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Shanbhag AP. Stairway to Stereoisomers: Engineering Short- and Medium-Chain Ketoreductases To Produce Chiral Alcohols. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200687. [PMID: 36640298 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The short- and medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamilies are responsible for most chiral alcohol production in laboratories and industries. In nature, they participate in diverse roles such as detoxification, housekeeping, secondary metabolite production, and catalysis of several chemicals with commercial and environmental significance. As a result, they are used in industries to create biopolymers, active pharmaceutical intermediates (APIs), and are also used as components of modular enzymes like polyketide synthases for fabricating bioactive molecules. Consequently, random, semi-rational and rational engineering have helped transform these enzymes into product-oriented efficient catalysts. The rise of newer synthetic chemicals and their enantiopure counterparts has proved challenging, and engineering them has been the subject of numerous studies. However, they are frequently limited to the synthesis of a single chiral alcohol. The study attempts to defragment and describe hotspots of engineering short- and medium-chain dehydrogenases/reductases for the production of chiral synthons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh P Shanbhag
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700009, India.,Bugworks Research India Pvt. Ltd., C-CAMP, National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS-TIFR), Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560003, India
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2
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Wu Y, Kawabata H, Kita K, Ishikawa S, Tanaka K, Yoshida KI. Constitutive glucose dehydrogenase elevates intracellular NADPH levels and luciferase luminescence in Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:266. [PMID: 36539761 PMCID: PMC9768902 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic modifications in Bacillus subtilis have allowed the conversion of myo-inositol into scyllo-inositol, which is proposed as a therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease. This conversion comprises two reactions catalyzed by two distinct inositol dehydrogenases, IolG and IolW. The IolW-mediated reaction requires the intracellular regeneration of NADPH, and there appears to be a limit to the endogenous supply of NADPH, which may be one of the rate-determining factors for the conversion of inositol. The primary mechanism of NADPH regeneration in this bacterium remains unclear. RESULTS The gdh gene of B. subtilis encodes a sporulation-specific glucose dehydrogenase that can use NADP+ as a cofactor. When gdh was modified to be constitutively expressed, the intracellular NADPH level was elevated, increasing the conversion of inositol. In addition, the bacterial luciferase derived from Photorhabdus luminescens became more luminescent in cells in liquid culture and colonies on culture plates. CONCLUSION The results indicated that the luminescence of luciferase was representative of intracellular NADPH levels. Luciferase can therefore be employed to screen for mutations in genes involved in NADPH regeneration in B. subtilis, and artificial manipulation to enhance NADPH regeneration can promote the production of substances such as scyllo-inositol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzheng Wu
- grid.31432.370000 0001 1092 3077Department of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657 8501 Japan
| | - Honami Kawabata
- grid.31432.370000 0001 1092 3077Department of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657 8501 Japan
| | - Kyosuke Kita
- grid.31432.370000 0001 1092 3077Department of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657 8501 Japan
| | - Shu Ishikawa
- grid.31432.370000 0001 1092 3077Department of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657 8501 Japan
| | - Kan Tanaka
- grid.32197.3e0000 0001 2179 2105Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.419082.60000 0004 1754 9200Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Yoshida
- grid.31432.370000 0001 1092 3077Department of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657 8501 Japan
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3
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Wang R, Zhang J, Luo Z, Xie T, Xiao Q, Pei X, Wang A. Controllably crosslinked dual enzymes enabled by genetic-encoded non-standard amino acid for efficiently enantioselective hydrogenation. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 205:682-691. [PMID: 35247424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In traditional method for preparing crosslinked enzymes aggregates using glutaraldehyde, random linkage is inevitable, which often destroys the enzyme active sites and severely decreases the activity. To address this issue, using genetic encode expanding, nonstandard amino acids (NSAAs) were inserted into enzyme proteins at the preselected sites for crosslinking. When aldehyde ketone reductase (AKR), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) were utilized as model enzymes, their mutants containing p-azido-L-phenylalanine were bio-orthogonally crosslinked with diyne to form crosslinked dual enzymes (CLDEs) acting as a cascade biological oxidation and reduction system. Then, the resultant self-purified CLDEs were characterized using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), etc. In the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl) ethanol using CLDEs, high product yield (76.08%), ee value (99.99%) and reuse stability were achieved. The yield and ee value were 12.05 times and 1.39 times higher than those using traditional crosslinked enzyme aggregates, respectively. Thus, controllable insertion NSAAs in number and location can engender reasonable linkage and metal-free self-purification for target enzyme proteins. This facile and sustainable method could be further expanded to other dual and multienzyme systems for cascade biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Wang
- College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Luo
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Tian Xie
- College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China.
| | - Qinjie Xiao
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Pei
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China.
| | - Anming Wang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China.
