1
|
Ahmad S, Leng Q, Hou G, Liang Y, Li Y, Qu Y. Biological Traits and Comprehensive Genomic Analysis of Novel Enterococcus faecalis Bacteriophage EFP6. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1202. [PMID: 38930584 PMCID: PMC11206139 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a prevalent opportunistic pathogen associated with chicken embryonic and neonatal chick mortality, posing a significant challenge in poultry farming. In the current study, E. faecalis strain EF6, isolated from a recent hatchery outbreak, served as the host bacterium for the isolation of a novel phage EFP6, capable of lysing E. faecalis. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a hexagonal head and a short tail, classifying EFP6 as a member of the Autographiviridae family. EFP6 showed sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation and resistance to chloroform. The lytic cycle duration of EFP6 was determined to be 50 min, highlighting its efficacy in host eradication. With an optimal multiplicity of infection of 0.001, EFP6 exhibited a narrow lysis spectrum and strong specificity towards host strains. Additionally, EFP6 demonstrated optimal growth conditions at 40 °C and pH 8.0. Whole genome sequencing unveiled a genome length of 18,147 bp, characterized by a GC concentration of 33.21% and comprising 25 open reading frames. Comparative genomic assessment underscored its collinearity with related phages, notably devoid of lysogenic genes, thus ensuring genetic stability. This in-depth characterization forms the basis for understanding the biological attributes of EFP6 and its potential utilization in phage therapy, offering promising prospects for mitigating E. faecalis-associated poultry infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yonggang Qu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (S.A.); (Q.L.); (G.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo X, Wang X, Shi J, Ren J, Zeng J, Li J, Li Y. A review and new perspective on oral bacteriophages: manifestations in the ecology of oral diseases. J Oral Microbiol 2024; 16:2344272. [PMID: 38698893 PMCID: PMC11064738 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2024.2344272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the manifestations of bacteriophages in different oral disease ecologies, including periodontal diseases, dental caries, endodontic infections, and oral cancer, as well as to propel phage therapy for safer and more effective clinical application in the field of dentistry. Methods In this literature review, we outlined interactions between bacteriophages, bacteria and even oral cells in the oral ecosystem, especially in disease states. We also analyzed the current status and future prospects of phage therapy in the perspective of different oral diseases. Results Various oral bacteriophages targeting at periodontal pathogens as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Treponema denticola and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, cariogenic pathogen Streptococcus mutans, endodontic pathogen Enterococcus faecalis were predicted or isolated, providing promising options for phage therapy. In the realm of oral cancer, aside from displaying tumor antigens or participating in tumor-targeted therapies, phage-like particle vaccines demonstrated the potential to prevent oral infections caused by human papillomaviruses (HPVs) associated with head-and-neck cancers. Conclusion Due to their intricate interactions with bacteria and oral cells, bacteriophages are closely linked to the progression and regression of diverse oral diseases. And there is an urgent need for research to explore additional possibilities of bacteriophages in the management of oral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaowan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayi Ren
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jumei Zeng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Center for Archaeological Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shanmugasundaram S, Nayak N, Puzhankara L, Kedlaya MN, Rajagopal A, Karmakar S. Bacteriophages: the dawn of a new era in periodontal microbiology? Crit Rev Microbiol 2024; 50:212-223. [PMID: 36883683 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2182667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The oral microbiome, populated by a diverse range of species, plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease. The most dominant yet little-discussed players in the microbiome, the bacteriophages, influence the health and disease of the host in various ways. They, not only contribute to periodontal health by preventing the colonization of pathogens and disrupting biofilms but also play a role in periodontal disease by upregulating the virulence of periodontal pathogens through the transfer of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors. Since bacteriophages selectively infect only bacterial cells, they have an enormous scope to be used as a therapeutic strategy; recently, phage therapy has been successfully used to treat antibiotic-resistant systemic infections. Their ability to disrupt biofilms widens the scope against periodontal pathogens and dental plaque biofilms in periodontitis. Future research focussing on the oral phageome and phage therapy's effectiveness and safety could pave way for new avenues in periodontal therapy. This review explores our current understanding of bacteriophages, their interactions in the oral microbiome, and their therapeutic potential in periodontal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shashikiran Shanmugasundaram
