by exotic pets, which is a serious concern for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika Sharma
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grand Anse, Grenada, West Indies
- * E-mail:
| | - Katelyn Thille
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grand Anse, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Vanessa Matthew Belmar
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grand Anse, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Roxanne Nicholas Thomas
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grand Anse, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Ravindra Nath Sharma
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grand Anse, Grenada, West Indies
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High Prevalence of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Campylobacter Bacteria in Sheep and Increased Campylobacter Counts in the Bile and Gallbladders of Sheep Medicated with Tetracycline in Feed. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00008-19. [PMID: 30926726 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00008-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a major foodborne pathogen in humans and a significant cause of abortion in sheep. Although ruminants are increasingly recognized as important reservoirs for Campylobacter species, limited information is available about the molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of sheep Campylobacter Here, we describe a two-trial study that examined Campylobacter profiles in sheep and determined whether in-feed tetracycline (TET) influenced the distribution and AMR profiles of Campylobacter Each trial involved 80 commercial sheep naturally infected with Campylobacter: 40 of these sheep were medicated with tetracycline in feed, while the other 40 received feed without antibiotics. Fecal and bile samples were collected for the isolation of Campylobacter The bacterial isolates were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility and genotypes. The results revealed that 87.0% and 61.3% of the fecal and bile samples were positive for Campylobacter (Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli), with no significant differences between the medicated and nonmedicated groups. All but one of the tested Campylobacter isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Although fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance remained low in C. jejuni (1.7%), 95.0% of the C. coli isolates were resistant to FQ. Genotyping revealed that C. jejuni sequence type 2862 (ST2862) and C. coli ST902 were the predominant genotypes in the sheep. Feed medication with tetracycline did not affect the overall prevalence, species distribution, and AMR profiles of Campylobacter, but it did increase the total Campylobacter counts in bile and gallbladder. These findings identify predominant Campylobacter clones, reveal the high prevalence of FQ-resistant C. coli, and provide new insights into the epidemiology of Campylobacter in sheep.IMPORTANCE Campylobacter is a major cause of foodborne illness in humans, and antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter is considered a serious threat to public health in the United States and worldwide. As a foodborne pathogen, Campylobacter commonly exists in the intestinal tract of ruminant animals, such as sheep and cattle. Results from this study reveal the predominant genotypes and high prevalence of tetracycline (TET) and fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance in sheep Campylobacter The finding on fluoroquinolone resistance in sheep Campylobacter is unexpected, as this class of antibiotics is not used for sheep in the United States, and it may suggest the transmission of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter from cattle to sheep. Additionally, the results demonstrate that in-feed medication with tetracycline increases Campylobacter counts in gallbladders, suggesting that the antibiotic promotes Campylobacter colonization of the gallbladder. These findings provide new information on Campylobacter epidemiology in sheep, which may be useful for curbing the spread of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter in animal reservoirs.
