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Lovato MJ, De Lama-Odría MDC, Puiggalí J, Del Valle LJ, Franco L. A Color Indicator Based on 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) and a Biodegradable Poly(ester amide) for Detecting Bacterial Contamination. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6671. [PMID: 38928377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial contamination is a hazard in many industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, and healthcare. The availability of a rapid and simple method for detecting this type of contamination in sterile areas enables immediate intervention to avoid or reduce detrimental effects. Among these methods, colorimetric indicators are becoming increasingly popular due to their affordability, ease of use, and quick visual interpretation of the signal. In this article, a bacterial contamination indicator system was designed by incorporating MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) into an electrospun PADAS matrix, which is a biodegradable poly(ester amide) synthesized from L-alanine, 1,12-dodecanediol, and sebacic acid. Uniaxial stress testing, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine the mechanical properties, thermal stability, and morphology of the mats, respectively. The capacity for bacterial detection was not only analyzed with agar and broth assays but also by replicating important environmental conditions. Among the MTT concentrations tested in this study (0.2%, 2%, and 5%), it was found that only with a 2% MTT content the designed system produced a color response visible to the naked eye with optimal intensity, a sensitivity limit of 104 CFU/mL, and 86% cell viability, which showed the great potential for its use to detect bacterial contamination. In summary, by means of the process described in this work, it was possible to obtain a simple, low-cost and fast-response bacterial contamination indicator that can be used in mask filters, air filters, or protective clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Lovato
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est-EEBE, c/Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen De Lama-Odría
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est-EEBE, c/Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Puiggalí
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est-EEBE, c/Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Research in Nano-Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Sud, Edifici C', c/Pasqual i Vila s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis J Del Valle
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est-EEBE, c/Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Research in Nano-Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Sud, Edifici C', c/Pasqual i Vila s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Franco
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est-EEBE, c/Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Research in Nano-Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Sud, Edifici C', c/Pasqual i Vila s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Khan FM, Rasheed F, Yang Y, Liu B, Zhang R. Endolysins: a new antimicrobial agent against antimicrobial resistance. Strategies and opportunities in overcoming the challenges of endolysins against Gram-negative bacteria. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1385261. [PMID: 38831886 PMCID: PMC11144922 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1385261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are rapidly emerging, and the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii poses a severe threat to humans and healthcare organizations, due to the lack of innovative antibacterial drugs. Endolysins, which are peptidoglycan hydrolases encoded by a bacteriophage, are a promising new family of antimicrobials. Endolysins have been demonstrated as an effective therapeutic agent against bacterial infections of A. baumannii and many other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Endolysin research has progressed from basic in vitro characterization to sophisticated protein engineering methodologies, including advanced preclinical and clinical testing. Endolysin are therapeutic agent that shows antimicrobial properties against bacterial infections caused by drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, there are still barriers to their implementation in clinical settings, such as safety concerns with outer membrane permeabilizers (OMP) use, low efficiency against stationary phase bacteria, and stability issues. The application of protein engineering and formulation techniques to improve enzyme stability, as well as combination therapy with other types of antibacterial drugs to optimize their medicinal value, have been reviewed as well. In this review, we summarize the clinical development of endolysin and its challenges and approaches for bringing endolysin therapies to the clinic. This review also discusses the different applications of endolysins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Mehmood Khan
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fazal Rasheed
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunlan Yang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China
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3
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Wu H, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Gao B, Li Y, He X, Sun J, Choe U, Chen P, Blaustein RA, Yu L. Chemical Composition of Turmeric ( Curcuma longa L.) Ethanol Extract and Its Antimicrobial Activities and Free Radical Scavenging Capacities. Foods 2024; 13:1550. [PMID: 38790848 PMCID: PMC11121704 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is a perennial tuberous plant from the genus Curcuma (Zingiberaceae) and has been widely used in foods for thousands of years. The present study examined the ethanol extract of turmeric for its chemical composition, antimicrobial activity, and free radical scavenging properties. UHPLC-MS/MS analysis tentatively identified eight compounds in the turmeric extract. Potential antimicrobial effects of 0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg turmeric equivalents (TE)/mL were evaluated in vitro against a variety of Gram-negative bacteria (i.e., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas sp.) and Gram-positive bacteria (i.e., Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria innocua, and Staphylococcus aureus). Concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 mg TE/mL inhibited the growth of S. aureus and significantly suppressed that of Pseudomonas sp., E. faecalis, and L. innocua. The growth of all strains, including E. coli, was inhibited by 10 mg TE/mL. Moreover, free radical scavenging capacities were determined using HO●, ABTS●+, and DPPH● (HOSC, ABTS, and RDSC, respectively) radicals. The turmeric ethanol extract had a TPC value of 27.12 mg GAE/g, together with HOSC, RDSC, and ABTS values of 1524.59, 56.38, and 1.70 μmol TE/g, respectively. Our results suggest that turmeric extract has potential applications for use in functional foods to reduce microbial burdens and oxidative stress-related health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (U.C.); (R.A.B.); (L.Y.)
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (U.C.); (R.A.B.); (L.Y.)
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (J.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.Z.); (B.G.)
| | - Boyan Gao
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.Z.); (B.G.)
| | - Yanfang Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (U.C.); (R.A.B.); (L.Y.)
| | - Xiaohua He
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA;
| | - Jianghao Sun
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (J.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Uyory Choe
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (U.C.); (R.A.B.); (L.Y.)
| | - Pei Chen
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (J.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Ryan A. Blaustein
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (U.C.); (R.A.B.); (L.Y.)
| | - Liangli Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (U.C.); (R.A.B.); (L.Y.)
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Le TKD, Duong TH, Nguyen HT, Pham NKT, Vo TPG, Nguyen NH, Niamnont N, Sichaem J, Tran TMD. Antimicrobial sesquiterpenes from the cultured mycobiont Diorygma pruinosum against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Vietnamese street foods. RSC Adv 2024; 14:4871-4879. [PMID: 38323014 PMCID: PMC10844926 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07112j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, lichen has been used for many purposes, but there remains a lack of understanding regarding the chemical composition and antimicrobial characteristics of Diorygma pruinosum, a lichen native to Vietnam. In this study, four sesquiterpenes, diorygmones B-E (1-4), one phenolic compound, 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid (5), and one sterol, β-sitosterol (6), were isolated and structurally elucidated from the cultured mycobiont of the lichen Diorygma pruinosum. Additionally, two compounds, stictic acid (7) and norstictic acid (8), were also isolated from the lichen D. pruinosum. Compounds 2-4 were new compounds. Their chemical structures were established using comprehensive spectroscopic data, and the absolute configurations were confirmed through the analysis of NOESY and electronic circular dichroism (ECD). Moreover, Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive bacterium, has been responsible for various infections, including food poisoning. Herein, we identified and isolated 13 strains of S. aureus from street food sources. Among these strains, one was identified as a multidrug-resistant variant, designated as SAX15, and was subsequently used for further antimicrobial testing. Compounds 1-3 produced zones of inhibition against S. aureus SAX15 (each 5 mm) in comparison to commercial drugs such as penicillin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, cefoxitin, and clarithromycin, which displayed inhibitory zones of 7, 5, 10, 9.7, and 7 mm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Kim-Dung Le
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute for Advanced Study in Technology, Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam
| | - Thuc-Huy Duong
- Department of Chemistry, Ho Chi Minh City University of Education 280 An Duong Vuong Street, District 5 Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam
| | - Huy Truong Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam
| | - Nguyen-Kim-Tuyen Pham
- Faculty of Environment, Sai Gon University 273 An Duong Vuong, Ward 3, District 5 Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam
| | - Thi-Phi-Giao Vo
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam
| | - Ngoc-Hong Nguyen
- CirTech Institute, HUTECH University 475 A Dien Bien Phu Street, Binh Thanh District Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam
| | - Nakorn Niamnont
- Organic Synthesis, Electrochemistry & Natural Product Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok 10140 Thailand
| | - Jirapast Sichaem
- Research Unit in Natural Products Chemistry and Bioactivities, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University Lampang Campus Lampang 52190 Thailand
| | - Thi-Minh-Dinh Tran
- Department of Biology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Education 280 An Duong Vuong Street, District 5 Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam
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5