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Namratha Nayak
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Lakshmi Puzhankara
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhurya N Kedlaya
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Anjale Rajagopal
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Shaswata Karmakar
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Sessile forms of bacteria remain as an aggregation on biotic and abiotic surfaces, known as biofilm, that protects them from various environmental stress, like antibiotic and host immune response. The oral cavity is enriched with microbial biofilm, formed on dental surface, gingival plaques, and associated tissue. Several pathogenic viruses enter the oral cavity and form biofilms either on pre-existing biofilms or on cell surfaces. They achieved persistence and the ability to prompt dissemination in the biofilm. Dental biofilms of COVID-19 patients are found to harbor SARS-CoV-2 RNA and may act as a budding reservoir, which also promotes COVID-19 transmission. On the other hand, most of the prokaryotic viruses or bacteriophages essentially kill the host bacteria and thereby destroy the biofilm. Bacteria try to evade from phage attack by concealing in biofilm, whereas the eukaryotic virus often utilize bacterial biofilm to escape host's immune response and to achieve an easy way of dissemination. The opposite action of viruses as an inducer and eradicator of biofilm has made the oral biofilm a unique ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rina Rani Ray
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal, Haringhata, Nadia, India
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Sambalpur University, FVHM+9QP, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha, 768019, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xiang Y, Yang R, Li X, Huang H, Duan K, Song F. Phage PEf771 for the Treatment of Periapical Periodontitis Induced by Enterococcus faecalis YN771. Crit Rev Immunol 2024; 44:41-53. [PMID: 37947071 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2023050313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis was the main causative bacteria of refractory periapical periodontitis (PP), there is a pressing need to explore effective methods for eradicating E. faecalis in patients with refractory PP. This study aimed to assess the anti-infective effectiveness of phage PEf771 in treating periapical inflammation in rats. We developed a rat model of PP through E. faecalis YN771 induction. Micro-computed tomography and hematoxylin-eosin staining were utilized to evaluate bone destruction and inflammation in experimental teeth for seven consecutive weeks. Subsequently, rats with PP caused by E. faecalis YN771 were treated with phage PEf771, calcium hydroxide preparation, and 2% chlorhexidine gel. The healing progress of bone defects and inflammation in the apical region was monitored over three consecutive weeks using imaging and histopathology assessments. The PP rat model was successfully developed, and bone destruction and inflammatory cell infiltration in the apical region of the experimental tooth peaked at 4 weeks. The area of bone destruction in rats treated with phage PEf771, calcium hydroxide preparation, and 2% chlorhexidine gel was significantly smaller than that in the untreated group. Phage PEf771, calcium hydroxide preparation, and 2% chlorhexi-dine gel all have the effect of promoting the healing of apical lesions. Therapeutic effects of phage PEf771 on periapical inflammation infected by E. faecalis YN771 enhanced with time. Phage PEf771 promoted the healing of apical lesions, presenting a promising new approach for the treatment of refractory PP using bacteriophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xiang
- Department of Stomatology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Rongyu Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuelin Li
- Department of Stomatology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kaiwen Duan
- Department of Stomatology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Fei Song
- Department of Minimally Invasive Intervention, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
García-Cruz JC, Huelgas-Méndez D, Jiménez-Zúñiga JS, Rebollar-Juárez X, Hernández-Garnica M, Fernández-Presas AM, Husain FM, Alenazy R, Alqasmi M, Albalawi T, Alam P, García-Contreras R. Myriad applications of bacteriophages beyond phage therapy. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15272. [PMID: 37101788 PMCID: PMC10124553 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages are the most abundant biological entity on the planet, having pivotal roles in bacterial ecology, animal and plant health, and in the biogeochemical cycles. Although, in principle, phages are simple entities that replicate at the expense of their bacterial hosts, due the importance of bacteria in all aspects of nature, they have the potential to influence and modify diverse processes, either in subtle or profound ways. Traditionally, the main application of bacteriophages is phage therapy, which is their utilization to combat and help to clear bacterial infections, from enteric diseases, to skin infections, chronic infections, sepsis, etc. Nevertheless, phages can also be potentially used for several other tasks, including food preservation, disinfection of surfaces, treatment of several dysbioses, and modulation of microbiomes. Phages may also be used as tools for the treatment of non-bacterial infections and pest control in agriculture; moreover, they can be used to decrease bacterial virulence and antibiotic resistance and even to combat global warming. In this review manuscript we discuss these possible applications and promote their implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos García-Cruz