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Zhu J, Geng Q, Liu YY, Pan J, Yu HL, Xu JH. Co-Cross-Linked Aggregates of Baeyer–Villiger Monooxygenases and Formate Dehydrogenase for Repeated Use in Asymmetric Biooxidation. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qiang Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuan-Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hui Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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5
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Yin Y, Wang R, Zhang J, Luo Z, Xiao Q, Xie T, Pei X, Gao P, Wang A. Efficiently Enantioselective Hydrogenation Photosynthesis of ( R)-1-[3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] ethanol over a CLEs-TiO 2 Bioinorganic Hybrid Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:41454-41463. [PMID: 34431298 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Engineering of biological pathways with man-made materials provides inspiring blueprints for sustainable drug production. (R)-1-[3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethanol [(R)-3,5-BTPE], as an important artificial chiral intermediate for complicated pharmaceutical drugs and biologically active molecules, is often synthesized through a hydrogenation reaction of 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)acetophenone (3,5-BTAP), in which enantioselectivity and sufficient active hydrogen are the key to restricting the reaction. In this work, a biohybrid photocatalytic hydrogenation system based on an artificial cross-linked enzymes (CLEs)-TiO2-Cp*Rh(bpy) photoenzyme is developed through a bottom-up engineering strategy. Here, TiO2 nanotubes in the presence of Cp*Rh(bpy) are used to transform NADP+ to NADPH during the formation of chiral alcohol intermediates from the catalytic reduction of a ketone substrate by alcohol dehydrogenase CLEs. Hydrogen and electrons, provided by water and photocatalytic systems, respectively, are transferred to reduce NADP+ to NADPH via [Cp*Rh(bpy)(H2O)]2+. With the resulting NADPH, [(R)-3,5-BTPE] is synthesized using our efficient CLEs obtained from the cell lysate by nonstandard amino acid modification. Through this biohybrid photocatalytic system, the photoenzyme-catalyzed combined reductive synthesis of [(R)-3,5-BTPE] has a yield of 41.2% after reaction for 24 h and a very high enantiomeric excess value (>99.99%). In the case of reuse, this biohybrid system retained nearly 95% of its initial catalytic activity for synthesizing the above chiral alcohol. The excellent reusability of the CLEs and TiO2 nanotubes hybrid catalytic materials highlights the environmental friendliness of (R)-3,5-BTPE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcheng Yin
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China
| | - Ru Wang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Luo
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Qinjie Xiao
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Tian Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Pei
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Peng Gao
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Anming Wang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China
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6
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Mozuch MD, Hirth KC, Schwartz TJ, Kersten PJ. Repurposing Inflatable Packaging Pillows as Bioreactors: a Convenient Synthesis of Glucosone by Whole-Cell Catalysis Under Oxygen. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 193:743-760. [PMID: 33188507 PMCID: PMC7910265 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis using molecular oxygen as the electron acceptor has significant potential for selective oxidations at low cost. However, oxygen is poorly soluble in water, and its slow rate of mass transfer in the aqueous phase is a major obstacle, even for laboratory-scale syntheses. Oxygen transfer can be accelerated by vigorous mechanical methods, but these are often incompatible with biological catalysts. Gentler conditions can be achieved with shallow, high surface area bag reactors that are designed for single use and generally for specialized cell culture applications. As a less-expensive alternative to these high-end bioreactors, we describe repurposing inflatable shipping pillows with resealable valves to provide high surface area mixing under oxygen for preparative synthesis of glucosone (D-arabino-hexos-2-ulose) from D-glucose using non-growing Escherichia coli whole cells containing recombinant pyranose 2-oxidase (POX) as catalyst. Parallel reactions permitted systematic study of the effects of headspace composition (i.e., air vs 100% oxygen), cell density, exogenous catalase, and reaction volume in the oxidation of 10% glucose. Importantly, only a single charge of 100% oxygen is required for stoichiometric conversion on a multi-gram scale in 18 h with resting cells, and the conversion was successfully repeated with recycled cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Mozuch
- Forest Products Laboratory, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Kolby C Hirth
- Forest Products Laboratory, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Thomas J Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Philip J Kersten
- Forest Products Laboratory, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, Madison, WI, 53726, USA.
