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Shinto H, Kojima M, Shigaki C, Hirohashi Y, Seto H. Effect of salt concentration and exposure temperature on adhesion and cytotoxicity of positively charged nanoparticles toward yeast cells. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2022.103835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ozbek O, O Ulgen K, Ileri Ercan N. The Toxicity of Polystyrene-Based Nanoparticles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Is Associated with Nanoparticle Charge and Uptake Mechanism. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1055-1068. [PMID: 33710856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polystyrene latex (PSL) nanoparticles (NPs), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) liposomes, and hybrid NPs that have different concentrations, sizes, surface charges, and functional groups were used to determine their toxicity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. The size, charge, and morphology of the nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering, electrophoretic light scattering, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The cell viabilities were determined by colony forming unit analysis and confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging. Uptake inhibition studies were performed to determine the internalization mechanism of PSL NPs. At 50 mg/L, both positively and negatively charged NPs were slightly toxic. With increasing concentration, however, full toxicities were observed with positively charged PSL NPs, while a marginal increase in toxicity was obtained with negatively charged PSL NPs. For negatively charged and carboxyl-functionalized NPs, an increase in size induced toxicity, whereas for positively charged and amine-functionalized NPs, smaller-sized NPs were more toxic to yeast cells. Negatively charged NPs were internalized by the yeast cells, but they showed toxicity when they entered the cell vacuole. Positively charged NPs, however, accumulated on the cell surface and caused toxicity. When coated with DOPC liposomes, positively charged NPs became significantly less toxic. We attribute this reduction to the larger-diameter and/or more-agglomerated NPs in the extracellular environment, which resulted in lower interactions with the cell. In addition to endocytosis, it is possible that the negatively charged NPs (30-C-n) were internalized by the cells, partly via direct permeation, which is preferred for high drug delivery efficiency. Negatively charged PSL NP exposure to the yeast cells at low-to-moderate concentrations resulted in low toxicities in the long term. Our results indicate that negatively charged PSL NPs provide safer alternatives as cargo carriers in drug delivery applications. Moreover, the variations in NP size, concentration, and exposure time, along with the use of hybrid systems, have significant roles in nanoparticle-based drug delivery applications in terms of their effects on living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Ozbek
- Chemical Engineering Department, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Kutlu O Ulgen
- Chemical Engineering Department, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Nazar Ileri Ercan
- Chemical Engineering Department, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
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Shinto H, Takiguchi M, Furukawa Y, Minohara H, Kojima M, Shigaki C, Hirohashi Y, Seto H. Adhesion and cytotoxicity of positively charged nanoparticles toward budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2020.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Huerta-Aguilar CA, Ramírez-Guzmán B, Thangarasu P, Narayanan J, Singh N. Simultaneous recognition of cysteine and cytosine using thiophene-based organic nanoparticles decorated with Au NPs and bio-imaging of cells. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1761-1772. [PMID: 31111854 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00060g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecules like cysteine and cytosine play a significant role in many physiological processes, and their unusual level in biological systems can lead to many diseases including cancer. Indeed, the need for selective detection of these moieties by a fluorescence probe is imperative. Thus, thiophene based Schiff N,N'-bis(thiophene-2-ylmethylene)thiophenemethane (BMTM) was synthesized and then characterized using several analytical techniques before converting it into organic nanoparticles (ONPs). Then, fluorescent organic inorganic nanohybrids (FONs) were obtained after decorating ONPs with AuNPs to yield BMTM-Au-ONPs (FONPs). The morphology of the particles, analyzed using a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), shows that AuNPs were embedded with low density organic matter (ONPs). FONPs were employed to recognize cysteine and cytosine simultaneously. No interference was observed from other moieties such as guanine, uracyl, NADH, NAD, ATP, and adenine during the detection. It means that the intensity of the fluorescence signal was significantly changed (enhanced for cytosine and quenched for cysteine). So, FONPs were used to detect cysteine and cytosine in real samples, like Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. As expected, no considerable fluorescence signal for cysteine was observed, while for cytosine, strong fluorescence signals were detected in the cells. DFT was used to explain the interaction of FONPs with cysteine or cytosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Huerta-Aguilar
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 México D.F., Mexico. and División de Nanotecnología, Universidad Politécnica del Valle de México, Av. Mexiquense, C.P. 54910 Tultitlán, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Brayan Ramírez-Guzmán
- División de Nanotecnología, Universidad Politécnica del Valle de México, Av. Mexiquense, C.P. 54910 Tultitlán, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Pandiyan Thangarasu