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Jurado A, Fernández L, Rodríguez A, García P. Prevalence of virulence- and antibiotic resistance-associated genotypes and phenotypes in Staphylococcus aureus strains from the food sector compared to clinical and cow mastitis isolates. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1327131. [PMID: 38348375 PMCID: PMC10859521 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1327131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Infections by the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus currently represent one of the most serious threats to human health worldwide, especially due to the production of enterotoxins and the ability to form biofilms. These structures and the acquisition of antibiotic resistance limit the action of antibiotics and disinfectants used to combat this microorganism in the industry and the clinic. Methods This work reports a comparative phenotypic and genotypic study of 18 S. aureus strains from different origins: clinical samples, milk from mastitic cows and food industry surfaces, most of which were isolated in Northern Spain. Results Genetically, the strains were very diverse but, in most cases, a closer proximity was observed for those from the same source. Notably, the average number of virulence genes was not significantly different in strains from the food sector. Of the 18 strains, 10 coded for at least one enterotoxin, and four of them carried 6 or 7 enterotoxin genes. The latter were all veterinary or clinical isolates. Most strains carried prophages, plasmids and/or pathogenicity islands. Regarding antibiotic resistance, although phenotypically all strains showed resistance to at least one antibiotic, resistance genes were only identified in 44.5% of strains, being mastitis isolates those with the lowest prevalence. Virulence-related phenotypic properties such as haemolytic activity, staphyloxanthin production, biofilm-forming capacity and spreading ability were widely distributed amongst the isolates. Conclusions Our results indicate that production of virulence factors, antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation can be found in S. aureus isolates from diverse environments, including the food industry, although some of these traits are more prevalent in strains isolated from infections in cows or humans. This emphasizes on the importance of monitoring the spread of these determinants not only in samples from the clinical environment, but also along the food chain, a strategy that falls under the prism of a one-health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Jurado
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
- DairySafe Group. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lucía Fernández
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
- DairySafe Group. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
- DairySafe Group. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pilar García
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
- DairySafe Group. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
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6
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Xu ZS, Ju T, Yang X, Gänzle M. A Meta-Analysis of Bacterial Communities in Food Processing Facilities: Driving Forces for Assembly of Core and Accessory Microbiomes across Different Food Commodities. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1575. [PMID: 37375077 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial spoilage is a major cause of food waste. Microbial spoilage is dependent on the contamination of food from the raw materials or from microbial communities residing in food processing facilities, often as bacterial biofilms. However, limited research has been conducted on the persistence of non-pathogenic spoilage communities in food processing facilities, or whether the bacterial communities differ among food commodities and vary with nutrient availability. To address these gaps, this review re-analyzed data from 39 studies from various food facilities processing cheese (n = 8), fresh meat (n = 16), seafood (n = 7), fresh produce (n = 5) and ready-to-eat products (RTE; n = 3). A core surface-associated microbiome was identified across all food commodities, including Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus, Psychrobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Serratia and Microbacterium. Commodity-specific communities were additionally present in all food commodities except RTE foods. The nutrient level on food environment surfaces overall tended to impact the composition of the bacterial community, especially when comparing high-nutrient food contact surfaces to floors with an unknown nutrient level. In addition, the compositions of bacterial communities in biofilms residing in high-nutrient surfaces were significantly different from those of low-nutrient surfaces. Collectively, these findings contribute to a better understanding of the microbial ecology of food processing environments, the development of targeted antimicrobial interventions and ultimately the reduction of food waste and food insecurity and the promotion of food sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui S Xu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Tingting Ju
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Xianqin Yang
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Michael Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
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Pérez-Boto D, D'Arrigo M, García-Lafuente A, Bravo D, Pérez-Baltar A, Gaya P, Medina M, Arqués JL. Staphylococcus aureus in the Processing Environment of Cured Meat Products. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112161. [PMID: 37297406 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of Staphylococcus aureus in six dry-cured meat-processing facilities was investigated. S. aureus was detected in 3.8% of surfaces from five facilities. The occurrence was clearly higher during processing (4.8%) than after cleaning and disinfection (1.4%). Thirty-eight isolates were typified by PFGE and MLST. Eleven sequence types (STs) were defined by MLST. ST30 (32%) and ST12 (24%) were the most abundant. Enterotoxin genes were detected in 53% of isolates. The enterotoxin A gene (sea) was present in all ST30 isolates, seb in one ST1 isolate, and sec in two ST45 isolates. Sixteen isolates harbored the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) with four variations in the sequence. The toxic shock syndrome toxin gene (tst) was detected in 82% of isolates. Regarding antimicrobial resistance, twelve strains were susceptible to all the antibiotics tested (31.6%). However, 15.8% were resistant to three or more antimicrobials and, therefore, multidrug-resistant. Our results showed that in general, efficient cleaning and disinfection procedures were applied. Nonetheless, the presence of S. aureus with virulence determinants and resistance to antimicrobials, particularly multidrug-resistant MRSA ST398 strains, might represent a potential health hazard for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pérez-Boto
- Department of Food Technology, INIA-CSIC, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Matilde D'Arrigo
- The Food Quality Centre, INIA-CSIC, Calle José Tudela S/N, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | - Ana García-Lafuente
- The Food Quality Centre, INIA-CSIC, Calle José Tudela S/N, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | - Daniel Bravo
- Department of Food Technology, INIA-CSIC, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida Pérez-Baltar
- Department of Food Technology, INIA-CSIC, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Gaya
- Department of Food Technology, INIA-CSIC, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Medina
- Department of Food Technology, INIA-CSIC, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan L Arqués
- Department of Food Technology, INIA-CSIC, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Youssef O, Agún S, Fernández L, Khalil SA, Rodríguez A, García P. Impact of the calcium concentration on the efficacy of phage phiIPLA-RODI, LysRODIΔAmi and nisin for the elimination of Staphylococcus aureus during lab-scale cheese production. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 399:110227. [PMID: 37148666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive human opportunistic pathogen that may also cause food poisoning because of the ability of some strains to produce heat stable enterotoxins that can persist in food even after the pathogen is successfully eliminated. In this context, biopreservation may be a forward-looking strategy to help eliminate staphylococcal contamination in dairy products by using natural compounds. However, these antimicrobials exhibit individual limitations that may be overcome by combining them. This work investigates the combination of a virulent bacteriophage, phiIPLA-RODI, a phage-derived engineered lytic protein, LysRODIΔAmi, and the bacteriocin nisin for the elimination of S. aureus during lab-scale cheese production at two CaCl2 concentrations (0.2 % and 0.02 %), and subsequent storage at two different temperatures (4 °C and 12 °C). In most of the assayed conditions, our results demonstrate that the combined action of the antimicrobials led to a greater reduction of the pathogen population than the compounds individually, albeit this effect was additive and not synergistic. However, our results did show synergy between the three antimicrobials for reducing the bacterial load after 14 days of storage at 12 °C, temperature at which there is growth of the S. aureus population. Additionally, we tested the impact of the calcium concentration on the activity of the combination treatment and observed that higher CaCl2 levels led to a notable increase in endolysin activity that allowed the utilization of approximately 10-times less protein to attain the same efficacy. Overall, our data show that the combination of LysRODIΔAmi with nisin and/or phage phiIPLA-RODI, and an increase in the calcium concentration are successful strategies to decrease the amount of protein required for the control of S. aureus contamination in the dairy sector with a low potential for resistance selection, thereby reducing costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Youssef
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain; Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt; Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt
| | - Seila Agún
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lucía Fernández
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Samy A Khalil
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Ana Rodríguez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pilar García
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
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9
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Biofilm Formation and Control of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062432. [PMID: 36985403 PMCID: PMC10058477 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are microbial aggregation membranes that are formed when microorganisms attach to the surfaces of living or nonliving things. Importantly, biofilm properties provide microorganisms with protection against environmental pressures and enhance their resistance to antimicrobial agents, contributing to microbial persistence and toxicity. Thus, bacterial biofilm formation is part of the bacterial survival mechanism. However, if foodborne pathogens form biofilms, the risk of foodborne disease infections can be greatly exacerbated, which can cause major public health risks and lead to adverse economic consequences. Therefore, research on biofilms and their removal strategies are very important in the food industry. Food waste due to spoilage within the food industry remains a global challenge to environmental sustainability and the security of food supplies. This review describes bacterial biofilm formation, elaborates on the problem associated with biofilms in the food industry, enumerates several kinds of common foodborne pathogens in biofilms, summarizes the current strategies used to eliminate or control harmful bacterial biofilm formation, introduces the current and emerging control strategies, and emphasizes future development prospects with respect to bacterial biofilms.