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7
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Xu N, Zhu J, Wu YQ, Zhang Y, Xia JY, Zhao Q, Lin GQ, Yu HL, Xu JH. Enzymatic Preparation of the Chiral (S)-Sulfoxide Drug Esomeprazole at Pilot-Scale Levels. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yin-Qi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jian-Ye Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Drug Development, Jiangsu Aosaikang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 766 Kening Road, Nanjing 211112, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Drug Development, Jiangsu Aosaikang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 766 Kening Road, Nanjing 211112, China
| | - Hui-Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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8
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Tee KL, Xu JH, Wong TS. Protein engineering for bioreduction of carboxylic acids. J Biotechnol 2019; 303:53-64. [PMID: 31325477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carboxylic acids (CAs) are widespread in Nature. A prominent example is fatty acids, a major constituent of lipids. CAs are potentially economical precursors for bio-based products such as bio-aldehydes and bio-alcohols. However, carboxylate reduction is a challenging chemical transformation due to the thermodynamic stability of carboxylate. Carboxylic acid reductases (CARs), found in bacteria and fungi, offer a good solution to this challenge. These enzymes catalyse the NADPH- and ATP-dependent reduction of aliphatic and aromatic CAs. This review summarised all the protein engineering work that has been done on these versatile biocatalysts to date. The intricate catalytic mechanism and structure of CARs prompted us to first examine their domain architecture to facilitate the subsequent discussion of various protein engineering strategies. This then led to a survey of assays to detect aldehyde formation and to monitor aldenylation activity. Strategies for NADPH and ATP regeneration were also incorporated, as they are deemed vital to developing preparative-scale biocatalytic process and high-throughput screening systems. The objectives of the review are to consolidate CAR engineering research, stimulate interest, discussion or debate, and advance the field of bioreduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Lan Tee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering and Advanced Biomanufacturing Centre, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Jian-He Xu
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Tuck Seng Wong
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering and Advanced Biomanufacturing Centre, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom.
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9
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Liu J, Pang BQW, Adams JP, Snajdrova R, Li Z. Coupled Immobilized Amine Dehydrogenase and Glucose Dehydrogenase for Asymmetric Synthesis of Amines by Reductive Amination with Cofactor Recycling. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201601446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Bryan Q. W. Pang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Joseph P. Adams
- Medicines Research Centre; GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd; Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Medicines Research Centre; GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd; Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
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Conversion of glycerol to 1,3-dihydroxyacetone by glycerol dehydrogenase co-expressed with an NADH oxidase for cofactor regeneration. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1559-64. [PMID: 27233513 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the efficiency of a cofactor regeneration enzyme co-expressed with a glycerol dehydrogenase for the production of 1,3-dihydroxyacetone (DHA). RESULTS In vitro biotransformation of glycerol was achieved with the cell-free extracts containing recombinant GlyDH (glycerol dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase form Bacillus subtilis) or LpNox1 (NADH oxidase from Lactobacillus pentosus), giving DHA at 1.3 g l(-1) (GlyDH/LDH) and 2.2 g l(-1) (GlyDH/LpNox1) with total turnover number (TTN) of NAD(+) recycling of 6039 and 11100, respectively. Whole cells of E. coli (GlyDH-LpNox1) co-expressing both GlyDH and LpNox1 were constructed and converted 10 g glycerol l(-1) to DHA at 0.2-0.5 g l(-1) in the presence of zero to 2 mM exogenous NAD(+). The cell free extract of E. coli (GlyDH-LpNox) converted glycerol (2-50 g l(-1)) to DHA from 0.5 to 4.0 g l(-1) (8-25 % conversion) without exogenous NAD(+). CONCLUSIONS The disadvantage of the expensive consumption of NAD(+) for the production of DHA has been overcome.