- Faculty of Medicine Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidad Nacional de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Huelgas-Méndez
- Faculty of Medicine Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidad Nacional de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Santiago Jiménez-Zúñiga
- Faculty of Medicine Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidad Nacional de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Xareni Rebollar-Juárez
- Faculty of Medicine Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidad Nacional de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mariel Hernández-Garnica
- Faculty of Medicine Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidad Nacional de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana María Fernández-Presas
- Faculty of Medicine Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidad Nacional de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fohad Mabood Husain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawaf Alenazy
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences-Shaqra, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alqasmi
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences-Shaqra, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer Albalawi
- Department of Biology, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pravej Alam
- Department of Biology, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rodolfo García-Contreras
- Faculty of Medicine Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidad Nacional de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Singh A, Padmesh S, Dwivedi M, Kostova I. How Good are Bacteriophages as an Alternative Therapy to Mitigate Biofilms of Nosocomial Infections. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:503-532. [PMID: 35210792 PMCID: PMC8860455 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s348700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria survive on any surface through the generation of biofilms that provide a protective environment to grow as well as making them drug resistant. Extracellular polymeric matrix is a crucial component in biofilm formation. The presence of biofilms consisting of common opportunistic and nosocomial, drug-resistant pathogens has been reported on medical devices like catheters and prosthetics, leading to many complications. Several approaches are under investigation to combat drug-resistant bacteria. Deployment of bacteriophages is one of the promising approaches to invade biofilm that may expose bacteria to the conditions adverse for their growth. Penetration into these biofilms and their destruction by bacteriophages is brought about due to their small size and ability of their progeny to diffuse through the bacterial cell wall. The other mechanisms employed by phages to infect biofilms may include their relocation through water channels to embedded host cells, replication at local sites followed by infection to the neighboring cells and production of depolymerizing enzymes to decompose viscous biofilm matrix, etc. Various research groups are investigating intricacies involved in phage therapy to mitigate the bacterial infection and biofilm formation. Thus, bacteriophages represent a good control over different biofilms and further understanding of phage-biofilm interaction at molecular level may overcome the clinical challenges in phage therapy. The present review summarizes the comprehensive details on dynamic interaction of phages with bacterial biofilms and the role of phage-derived enzymes - endolysin and depolymerases in extenuating biofilms of clinical and medical concern. The methodology employed was an extensive literature search, using several keywords in important scientific databases, such as Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, etc. The keywords were also used with Boolean operator "And". More than 250 relevant and recent articles were selected and reviewed to discuss the evidence-based data on the application of phage therapy with recent updates, and related potential challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, 226028, India
| | - Sudhakar Padmesh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, 226028, India
| | - Manish Dwivedi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, 226028, India