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10
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Pathogenic Microorganisms Linked to Fresh Fruits and Juices Purchased at Low-Cost Markets in Ecuador, Potential Carriers of Antibiotic Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020236. [PMID: 36830147 PMCID: PMC9952111 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic microorganisms linked to fresh fruits and juices sold out in retail low-cost markets raise safety concerns as they may carry multidrug-resistant (MDR) genes. To evaluate the microbiological quality and safety of highly consumed fruits and derivatives in Imbabura Province, Ecuador, ready-to-eat strawberries (5 independent batches; n = 300 samples), and gooseberries (5 separate batches; n = 500 samples), purchased from a local fruit farm grower and low-cost retail market, along with 20 different natural fruit- and vegetables-based juices (3 independent batches; n = 60 samples) purchased from food courts located within the low-cost markets were analyzed. Bacteriological analysis showed that the microbial quality was lower as several indicators (n = 984) consisting of total coliforms (TCOL), total aerobes (AEROB), Enterobacter spp. (ENT), Shigella spp., (SHIGA), yeasts (YE), and molds (M) were detected. Staphylococcus spp. (STAPHY) was found in both fruits regardless of origin, while Escherichia coli (EC) isolates were found in strawberries but not gooseberries. Salmonella spp. (SALM) were detected in juices only. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed multidrug resistance of several isolates. The hemolytic pattern revealed that 88.89% of EC and 61.11% of ENT isolates were beta-hemolytic. All STAPHY isolates were beta-hemolytic while SALM and SHIGA were alpha-hemolytic. Plasmid curing assay of MDR isolates (ENT, EC, SALM, and STAPHY) showed that the antibiotic resistance (AR) was highly indicative of being plasmid-borne. These results raise concerns about the consumption of MDR bacteria. However, good agricultural and industrial practices, behavioral change communication, and awareness-raising programs are necessary for all stakeholders along the food production and consumption supply chain.
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Yum SJ, Jeong HG, Kim SM. Anti-biofilm effects of sinomenine against Staphylococcus aureus. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:83-90. [PMID: 36606087 PMCID: PMC9807730 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive foodborne pathogen capable of forming strong biofilms. This study identified that anti-biofilm natural compound against S. aureus. Sinomenine, a natural compound, showed significantly reduced biofilm formation (31.97-39.86%), but no effect on bacterial growth was observed. The dispersion of preformed biofilms was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). qRT-PCR revealed that sinomenine treatment significantly up-regulated agrA by 3.8-fold and down-regulated icaA gene by 3.1-fold. These indicate that sinomenine treatment induces biofilm dispersal due to cell-cell adhesion, polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), and phenol-soluble modulin (PSM) peptides production. Our results suggest that sinomenine can be used as a promising agent for effectively controlling biofilm formation and dispersion, thereby making S. aureus more susceptible to the action of antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Yum
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Korea
| | - Hee Gon Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Korea
| | - Seung Min Kim
- Division of Human Ecology, Korea National Open University, Seoul, 03087 Korea
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Avila-Novoa MG, Solis-Velazquez OA, Guerrero-Medina PJ, González-Gómez JP, González-Torres B, Velázquez-Suárez NY, Martínez-Chávez L, Martínez-Gonzáles NE, De la Cruz-Color L, Ibarra-Velázquez LM, Cardona-López MA, Robles-García MÁ, Gutiérrez-Lomelí M. Genetic and compositional analysis of biofilm formed by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food contact surfaces. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1001700. [PMID: 36532477 PMCID: PMC9755592 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1001700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen that can form biofilms on food contact surfaces (FCS) in the dairy industry, posing a serious food safety, and quality concern. Biofilm is a complex system, influenced by nutritional-related factors that regulate the synthesis of the components of the biofilm matrix. This study determines the prevalence of biofilm-associated genes and evaluates the development under different growth conditions and compositions of biofilms produced by S. aureus. METHODS Biofilms were developed in TSB, TSBG, TSBNaCl, and TSBGNaCl on stainless-steel (SS), with enumeration at 24 and 192 h visualized by epifluorescence and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The composition of biofilms was determined using enzymatic and chemical treatments and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 84 S. aureus (SA1-SA84) strains were collected from 293 dairy industry FCS (FCS-stainless steel [n = 183] and FCS-polypropylene [n = 110]) for this study. The isolates harbored the genes sigB (66%), sar (53%), agrD (52%), clfB/clfA (38%), fnbA/fnbB (20%), and bap (9.5%). 99. In particular, the biofilm formed by bap-positive S. aureus onto SS showed a high cell density in all culture media at 192 h in comparison with the biofilms formed at 24 h (p < 0.05). Epifluorescence microscopy and SEM revealed the metabolically active cells and the different stages of biofilm formation. CLSM analysis detected extracellular polymeric of S. aureus biofilms on SS, such as eDNA, proteins, and polysaccharides. Finally, the level of detachment on being treated with DNase I (44.7%) and NaIO 4(42.4%) was greater in the biofilms developed in TSB compared to culture medium supplemented with NaCl at 24 h; however, there was no significant difference when the culture medium was supplemented with glucose. In addition, after treatment with proteinase K, there was a lower level of biomass detachment (17.7%) of the biofilm developed in TSBNaCl (p < 0.05 at 24 h) compared to that in TSB, TSBG, and TSBGNaCl (33.6, 36.9, and 37.8%, respectively). These results represent a deep insight into the composition of S. aureus biofilms present in the dairy industry, which promotes the development of more efficient composition-specific disinfection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Guadalupe Avila-Novoa
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Oscar Alberto Solis-Velazquez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Pedro Javier Guerrero-Medina
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jean-Pierre González-Gómez
- Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA), Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Berenice González-Torres
- Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA), Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Noemí Yolanda Velázquez-Suárez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Liliana Martínez-Chávez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inocuidad de Alimentos, Departamento de Farmacología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Nanci Edid Martínez-Gonzáles
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inocuidad de Alimentos, Departamento de Farmacología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Lucia De la Cruz-Color
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luz María Ibarra-Velázquez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Cardona-López
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Robles-García
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Melesio Gutiérrez-Lomelí
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
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Komodromos D, Kotzamanidis C, Giantzi V, Pappa S, Papa A, Zdragas A, Angelidis A, Sergelidis D. Prevalence, Infectious Characteristics and Genetic Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Two Raw-Meat Processing Establishments in Northern Greece. Pathogens 2022; 11:1370. [PMID: 36422621 PMCID: PMC9697755 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the isolation frequency, the genetic diversity, and the infectious characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) from the incoming meat and the meat products, the environment, and the workers' nasal cavities, in two meat-processing establishments in northern Greece. The isolated S. aureus strains were examined for their resistance to antimicrobials, carriage of the mecA and mecC genes, carriage of genes encoding for the production of nine staphylococcal enterotoxins, carriage of the Panton-Valentine Leukocidin and Toxic Shock Syndrome genes, and the ability to form biofilm. The genetic diversity of the isolates was evaluated using Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and spa typing. S. aureus was isolated from 13.8% of the 160 samples examined, while only one sample (0.6%) was contaminated by MRSA carrying the mecA gene. The evaluation of the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates revealed low antimicrobial resistance. The higher resistance frequencies were observed for penicillin (68.2%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (36.4%) and tetracycline (18.2%), while 31.8% of the isolates were sensitive to all antimicrobials examined. Multidrug resistance was observed in two isolates. None of the isolates carried the mecC or lukF-PV genes, and two isolates (9.1%) harbored the tst gene. Eight isolates (36.4%) carried the seb gene, one carried the sed gene, two (9.1%) carried both the sed and sei genes, and one isolate (4.5%) carried the seb, sed and sei genes. Twenty-one (95.5%) of the isolates showed moderate biofilm production ability, while only one (4.5%) was characterized as a strong biofilm producer. Genotyping of the isolates by PFGE indicates that S. aureus from different meat-processing establishments represent separate genetic populations. Ten different spa types were identified, while no common spa type isolates were detected within the two plants. Overall, our findings emphasize the need for the strict application of good hygienic practices at the plant level to control the spread of S. aureus and MRSA to the community through the end products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Komodromos
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene-Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Charalampos Kotzamanidis
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—DIMITRA, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Virginia Giantzi
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—DIMITRA, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Styliani Pappa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonios Zdragas
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—DIMITRA, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Apostolos Angelidis
- Laboratory of Safety and Quality of Milk and Dairy Products, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Daniel Sergelidis
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene-Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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The Cleanability of Laser Etched Surfaces with Repeated Fouling using Staphylococcus aureus and Milk. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kawser AR, Foysal MJ, Chua EG, Ali MH, Mannan A, Siddik MA, Paul SI, Rahman MM, Tay A. Microbiome data reveal significant differences in the bacterial diversity in freshwater rohu (Labeo rohita) across the supply chain in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:813-823. [PMID: 35575585 PMCID: PMC9796611 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to characterize and compare the skin and gut microbial communities of rohu at various post-harvest stages of consumption using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and 16S rRNA-based amplicon sequencing. Real-time PCR amplification detected higher copy numbers for coliform bacteria-Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica and Shigella spp. in the marketed fish-compared to fresh and frozen samples. The 16S rRNA data revealed higher alpha diversity measurements in the skin of fish from different retail markets of Dhaka city. Beta ordination revealed distinct clustering of bacterial OTUs for the skin and gut samples from three different groups. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria was most abundant in all groups except the Fusobacteria in the control fish gut. Although Aeromonas was found ubiquitous in all types of samples, diverse bacterial genera were identified in the marketed fish samples. Nonetheless, low species richness was observed for the frozen fish. Most of the differentially abundant bacteria in the skin samples of marketed fish are opportunistic human pathogens enriched at different stages of postharvest handling and processing. Therefore, considering the microbial contamination in the aquatic environment in Bangladesh, post-harvest handling should be performed with proper methods and care to minimize bacterial transmission into fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.Q.M. Robiul Kawser
