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Beaud Benyahia B, Taib N, Beloin C, Gribaldo S. Terrabacteria: redefining bacterial envelope diversity, biogenesis and evolution. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024:10.1038/s41579-024-01088-0. [PMID: 39198708 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
The bacterial envelope is one of the oldest and most essential cellular components and has been traditionally divided into Gram-positive (monoderm) and Gram-negative (diderm). Recent landmark studies have challenged a major paradigm in microbiology by inferring that the last bacterial common ancestor had a diderm envelope and that the outer membrane (OM) was lost repeatedly in evolution to give rise to monoderms. Intriguingly, OM losses appear to have occurred exclusively in the Terrabacteria, one of the two major clades of bacteria. In this Review, we present current knowledge about the Terrabacteria. We describe their diversity and phylogeny and then highlight the vast phenotypic diversity of the Terrabacteria cell envelopes, which display large deviations from the textbook examples of diderms and monoderms, challenging the classical Gram-positive-Gram-negative divide. We highlight the striking differences in the systems involved in OM biogenesis in Terrabacteria with respect to the classical diderm experimental models and how they provide novel insights into the diversity and biogenesis of the bacterial cell envelope. We also discuss the potential evolutionary steps that might have led to the multiple losses of the OM and speculate on how the very first OM might have emerged before the last bacterial common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Beaud Benyahia
- Evolutionary Biology of the Microbial Cell Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Najwa Taib
- Evolutionary Biology of the Microbial Cell Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Beloin
- Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Simonetta Gribaldo
- Evolutionary Biology of the Microbial Cell Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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2
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Ding S, Grossi V, Hopmans EC, Bale NJ, Cravo-Laureau C, Sinninghe Damsté JS. Nitrogen and sulfur for phosphorus: Lipidome adaptation of anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria in phosphorus-deprived conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2400711121. [PMID: 38833476 PMCID: PMC11181052 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2400711121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding how microbial lipidomes adapt to environmental and nutrient stress is crucial for comprehending microbial survival and functionality. Certain anaerobic bacteria can synthesize glycerolipids with ether/ester bonds, yet the complexities of their lipidome remodeling under varying physicochemical and nutritional conditions remain largely unexplored. In this study, we thoroughly examined the lipidome adaptations of Desulfatibacillum alkenivorans strain PF2803T, a mesophilic anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacterium known for its high proportions of alkylglycerol ether lipids in its membrane, under various cultivation conditions including temperature, pH, salinity, and ammonium and phosphorous concentrations. Employing an extensive analytical and computational lipidomic methodology, we identified an assemblage of nearly 400 distinct lipids, including a range of glycerol ether/ester lipids with various polar head groups. Information theory-based analysis revealed that temperature fluctuations and phosphate scarcity profoundly influenced the lipidome's composition, leading to an enhanced diversity and specificity of novel lipids. Notably, phosphorous limitation led to the biosynthesis of novel glucuronosylglycerols and sulfur-containing aminolipids, termed butyramide cysteine glycerols, featuring various ether/ester bonds. This suggests a novel adaptive strategy for anaerobic heterotrophs to thrive under phosphorus-depleted conditions, characterized by a diverse array of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing polar head groups, moving beyond a reliance on conventional nonphospholipid types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Ding
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, TexelSZ 1797, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Grossi
- Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne69622, France
| | - Ellen C. Hopmans
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, TexelSZ 1797, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole J. Bale
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, TexelSZ 1797, The Netherlands
| | - Cristiana Cravo-Laureau
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l’environnement et les Matériaux, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, CNRS, Pau64000, France
| | - Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, TexelSZ 1797, The Netherlands
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, CB3584, The Netherlands