| | - Irena Kostova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Sofia, 1000, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu HM, Xu WM, Zhang L. Current Status of Phage Therapy against Infectious Diseases and Potential Application beyond Infectious Diseases. Int J Clin Pract 2022; 2022:4913146. [PMID: 36263241 PMCID: PMC9550513 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4913146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota plays a key role in regulating the pathogenesis of human disease and maintaining health. Many diseases, mainly induced by bacteria, are on the rise due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. Intestinal microorganisms include organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. They play an important role in maintaining human health. Among these microorganisms, phages are the main members of intestinal viromes. In particular, the viral fraction, composed essentially of phages, affects homeostasis by exerting selective pressure on bacterial communities living in the intestinal tract. In recent years, with the widespread use and even abuse of antibacterial drugs, more and more drug-resistant bacteria have been found, and they show a trend of high drug resistance and multidrug resistance. Therefore, it has also become increasingly difficult to treat serious bacterial infections. Phages, a natural antibacterial agent with strong specificity and rapid proliferation, have come back to the field of vision of clinicians and scholars. In this study, the current state of research on intestinal phages was discussed, with an exploration of the impact of phage therapy against infectious diseases, as well as potential application beyond infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Wen-Min Xu
- Department of Endoscopy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Endoscopy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Figueiredo CM, Malvezzi Karwowski MS, da Silva Ramos RCP, de Oliveira NS, Peña LC, Carneiro E, Freitas de Macedo RE, Rosa EAR. Bacteriophages as tools for biofilm biocontrol in different fields. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:689-709. [PMID: 34304662 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1955866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biofilms are difficult to control due to the limited accessibility that antimicrobial drugs and chemicals have to the entrapped inner cells. The extracellular matrix, binds water, contributes to altered cell physiology within biofilms and act as a barrier for most antiproliferative molecules. Thus, new strategies need to be developed to overcome biofilm vitality. In this review, based on 223 documents, the advantages, recommendations, and limitations of using bacteriophages as 'biofilm predators' are presented. The plausibility of using phages (bacteriophages and mycoviruses) to control biofilms grown in different environments is also discussed. The topics covered here include recent historical experiences in biofilm control/eradication using phages in medicine, dentistry, veterinary, and food industries, the pros and cons of their use, and the development of microbial resistance/immunity to such viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lorena Caroline Peña
- Xenobiotics Research Unit, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Everdan Carneiro
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Edvaldo Antonio Ribeiro Rosa
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Animal Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Xenobiotics Research Unit, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen Z, Guo Z, Lin H, Tian Y, Zhang P, Chen H, Wang Y, Shen Y. The feasibility of phage therapy for periodontitis. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:649-656. [PMID: 34098742 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis, a chronic progressive inflammation caused by plaque biofilm, is the main cause of tooth loss in adults. For certain refractory periodontitis cases, it is difficult to achieve a good curative effect using the existing periodontal treatment approaches, which may be due to periodontal pathogenic mechanism in the affected periodontal tissue that the host cannot resist and eliminate. Various pieces of evidence collectively revealed that most studies are focusing on phages in periodontal disease. Several studies have reported periodontitis treatment using phage therapy, highlighting its features including specificity, rapid propagation, and effectiveness on bacteriophage biofilms. In this study, we focus on these reports, aiming to lay the foundation for improved periodontal treatment approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Department of Periodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key laboratory of Basic & Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Zhimin Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Hongbing Lin
- Department of Periodontics, School and hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Jilin Province, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yue Tian
- Department of Periodontics, School and hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Jilin Province, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Department of Periodontics, School and hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Jilin Province, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Huishan Chen
- Department of Periodontics, School and hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Jilin Province, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- Department of Periodontics, School and hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Jilin Province, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yuqin Shen