- Department of AquacultureBangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural UniversityGazipurBangladesh,School of Veterinary Medicine and ScienceUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Md Javed Foysal
- Department of Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyShahjalal University of Science and TechnologySylhetBangladesh,School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthWAAustralia
| | - Eng Guan Chua
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Md Hazrat Ali
- Department of Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyShahjalal University of Science and TechnologySylhetBangladesh
| | - Adnan Mannan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyFaculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of ChittagongChattogramBangladesh
| | - Muhammad A.B. Siddik
- Department of Fisheries Biology and GeneticsPatuakhali Science and Technology UniversityPatuakhaliBangladesh
| | - Sulav Indra Paul
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringBangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural UniversityGazipurBangladesh
| | - Md Mahbubur Rahman
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringBangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural UniversityGazipurBangladesh
| | - Alfred Tay
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
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Agún S, Fernández L, Rodríguez A, García P. Deletion of the amidase domain of endolysin LysRODI enhances antistaphylococcal activity in milk and during fresh cheese production. Food Microbiol 2022; 107:104067. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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17
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Sharan M, Vijay D, Dhaka P, Bedi JS, Gill JPS. Biofilms as a microbial hazard in the food industry: A scoping review. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:2210-2234. [PMID: 35945912 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms pose a serious public health hazard with a significant economic impact on the food industry. The present scoping review is designed to analyze the literature published during 2001-2020 on biofilm formation of microbes, their detection methods, and association with antimicrobial resistance (if any). The peer-reviewed articles retrieved from 04 electronic databases were assessed using PRISMA-ScR guidelines. From the 978 preliminary search results, a total of 88 publications were included in the study. On analysis, the commonly isolated pathogens were Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Vibrio spp., Campylobacter jejuni and Clostridium perfringens. The biofilm-forming ability of microbes was found to be influenced by various factors such as attachment surfaces, temperature, presence of other species, nutrient availability etc. A total of 18 studies characterized the biofilm-forming genes, particularly for S. aureus, Salmonella spp., and E. coli. In most studies, polystyrene plate and/or stainless-steel coupons were used for biofilm formation, and the detection was carried out by crystal violet assays and/or by plate counting method. The strain-specific significant differences in biofilm formation were observed in many studies, and few studies carried out analysis of multi-species biofilms. The association between biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance wasn't clearly defined. Further, viable but non-culturable (VBNC) form of the foodborne pathogens is posing an unseen (by conventional cultivation techniques) but potent threat food safety. The present review recommends the need for carrying out systematic surveys and risk analysis of biofilms in food chain to highlight the evidence-based public health concerns, especially in regions where microbiological food hazards are quite prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjeet Sharan
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Deepthi Vijay
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India.,Present Address: Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala, India
| | - Pankaj Dhaka
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Jasbir Singh Bedi
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Jatinder Paul Singh Gill
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
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Ballah FM, Islam MS, Rana ML, Ferdous FB, Ahmed R, Pramanik PK, Karmoker J, Ievy S, Sobur MA, Siddique MP, Khatun MM, Rahman M, Rahman MT. Phenotypic and Genotypic Detection of Biofilm-Forming Staphylococcus aureus from Different Food Sources in Bangladesh. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11070949. [PMID: 36101330 PMCID: PMC9311614 DOI: 10.3390/biology11070949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major foodborne pathogen. The ability of S. aureus to produce biofilm is a significant virulence factor, triggering its persistence in hostile environments. In this study, we screened a total of 420 different food samples and human hand swabs to detect S. aureus and to determine their biofilm formation ability. Samples analyzed were meat, milk, eggs, fish, fast foods, and hand swabs. S. aureus were detected by culturing, staining, biochemical, and PCR. Biofilm formation ability was determined by Congo Red Agar (CRA) plate and Crystal Violet Microtiter Plate (CVMP) tests. The icaA, icaB, icaC, icaD, and bap genes involved in the synthesis of biofilm-forming intracellular adhesion compounds were detected by PCR. About 23.81% (100/420; 95% CI: 14.17−29.98%) of the samples harbored S. aureus, as revealed by detection of the nuc gene. The CRA plate test revealed 20% of S. aureus isolates as strong biofilm producers and 69% and 11% as intermediate and non-biofilm producers, respectively. By the CVMP staining method, 20%, 77%, and 3% of the isolates were found to be strong, intermediate, and non-biofilm producers. Furthermore, 21% of S. aureus isolates carried at least one biofilm-forming gene, where icaA, icaB, icaC, icaD, and bap genes were detected in 15%, 20%, 7%, 20%, and 10% of the S. aureus isolates, respectively. Bivariate analysis showed highly significant correlations (p < 0.001) between any of the two adhesion genes of S. aureus isolates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Bangladesh describing the detection of biofilm-forming S. aureus from foods and hand swabs using molecular-based evidence. Our findings suggest that food samples should be deemed a potential reservoir of biofilm-forming S. aureus, which indicates a potential public health significance.
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Nero LA, Botelho CV, Sovinski ÂI, Grossi JL, Call DR, Dos Santos Bersot L. Occurrence and Distribution of Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Brazilian Pork Production Chain. J Food Prot 2022; 85:973-979. [PMID: 35358316 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Here we characterized the distribution and the antibiotic resistance of staphylococci from a Brazilian pork production chain. Samples (n = 1,114) from pig farms, pig lots, and slaughterhouses, located in two Brazilian states (Minas Gerais and Paraná), were subjected to coagulase-positive Staphylococcus enumeration. S. aureus isolates (n = 251) from this collection were further characterized for their resistance to oxacillin, cefoxitin, vancomycin, and tetracycline through phenotypic and molecular assays. Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus counts from pig farms were higher compared with other samples (P < 0.05). Other counts were relatively low but were present in all production stages. S. aureus isolates were commonly resistant to oxacillin and cefoxitin (54 of 73, 74.0%), qualifying them as methicillin-resistant S. aureus, but PCR assays indicated that few harbored the expected antimicrobial resistance genes (femB, mecA, and mecC). Lower frequencies of vancomycin and tetracycline resistance were found (6.8 to 37.0%). PCR sensitivity (34.5 to 86.7%) and specificity (26.6 to 85.0%) for detection of antibiotic resistance genes varied based on the assessed antibiotic. Antibiotic-resistant staphylococci are widely distributed in the Brazilian pork production chain, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus can become a potential health and economic impediment for the Brazilian pork industry. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Augusto Nero
- Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal (InsPOA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Clarisse Vieira Botelho
- Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal (InsPOA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ângela Idalia Sovinski
- Laboratório de Inspeção e Controle de Qualidade de Alimentos e Água (LACOMA), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Rua Pioneiro, 2153, Jardim Dallas, 85950-000, Palotina, Paraná, Brazil; and
| | - Juliana Líbero Grossi
- Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal (InsPOA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Douglas Ruben Call
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, 240 S.E. Ott Road, P.O. Box 647090, Pullman, Washington 99164-7090, USA
| | - Luciano Dos Santos Bersot
- Laboratório de Inspeção e Controle de Qualidade de Alimentos e Água (LACOMA), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Rua Pioneiro, 2153, Jardim Dallas, 85950-000, Palotina, Paraná, Brazil; and
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Microbial Profile and Safety of Chicken Eggs from a Poultry Farm and Small-Scale Vendors in Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7483253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A freshly laid hen’s egg is devoid of microorganism, but soon after oviposition, it is contaminated by various spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. The aim of this study was to assess the microbial profile and safety of chicken eggs in Hawassa City. A total of 60 egg samples were collected from Hawassa University Poultry Farm (HUPF) and small-scale vendors in Hawassa. The samples were analyzed for aerobic mesophilic bacterial count (AMBC), Staphylococcal count (SC), Enterobacteriaceae count (EC), total coliform count (TCC), fecal coliform count (FCC), and yeast and mold count (YMC). Moreover, the dominant mesophilic aerobic bacterial genera and common bacterial pathogens were identified by phenotypic methods. Accordingly, the mean aerobic mesophilic bacterial load of the shell surface rinsate of the egg samples ranged from 1.22 log10 CFU/ml to 9.7 log10 CFU/ml, while that of the internal contents ranged from 1.52 log CFU/ml to 9.36 log CFU/ml. The microbial load values of the egg contents were beyond the international recommended acceptable limits and suggested incipient spoilage. The mesophilic aerobic bacterial genera of the shell and internal contents of the egg samples were similarly dominated by Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, and Staphylococcus. The incidence of E. coli in shell rinsate and egg content was 10% (6 of 60) and 1.67% (1 of 60), respectively. Salmonellae were detected in shell rinsate of six egg samples (10%) and in the contents of eight samples (13.33%), all from small-scale vendors. These findings call for vigilant exercise of good agricultural and hygienic practices by primary producers and retailers.