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Rao A, Driessen AJM. Unraveling the multiplicity of geranylgeranyl reductases in Archaea: potential roles in saturation of terpenoids. Extremophiles 2024; 28:14. [PMID: 38280122 PMCID: PMC10821996 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-023-01330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The enzymology of the key steps in the archaeal phospholipid biosynthetic pathway has been elucidated in recent years. In contrast, the complete biosynthetic pathways for proposed membrane regulators consisting of polyterpenes, such as carotenoids, respiratory quinones, and polyprenols remain unknown. Notably, the multiplicity of geranylgeranyl reductases (GGRs) in archaeal genomes has been correlated with the saturation of polyterpenes. Although GGRs, which are responsible for saturation of the isoprene chains of phospholipids, have been identified and studied in detail, there is little information regarding the structure and function of the paralogs. Here, we discuss the diversity of archaeal membrane-associated polyterpenes which is correlated with the genomic loci, structural and sequence-based analyses of GGR paralogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Rao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold J M Driessen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Rekadwad BN, Li WJ, Gonzalez JM, Punchappady Devasya R, Ananthapadmanabha Bhagwath A, Urana R, Parwez K. Extremophiles: the species that evolve and survive under hostile conditions. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:316. [PMID: 37637002 PMCID: PMC10457277 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03733-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extremophiles possess unique cellular and molecular mechanisms to assist, tolerate, and sustain their lives in extreme habitats. These habitats are dominated by one or more extreme physical or chemical parameters that shape existing microbial communities and their cellular and genomic features. The diversity of extremophiles reflects a long list of adaptations over millions of years. Growing research on extremophiles has considerably uncovered and increased our understanding of life and its limits on our planet. Many extremophiles have been greatly explored for their application in various industrial processes. In this review, we focused on the characteristics that microorganisms have acquired to optimally thrive in extreme environments. We have discussed cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in stability at respective extreme conditions like thermophiles, psychrophiles, acidophiles, barophiles, etc., which highlight evolutionary aspects and the significance of extremophiles for the benefit of mankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagwan Narayan Rekadwad
- Present Address: Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018 Karnataka India
- National Centre for Microbial Resource (NCMR), DBT-National Centre for Cell Science (DBT-NCCS), Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, 411007 Maharashtra India
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB), Savitribai Phule Pune University (SPPU), Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, 411007 Maharashtra India
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan M. Gonzalez
- Microbial Diversity and Microbiology of Extreme Environments Research Group, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, IRNAS-CSIC, Avda. Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Rekha Punchappady Devasya
- Present Address: Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018 Karnataka India
| | - Arun Ananthapadmanabha Bhagwath
- Present Address: Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018 Karnataka India
- Yenepoya Institute of Arts, Science, Commerce and Management, A Constituent Unit of Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Yenepoya Complex, Balmatta, Mangalore, 575002 Karnataka India
| | - Ruchi Urana
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Environmental and Bio Sciences and Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Khalid Parwez
- Department of Microbiology, Shree Narayan Medical Institute and Hospital, Saharsa, Bihar 852201 India
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Sexton D, Hashimi A, Beskrovnaya P, Sibanda L, Huan T, Tocheva E. The cell envelope of Thermotogae suggests a mechanism for outer membrane biogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303275120. [PMID: 37094164 PMCID: PMC10160955 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303275120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of a cell membrane is one of the major structural components defining life. Recent phylogenomic analyses have supported the hypothesis that the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) was likely a diderm. Yet, the mechanisms that guided outer membrane (OM) biogenesis remain unknown. Thermotogae is an early-branching phylum with a unique OM, the toga. Here, we use cryo-electron tomography to characterize the in situ cell envelope architecture of Thermotoga maritima and show that the toga is made of extended sheaths of β-barrel trimers supporting small (~200 nm) membrane patches. Lipidomic analyses identified the same major lipid species in the inner membrane (IM) and toga, including the rare to bacteria membrane-spanning ether-bound diabolic acids (DAs). Proteomic analyses revealed that the toga was composed of multiple SLH-domain containing Ompα and novel β-barrel proteins, and homology searches detected variable conservations of these proteins across the phylum. These results highlight that, in contrast to the SlpA/OmpM superfamily of proteins, Thermotoga possess a highly diverse bipartite OM-tethering system. We discuss the implications of our findings with respect to other early-branching phyla and propose that a toga-like intermediate may have facilitated monoderm-to-diderm cell envelope transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L. Sexton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver,V6T1Z3 BC, Canada