- Department of Periodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key laboratory of Basic & Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xiang Y, Li W, Song F, Yang X, Zhou J, Yu H, Ji X, Wei Y. Biological characteristics and whole-genome analysis of the Enterococcus faecalis phage PEf771. Can J Microbiol 2020; 66:505-520. [PMID: 32374181 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2019-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a common pathogen causing refractory periapical periodontitis and secondary intraradicular infections. In this study, E. faecalis YN771 isolated from a re-treated root canal at a stomatology department was used as the host bacterium and was co-cultured with wastewater from the same department and patient samples to isolate a phage that lyses E. faecalis. We studied the biological and genomic characteristics of this phage. Transmission electron microscopy showed that this phage's head is icosahedral in structure, with a head diameter of around 98.4 nm, and a contractile tail of around 228.5 nm in length and a diameter of 17.3 nm. The phage was identified as a member of the Myoviridae family and named PEf771. It is sensitive to proteinase K but resistant to chloroform and Triton X-100. Its lytic cycle is 45 min, burst size is 78, optimal multiplicity of infection is 0.1, lysis spectrum is narrow, and host strain specificity is strong. Its optimal growth temperature is 37 °C, most suitable pH is 6.0, and is sensitive to ultraviolet radiation. Whole-genome sequencing of PEf771 indicated it has a genome size of 151 052 bp, with a GC content of 36.97%, and encodes 197 proteins plus 26 tRNAs. PEf771 is most closely related to E. faecalis phage EFDG1. Phage PEf771 has strong host specificity and lytic ability, so it is important to further characterize this phage and its interaction with E. faecalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xiang
- Department of Stomatology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, P.R. China
| | - Wenyu Li
- Heze Vocational College, Heze 274000, P.R. China
| | - Fei Song
- Department of Minimally Invasive Intervention, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650106, P.R. China
| | - Xianghong Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, P.R. China
| | - Hongbin Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, P.R. China
| | - Xiuling Ji
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P.R. China
| | - Yunlin Wei
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sureda A, Daglia M, Argüelles Castilla S, Sanadgol N, Fazel Nabavi S, Khan H, Belwal T, Jeandet P, Marchese A, Pistollato F, Forbes-Hernandez T, Battino M, Berindan-Neagoe I, D'Onofrio G, Nabavi SM. Oral microbiota and Alzheimer's disease: Do all roads lead to Rome? Pharmacol Res 2019; 151:104582. [PMID: 31794871 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative pathology affecting milions of people worldwide associated with deposition of senile plaques. While the genetic and environmental risk factors associated with the onset and consolidation of late onset AD are heterogeneous and sporadic, growing evidence also suggests a potential link between some infectious diseases caused by oral microbiota and AD. Oral microbiota dysbiosis is purported to contribute either directly to amyloid protein production, or indirectly to neuroinflammation, occurring as a consequence of bacterial invasion. Over the last decade, the development of Human Oral Microbiome database (HOMD) has deepened our understanding of oral microbes and their different roles during the human lifetime. Oral pathogens mostly cause caries, periodontal disease, and edentulism in aged population, and, in particular, alterations of the oral microbiota causing chronic periodontal disease have been associated with the risk of AD. Here we describe how different alterations of the oral microbiota may be linked to AD, highlighting the importance of a good oral hygiene for the prevention of oral microbiota dysbiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), and IdisBa, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | | | - Nima Sanadgol
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran; Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Tarun Belwal
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims Cedex 51687, France
| | | | - Francesca Pistollato
- Centre for Health & Nutrition, Universidad Europea del Atlantico, Santander, Spain
| | - Tamara Forbes-Hernandez
- Nutrition and Food Science Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo - Vigo Campus, Vigo, Spain
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Nutrition and Food Science Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo - Vigo Campus, Vigo, Spain; Dept of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- MEDFUTURE - Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu-Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta", 34-36 Republicii Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Grazia D'Onofrio