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Jayanthi Narayanan
- División de Nanotecnología, Universidad Politécnica del Valle de México, Av. Mexiquense, C.P. 54910 Tultitlán, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Narinder Singh
- Department of chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ropar, India
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Pagano L, Caldara M, Villani M, Zappettini A, Marmiroli N, Marmiroli M. In Vivo-In Vitro Comparative Toxicology of Cadmium Sulphide Quantum Dots in the Model Organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9040512. [PMID: 30986968 PMCID: PMC6523553 DOI: 10.3390/nano9040512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to use the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a tool for toxicogenomic studies of Engineered Nanomaterials (ENMs) risk assessment, in particular focusing on cadmium based quantum dots (CdS QDs). This model has been exploited for its peculiar features: a short replication time, growth on both fermentable and oxidizable carbon sources, and for the contextual availability of genome wide information in the form of genetic maps, DNA microarray, and collections of barcoded mutants. The comparison of the whole genome analysis with the microarray experiments (99.9% coverage) and with the phenotypic analysis of 4688 barcoded haploid mutants (80.2% coverage), shed light on the genes involved in the response to CdS QDs, both in vivo and in vitro. The results have clarified the mechanisms involved in the exposure to CdS QDs, and whether these ENMs and Cd2+ exploited different pathways of response, in particular related to oxidative stress and to the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and function. Saccharomyces cerevisiae remains a versatile and robust alternative for organismal toxicological studies, with a high level of heuristic insights into the toxicology of more complex eukaryotes, including mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pagano
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43123 Parma, Italy.
| | - Marina Caldara
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43123 Parma, Italy.
| | | | | | - Nelson Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43123 Parma, Italy.
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per le Scienze Ambientali (CINSA), University of Parma, 43123 Parma, Italy.
| | - Marta Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43123 Parma, Italy.
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Wahab R, Kaushik N, Khan F, Kaushik NK, Lee SJ, Choi EH, Al-Khedhairy AA. Gold quantum dots impair the tumorigenic potential of glioma stem-like cells via β-catenin downregulation in vitro. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:1131-1148. [PMID: 30863050 PMCID: PMC6391154 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s195333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past several decades, the incidence of solid cancers has rapidly increased worldwide. Successful removal of tumor-initiating cells within tumors is essential in the field of cancer therapeutics to improve patient disease-free survival rates. The biocompatible multivarient-sized gold nanoparticles (MVS-GNPs) from quantum dots (QDs, <10 nm) to nanosized (up to 50 nm) particles have vast applications in various biomedical areas including cancer treatment. The role of MVS-GNPs for inhibition of tumorigenic potential and stemness of glioma was investigated in this study. METHODS Herein, MVS-GNPs synthesized and characterized by means of X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Afterwards, interaction of these GNPs with glioma stem-cell like cells along with cancer cells were evaluated by MTT, cell motility, self-renewal assays and biostatistics was also applied. RESULTS Among these GNPs, G-QDs contributed to reduce metastatic events and spheroid cell growth, potentially blocking the self-renewal ability of these cells. This study also uncovers the previously unknown role of the inhibition of CTNNB1 signaling as a novel candidate to decrease the tumorigenesis of glioma spheroids and subsequent spheroid growth. The accurate and precise biostatistics results were obtained at quantify level. CONCLUSION In summary, G-QDs may exhibit possible contribution on suppressing the growth of tumor-initiating cells. These data reveal a unique therapeutic approach for the elimination of residual resistant stem-like cells during cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Wahab
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia,
- Al-Jeraisy, Chair for DNA Research, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia,
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Farheen Khan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Yanbu 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, South Korea,
| | - Su-Jae Lee
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, South Korea,
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Uhlirova D, Stankova M, Docekalova M, Hosnedlova B, Kepinska M, Ruttkay-Nedecky B, Ruzicka J, Fernandez C, Milnerowicz H, Kizek R. A Rapid Method for the Detection of Sarcosine Using SPIONs/Au/CS/SOX/NPs for Prostate Cancer Sensing. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3722. [PMID: 30467297 PMCID: PMC6320840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcosine is an amino acid that is formed by methylation of glycine and is present in trace amounts in the body. Increased sarcosine concentrations in blood plasma and urine are manifested in sarcosinemia and in some other diseases such as prostate cancer. For this purpose, sarcosine detection using the nanomedicine approach was proposed. In this study, we have prepared superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with different modified surface area. Nanoparticles (NPs) were modified by chitosan (CS), and sarcosine oxidase (SOX). SPIONs without any modification were taken as controls. Methods and Results: The obtained NPs were characterized by physicochemical methods. The size of the NPs determined by the dynamic light scattering method was as follows: SPIONs/Au/NPs (100⁻300 nm), SPIONs/Au/CS/NPs (300⁻700 nm), and SPIONs/Au/CS/SOX/NPs (600⁻1500 nm). The amount of CS deposited on the NP surface was found to be 48 mg/mL for SPIONs/Au/CS/NPs and 39 mg/mL for SPIONs/Au/CS/SOX/NPs, and repeatability varied around 10%. Pseudo-peroxidase activity of NPs was verified using sarcosine, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as a substrate. For TMB, all NPs tested evinced substantial pseudo-peroxidase activity at 650 nm. The concentration of SPIONs/Au/CS/SOX/NPs in the reaction mixture was optimized to 0⁻40 mg/mL. Trinder reaction for sarcosine detection was set up at 510 nm at an optimal reaction temperature of 37 °C and pH 8.0. The course of the reaction was linear for 150 min. The smallest amount of NPs that was able to detect sarcosine was 0.2 mg/well (200 µL of total volume) with the linear dependence y = 0.0011x - 0.0001 and the correlation coefficient r = 0.9992, relative standard deviation (RSD) 6.35%, limit of detection (LOD) 5 µM. The suggested method was further validated for artificial urine analysis (r = 0.99, RSD 21.35%, LOD 18 µM). The calculation between the detected and applied concentrations showed a high correlation coefficient (r = 0.99). NPs were tested for toxicity and no significant growth inhibition was observed in any model system (S. cerevisiae, S. aureus, E. coli). The hemolytic activity of the prepared NPs was similar to that of the phosphate buffered saline (PBS) control. The reaction system was further tested on real urine specimens. Conclusion: The proposed detection system allows the analysis of sarcosine at micromolar concentrations and to monitor changes in its levels as a potential prostate cancer marker. The whole system is suitable for low-cost miniaturization and point-of-care testing technology and diagnostic systems. This system is simple, inexpensive, and convenient for screening tests and telemedicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Uhlirova
- Department of Research and Development, Prevention Medicals, Tovarni 342, 742 13 Studenka-Butovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Martina Stankova
- Department of Research and Development, Prevention Medicals, Tovarni 342, 742 13 Studenka-Butovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Michaela Docekalova
- Department of Research and Development, Prevention Medicals, Tovarni 342, 742 13 Studenka-Butovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Bozena Hosnedlova
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Marta Kepinska
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Branislav Ruttkay-Nedecky
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Josef Ruzicka
- Department of Research and Development, Prevention Medicals, Tovarni 342, 742 13 Studenka-Butovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Carlos Fernandez
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7QB, UK.
| | - Halina Milnerowicz
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Research and Development, Prevention Medicals, Tovarni 342, 742 13 Studenka-Butovice, Czech Republic.
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.
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8
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Libralato G, Galdiero E, Falanga A, Carotenuto R, de Alteriis E, Guida M. Toxicity Effects of Functionalized Quantum Dots, Gold and Polystyrene Nanoparticles on Target Aquatic Biological Models: A Review. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091439. [PMID: 28858240 PMCID: PMC6151384 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano-based products are widespread in several sectors, including textiles, medical-products, cosmetics, paints and plastics. Nanosafety and safe-by-design are driving nanoparticle (NP) production and applications through NP functionalization (@NPs). Indeed, @NPs frequently present biological effects that differ from the parent material. This paper reviews the impact of quantum dots (QDs), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and polystyrene-cored NPs (PSNPs), evidencing the role of NP functionalization in toxicity definition. Key biological models were taken into consideration for NP evaluation: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, fresh- (F) and saltwater (S) microalgae (Raphidocelis subcapitata (F), Scenedesmus obliquus (F) and Chlorella spp. (F), and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (S)), Daphnia magna, and Xenopus laevis. QDs are quite widespread in technological devices, and they are known to induce genotoxicity and oxidative stress that can drastically change according to the coating employed. For example, AuNPs are frequently functionalized with antimicrobial peptides, which is shown to both increase their activity and decrease the relative environmental toxicity. P-NPs are frequently coated with NH2− for cationic and COOH− for anionic surfaces, but when positively charged toxicity effects can be observed. Careful assessment of functionalized and non-functionalized NPs is compulsory to also understand their potential direct and indirect effects when the coating is removed or degraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Libralato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia ed. 7, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Emilia Galdiero
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia ed. 7, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Annarita Falanga
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy.
| | - Rosa Carotenuto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia ed. 7, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta de Alteriis
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia ed. 7, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia ed. 7, 80126 Naples, Italy.