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Korajkic A, McMinn BR, Ashbolt NJ, Sivaganesan M, Harwood VJ, Shanks OC. Extended persistence of general and cattle-associated fecal indicators in marine and freshwater environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:1292-1302. [PMID: 30308816 PMCID: PMC8982556 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fecal contamination of recreational waters with cattle manure can pose a risk to public health due to the potential presence of various zoonotic pathogens. Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) have a long history of use in the assessment of recreational water quality, but FIB quantification provides no information about pollution sources. Microbial source tracking (MST) markers have been developed in response to a need to identify pollution sources, yet factors that influence their decay in ambient waters are often poorly understood. We investigated the influence of water type (freshwater versus marine) and select environmental parameters (indigenous microbiota, ambient sunlight) on the decay of FIB and MST markers originating from cattle manure. Experiments were conducted in situ using a submersible aquatic mesocosm containing dialysis bags filled with a mixture of cattle manure and ambient water. Culturable FIB (E. coli, enterococci) were enumerated by membrane filtration and general fecal indicator bacteria (GenBac3, Entero1a, EC23S857) and MST markers (Rum2Bac, CowM2, CowM3) were estimated by qPCR. Water type was the most significant factor influencing decay (three-way ANOVA, p: 0.006 to <0.001), although the magnitude of the effect differed among microbial targets and over time. The presence of indigenous microbiota and exposure to sunlight were significantly correlated (three-way ANOVA, p: 0.044 to <0.001) with decay of enterococci and CowM2, while E. coli, EC23S857, Rum2Bac, and CowM3 (three-way ANOVA, p: 0.044 < 0.001) were significantly impacted by sunlight or indigenous microbiota. Results indicate extended persistence of both cultivated FIB and genetic markers in marine and freshwater water types. Findings suggest that multiple environmental stressors are important determinants of FIB and MST marker persistence, but their magnitude can vary across indicators. Selective exclusion of natural aquatic microbiota and/or sunlight typically resulted in extended survival, but the effect was minor and limited to select microbial targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asja Korajkic
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
| | - Brian R McMinn
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Nicholas J Ashbolt
- University of Alberta, School of Public Health, 3-57D South Academic Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Mano Sivaganesan
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Laboratory, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Valerie J Harwood
- University of South Florida, Department of Integrative Biology, 4202 E Fowler Ave SCA 110, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Orin C Shanks
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Laboratory, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
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Kovács JK, Felső P, Horváth G, Schmidt J, Dorn Á, Ábrahám H, Cox A, Márk L, Emődy L, Kovács T, Schneider G. Stress Response and Virulence Potential Modulating Effect of Peppermint Essential Oil in Campylobacter jejuni. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:2971741. [PMID: 30719441 PMCID: PMC6335803 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2971741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common food-borne bacteria that causes gastrointestinal symptoms. In the present study we have investigated the molecular basis of the anti-Campylobacter effect of peppermint essential oil (PEO), one of the oldest EO used to treat gastrointestinal diseases. Transcriptomic, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and proteomic, two-dimensional polyacryl amid gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) methods have revealed that, in the presence of a sublethal concentration of PEO, the expression of several virulence-associated genes was decreased (cheY 0.84x; flhB 0.79x; flgE 0.205x; cadF 0.08x; wlaB 0.89x; porA 0.25x; cbf2 4.3x) while impaired motility was revealed with a functional analysis. Scanning electron micrographs of the exposed cells showed that, unlike in the presence of other stresses, the originally curved C. jejuni cells straightened upon PEO exposure. Gaining insight into the molecular background of this stress response, we have revealed that in the presence of PEO C. jejuni dominantly exerts a general stress response that elevates the expression of general stress genes like dnaK, groEL, groES (10.41x, 3.63x, and 4.77x). The most important genes dps, sodB, and katA involved in oxidative stress responses showed however moderate transcriptional elevations (1,58x, 1,55x, and 1,85x).