- Unit of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Casa Sollievo della sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Identification of Novel Bacteriophages with Therapeutic Potential That Target Enterococcus faecalis. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00512-19. [PMID: 31451618 PMCID: PMC6803325 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00512-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen Enterococcus faecalis is frequently responsible for nosocomial infections in humans and represents one of the most common bacteria isolated from recalcitrant endodontic (root canal) infections. E. faecalis is intrinsically resistant to several antibiotics routinely used in clinical settings (such as cephalosporins and aminoglycosides) and can acquire resistance to vancomycin (vancomycin-resistant enterococci). The resistance of E. faecalis to several classes of antibiotics and its capacity to form biofilms cause serious therapeutic problems. Here, we report the isolation of several bacteriophages that target E. faecalis strains isolated from the oral cavity of patients suffering root canal infections. All phages isolated were Siphoviridae with similar tail lengths (200 to 250 nm) and icosahedral heads. The genome sequences of three isolated phages were highly conserved with the exception of predicted tail protein genes that diverge in sequence, potentially reflecting the host range. The properties of the phage with the broadest host range (SHEF2) were further characterized. We show that this phage requires interaction with components of the major and variant region enterococcal polysaccharide antigen to engage in lytic infection. Finally, we explored the therapeutic potential of this phage and show that it can eradicate E. faecalis biofilms formed in vitro on a standard polystyrene surface but also on a cross-sectional tooth slice model of endodontic infection. We also show that SHEF2 cleared a lethal infection of zebrafish when applied in the circulation. We therefore propose that the phage described here could be used to treat a broad range of antibiotic-resistant E. faecalis infections.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The three main oral diseases of humans, that is, caries, periodontal diseases, and oral candidiasis, are associated with microbiome shifts initiated by changes in the oral environment and/or decreased effectiveness of mucosal immune surveillance. In this review, we discuss the role that microbial-based therapies may have in the control of these conditions. Most investigations on the use of microorganisms for management of oral disease have been conducted with probiotic strains with some positive but very discrete clinical outcomes. Other strategies such as whole oral microbiome transplantation or modification of community function by enrichment with health-promoting indigenous oral strains may offer more promise, but research in this field is still in its infancy. Any microbial-based therapeutics for oral conditions, however, are likely to be only one component within a holistic preventive strategy that should also aim at modification of the environmental influences responsible for the initiation and perpetuation of microbiome shifts associated with oral dysbiosis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ravensdale JT, Coorey R, Dykes GA. Integration of Emerging Biomedical Technologies in Meat Processing to Improve Meat Safety and Quality. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:615-632. [PMID: 33350135 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Modern-day processing of meat products involves a series of complex procedures designed to ensure the quality and safety of the meat for consumers. As the size of abattoirs increases, the logistical problems associated with large-capacity animal processing can affect the sanitation of the facility and the meat products, potentially increasing transmission of infectious diseases. Additionally, spoilage of food from improper processing and storage increases the global economic and ecological burden of meat production. Advances in biomedical and materials science have allowed for the development of innovative new antibacterial technologies that have broad applications in the medical industry. Additionally, new approaches in tissue engineering and nondestructive cooling of biological specimens could significantly improve organ transplantation and tissue grafting. These same strategies may be even more effective in the preservation and protection of meat as animal carcasses are easier to manipulate and do not have the same stringent requirements of care as living patients. This review presents potential applications of emerging biomedical technologies in the food industry to improve meat safety and quality. Future research directions investigating these new technologies and their usefulness in the meat processing chain along with regulatory, logistical, and consumer perception issues will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Ravensdale
- School of Public Health, Curtin Univ., Kent Street, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Inst., Curtin Univ., Kent Street, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Ranil Coorey
- School of Public Health, Curtin Univ., Kent Street, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Inst., Curtin Univ., Kent Street, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Gary A Dykes