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Mashock MJ, Kappell AD, Hallaj N, Hristova KR. Copper oxide nanoparticles inhibit the metabolic activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:134-143. [PMID: 26178758 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are used increasingly in industrial applications and consumer products and thus may pose risk to human and environmental health. The interaction of CuO NPs with complex media and the impact on cell metabolism when exposed to sublethal concentrations are largely unknown. In the present study, the short-term effects of 2 different sized manufactured CuO NPs on metabolic activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied. The role of released Cu(2+) during dissolution of NPs in the growth media and the CuO nanostructure were considered. Characterization showed that the 28 nm and 64 nm CuO NPs used in the present study have different primary diameter, similar hydrodynamic diameter, and significantly different concentrations of dissolved Cu(2+) ions in the growth media released from the same initial NP mass. Exposures to CuO NPs or the released Cu(2+) fraction, at doses that do not have impact on cell viability, showed significant inhibition on S. cerevisiae cellular metabolic activity. A greater CuO NP effect on the metabolic activity of S. cerevisiae growth under respiring conditions was observed. Under the tested conditions the observed metabolic inhibition from the NPs was not explained fully by the released Cu ions from the dissolving NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Mashock
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anthony D Kappell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nadia Hallaj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Khandelwal P, Singh DK, Sadhu S, Poddar P. Study of the nucleation and growth of antibiotic labeled Au NPs and blue luminescent Au8 quantum clusters for Hg(2+) ion sensing, cellular imaging and antibacterial applications. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:19985-20002. [PMID: 26564987 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a detailed experimental study supported by DFT calculations to understand the mechanism behind the synthesis of cefradine (CFD--an antibiotic) labeled gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) by employing CFD as both a mild reducing and capping agent. The analysis of the effect of growth conditions reveals that a higher concentration of HAuCl4 results in the formation of an increasing fraction of anisotropic structures, higher temperature leads to the formation of quasi-spherical particles instead of anisotropic ones, and larger pH leads to the formation of much smaller particles. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) results show that when the pH of the reaction medium increases from 4 to 6, the reduction potential of CFD increases which leads to the synthesis of nanoparticles (in a pH 4 reaction) to quantum clusters (in a pH 6 reaction). The MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry results of supernatant of the pH 6 reaction indicate the formation of [Au8(CFD)2S6] QCs which show fluorescence at ca. 432 nm with a Stokes shift of ca. 95 nm. The blue luminescence from Au8 QCs was applied for sensing of Hg(2+) ions on the basis of an aggregation-induced fluorescence quenching mechanism and offers good selectivity and a high sensitivity with a limit of detection ca. 2 nM which is lower than the detection requirement of 10 nM by the U.S. EPA and 30 nM by WHO for drinking water. We have also applied the sensing probe to detect Hg(2+) ions in bacterial samples. Further, we have investigated the antibacterial property of as-synthesized Au NPs using MIC, growth curve and cell survival assay. The results show that Au NPs could reduce the cell survival very efficiently rather than the cell growth in comparison to the antibiotic itself. The scanning electron microscopy study shows the degradation and blebbing of the bacterial cell wall upon exposure with Au NPs which was further supported by fluorescence microscopy results. These Au NPs did not show reactive oxygen species generation. We believe that the bacterial cytotoxicity is due to the direct contact of the Au NPs with bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Khandelwal
- Physical & Material Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India.
