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Kabir AH, Bennetzen JL. Molecular insights into the mutualism that induces iron deficiency tolerance in sorghum inoculated with Trichoderma harzianum. Microbiol Res 2024; 281:127630. [PMID: 38295681 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) deficiency is a common mineral stress in plants, including sorghum. Although the soil fungus Trichoderma harzianum has been shown to mitigate Fe deficiency in some circumstances, neither the range nor mechanism(s) of this process are well understood. In this study, high pH-induced Fe deficiency in sorghum cultivated in pots with natural field soil exhibited a significant decrease in biomass, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and Fe-uptake in both the root and shoot. However, the establishment of T. harzianum colonization in roots of Fe-deprived sorghum showed significant improvements in morpho-physiological traits, Fe levels, and redox status. Molecular detection of the fungal ThAOX1 (L-aminoacid oxidase) gene showed the highest colonization of T. harzianum in the root tips of Fe-deficient sorghum, a location thus targeted for further analysis. Expression studies by RNA-seq and qPCR in sorghum root tips revealed a significant upregulation of several genes associated with Fe uptake (SbTOM2), auxin synthesis (SbSAURX15), nicotianamine synthase 3 (SbNAS3), and a phytosiderophore transporter (SbYS1). Also induced was the siderophore synthesis gene (ThSIT1) in T. harzianum, a result supported by biochemical evidence for elevated siderophore and IAA (indole acetic acid) levels in roots. Given the high affinity of fungal siderophore to chelate insoluble Fe3+ ions, it is likely that elevated siderophore released by T. harzianum led to Fe(III)-siderophore complexes in the rhizosphere that were then transported into roots by the induced SbYS1 (yellow-stripe 1) transporter. In addition, the observed induction of several plant peroxidase genes and ABA (abscisic acid) under Fe deficiency after inoculation with T. harzianum may have helped induce tolerance to Fe-deficiency-induced oxidative stress and adaptive responses. This is the first mechanistic explanation for T. harzianum's role in helping alleviate Fe deficiency in sorghum and suggests that biofertilizers using T. harzianum will improve Fe availability to crops in high pH environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad H Kabir
- School of Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, LA 71209, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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2
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Mohr JF, Gama S, Roy S, Bellenger JP, Plass W, Wichard T. Hydroxypyridinones in nitrogen-fixing bacterial cultures: A metal buffer for molybdenum and simulation of natural conditions. METALLOMICS : INTEGRATED BIOMETAL SCIENCE 2022; 14:6650223. [PMID: 35881466 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Organic matter regulates the availability of important trace elements in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems by acting as a source and container for microbes. To overcome the limitation of trace elements, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, for example, release low-molecular-weight chelators (metallophores), which scavenge the essential cofactors of the nitrogenase, iron and molybdenum, via complexation and subsequent uptake. The formation of metallophores is triggered by limiting conditions, which must be replicated in the laboratory in order to study metallophores as a mediator in metal cycling. While EDTA-based buffer systems for metal cations are well established, there is limited knowledge regarding the buffering of oxoanions such as molybdate in a bacterial growth medium. To mimic the availability of molybdenum in nature under laboratory conditions, this study created a Mo-buffer system for bacterial growth media of the model organisms Azotobacter vinelandii and Frankia sp. CH37. We investigated selected hydroxypyridinones (HPs) as potential molybdenum-chelating agents, determining the amount required for efficient molybdenum complexation by calculating speciation plots of the various candidate complexes in artificial growth media at various pH values. The Mo-maltol system was identified as an ideal, non-toxic molybdenum-buffer system. In the presence of the Mo-maltol system, the growth of Frankia sp. was limited under diazotrophic conditions, whereas A. vinelandii could acquire molybdenum through the release of protochelin and subsequent molybdenum uptake. The study paves the way for unravelling molybdenum recruitment and homeostasis under limiting conditions in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frieder Mohr
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sofia Gama
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Sébastien Roy
- Centre SÈVE, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Bellenger
- Centre SÈVE, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Winfried Plass
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Wichard