- School of Public Health, Curtin Univ., Kent Street, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Inst., Curtin Univ., Kent Street, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fernandes T, Bhavsar C, Sawarkar S, D’souza A. Current and novel approaches for control of dental biofilm. Int J Pharm 2018; 536:199-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
17
|
Abedon ST. Bacteriophage-Mediated Biocontrol of Wound Infections, and Ecological Exploitation of Biofilms by Phages. BIOFILM, PILONIDAL CYSTS AND SINUSES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/15695_2018_110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
18
|
Szafrański SP, Winkel A, Stiesch M. The use of bacteriophages to biocontrol oral biofilms. J Biotechnol 2017; 250:29-44. [PMID: 28108235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infections induced by oral biofilms include caries, as well as periodontal, and peri-implant disease, and may influence quality of life, systemic health, and expenditure. As bacterial biofilms are highly resistant and resilient to conventional antibacterial therapy, it has been difficult to combat these infections. An innovative alternative to the biocontrol of oral biofilms could be to use bacteriophages or phages, the viruses of bacteria, which are specific, non-toxic, self-proliferating, and can penetrate into biofilms. Phages for Actinomyces naeslundii, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Enterococcus faecalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Lactobacillus spp., Neisseria spp., Streptococcus spp., and Veillonella spp. have been isolated and characterised. Recombinant phage enzymes (lysins) have been shown to lyse A. naeslundii and Streptococcus spp. However, only a tiny fraction of available phages and their lysins have been explored so far. The unique properties of phages and their lysins make them promising but challenging antimicrobials. The genetics and biology of phages have to be further explored in order to determine the most effective way of applying them. Studying the effect of phages and lysins on multispecies biofilms should pave the way for microbiota engineering and microbiota-based therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szymon P Szafrański
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andreas Winkel
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Meike Stiesch
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pinto G, Silva MD, Peddey M, Sillankorva S, Azeredo J. The role of bacteriophages in periodontal health and disease. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:1359-1369. [PMID: 27633580 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human periodontium health is commonly compromised by chronic inflammatory conditions and has become a major public health concern. Dental plaque, the precursor of periodontal disease, is a complex biofilm consisting mainly of bacteria, but also archaea, protozoa, fungi and viruses. Viruses that specifically infect bacteria - bacteriophages - are most common in the oral cavity. Despite this, their role in the progression of periodontal disease remains poorly explored. This review aims to summarize how bacteriophages interact with the oral microbiota, their ability to increase bacterial virulence and mediate the transfer of resistance genes and suggests how bacteriophages can be used as an alternative to the current periodontal disease therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graça Pinto
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria Daniela Silva
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Mark Peddey
- Mark Peddey Pty Ltd, 65 Glenhuntly Road, Elwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Sanna Sillankorva
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abedon ST. Ecology of Anti-Biofilm Agents II: Bacteriophage Exploitation and Biocontrol of Biofilm Bacteria. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2015; 8:559-89. [PMID: 26371011 PMCID: PMC4588183 DOI: 10.3390/ph8030559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages are the viruses of bacteria. In the guise of phage therapy they have been used for decades to successfully treat what are probable biofilm-containing chronic bacterial infections. More recently, phage treatment or biocontrol of biofilm bacteria has been brought back to the laboratory for more rigorous assessment as well as towards the use of phages to combat environmental biofilms, ones other than those directly associated with bacterial infections. Considered in a companion article is the inherent ecological utility of bacteriophages versus antibiotics as anti-biofilm agents. Discussed here is a model for phage ecological interaction with bacteria as they may occur across biofilm-containing ecosystems. Specifically, to the extent that individual bacterial types are not highly abundant within biofilm-containing environments, then phage exploitation of those bacteria may represent a "Feast-or-famine" existence in which infection of highly localized concentrations of phage-sensitive bacteria alternate with treacherous searches by the resulting phage progeny virions for new concentrations of phage-sensitive bacteria to infect. An updated synopsis of the literature concerning laboratory testing of phage use to combat bacterial biofilms is then provided along with tips on how "Ecologically" such phage-mediated biofilm control can be modified to more reliably achieve anti-biofilm efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Abedon