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Deciphering Mineral Homeostasis in Barley Seed Transfer Cells at Transcriptional Level. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141398. [PMID: 26536247 PMCID: PMC4633283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the micronutrient inadequacy of staple crops for optimal human nutrition, a global downtrend in crop-quality has emerged from intensive breeding for yield. This trend will be aggravated by elevated levels of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. Therefore, crop biofortification is inevitable to ensure a sustainable supply of minerals to the large part of human population who is dietary dependent on staple crops. This requires a thorough understanding of plant-mineral interactions due to the complexity of mineral homeostasis. Employing RNA sequencing, we here communicate transfer cell specific effects of excess iron and zinc during grain filling in our model crop plant barley. Responding to alterations in mineral contents, we found a long range of different genes and transcripts. Among them, it is worth to highlight the auxin and ethylene signaling factors Arfs, Abcbs, Cand1, Hps4, Hac1, Ecr1, and Ctr1, diurnal fluctuation components Sdg2, Imb1, Lip1, and PhyC, retroelements, sulfur homeostasis components Amp1, Hmt3, Eil3, and Vip1, mineral trafficking components Med16, Cnnm4, Aha2, Clpc1, and Pcbps, and vacuole organization factors Ymr155W, RabG3F, Vps4, and Cbl3. Our analysis introduces new interactors and signifies a broad spectrum of regulatory levels from chromatin remodeling to intracellular protein sorting mechanisms active in the plant mineral homeostasis. The results highlight the importance of storage proteins in metal ion toxicity-resistance and chelation. Interestingly, the protein sorting and recycling factors Exoc7, Cdc1, Sec23A, and Rab11A contributed to the response as well as the polar distributors of metal-transporters ensuring the directional flow of minerals. Alternative isoform switching was found important for plant adaptation and occurred among transcripts coding for identical proteins as well as transcripts coding for protein isoforms. We also identified differences in the alternative-isoform preference between the treatments, indicating metal-affinity shifts among isoforms of metal transporters. Most important, we found the zinc treatment to impair both photosynthesis and respiration. A wide range of transcriptional changes including stress-related genes and negative feedback loops emphasize the importance to withhold mineral contents below certain cellular levels which otherwise might lead to agronomical impeding side-effects. By illustrating new mechanisms, genes, and transcripts, this report provides a solid platform towards understanding the complex network of plant mineral homeostasis.
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PEP3 overexpression shortens lag phase but does not alter growth rate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to acetic acid stress. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8667-80. [PMID: 26051671 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6708-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In fungi, two recognized mechanisms contribute to pH homeostasis: the plasma membrane proton-pumping ATPase that exports excess protons and the vacuolar proton-pumping ATPase (V-ATPase) that mediates vacuolar proton uptake. Here, we report that overexpression of PEP3 which encodes a component of the HOPS and CORVET complexes involved in vacuolar biogenesis, shortened lag phase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to acetic acid stress. By confocal microscopy, PEP3-overexpressing cells stained with the vacuolar membrane-specific dye, FM4-64 had more fragmented vacuoles than the wild-type control. The stained overexpression mutant was also found to exhibit about 3.6-fold more FM4-64 fluorescence than the wild-type control as determined by flow cytometry. While the vacuolar pH of the wild-type strain grown in the presence of 80 mM acetic acid was significantly higher than in the absence of added acid, no significant difference was observed in vacuolar pH of the overexpression strain grown either in the presence or absence of 80 mM acetic acid. Based on an indirect growth assay, the PEP3-overexpression strain exhibited higher V-ATPase activity. We hypothesize that PEP3 overexpression provides protection from acid stress by increasing vacuolar surface area and V-ATPase activity and, hence, proton-sequestering capacity.