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Affiliation(s)
- J. K. Kovács
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary
| | - P. Felső
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary
| | - Gy. Horváth
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary
| | - J. Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary
| | - Á. Dorn
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary
| | - H. Ábrahám
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary
| | - A. Cox
- Department of Biotechnology, Nanophagetherapy Center, Enviroinvest Corporation, Pécs, Hungary
| | - L. Márk
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary
| | - L. Emődy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - T. Kovács
- Department of Biotechnology, Nanophagetherapy Center, Enviroinvest Corporation, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gy. Schneider
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary
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Hansson I, Sandberg M, Habib I, Lowman R, Engvall EO. Knowledge gaps in control of Campylobacter for prevention of campylobacteriosis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65 Suppl 1:30-48. [PMID: 29663680 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is an important, worldwide public health problem with numerous socio-economic impacts. Since 2015, approximately 230,000 cases have been reported annually in Europe. In the United States, Australia and New Zealand, campylobacteriosis is the most commonly reported disease. Poultry and poultry products are considered important sources of human infections. Poultry meat can become contaminated with Campylobacter during slaughter if live chickens are intestinal carriers. Campylobacter spp. can be transferred from animals to humans through consumption and handling of contaminated food products, with fresh chicken meat being the most commonly implicated food type. Regarding food-borne disease, the most important Campylobacter species are Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. In humans, clinical signs of campylobacteriosis include diarrhoea, abdominal pain, fever, headache, nausea and vomiting. Most cases of campylobacteriosis are sporadic and self-limiting, but there are post-infection complications, for example, Guillain-Barrés syndrome. This review summarizes an analysis undertaken by the DISCONTOOLS group of experts on campylobacteriosis. Gaps were identified in: (i) knowledge of true number of infected humans; (ii) mechanisms of pathogenicity to induce infection in humans; (iii) training to prevent transfer of Campylobacter from raw to ready-to-eat food; (iv) development of effective vaccines; (v) understanding transmission routes to broiler flocks; (vi) knowledge of bacteriocins, bacteriophages and antimicrobial peptides as preventive therapies; (vii) ration formulation as an effective preventive measure at a farm level; (viii) development of kits for rapid detection and quantification of Campylobacter in animals and food products; and (ix) development of more effective antimicrobials for treatment of humans infected with Campylobacter. Some of these gaps are relevant worldwide, whereas others are more related to problems encountered with Campylobacter in industrialized countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hansson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Sandberg
- Food Safety, Veterinary Issues & Risk Analysis Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - I Habib
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - R Lowman
- Independent Veterinary Public Health Research Specialist, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - E O Engvall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Gölz G, Kittler S, Malakauskas M, Alter T. Survival of Campylobacter in the Food Chain and the Environment. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-018-0092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Premarathne JMKJK, Anuar AS, Thung TY, Satharasinghe DA, Jambari NN, Abdul-Mutalib NA, Huat JTY, Basri DF, Rukayadi Y, Nakaguchi Y, Nishibuchi M, Radu S. Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance against Tetracycline in Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in Cattle and Beef Meat from Selangor, Malaysia. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2254. [PMID: 29255448 PMCID: PMC5722848 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a major foodborne pathogen frequently associated with human bacterial gastroenteritis in the world. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter spp. in the beef food system in Malaysia. A total of 340 samples consisting of cattle feces (n = 100), beef (n = 120) from wet markets and beef (n = 120) from hypermarkets were analyzed for Campylobacter spp. The overall prevalence of Campylobacter was 17.4%, consisting of 33% in cattle fecal samples, 14.2% in raw beef from wet market and 7.5% in raw beef from the hypermarket. The multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identified 55% of the strains as C. jejuni, 26% as C. coli, and 19% as other Campylobacter spp. A high percentage of Campylobacter spp. were resistant to tetracycline (76.9%) and ampicillin (69.2%), whilst low resistance was exhibited to chloramphenicol (7.6%). The MAR Index of Campylobacter isolates from this study ranged from 0.09 to 0.73. The present study indicates the potential public health risk associated with the beef food system, hence stringent surveillance, regulatory measures, and appropriate interventions are required to minimize Campylobacter contamination and prudent antibiotic usage that can ensure consumer safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayasekara M. K. J. K. Premarathne
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Food Safety Research Center, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
- Department of Livestock and Avian Science, Faculty of Livestock, Fisheries and Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Kuliyapitiya, Sri Lanka
| | - Aimi S. Anuar
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Food Safety Research Center, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Tze Young Thung
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Food Safety Research Center, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Dilan A. Satharasinghe
- Institute of Bio Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Nuzul Noorahya Jambari
- Food Safety Research Center (FOSREC), Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Noor-Azira Abdul-Mutalib
- Food Safety Research Center (FOSREC), Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - John Tang Yew Huat
- Faculty of Food Technology, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Dayang F. Basri
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yaya Rukayadi
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Food Safety Research Center, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Son Radu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Food Safety Research Center, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
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