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Ghoshal M, Ryu V, McLandsborough L. Evaluation of the efficacy of antimicrobials against pathogens on food contact surfaces using a rapid microbial log reduction detection method. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 373:109699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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23
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Phan TN, Miyamoto T, Thi ANT. Microbiological assessment of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus at fish-processing plants in Vietnam. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.fstr-d-21-00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trang Nguyen Phan
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
| | - Takahisa Miyamoto
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
| | - Anh Ngoc Tong Thi
- Department of Food Technology, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University
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24
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Bencardino D, Amagliani G, Brandi G. Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among food handlers: An ongoing challenge in public health. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Mevo SIU, Ashrafudoulla M, Furkanur Rahaman Mizan M, Park SH, Ha SD. Promising strategies to control persistent enemies: Some new technologies to combat biofilm in the food industry-A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:5938-5964. [PMID: 34626152 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm is an advanced form of protection that allows bacterial cells to withstand adverse environmental conditions. The complex structure of biofilm results from genetic-related mechanisms besides other factors such as bacterial morphology or substratum properties. Inhibition of biofilm formation of harmful bacteria (spoilage and pathogenic bacteria) is a critical task in the food industry because of the enhanced resistance of biofilm bacteria to stress, such as cleaning and disinfection methods traditionally used in food processing plants, and the increased food safety risks threatening consumer health caused by recurrent contamination and rapid deterioration of food by biofilm cells. Therefore, it is urgent to find methods and strategies for effectively combating bacterial biofilm formation and eradicating mature biofilms. Innovative and promising approaches to control bacteria and their biofilms are emerging. These new approaches range from methods based on natural ingredients to the use of nanoparticles. This literature review aims to describe the efficacy of these strategies and provide an overview of recent promising biofilm control technologies in the food processing sector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Ashrafudoulla
- Food Science and Technology Department, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Si Hong Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Food Science and Technology Department, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
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26
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Abbasi K, Tajbakhsh E, Momtaz H. Antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, and biofilm formation in
Staphylococcus aureus
strains isolated from meat and meat products. J Food Saf 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Abbasi
- Department of Microbiology Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University Shahrekord Iran
| | - Elahe Tajbakhsh
- Department of Microbiology Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University Shahrekord Iran
| | - Hassan Momtaz
- Department of Microbiology Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University Shahrekord Iran
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27
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Donnadio A, Roscini L, Di Michele A, Corazzini V, Cardinali G, Ambrogi V. PVC grafted zinc oxide nanoparticles as an inhospitable surface to microbes. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 128:112290. [PMID: 34474841 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was obtained by covalent bonding of zinc oxide nanoparticles, which have gained important achievements in antimicrobial fields because of their auspicious properties. This was achieved by grafting mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane onto PVC, followed by the growth of zinc oxide nanoparticles covalently bonded on the polymer surface. In this study, the relationship between the physicochemical features of modified-surface PVC and antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans was investigated. Zinc oxide with controllable morphologies (rods, rod flowers, and petal flowers) was synthesized on the polymer surface by tuning merely base-type and concentration using a hydrothermal process. The antimicrobial activity was more pronounced for rod flower morphology, because of their differences in microscopic parameters such as specific Zn-polar planes. This work provides an important hint for the safe use of PVC for biomedical devices by the structure surface tuning without injuring polymer bulk properties and a reduced risk of the covalently bonded nanoparticle dispersion in the host and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Donnadio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; Centro di Eccellenza CEMIN - Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturali per applicazioni Chimica Fisiche e Biomediche, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Luca Roscini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX giugno, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Michele
- Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Via A. Pascoli, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentina Corazzini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Cardinali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX giugno, 06121 Perugia, Italy; Centro di Eccellenza CEMIN - Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturali per applicazioni Chimica Fisiche e Biomediche, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Valeria Ambrogi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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28
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Effect of α-Terpineol on Chicken Meat Quality during Refrigerated Conditions. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081855. [PMID: 34441632 PMCID: PMC8392150 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial properties of nine bioactive compounds (BACs). Applying the disc paper and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays, we found that the BACs with the widest spectrum of in vitro antibacterial activity against the studied bacteria were carvacrol and α-terpineol (αTPN). Subsequently, αTPN was selected and applied at different concentrations into the fresh minced chicken meat. The meat was then vacuum packaged and stored for 14 days at 4 °C. Physicochemical properties, lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS), electronic-nose-based smell detection, and microbiological characteristics were monitored. At day 14, meat treated with higher concentrations of αTPN (MIC-2 and MIC-4) exhibited a significantly increased pH and lightness (L*), increased yellowness (b*), decreased redness (a*), caused a significant decrease in water holding capacity (WHC), and decreased lipid oxidation by keeping TBARS scores lower than the control. Although αTPN showed perceptibly of overlapped aroma profiles, the E-nose was able to distinguish the odor accumulation of αTPN between the different meat groups. During the 2-week storage period, αTPN, particularly MIC-4, showed 5.3 log CFU/g reduction in aerobic mesophilic counts, causing total inhibition to the Pseudomonas lundessis, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella Typhimurium. These promising results highlight that αTPN is exploitable to improve the shelf life and enhance the safety of meat and meat products.
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29
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Hait JM, Cao G, Kastanis G, Yin L, Pettengill JB, Tallent SM. Evaluation of Virulence Determinants Using Whole-Genome Sequencing and Phenotypic Biofilm Analysis of Outbreak-Linked Staphylococcus aureus Isolates. Front Microbiol 2021. [PMID: 34349741 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb2021687625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are a frequent cause of food contamination of potentially pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus. Given its vast role in human disease, the possible impact of biofilm-producing S. aureus isolates in a food processing environment is evident. Sixty-nine S. aureus isolates collected from one firm following multiple staphylococcal food poisoning outbreak investigations were utilized for this analysis. Strain evaluations were performed to establish virulence determinants and the evolutionary relationships using data generated by shotgun whole-genome sequencing (WGS), along with end point polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in vitro phenotypic assessments. S. aureus isolates were grouped into six well-supported clades in the phylogenetic tree, with the relationships within the clades indicating a strong degree of clonal structure. Our analysis identified four major sequence types 47.8% ST1, 31.9% ST45, 7.2% ST5, and 7.2% ST30 and two major spa types 47.8% t127 and 29.0% t3783. Extrapolated staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) analysis found that all isolates were positive for at least 1 of the 23 SEs and/or SE-like toxin genes. Enterotoxigenic assessments found that 93% of the isolates expressed a classical SE(A-E). SE gene concurrence was observed at 96.2%, based on PCR and WGS results. In total, 46 gene targets were distinguished. This included genes that encode for adhesion and biofilm synthesis such as clfA, clfB, bbp, ebpS, ica, bap and agr. Our evaluation found agr group III to be the most prevalent at 55%, followed by 35% for agr group I. All isolates harbored the complete intercellular adhesion operon that is recognized to contain genes responsible for the adhesion step of biofilm formation by encoding proteins involved in the syntheses of the biofilm matrix. Phenotypic characterization of biofilm formation was evaluated three times, with each test completed in triplicate and accomplished utilizing the microtiter plate method and Congo red agar (CRA). The microtiter plate results indicated moderate to high biofilm formation for 96% of the isolates, with 4% exhibiting weak to no biofilm development. CRA results yielded all positive to intermediate results. The potential to inadvertently transfer pathogenic bacteria from the environment into food products creates challenges to any firm and may result in adulterated food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Hait
- Division of Microbiology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Guojie Cao
- Division of Microbiology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD, United States
| | - George Kastanis
- Division of Microbiology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Lanlan Yin
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Analytics and Outreach, College Park, MD, United States
| | - James B Pettengill
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Analytics and Outreach, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Sandra M Tallent
- Division of Microbiology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD, United States
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30
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Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from dairy products: Relationship of ica-dependent/independent and components of biofilms produced in vitro. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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31