| | - Ameena Hashimi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver,V6T1Z3 BC, Canada
| | - Polina Beskrovnaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver,V6T1Z3 BC, Canada
| | - Lloyd Sibanda
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,V6T1Z1 BC, Canada
| | - Tao Huan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,V6T1Z1 BC, Canada
| | - Elitza I. Tocheva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver,V6T1Z3 BC, Canada
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Sinninghe Damsté JS, Rijpstra WIC, Huber KJ, Albuquerque L, Egas C, Bale NJ. Dominance of mixed ether/ester, intact polar membrane lipids in five species of the order Rubrobacterales: Another group of bacteria not obeying the "lipid divide". Syst Appl Microbiol 2023; 46:126404. [PMID: 36868099 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2023.126404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The composition of the core lipids and intact polar lipids (IPLs) of five Rubrobacter species was examined. Methylated (ω-4) fatty acids (FAs) characterized the core lipids of Rubrobacter radiotolerans, R. xylanophilus and R. bracarensis. In contrast, R. calidifluminis and R. naiadicus lacked ω-4 methyl FAs but instead contained abundant (i.e., 34-41 % of the core lipids) ω-cyclohexyl FAs not reported before in the order Rubrobacterales. Their genomes contained an almost complete operon encoding proteins enabling production of cyclohexane carboxylic acid CoA thioester, which acts as a building block for ω-cyclohexyl FAs in other bacteria. Hence, the most plausible explanation for the biosynthesis of these cyclic FAs in R. calidifluminis and R. naiadicus is a recent acquisition of this operon. All strains contained 1-O-alkyl glycerol ether lipids in abundance (up to 46 % of the core lipids), in line with the dominance (>90 %) of mixed ether/ester IPLs with a variety of polar headgroups. The IPL head group distribution of R. calidifluminis and R. naiadicus differed, e.g. they lacked a novel IPL tentatively assigned as phosphothreoninol. The genomes of all five Rubrobacter species contained a putative operon encoding the synthesis of the 1-O-alkyl glycerol phosphate, the presumed building block of mixed ether/ester IPLs, which shows some resemblance with an operon enabling ether lipid production in various other aerobic bacteria but requires more study. The uncommon dominance of mixed ether/ester IPLs in Rubrobacter species exemplifies our recent growing awareness that the lipid divide between archaea and bacteria/eukaryotes is not as clear cut as previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap S Sinninghe Damsté
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Texel, the Netherlands; Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - W Irene C Rijpstra
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Texel, the Netherlands
| | - Katharina J Huber
- Department of Microorganisms, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luciana Albuquerque
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, 3060-197, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Conceição Egas
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, 3060-197, Cantanhede, Portugal; BIOCANT - Transfer Technology Association, Biocant Park, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Nicole J Bale
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Texel, the Netherlands
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7
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Halamka TA, Raberg JH, McFarlin JM, Younkin AD, Mulligan C, Liu X, Kopf SH. Production of diverse brGDGTs by Acidobacterium Solibacter usitatus in response to temperature, pH, and O 2 provides a culturing perspective on brGDGT proxies and biosynthesis. GEOBIOLOGY 2023; 21:102-118. [PMID: 36150122 PMCID: PMC10087280 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) are bacterial membrane lipids that are frequently employed as paleoenvironmental proxies because of the strong empirical correlations between their relative abundances and environmental temperature and pH. Despite the ubiquity of brGDGTs in modern and paleoenvironments, the source organisms of these enigmatic compounds have remained elusive, requiring paleoenvironmental applications to rely solely on observed environmental correlations. Previous laboratory and environmental studies have suggested that the globally abundant bacterial phylum of the Acidobacteria may be an important brGDGT producer in nature. Here, we report on experiments with a cultured Acidobacterium, Solibacter usitatus, that makes a large portion of its cellular membrane (24 ± 9% across all experiments) out of a structurally diverse set of tetraethers including the common brGDGTs Ia, IIa, IIIa, Ib, and IIb. Solibacter usitatus was grown across a range of conditions including temperatures from 15 to 