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Krauser S, Weyler C, Blaß LK, Heinzle E. Directed multistep biocatalysis using tailored permeabilized cells. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 137:185-234. [PMID: 23989897 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
: Recent developments in the field of biocatalysis using permeabilized cells are reviewed here, with a special emphasis on the newly emerging area of multistep biocatalysis using permeabilized cells. New methods of metabolic engineering using in silico network design and new methods of genetic engineering provide the opportunity to design more complex biocatalysts for the synthesis of complex biomolecules. Methods for the permeabilization of cells are thoroughly reviewed. We provide an extended review of useful available databases and bioinformatics tools, particularly for setting up genome-scale reconstructed networks. Examples described include phosphorylated carbohydrates, sugar nucleotides, and polyketides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Krauser
- Biochemical Engineering Institute, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Pongtharangkul T, Chuekitkumchorn P, Suwanampa N, Payongsri P, Honda K, Panbangred W. Kinetic properties and stability of glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SB5 and its potential for cofactor regeneration. AMB Express 2015; 5:68. [PMID: 26538191 PMCID: PMC4633474 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-015-0157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose dehydrogenases (GluDH) from Bacillus species offer several advantages over other NAD(P)H regeneration systems including high stability, inexpensive substrate, thermodynamically favorable reaction and flexibility to regenerate both NADH and NADPH. In this research, characteristics of GluDH from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SB5 (GluDH-BA) was reported for the first time. Despite a highly similar amino acid sequence when comparing with GluDH from Bacillus subtilis (GluDH-BS), GluDH-BA exhibited significantly higher specific activity (4.7-fold) and stability when pH was higher than 6. While an optimum activity of GluDH-BA was observed at a temperature of 50 °C, the enzyme was stable only up to 42 °C. GluDH-BA exhibited an extreme tolerance towards n-hexane and its respective alcohols. The productivity of GluDH obtained in this study (8.42 mg-GluDH/g-wet cells; 1035 U/g-wet cells) was among the highest productivity reported for recombinant E. coli. With its low KM-value towards glucose (5.5 mM) and NADP+ (0.05 mM), GluDH-BA was highly suitable for in vivo applications. In this work, a recombinant solvent-tolerant B. subtilis BA overexpressing GluDH-BA was developed and evaluated by coupling with B. subtilis overexpressing an enzyme P450 BM3 F87V for a whole-cell hydroxylation of n-hexane. Significantly higher products obtained clearly proved that B. subtilis BA was an effective cofactor regenerator, a valuable asset for bioproduction of value-added chemicals.
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13
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Guidelines for development and implementation of biocatalytic P450 processes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:2465-83. [PMID: 25652652 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic reactions performed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are interesting in pharmaceutical research since they are involved in human drug metabolism. Furthermore, they are potentially interesting as biocatalysts for synthetic chemistry because of the exquisite selectivity of the chemistry they undertake. For example, selective hydroxylation can be undertaken on a highly functionalized molecule without the need for functional group protection. Recent progress in the discovery of novel P450s as well as protein engineering of these enzymes strongly encourages further development of their application, including use in synthetic processes. The biological characteristics of P450s (e.g., cofactor dependence) motivate the use of whole-cell systems for synthetic processes, and those processes implemented in industry are so far dominated by growing cells and native host systems. However, for an economically feasible process, the expression of P450 systems in a heterologous host with sufficient biocatalyst yield (g/g cdw) for non-growing systems or space-time yield (g/L/h) for growing systems remains a major challenge. This review summarizes the opportunities to improve P450 whole-cell processes and strategies in order to apply and implement them in industrial processes, both from a biological and process perspective. Indeed, a combined approach of host selection and cell engineering, integrated with process engineering, is suggested as the most effective route to implementation.
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14
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Ye LJ, Toh HH, Yang Y, Adams JP, Snajdrova R, Li Z. Engineering of Amine Dehydrogenase for Asymmetric Reductive Amination of Ketone by Evolving Rhodococcus Phenylalanine Dehydrogenase. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/cs501906r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Juan Ye
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Hui Hung Toh
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Yi Yang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Joseph P. Adams
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY U.K
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY U.K
| | - Zhi Li
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
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15
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Rauter M, Prokoph A, Kasprzak J, Becker K, Baronian K, Bode R, Kunze G, Vorbrodt HM. Coexpression of Lactobacillus brevis ADH with GDH or G6PDH in Arxula adeninivorans for the synthesis of 1-(R)-phenylethanol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:4723-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Reusability of ADH and GDH producing Arxula adeninivorans cells and cell extract for the production of 1-(S)-phenylethanol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Ghosh S, Pawar H, Pai O, Banerjee UC. Microbial transformation of quinic acid to shikimic acid by Bacillus megaterium. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-014-0007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Biotransformation of quinic acid to shikimic acid was attempted using whole cells of Bacillus megaterium as a biocatalyst.
Results
Physico-chemical parameters such as temperature (37°C), pH (7.0), agitation (200 rpm), substrate (5 mM) and cell mass concentrations (200 kg/m 3) and reaction time (3 h) were found optimum to enhance the bioconversion. Maximum conversion (89%) of quinic acid to shikimic acid was achieved using the above optimized parameters. Shikimic acid was extracted from the reaction mixture by a pH-dependent method and maximum recovery (76%) was obtained with petroleum ether.