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Zhao X, Yuan X, Hu M, Zhang Y, Li L, Zhang Q, Yuan X, Wang W, Liu Y. Prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bulk tank milk in Shandong dairy farms. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Hait JM, Cao G, Kastanis G, Yin L, Pettengill JB, Tallent SM. Evaluation of Virulence Determinants Using Whole-Genome Sequencing and Phenotypic Biofilm Analysis of Outbreak-Linked Staphylococcus aureus Isolates. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:687625. [PMID: 34349741 PMCID: PMC8328053 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.687625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are a frequent cause of food contamination of potentially pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus. Given its vast role in human disease, the possible impact of biofilm-producing S. aureus isolates in a food processing environment is evident. Sixty-nine S. aureus isolates collected from one firm following multiple staphylococcal food poisoning outbreak investigations were utilized for this analysis. Strain evaluations were performed to establish virulence determinants and the evolutionary relationships using data generated by shotgun whole-genome sequencing (WGS), along with end point polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in vitro phenotypic assessments. S. aureus isolates were grouped into six well-supported clades in the phylogenetic tree, with the relationships within the clades indicating a strong degree of clonal structure. Our analysis identified four major sequence types 47.8% ST1, 31.9% ST45, 7.2% ST5, and 7.2% ST30 and two major spa types 47.8% t127 and 29.0% t3783. Extrapolated staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) analysis found that all isolates were positive for at least 1 of the 23 SEs and/or SE-like toxin genes. Enterotoxigenic assessments found that 93% of the isolates expressed a classical SE(A–E). SE gene concurrence was observed at 96.2%, based on PCR and WGS results. In total, 46 gene targets were distinguished. This included genes that encode for adhesion and biofilm synthesis such as clfA, clfB, bbp, ebpS, ica, bap and agr. Our evaluation found agr group III to be the most prevalent at 55%, followed by 35% for agr group I. All isolates harbored the complete intercellular adhesion operon that is recognized to contain genes responsible for the adhesion step of biofilm formation by encoding proteins involved in the syntheses of the biofilm matrix. Phenotypic characterization of biofilm formation was evaluated three times, with each test completed in triplicate and accomplished utilizing the microtiter plate method and Congo red agar (CRA). The microtiter plate results indicated moderate to high biofilm formation for 96% of the isolates, with 4% exhibiting weak to no biofilm development. CRA results yielded all positive to intermediate results. The potential to inadvertently transfer pathogenic bacteria from the environment into food products creates challenges to any firm and may result in adulterated food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Hait
- Division of Microbiology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Guojie Cao
- Division of Microbiology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD, United States
| | - George Kastanis
- Division of Microbiology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Lanlan Yin
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Analytics and Outreach, College Park, MD, United States
| | - James B Pettengill
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Analytics and Outreach, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Sandra M Tallent
- Division of Microbiology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD, United States
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33
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Sivaraman GK, Sivam V, Ganesh B, Elangovan R, Vijayan A, Mothadaka MP. Whole genome sequence analysis of multi drug resistant community associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus from food fish: detection of clonal lineage ST 28 and its antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11224. [PMID: 34113482 PMCID: PMC8158172 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) sequence type 28 (ST 28) and spa type t021 is a CC30, prototype of ST-30, Community Associated-MRSA (CA-MRSA) (lukS-lukF +). It is a multi-drug resistant strain harbouring staphylococcal endotoxins, haemolysins, ureolysin, serine protease, and antimicrobial resistance genes. In this study, we report the draft genome sequence of this MRSA isolated from the most commonly used food fish, ribbon fish (Trichiurus lepturus). The total number of assembled paired-end high-quality reads was 7,731,542 with a total length of 2.8Mb of 2797 predicted genes. The unique ST28/ t021 CA- MRSA in fish is the first report from India, and in addition to antibiotic resistance is known to co-harbour virulence genes, haemolysins, aureolysins and endotoxins. Comprehensive comparative genomic analysis of CA-MRSA strain7 can help further understand their diversity, genetic structure, diversity and a high degree of virulence to aid in fisheries management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalan Krishnan Sivaraman
- Microbiology, Fermentation & Biotechnology, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Visnuvinayagam Sivam
- Microbiology, Fermentation & Biotechnology, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Balasubramanian Ganesh
- Division of Laoratory, ICMR- National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Ardhra Vijayan
- Microbiology, Fermentation & Biotechnology, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Mukteswar Prasad Mothadaka
- Microbiology, Fermentation & Biotechnology, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
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34
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Park DW, Lee YD, Park JH. Characteristics for phage-encoded cell wall hydrolase of LysSAP27 to reduce staphylococcal food poisoning. Food Sci Biotechnol 2021; 30:745-753. [PMID: 34123470 PMCID: PMC8144258 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-00910-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP), a phage-encoded cell wall hydrolase called endolysin has emerged as an attractive antibacterial agent. In this study, the Staphylococcus aureus infecting phage vB_SauS-SAP27 (ϕSAP27) was isolated from sewage and characterized morphologically and genetically. ϕSAP27 was identified as Siphoviridae temperate phage, with a genome of 43 kbp. A ϕSAP27 endolysin named LysSAP27 was produced recombinantly in Escherichia coli. LysSAP27 exhibited the highest activity at neutral pH and a temperature of 30 °C, and its lytic activity was upregulated by calcium ions. Following optimization of the enzymatic conditions, LysSAP27 was applied to S. aureus-contaminated milk. Treatment with 2 μM LysSAP27 led to a significant bactericidal effect, corresponding to a reduction in bacterial titer by 2.8 log CFU/mL within 1 h and 3.4 log CFU/mL within 2 h. Therefore, LysSAP27 could be used as an effective antimicrobial agent to prevent SFP in food. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-021-00910-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-won Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Duck Lee
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Seowon University, Cheongju, 28674 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120 Republic of Korea
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35
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Synergistic action of phage phiIPLA-RODI and lytic protein CHAPSH3b: a combination strategy to target Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2021; 7:39. [PMID: 33888725 PMCID: PMC8062563 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is considered a priority pathogen due to its increasing acquisition of antibiotic resistance determinants. Additionally, this microbe has the ability to form recalcitrant biofilms on different biotic and inert surfaces. In this context, bacteriophages and their derived lytic proteins may be a forward-looking strategy to help combat staphylococcal biofilms. However, these antimicrobials exhibit individual limitations that may be overcome by combining them with other compounds. This work investigates the combination of a phage-derived lytic protein, CHAPSH3b, and the virulent bacteriophage phiIPLA-RODI. The obtained results show the synergy between both antimicrobials for the treatment of 24-h-old S. aureus biofilms, with greater reductions in viable cell counts observed when phage and lysin are applied together compared to the individual treatments. Time-kill curves and confocal microscopy revealed that the fast antibacterial action of CHAPSH3b reduces the population up to 7 hours after initial exposure, which is subsequently followed by phage predation, limiting regrowth of the bacterial population. Moreover, at least 90% of bacteriophage insensitive mutants are susceptible to the lytic protein. Therefore, CHAPSH3b might help curtail the development of phage resistance during treatment. The combination of the lysin and phiIPLA-RODI also showed promising results in an ex vivo pig skin model of wound infection. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that the combination of phage-derived lytic proteins and bacteriophages can be a viable strategy to develop improved antibiofilm products.
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36
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Gado DA, Abdalla MA, Ahmed AS, Madikizela B, Nkadimeng SM, Ehlers MM, McGaw LJ. In vitro antibacterial activity of Loxostylis alata extracts and isolated compounds against Salmonella species. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:121. [PMID: 33849505 PMCID: PMC8042679 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Owing to antibiotic resistance, alternative antimicrobials from medicinal plants are receiving attention as leads for anti-infective agents. This study aimed to investigate selected tree species and their constituents for activity against bacterial foodborne pathogens, particularly Salmonella serovars. Methods Antibacterial activity of ten plant species was determined by serial microdilution against bacteria implicated in causing gastrointestinal ailments. Active compounds were isolated from Loxostylis alata using bioassay-guided fractionation. Antioxidant activity was determined using free-radical scavenging assays. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the extracts was ascertained on Vero cells, and using the Ames assay respectively. Results Extracts had low to moderate MIC values from 0.04 to 2.5 mg/mL. Protorhus longifolia and Loxostylis alata were most active and L. alata had the highest selectivity index value (2.51) against Salmonella Typhimurium, as well as high antioxidant activity. Cytotoxicity values ranged from 0.02 to 0.47 mg/mL, while tested extracts were not genotoxic. Bioactive compounds isolated from L. alata included delicaflavone and a polymethoxyflavone. Conclusions The Loxostylis alata leaf extract had strong activity against Salmonella serovars but isolated compounds were less active, indicating likely synergistic effects. Extracts of L. alata are promising candidates for development of antimicrobial preparations or food additives against microbial contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorcas A Gado
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, Pretoria, South Africa.,Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenzas and other Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, PMB 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Muna Ali Abdalla
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, Pretoria, South Africa. .,Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, 13314, Khartoum North, Sudan.