30°C, pH from 5.0 to 6.5, and O2 from 1% to 21%, and demonstrated pronounced shifts in the degree of brGDGT methylation across these growth conditions. The temperature response in culture was in close agreement with trends observed in published environmental datasets, supporting a physiological basis for the empirical relationship between brGDGT methylation number and temperature. However, brGDGT methylation at lower temperatures (15 and 20°C) was modulated by culture pH with higher pH systematically increasing the degree of methylation. In contrast, pH had little effect on brGDGT cyclization, supporting the hypothesis that changes in bacterial community composition may underlie the link between cyclization number and pH observed in environmental samples. Oxygen concentration likewise affected brGDGT methylation highlighting the potential for this environmental parameter to impact paleotemperature reconstruction. Low O2 culture conditions further resulted in the production of uncommon brGDGT isomers that could be indicators of O2 limitation. Finally, the production of brGTGTs (trialkyl tetraethers) in addition to the previously discovered iso-C15-based mono- and diethers in S. usitatus suggests a potential biosynthetic pathway for brGDGTs that uses homologs of the archaeal tetraether synthase (Tes) enzyme for tetraether synthesis from diethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby A. Halamka
- Department of Geological SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderDenverCOUSA
| | - Jonathan H. Raberg
- Department of Geological SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderDenverCOUSA
- Faculty of Earth SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavikIceland
| | - Jamie M. McFarlin
- Department of Geological SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderDenverCOUSA
| | - Adam D. Younkin
- Department of Geological SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderDenverCOUSA
| | | | - Xiao‐Lei Liu
- School of GeosciencesUniversity of OklahomaNormanOklahomaUSA
| | - Sebastian H. Kopf
- Department of Geological SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderDenverCOUSA
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Sahonero-Canavesi DX, Siliakus MF, Abdala Asbun A, Koenen M, von Meijenfeldt FAB, Boeren S, Bale NJ, Engelman JC, Fiege K, Strack van Schijndel L, Sinninghe Damsté JS, Villanueva L. Disentangling the lipid divide: Identification of key enzymes for the biosynthesis of membrane-spanning and ether lipids in Bacteria. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq8652. [PMID: 36525503 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq8652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial membranes are composed of fatty acids (FAs) ester-linked to glycerol-3-phosphate, while archaea have membranes made of isoprenoid chains ether-linked to glycerol-1-phosphate. Many archaeal species organize their membrane as a monolayer of membrane-spanning lipids (MSLs). Exceptions to this "lipid divide" are the production by some bacterial species of (ether-bound) MSLs, formed by tail-to-tail condensation of FAs resulting in the formation of (iso) diabolic acids (DAs), which are the likely precursors of paleoclimatological relevant branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether molecules. However, the enzymes responsible for their production are unknown. Here, we report the discovery of bacterial enzymes responsible for the condensation reaction of FAs and for ether bond formation and confirm that the building blocks of iso-DA are branched iso-FAs. Phylogenomic analyses of the key biosynthetic genes reveal a much wider diversity of potential MSL (ether)-producing bacteria than previously thought, with importantt implications for our understanding of the evolution of lipid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana X Sahonero-Canavesi
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Burg 1790 AB, Netherlands
| | - Melvin F Siliakus
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Burg 1790 AB, Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Abdala Asbun
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Burg 1790 AB, Netherlands
| | - Michel Koenen
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Burg 1790 AB, Netherlands
| | - F A Bastiaan von Meijenfeldt
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Burg 1790 AB, Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, Netherlands
| | - Nicole J Bale
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Burg 1790 AB, Netherlands
| | - Julia C Engelman
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Burg 1790 AB, Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Fiege
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Burg 1790 AB, Netherlands
| | - Lora Strack van Schijndel
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Burg 1790 AB, Netherlands
| | - Jaap S Sinninghe Damsté
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Burg 1790 AB, Netherlands
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Earth Sciences, PO Box 80.021, Utrecht 3508 TA, Netherlands
| | - Laura Villanueva
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, Den Burg 1790 AB, Netherlands
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Earth Sciences, PO Box 80.021, Utrecht 3508 TA, Netherlands
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