Conclusions
Biotransformation of quinic acid to shikimic acid seems to be a better alternative over its fermentative production.
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18
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Wang L, Zhou YJ, Ji D, Lin X, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Liu W, Zhao ZK. Identification of UshA as a major enzyme for NAD degradation in Escherichia coli. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 58-59:75-9. [PMID: 24731828 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its reduced form NADH are essential cofactors for many redox biocatalysts. Because these cofactors are consumed in stoichiometric amounts, whole-cell biocatalysts have been routinely employed in order to reduce the costs. To further improve the efficacy of redox biocatalysts, it is essential to maintain the stability of nicotinamide cofactors, for which it is attractive to block degradation pathways for NAD(H). While the biosynthesis of NAD(H) has been well studied, it is less understood how NAD(H) are degraded. Here we demonstrated that UshA was a major periplasmic enzyme for NAD degradation in Escherichia coli. Purified recombinant UshA showed high pyrophosphatase activity with the catalytic efficiencies for hydrolysis of NAD and NADH at 3.7μM(-1)s(-1) and 1.4μM(-1)s(-1), respectively. Deletion of the ushA gene from the chromosome led to faster cell growth and improved extracellular NAD stability by 3-fold under conditions similar to whole-cell biocatalysis. These results significantly enriched our understanding on NAD metabolism, and should facilitate many applications including designing more robust redox biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yongjin J Zhou
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Debin Ji
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Xinping Lin
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yuxue Liu
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Wujun Liu
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Zongbao K Zhao
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China; Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China; The State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, PR China.
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19
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Krisko A, Copic T, Gabaldón T, Lehner B, Supek F. Inferring gene function from evolutionary change in signatures of translation efficiency. Genome Biol 2014; 15:R44. [PMID: 24580753 PMCID: PMC4054840 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2014-15-3-r44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genetic code is redundant, meaning that most amino acids can be encoded by more than one codon. Highly expressed genes tend to use optimal codons to increase the accuracy and speed of translation. Thus, codon usage biases provide a signature of the relative expression levels of genes, which can, uniquely, be quantified across the domains of life. Results Here we describe a general statistical framework to exploit this phenomenon and to systematically associate genes with environments and phenotypic traits through changes in codon adaptation. By inferring evolutionary signatures of translation efficiency in 911 bacterial and archaeal genomes while controlling for confounding effects of phylogeny and inter-correlated phenotypes, we linked 187 gene families to 24 diverse phenotypic traits. A series of experiments in Escherichia coli revealed that 13 of 15, 19 of 23, and 3 of 6 gene families with changes in codon adaptation in aerotolerant, thermophilic, or halophilic microbes. Respectively, confer specific resistance to, respectively, hydrogen peroxide, heat, and high salinity. Further, we demonstrate experimentally that changes in codon optimality alone are sufficient to enhance stress resistance. Finally, we present evidence that multiple genes with altered codon optimality in aerobes confer oxidative stress resistance by controlling the levels of iron and NAD(P)H. Conclusions Taken together, these results provide experimental evidence for a widespread connection between changes in translation efficiency and phenotypic adaptation. As the number of sequenced genomes increases, this novel genomic context method for linking genes to phenotypes based on sequence alone will become increasingly useful.