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 1680 University Dr., Mansfield, OH 44906, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Edlund A, Santiago-Rodriguez TM, Boehm TK, Pride DT. Bacteriophage and their potential roles in the human oral cavity. J Oral Microbiol 2015; 7:27423. [PMID: 25861745 PMCID: PMC4393417 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v7.27423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The human oral cavity provides the perfect portal of entry for viruses and bacteria in the environment to access new hosts. Hence, the oral cavity is one of the most densely populated habitats of the human body containing some 6 billion bacteria and potentially 35 times that many viruses. The role of these viral communities remains unclear; however, many are bacteriophage that may have active roles in shaping the ecology of oral bacterial communities. Other implications for the presence of such vast oral phage communities include accelerating the molecular diversity of their bacterial hosts as both host and phage mutate to gain evolutionary advantages. Additional roles include the acquisitions of new gene functions through lysogenic conversions that may provide selective advantages to host bacteria in response to antibiotics or other types of disturbances, and protection of the human host from invading pathogens by binding to and preventing pathogens from crossing oral mucosal barriers. Recent evidence suggests that phage may be more involved in periodontal diseases than were previously thought, as their compositions in the subgingival crevice in moderate to severe periodontitis are known to be significantly altered. However, it is unclear to what extent they contribute to dysbiosis or the transition of the microbial community into a state promoting oral disease. Bacteriophage communities are distinct in saliva compared to sub- and supragingival areas, suggesting that different oral biogeographic niches have unique phage ecology shaping their bacterial biota. In this review, we summarize what is known about phage communities in the oral cavity, the possible contributions of phage in shaping oral bacterial ecology, and the risks to public health oral phage may pose through their potential to spread antibiotic resistance gene functions to close contacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Edlund
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Tobias K Boehm
- Western University College of Dental Medicine, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - David T Pride
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Murphy J, Mahony J, Bonestroo M, Nauta A, van Sinderen D. Impact of thermal and biocidal treatments on lactococcal 936-type phages. Int Dairy J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
23
|
In vitro efficacy of diallyl sulfides against the periodontopathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:2397-407. [PMID: 22330917 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00020-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro antibacterial effects of diallyl sulfide (DAS) against the Gram-negative periodontopathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, the key etiologic agent of the severe form of localized aggressive periodontitis and other nonoral infections, were studied. A. actinomycetemcomitans was treated with garlic extract, allicin, or DAS, and the anti-A. actinomycetemcomitans effects of the treatment were evaluated. Garlic extract, allicin, and DAS significantly inhibited the growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans (greater than 3 log; P < 0.01) compared to control cells. Heat inactivation of the garlic extracts significantly reduced the protein concentration; however, the antimicrobial effect was retained. Purified proteins from garlic extract did not exhibit antimicrobial activity. Allicin lost all its antimicrobial effect when it was subjected to heat treatment, whereas DAS demonstrated an antimicrobial effect similar to that of the garlic extract, suggesting that the antimicrobial activity of garlic extract is mainly due to DAS. An A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm-killing assay performed with DAS showed a significant reduction in biofilm cell numbers, as evidenced by both confocal microscopy and culture. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of DAS-treated A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilms showed alterations of colony architecture indicating severe stress. Flow cytometry analysis of OBA9 cells did not demonstrate apoptosis or cell cycle arrest at therapeutic concentrations of DAS (0.01 and 0.1 μg/ml). DAS-treated A. actinomycetemcomitans cells demonstrated complete inhibition of glutathione (GSH) S-transferase (GST) activity. However, OBA9 cells, when exposed to DAS at similar concentrations, showed no significant differences in GST activity, suggesting that DAS-induced GST inhibition might be involved in A. actinomycetemcomitans cell death. These findings demonstrate that DAS exhibits significant antibacterial activity against A. actinomycetemcomitans and that this property might be utilized for exploring its therapeutic potential in treatment of A. actinomycetemcomitans-associated oral and nonoral infections.
Collapse
|