| | - Aroke S Ahmed
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Balungile Madikizela
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sanah M Nkadimeng
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marthie M Ehlers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box X323, Arcadia 0007, Pretoria, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Service, Tshwane Academic Division, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lyndy J McGaw
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, Pretoria, South Africa
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37
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Mathiazhagan S, Periasamy V, Vadivel A. Ecofriendly antimicrobial
Acalypha indica
leaf extract immobilized polycaprolactone nanofibrous mat for food package applications. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amutha Vadivel
- Department of Biotechnology Periyar University Salem India
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38
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The effect of natural antimicrobials against Campylobacter spp. and its similarities to Salmonella spp, Listeria spp., Escherichia coli, Vibrio spp., Clostridium spp. and Staphylococcus spp. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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39
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Weng S, López A, Sáez-Orviz S, Marcet I, García P, Rendueles M, Díaz M. Effectiveness of bacteriophages incorporated in gelatine films against Staphylococcus aureus. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Madoroba E, Magwedere K, Chaora NS, Matle I, Muchadeyi F, Mathole MA, Pierneef R. Microbial Communities of Meat and Meat Products: An Exploratory Analysis of the Product Quality and Safety at Selected Enterprises in South Africa. Microorganisms 2021; 9:507. [PMID: 33673660 PMCID: PMC7997435 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of food that is contaminated by microorganisms, chemicals, and toxins may lead to significant morbidity and mortality, which has negative socioeconomic and public health implications. Monitoring and surveillance of microbial diversity along the food value chain is a key component for hazard identification and evaluation of potential pathogen risks from farm to the consumer. The aim of this study was to determine the microbial diversity in meat and meat products from different enterprises and meat types in South Africa. Samples (n = 2017) were analyzed for Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella species, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus cereus, and Clostridium botulinum using culture-based methods. PCR was used for confirmation of selected pathogens. Of the 2017 samples analyzed, microbial ecology was assessed for selected subsamples where next generation sequencing had been conducted, followed by the application of computational methods to reconstruct individual genomes from the respective sample (metagenomics). With the exception of Clostridium botulinum, selective culture-dependent methods revealed that samples were contaminated with at least one of the tested foodborne pathogens. The data from metagenomics analysis revealed the presence of diverse bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The analyses provide evidence of diverse and highly variable microbial communities in products of animal origin, which is important for food safety, food labeling, biosecurity, and shelf life limiting spoilage by microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Madoroba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Kudakwashe Magwedere
- Directorate of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Nyaradzo Stella Chaora
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa;
- Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X 05, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (F.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Itumeleng Matle
- Bacteriology Division, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; (I.M.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Farai Muchadeyi
- Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X 05, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (F.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Masenyabu Aletta Mathole
- Bacteriology Division, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; (I.M.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Rian Pierneef
- Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X 05, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (F.M.); (R.P.)
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da Silva Abreu AC, Matos LG, da Silva Cândido TJ, Barboza GR, de Souza VVMA, Munive Nuñez KV, Cirone Silva NC. Antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from organic and conventional Minas Frescal cheese producers in São Paulo, Brazil. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4012-4022. [PMID: 33516545 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The genus Staphylococcus is recognized worldwide as a cause of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Antibiotics used in dairy cattle combined with ineffective control can increase antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study was to characterize 95 Staphylococcus strains isolated from organic and conventional Minas Frescal cheese production regarding antibiotic resistance (phenotype and genotype), presence of sanitizer-resistant genes and biofilm-formation genes, and SCCmec typing. Most strains (25.3%) showed higher resistance to penicillin, followed by oxacillin (21.1%) and clindamycin (11.6%). Among antibiotic resistance genes, the most prevalent were blaZ (25.3%), mecA (13.7%), lsaB (6.3%), msrA (4.2%), ant4 (3.2%), and tetM (2.1%); among sanitizer-resistance genes they were qacA/B (5.3%) and qacC (6.3%); and among biofilm, bap (4.2%), icaA (29.5%), icaD (41.1%). However, there was no statistically significant difference between organic and conventional dairy products, possibly due to the lack of synthetic antibiotic use on conventional farms during the sample collection period. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) had their SCCmec identified as types I and IVc, and the methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci had nontypeable SCCmec. These results suggest that there are antibiotic-resistant strains in both organic and conventional Minas Frescal cheese production in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. This supports the idea that improved quality control is needed from the milking stage up to the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiz Gustavo Matos
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Talita Junia da Silva Cândido
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Giovana Rueda Barboza
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
| | | | - Karen Vanessa Munive Nuñez
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
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Equipment contact surfaces as sources of Staphylococcus carrying enterotoxin-encoding genes in goat milk dairy plants. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kang JW, Lee HY, Kang DH. Synergistic bactericidal effect of hot water with citric acid against Escherichia coli O157:H7 biofilm formed on stainless steel. Food Microbiol 2020; 95:103676. [PMID: 33397610 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the antimicrobial effect of hot water with citric acid against Escherichia coli O157:H7 biofilm on stainless steel (SS). Hot water (50, 60, or 70 °C) with 2% citric acid exhibited a synergistic bactericidal effect on the pathogen biofilm. It was revealed that hot water and citric acid combination induced sub-lethally injured cells. Additionally, mechanisms of the synergistic bactericidal effects of hot water with citric acid were identified through several approaches. In terms of biofilm matrix, hot water removes exopolysaccharides, a major component of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), thereby increasing contact between surface cells and citric acid, resulting in a synergistic bactericidal effect. In terms of the cell itself, increased permeability of citric acid through cell membranes destructed by hot water promotes the inactivation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in E. coli O157:H7, which induce synergistic generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which promote inactivation of cell by activating lipid peroxidation, resulting in destruction of the cell membrane. Therefore, it is interpreted that when hot water with citric acid is applied to E. coli O157:H7 biofilm, synergy effects on the biofilm matrix and cell itself have a complex interaction with each other, thus causing a dramatic synergistic bactericidal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Won Kang
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Yeon Lee
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kang
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea.