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20
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Dascier D, Kambourakis S, Hua L, Rozzell JD, Stewart JD. Influence of Cofactor Regeneration Strategies on Preparative-Scale, Asymmetric Carbonyl Reductions by Engineered Escherichia coli.. Org Process Res Dev 2014; 18:793-800. [PMID: 25067899 PMCID: PMC4105172 DOI: 10.1021/op400312n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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This
study was designed to determine whether whole cells or crude enzyme
extracts are more effective for preparative-scale ketone reductions
by dehydrogenases as well as learning which cofactor regeneration
scheme is most effective. Based on results from three representative
ketone substrates (an α-fluoro-β-keto ester, a bis-trifluoromethylated acetophenone, and a symmetrical
β-diketone), our results demonstrate that several nicotinamide
cofactor regeneration strategies can be applied to preparative-scale
dehydrogenase-catalyzed reactions successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Dascier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida , 126 Sisler Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Spiros Kambourakis
- Codexis, Inc., Penobscot Drive 200, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Ling Hua
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida , 126 Sisler Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - J David Rozzell
- Codexis, Inc., Penobscot Drive 200, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Jon D Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida , 126 Sisler Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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21
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Liu J, Li Z. Cascade Biotransformations via Enantioselective Reduction, Oxidation, and Hydrolysis: Preparation of (R)-δ-Lactones from 2-Alkylidenecyclopentanones. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400101v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive
4, Singapore 117576
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive
4, Singapore 117576
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22
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Yan J, Li A, Xu Y, Ngo TPN, Phua S, Li Z. Efficient production of biodiesel from waste grease: one-pot esterification and transesterification with tandem lipases. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 123:332-337. [PMID: 22940338 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel concept and efficient method for producing biodiesel (FAME) from grease (15-40wt% free fatty acid, FFA) were developed by using tandem lipases for one-pot esterification of FFA and transesterification of triglyceride with methanol in a solvent-free system. Combining immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) (Novozyme 435) favoring the esterification and immobilized Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) (Lipozyme TLIM) preferring the transesterification at 2:8 (wt/wt) gave FAME in 80% yield, being better than that with Novozyme 435 or Lipozyme TLIM. Recombinant Escherichia coli (Calb/Tll) co-expressing CALB and TLL was engineered as a more efficient tandem-lipases system. Using wet or dry cells (4wt%) gave FAME in 87% or 95% yield, which is much better than that with E. coli cells expressing either CALB or TLL alone. Cells of E. coli (Calb/Tll) were recycled for five times and retained 75% productivity, thus being practical for producing biodiesel from grease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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23
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Yong YC, Yu YY, Yang Y, Liu J, Wang JY, Song H. Enhancement of extracellular electron transfer and bioelectricity output by synthetic porin. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 110:408-16. [PMID: 23007598 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The microbial fuel cell (MFC), is a promising environmental biotechnology for harvesting electricity energy from organic wastes. However, low bacterial membrane permeability of electron shuttles is a limiting factor that restricts the electron shuttle-mediated extracellular electron transfer (EET) from bacteria to electrodes, thus the electricity power output of MFCs. To this end, we heterologously expressed a porin protein OprF from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 into Escherichia coli, which dramatically increased its membrane permeability, delivering a much higher current output in MFCs than its parental strain (BL21). We found that the oprF-expression strain showed more efficient EET than its parental strain. More strikingly, the enhanced membrane permeability also rendered the oprF-expression strain an efficient usage of riboflavin as the electron shuttle, whereas its parental strain was incapable of. Our results substantiated that membrane permeability is crucial for the efficient EET, and indicated that the expression of synthetic porins could be an efficient strategy to enhance bioelectricity generation by microorganisms (including electrogenic bacteria) in MFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Chun Yong
- Laboratory of Bioelectron based Biorefinery, Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212013, China
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24