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13
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Marmiroli M, Pagano L, Pasquali F, Zappettini A, Tosato V, Bruschi CV, Marmiroli N. A genome-wide nanotoxicology screen of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants reveals the basis for cadmium sulphide quantum dot tolerance and sensitivity. Nanotoxicology 2015; 10:84-93. [PMID: 25938282 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2015.1019586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of cadmium sulphide quantum dots (CdS QDs) is increasing, particularly in the electronics industry. Their size (1-10 nm in diameter) is, however, such that they can be taken up by living cells. Here, a bakers' yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) deletion mutant collection has been exploited to provide a high-throughput means of revealing the genetic basis for tolerance/susceptibility to CdS QD exposure. The deletion of 112 genes, some associated with the abiotic stress response, some with various metabolic processes, some with mitochondrial organization, some with transport and some with DNA repair, reduced the level of tolerance to CdS QDs. A gene ontology analysis highlighted the role of oxidative stress in determining the cellular response. The transformation of sensitive mutants with centromeric plasmids harbouring DNA from a wild type strain restored the wild type growth phenotype when the complemented genes encoded either HSC82, DSK2 or ALD3. The use of these simple eukaryote knock-out mutants for functional toxicogenomic analysis will inform studies focusing on higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marmiroli
- a Department of Life Sciences , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - L Pagano
- a Department of Life Sciences , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - F Pasquali
- a Department of Life Sciences , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | | | - V Tosato
- c Yeast Molecular Genetics Laboratory, International Centre of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Trieste , Italy
| | - C V Bruschi
- c Yeast Molecular Genetics Laboratory, International Centre of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Trieste , Italy
| | - N Marmiroli
- a Department of Life Sciences , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
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14
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Sayed ET, Barakat NAM, Abdelkareem MA, Fouad H, Nakagawa N. Yeast Extract as an Effective and Safe Mediator for the Baker’s-Yeast-Based Microbial Fuel Cell. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ie5042325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enas Taha Sayed
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minya 61111, Egypt
| | - Nasser A. M. Barakat
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minya 61111, Egypt
- Department
of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minya 61111, Egypt
| | - H. Fouad
- Applied
Medical Science Department, RCC, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
- Biomedical
Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, P.O. Box 11792, Helwan 11713, Egypt
| | - Nobuyoshi Nakagawa
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiyu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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15
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Di Bucchianico S, Fabbrizi MR, Cirillo S, Uboldi C, Gilliland D, Valsami-Jones E, Migliore L. Aneuploidogenic effects and DNA oxidation induced in vitro by differently sized gold nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:2191-204. [PMID: 24855356 PMCID: PMC4020889 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s58397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) are used in many fields, including biomedical applications; however, no conclusive information on their potential cytotoxicity and genotoxicity mechanisms is available. For this reason, experiments in human primary lymphocytes and murine macrophages (Raw264.7) were performed exposing cells to spherical citrate-capped Au NPs with two different nominal diameters (5 nm and 15 nm). The proliferative activity, mitotic, apoptotic, and necrotic markers, as well as chromosomal damage were assessed by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with human and murine pancentromeric probes was applied to distinguish between clastogenic and aneuploidogenic effects. Our results indicate that 5 nm and 15 nm Au NPs are able to inhibit cell proliferation by apoptosis and to induce chromosomal damage, in particular chromosome mis-segregation. DNA strand breaks were detected by comet assay, and the modified protocol using endonuclease-III and formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase restriction enzymes showed that pyrimidines and purines were oxidatively damaged by Au NPs. Moreover, we show a size-independent correlation between the cytotoxicity of Au NPs and their tested mass concentration or absolute number, and genotoxic effects which were more severe for Au NP 15 nm compared to Au NP 5 nm. Results indicate that apoptosis, aneuploidy, and DNA oxidation play a pivotal role in the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity exerted by Au NPs in our cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Di Bucchianico
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Medical Genetics Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Fabbrizi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Medical Genetics Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Cirillo
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Medical Genetics Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Uboldi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Medical Genetics Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Douglas Gilliland
- European Commission-Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, NanoBioSciences Unit, Ispra, Italy
| | - Eugenia Valsami-Jones
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK ; Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK
| | - Lucia Migliore
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Medical Genetics Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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16
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Gaytán BD, Vulpe CD. Functional toxicology: tools to advance the future of toxicity testing. Front Genet 2014; 5:110. [PMID: 24847352 PMCID: PMC4017141 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased presence of chemical contaminants in the environment is an undeniable concern to human health and ecosystems. Historically, by relying heavily upon costly and laborious animal-based toxicity assays, the field of toxicology has often neglected examinations of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of toxicity for the majority of compounds—information that, if available, would strengthen risk assessment analyses. Functional toxicology, where cells or organisms with gene deletions or depleted proteins are used to assess genetic requirements for chemical tolerance, can advance the field of toxicity testing by contributing data regarding chemical mechanisms of toxicity. Functional toxicology can be accomplished using available genetic tools in yeasts, other fungi and bacteria, and eukaryotes of increased complexity, including zebrafish, fruit flies, rodents, and human cell lines. Underscored is the value of using less complex systems such as yeasts to direct further studies in more complex systems such as human cell lines. Functional techniques can yield (1) novel insights into chemical toxicity; (2) pathways and mechanisms deserving of further study; and (3) candidate human toxicant susceptibility or resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon D Gaytán
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chris D Vulpe
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA
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