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Tohoyessou MG, Mousse W, Sina H, Kona F, Azanghadji T, Guessennd N, Baba-Moussa F, Dadie T, Adjanohoun A, Baba-Moussa L. Toxin Production and Resistance of Staphylococcus Species Isolated from Fermented Artisanal Dairy Products in Benin. J Pathog 2020; 2020:7938149. [PMID: 33204534 PMCID: PMC7649661 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7938149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus species are considered as one of the major pathogens causing outbreaks of food poisoning. The aim of this work was to assess the toxinogenic and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the strains of Staphylococcus spp isolated from three types of fermented dairy products (yoghourt, millet dêguê, and couscous dêguê). The isolation of the Staphylococcus strains was performed on selective media, and their identification was done using biochemical and molecular methods. The susceptibility at 15 antibiotics tested was assessed using the disc diffusion method. The immunodiffusion method was used to evaluate the toxin (luk-E/D, luk-S/F, ETA, and ETB) production. Biofilm formation was qualitatively researched on microplates. Less than half (42.77%) of the collected samples were contaminated with Staphylococcus spp. The yoghourt and millet dêguê samples collected in the afternoon were more contaminated than those collected in the morning. The S. aureus, S. capitis, and S. xylosus strains, respectively, were the most present. S. aureus was the only coagulase-positive species identified in our samples. The highest resistance to antibiotics was observed with penicillin (100%) irrespective of the nature of the sample. S. aureus strains were highly (71.4%) resistant to methicillin. The S. aureus strains were the most biofilm-forming (27.6%), followed by S. capitis strains. Panton and Valentine's leukocidin (luk-S/F) was produced by only S. aureus strains at a rate of 8.33%. Only coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) produced Luk-E/D. The high rates of Staphylococci contamination indicate bad hygiene quality during the production and distribution of dairy products. It is, therefore, necessary to improve the quality of fermented milk products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majoie Géroxie Tohoyessou
- Laboratory Biology and Typing Molecular in Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Wassiyath Mousse
- Laboratory Biology and Typing Molecular in Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Haziz Sina
- Laboratory Biology and Typing Molecular in Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Fernique Kona
- Antibiotics, Natural Substances and Surveillance of Resistance of Microorganisms to Anti-Infective Unit (ASSURMI), Institute Pasteur of Ivory Coast, 01 BP 490, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Tania Azanghadji
- Laboratory Biology and Typing Molecular in Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Nathalie Guessennd
- Antibiotics, Natural Substances and Surveillance of Resistance of Microorganisms to Anti-Infective Unit (ASSURMI), Institute Pasteur of Ivory Coast, 01 BP 490, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Farid Baba-Moussa
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, ISBA-Champ de Foire, 01 BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Thomas Dadie
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, University Nangui Abrogoua, 02 B.P. 801, Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Lamine Baba-Moussa
- Laboratory Biology and Typing Molecular in Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604, Cotonou, Benin
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Fernández L, Gutiérrez D, García P, Rodríguez A. Environmental pH is a key modulator of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm development under predation by the virulent phage phiIPLA-RODI. ISME JOURNAL 2020; 15:245-259. [PMID: 32963343 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00778-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous work had shown that, in some Staphylococcus aureus strains, low concentrations of the virulent phage vB_SauM_phiIPLA-RODI (phiIPLA-RODI) promoted the formation of DNA-rich biofilms, whose cells exhibited significant transcriptional differences compared to an uninfected control. This study aimed to dissect the sequence of events leading to these changes. Analysis of phage propagation throughout biofilm development revealed that the number of phage particles increased steadily up to a certain point and then declined. This partial phage inactivation seemed to be a consequence of medium acidification due to glucose fermentation by the bacterium. Computer simulation of phage-host dynamics during biofilm development showed how even small differences in pH evolution can affect the outcome of phage infection. An acidic pH, together with successful phage propagation, was also necessary to observe the phage-associated changes in biofilm architecture and in the transcriptional profile of the bacterial population. Altogether, this study shows how the dynamics between phage and host can be tightly coordinated through an environmental cue, even in the context of a complex biofilm population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Fernández
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain. .,DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Diana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.,Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pilar García
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.,DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.,DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
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46
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Yang S, Dong Y, Aweya JJ, Li J, Chen X, Zhang Y, Liu GM. A hemoglobin-derived antimicrobial peptide, LCH4, from the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) with potential use as a food preservative. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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47
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Caraballo Guzmán A, González Hurtado MI, Cuesta-Astroz Y, Torres G. Metagenomic characterization of bacterial biofilm in four food processing plants in Colombia. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1259-1267. [PMID: 32221908 PMCID: PMC7455661 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria inside biofilms are more persistent and resistant to stress conditions found in the production environment of food processing plants, thus representing a constant risk for product safety and quality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize, using 16S rRNA sequencing, the bacterial communities from biofilms found in four food processing plants (P1, P2, P3, and P4). In total, 50 samples from these four processing plants were taken after cleaning and disinfection processes. Four phyla: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroides represented over 94% of the operational taxonomic units found across these four plants. A total of 102 families and 189 genera were identified. Two genera, Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp., were the most frequently found (93.47%) across the four plants. In P1, Pseudomonas spp. and Lactobacillus spp. were the dominant genera, whereas Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus spp. were identified in P2. On the other hand, biofilms found in P3 and P4 mainly consisted of Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. Our results indicate that different bacterial genera of interest to the food industry due to their ability to form biofilm and affect food quality can coexist inside biofilms, and as such, persist in production environments, representing a constant risk for manufactured foods. In addition, the core microbiota identified across processing plants evaluated was probably influenced by type of food produced and cleaning and disinfection processes performed in each one of these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arley Caraballo Guzmán
- Colombian Institute of Tropical Medicine, CES University, Carrera 43A # 52 Sur 99, Sabaneta, Colombia
| | | | - Yesid Cuesta-Astroz
- Colombian Institute of Tropical Medicine, CES University, Carrera 43A # 52 Sur 99, Sabaneta, Colombia
| | - Giovanny Torres
- Colombian Institute of Tropical Medicine, CES University, Carrera 43A # 52 Sur 99, Sabaneta, Colombia
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48
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Elsayed MM, Elgohary FA, Zakaria AI, Elkenany RM, El-Khateeb AY. Novel eradication methods for Staphylococcus aureus biofilm in poultry farms and abattoirs using disinfectants loaded onto silver and copper nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:30716-30728. [PMID: 32468379 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in the nanotechnology field have created opportunities to design new biomaterials for Staphylococcus aureus biofilm eradication. These biomaterials including disinfectant-loaded nanoparticles could overcome the limitations of conventional disinfectants. The objective of this study was to assess the biocidal activity of five commercial disinfectants (DC&R®, VirkonS®, TH4++, Tek-Trol, and peracetic acid) alone and as with silver and copper nanocomposites on S. aureus biofilm at different concentrations and exposure times. Consequently, 227 samples were collected from two broiler farms, two-layer farms, and three abattoirs at El-Dakahlia Province, Egypt, during summer 2018. The samples were collected from birds as well as the surrounding environment. S. aureus strains were isolated and biofilm producers were phenotypically evaluated by Congo red agar (CRA) test. Besides, 4 biofilm-associated genes including bap, fnbA, cna, and ebps were genotypically detected by PCR technology. Out of 227 collected samples, 141 (62.1%) strains were identified as S. aureus, while 127 strains (90.1%) were S. aureus biofilm producers for all examined samples except for hand swabs of abattoir workers. The prevalence of fnbA and bap genes was 79.5% (101/127) and 20.5% (26/127), respectively but, no strains harbored cna or ebps genes. Tested nanocomposites were prepared using an aqueous solution of metal salts such as copper sulfate and silver nitrate and added to the same amount of disinfectant solution. The obtained nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and zeta potential which showed spherical and elongated particles and with a surface charge of disinfectants-silver and copper nanocomposites-of 2.92 and 3.43 mV, respectively. Complete eradication of S. aureus biofilm was observed after treatment with disinfectants loaded onto silver (AgNPs) and copper (CuNPs) nanoparticles in varying concentrations as well as at different exposure times in comparing to disinfectants alone. Our results exhibited the potential applications of disinfectant nanocomposites in complete eradication of S. aureus biofilm in farms and abattoirs without developing of disinfectant resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Elsayed
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Fatma A Elgohary
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Amira I Zakaria
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Rasha M Elkenany
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Ayman Y El-Khateeb
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35511, Egypt
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Characterization of Clinical MRSA Isolates from Northern Spain and Assessment of Their Susceptibility to Phage-Derived Antimicrobials. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9080447. [PMID: 32722499 PMCID: PMC7460284 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a prevalent nosocomial pathogen, causing a wide range of diseases. The increased frequency of MRSA isolates in hospitals and the emergence of vancomycin resistance have sparked the search for new control strategies. This study aimed to characterize sixty-seven MRSA isolates collected from both infected patients and asymptomatic carriers in a Spanish hospital. RAPD-PCR allowed the identification of six genetic patterns. We also investigated the presence of genes involved in producing adhesins, toxins and the capsule; the biofilm; and antimicrobial resistance. A notable percentage of the isolates carried virulence genes and showed medium-high ability to form biofilms. Next, we assessed the strains' susceptibility to two phages (phiIPLA-C1C and phiIPLA-RODI) and one endolysin (LysRODI). All strains were resistant to phiIPLA-C1C, and most (70.2%) were susceptible to phiIPLA-RODI. Regarding LysRODI, all strains displayed susceptibility, although to varying degrees. There was a correlation between endolysin susceptibility and the random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profile or the presence of some virulence genes (fnbA, eta, etb, PVL and czr), but that was not observed with biofilm-forming ability, strain origin or phage sensitivity. Taken together, these findings can help to explain the factors influencing endolysin effectiveness, which will contribute to the development of efficient therapies targeting MRSA infections.
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50
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Biofilm Eradication Activity of Herb and Spice Extracts Alone and in Combination Against Oral and Food-Borne Pathogenic Bacteria. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:2486-2495. [PMID: 32394095 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02017-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to select herbs and spices with potent biofilm eradication activities. Further, the combined effects of herb and spice extracts against pathogenic biofilms were evaluated. The biofilm eradication activities of ethanol extracts of 104 herbs and spices were measured by combining a colorimetric microbial viability assay with a biofilm formation technique. Ethanol extract of clove had potent biofilm eradication activities against Escherichia coli, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Streptococcus mutans. Ethanol extracts of eucalyptus and rosemary had potent biofilm eradication activities against P. gingivalis, Staphylococcus aureus and S. mutans. The combination of extracts of clove with eucalyptus or rosemary showed synergistic or additive effects, or both, on biofilm eradication activities. The main biofilm inhibitors in the ethanol extracts of clove, eucalyptus and rosemary were eugenol, macrocarpals and carnosic acid, respectively. The combinations of extracts of clove with eucalyptus or rosemary had potent biofilm eradication activities against oral and food-borne pathogenic bacteria. The findings of the present study reveal that specific combinations of herb and spice extracts may prevent and control biofilm-related oral diseases, food spoilage, and food poisoning.
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