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Sun B, Kantzow C, Bresch S, Castiglione K, Weuster-Botz D. Multi-enzymatic one-pot reduction of dehydrocholic acid to 12-keto-ursodeoxycholic acid with whole-cell biocatalysts. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 110:68-77. [PMID: 22806613 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a bile acid of industrial interest as it is used as an agent for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis and the medicamentous, non-surgical dissolution of gallstones. Currently, it is prepared industrially from cholic acid following a seven-step chemical procedure with an overall yield of <30%. In this study, we investigated the key enzymatic steps in the chemo-enzymatic preparation of UDCA-the two-step reduction of dehydrocholic acid (DHCA) to 12-keto-ursodeoxycholic acid using a mutant of 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7β-HSDH) from Collinsella aerofaciens and 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSDH) from Comamonas testosteroni. Three different one-pot reaction approaches were investigated using whole-cell biocatalysts in simple batch processes. We applied one-biocatalyst systems, where 3α-HSDH, 7β-HSDH, and either a mutant of formate dehydrogenase (FDH) from Mycobacterium vaccae N10 or a glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) from Bacillus subtilis were expressed in a Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) based host strain. We also investigated two-biocatalyst systems, where 3α-HSDH and 7β-HSDH were expressed separately together with FDH enzymes for cofactor regeneration in two distinct E. coli hosts that were simultaneously applied in the one-pot reaction. The best result was achieved by the one-biocatalyst system with GDH for cofactor regeneration, which was able to completely convert 100 mM DHCA to >99.5 mM 12-keto-UDCA within 4.5 h in a simple batch process on a liter scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boqiao Sun
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr 15, 85748 Garching, Germany
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25
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Pham SQ, Gao P, Li Z. Engineering of recombinant E. coli cells co-expressing P450pyrTM monooxygenase and glucose dehydrogenase for highly regio- and stereoselective hydroxylation of alicycles with cofactor recycling. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 110:363-73. [PMID: 22886996 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
E. coli (P450pyrTM-GDH) with dual plasmids, pETDuet containing P450pyr triple mutant I83H/M305Q/A77S (P450pyrTM) and ferredoxin reductase (FdR) genes and pRSFDuet containing glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) and ferredoxin (Fdx) genes, was engineered to show a high activity (12.7 U g⁻¹ cdw) for the biohydroxylation of N-benzylpyrrolidine 1 and a GDH activity of 106 U g⁻¹ protein. The E. coli cells were used as efficient biocatalysts for highly regio- and stereoselective hydroxylation of alicyclic substrates at non-activated carbon atom with enhanced productivity via intracellular recycling of NAD(P)H. Hydroxylation of N-benzylpyrrolidine 1 with resting cells in the presence of glucose showed excellent regio- and stereoselectivity, giving (S)-N-benzyl-3-hydroxypyrrolidine 2 in 98% ee as the sole product in 9.8 mM. The productivity is much higher than that of the same biohydroxylation using E. coli (P450pyrTM)b without expressing GDH. E. coli (P450pyrTM-GDH) was found to be highly regio- and stereoselective for the hydroxylation of N-benzylpyrrolidin-2-one 3, improving the regioselectivity from 90% of the wild-type P450pyr to 100% and giving (S)-N-benzyl-4-hydroxylpyrrolidin-2-one 4 in 99% ee as the sole product. A high activity of 15.5 U g⁻¹ cdw was achieved and (S)-4 was obtained in 19.4 mM. E. coli (P450pyrTM-GDH) was also found to be highly regio- and stereoselective for the hydroxylation of N-benzylpiperidin-2-one 5, increasing the ee of the product (S)-N-benzyl-4-hydroxy-piperidin-2-one 6 to 94% from 33% of the wild-type P450pyr. A high activity of 15.8 U g⁻¹ cdw was obtained and (S)-6 was produced in 3.3 mM as the sole product. E. coli (P450pyrTM-GDH) represents the most productive system known thus far for P450-catalyzed hydroxylations with cofactor recycling, and the hydroxylations with E. coli (P450pyrTM-GDH) provide with simple and useful syntheses of (S)-2, (S)-4, and (S)-6 that are valuable pharmaceutical intermediates and difficult to prepare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Q Pham
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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26
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Zhang YW, Tiwari MK, Gao H, Dhiman SS, Jeya M, Lee JK. Cloning and characterization of a thermostable H2O-forming NADH oxidase from Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Enzyme Microb Technol 2012; 50:255-62. [PMID: 22418266 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
NADH oxidase (Nox) catalyzes the conversion of NADH to NAD(+). A previously uncharacterized Nox gene (LrNox) was cloned from Lactobacillus rhamnosus and overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame of 1359 bp, capable of encoding a polypeptide of 453 amino acid residues. The molecular mass of the purified LrNox enzyme was estimated to be ~50 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and 100 kDa by gel filtration chromatography, suggesting that the enzyme is a homodimer. The enzyme had optimal activity at pH 5.6 and temperature 65 °C, and k(cat)/K(m) of 3.77×10(7) s(-1) M(-1), the highest ever reported. Heat inactivation studies revealed that LrNox had high thermostability, with a half-life of 120 min at 80 °C. Molecular dynamics simulation studies shed light on the factors contributing to the high activity of LrNox. Although the properties of Nox from several microorganisms have been reported, this is the first report on the characterization of a recombinant H(2)O-forming Nox with high activity and thermostability. The characteristics of the LrNox enzyme could prove to be of interest in industrial applications such as NAD(+) regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Wang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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27
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Rundbäck F, Fidanoska M, Adlercreutz P. Coupling of permeabilized cells of Gluconobacter oxydans and Ralstonia eutropha for asymmetric ketone reduction using H2 as reductant. J Biotechnol 2011; 157:154-8. [PMID: 22001848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A combined two-cell reaction system containing Gluconobacter oxydans and Ralstonia eutropha was evaluated with regard to asymmetric ketone reduction using H(2) as the reductant. Whole cells permeabilized by EDTA/toluene were used, and synthesis was performed in a biphasic aqueous/organic reaction medium. The two-cell system was compared with a system in which G. oxydans alone was used for both ketone reduction and cofactor regeneration, using an alcohol as co-substrate. The two-cell system exhibited almost twice the initial reaction rate of the single-cell system, a higher yield (75% vs. 48%) but slightly lower enantiomeric purity (93% vs. 98%) of the product (S)-2-octanol. The permeabilized R. eutropha cells are worth evaluating for byproduct-free NADH regeneration in combination with other whole cell catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Rundbäck
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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28
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Determining the extremes of the cellular NAD(H) level by using an Escherichia coli NAD(+)-auxotrophic mutant. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:6133-40. [PMID: 21742902 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00630-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NAD (NAD(+)) and its reduced form (NADH) are omnipresent cofactors in biological systems. However, it is difficult to determine the extremes of the cellular NAD(H) level in live cells because the NAD(+) level is tightly controlled by a biosynthesis regulation mechanism. Here, we developed a strategy to determine the extreme NAD(H) levels in Escherichia coli cells that were genetically engineered to be NAD(+) auxotrophic. First, we expressed the ntt4 gene encoding the NAD(H) transporter in the E. coli mutant YJE001, which had a deletion of the nadC gene responsible for NAD(+) de novo biosynthesis, and we showed NTT4 conferred on the mutant strain better growth in the presence of exogenous NAD(+). We then constructed the NAD(+)-auxotrophic mutant YJE003 by disrupting the essential gene nadE, which is responsible for the last step of NAD(+) biosynthesis in cells harboring the ntt4 gene. The minimal NAD(+) level was determined in M9 medium in proliferating YJE003 cells that were preloaded with NAD(+), while the maximal NAD(H) level was determined by exposing the cells to high concentrations of exogenous NAD(H). Compared with supplementation of NADH, cells grew faster and had a higher intracellular NAD(H) level when NAD(+) was fed. The intracellular NAD(H) level increased with the increase of exogenous NAD(+) concentration, until it reached a plateau. Thus, a minimal NAD(H) level of 0.039 mM and a maximum of 8.49 mM were determined, which were 0.044× and 9.6× those of wild-type cells, respectively. Finally, the potential application of this strategy in biotechnology is briefly discussed.
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29
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Production of chiral compound using recombinant Escherichia coli cells co-expressing reductase and glucose dehydrogenase in an ionic liquid/water two phase system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Siedler S, Bringer S, Bott M. Increased NADPH availability in Escherichia coli: improvement of the product per glucose ratio in reductive whole-cell biotransformation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:929-37. [PMID: 21670981 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3374-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A basic requirement for the efficiency of reductive whole-cell biotransformations is the reducing capacity of the host. Here, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) was applied for NADPH regeneration with glucose as the electron-donating co-substrate using Escherichia coli as host. Reduction of the prochiral β-keto ester methyl acetoacetate to the chiral hydroxy ester (R)-methyl 3-hydroxybutyrate (MHB) served as a model reaction, catalyzed by an R-specific alcohol dehydrogenase. The main focus was maximization of the reduced product per glucose yield of this pathway-coupled cofactor regeneration with resting cells. With a strain lacking the phosphoglucose isomerase, the yield of the reference strain was increased from 2.44 to 3.78 mol MHB/mol glucose. Even higher yields were obtained with strains lacking either phosphofructokinase I (4.79 mol MHB/mol glucose) or phosphofructokinase I and II (5.46 mol MHB/mol glucose). These results persuasively demonstrate the potential of NADPH generation by the PPP in whole-cell biotransformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solvej Siedler
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
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31
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Jung J, Park HJ, Uhm KN, Kim D, Kim HK. Asymmetric synthesis of (S)-ethyl-4-chloro-3-hydroxy butanoate using a Saccharomyces cerevisiae reductase: enantioselectivity and enzyme-substrate docking studies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1804:1841-9. [PMID: 20601218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxy butanoate (ECHB) is a building block for the synthesis of hypercholesterolemia drugs. In this study, various microbial reductases have been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Their reductase activities toward ethyl-4-chloro oxobutanoate (ECOB) have been assayed. Amidst them, Baker's yeast YDL124W, YOR120W, and YOL151W reductases showed high activities. YDL124W produced (S)-ECHB exclusively, whereas YOR120W and YOL151W made (R)-form alcohol. The homology models and docking models with ECOB and NADPH elucidated their substrate specificities and enantioselectivities. A glucose dehydrogenase-coupling reaction was used as NADPH recycling system to perform continuously the reduction reaction. Recombinant E. coli cell co-expressing YDL124W and Bacillus subtilis glucose dehydrogenase produced (S)-ECHB exclusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Jung
- Division of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea
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