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Pecoraro L, Wang X, Shah D, Song X, Kumar V, Shakoor A, Tripathi K, Ramteke PW, Rani R. Biosynthesis Pathways, Transport Mechanisms and Biotechnological Applications of Fungal Siderophores. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:21. [PMID: 35049961 PMCID: PMC8781417 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is the fourth most abundant element on earth and represents an essential nutrient for life. As a fundamental mineral element for cell growth and development, iron is available for uptake as ferric ions, which are usually oxidized into complex oxyhydroxide polymers, insoluble under aerobic conditions. In these conditions, the bioavailability of iron is dramatically reduced. As a result, microorganisms face problems of iron acquisition, especially under low concentrations of this element. However, some microbes have evolved mechanisms for obtaining ferric irons from the extracellular medium or environment by forming small molecules often regarded as siderophores. Siderophores are high affinity iron-binding molecules produced by a repertoire of proteins found in the cytoplasm of cyanobacteria, bacteria, fungi, and plants. Common groups of siderophores include hydroxamates, catecholates, carboxylates, and hydroximates. The hydroxamate siderophores are commonly synthesized by fungi. L-ornithine is a biosynthetic precursor of siderophores, which is synthesized from multimodular large enzyme complexes through non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), while siderophore-Fe chelators cell wall mannoproteins (FIT1, FIT2, and FIT3) help the retention of siderophores. S. cerevisiae, for example, can express these proteins in two genetically separate systems (reductive and nonreductive) in the plasma membrane. These proteins can convert Fe (III) into Fe (II) by a ferrous-specific metalloreductase enzyme complex and flavin reductases (FREs). However, regulation of the siderophore through Fur Box protein on the DNA promoter region and its activation or repression depend primarily on the Fe availability in the external medium. Siderophores are essential due to their wide range of applications in biotechnology, medicine, bioremediation of heavy metal polluted environments, biocontrol of plant pathogens, and plant growth enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pecoraro
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.W.); (D.S.); (X.S.); (A.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.W.); (D.S.); (X.S.); (A.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Dawood Shah
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.W.); (D.S.); (X.S.); (A.S.); (R.R.)
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Xiaoxuan Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.W.); (D.S.); (X.S.); (A.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Vishal Kumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyongsan 38541, Korea;
| | - Abdul Shakoor
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.W.); (D.S.); (X.S.); (A.S.); (R.R.)
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Keshawanand Tripathi
- Center for Conservation and Utilization of Blue-Green Algae, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Pramod W. Ramteke
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Mandsaur University, Mandsaur 458001, India;
| | - Rupa Rani
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.W.); (D.S.); (X.S.); (A.S.); (R.R.)
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, India
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Parison K, Gies-Elterlein J, Trncik C, Einsle O. Expression, Isolation, and Characterization of Vanadium Nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2353:97-121. [PMID: 34292546 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1605-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogenases are the sole enzymes known to mediate biological nitrogen fixation, an essential process for sustaining life on earth. Among the three known variants, molybdenum nitrogenase is the best-studied to date. Recent work on the alternative vanadium nitrogenase provided important insights into the mechanism of nitrogen fixation since this enzyme differs from its molybdenum counterpart in some important aspects. Here, we present a protocol to obtain unmodified vanadium nitrogenase in high yield and purity from the paradigmatic diazotroph Azotobacter vinelandii, including procedures for cell cultivation, purification, and protein characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Parison
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Trncik
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Einsle
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Luxem KE, Kraepiel AML, Zhang L, Waldbauer JR, Zhang X. Carbon substrate re-orders relative growth of a bacterium using Mo-, V-, or Fe-nitrogenase for nitrogen fixation. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:1397-1408. [PMID: 32090445 PMCID: PMC7187303 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Biological nitrogen fixation is catalyzed by the molybdenum (Mo), vanadium (V) and iron (Fe)‐only nitrogenase metalloenzymes. Studies with purified enzymes have found that the ‘alternative’ V‐ and Fe‐nitrogenases generally reduce N2 more slowly and produce more byproduct H2 than the Mo‐nitrogenase, leading to an assumption that their usage results in slower growth. Here we show that, in the metabolically versatile photoheterotroph Rhodopseudomonas palustris, the type of carbon substrate influences the relative rates of diazotrophic growth based on different nitrogenase isoforms. The V‐nitrogenase supports growth as fast as the Mo‐nitrogenase on acetate but not on the more oxidized substrate succinate. Our data suggest that this is due to insufficient electron flux to the V‐nitrogenase isoform on succinate compared with acetate. Despite slightly faster growth based on the V‐nitrogenase on acetate, the wild‐type strain uses exclusively the Mo‐nitrogenase on both carbon substrates. Notably, the differences in H2:N2 stoichiometry by alternative nitrogenases (~1.5 for V‐nitrogenase, ~4–7 for Fe‐nitrogenase) and Mo‐nitrogenase (~1) measured here are lower than prior in vitro estimates. These results indicate that the metabolic costs of V‐based nitrogen fixation could be less significant for growth than previously assumed, helping explain why alternative nitrogenase genes persist in diverse diazotroph lineages and are broadly distributed in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja E Luxem
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Anne M L Kraepiel
- Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Lichun Zhang
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jacob R Waldbauer
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Xinning Zhang
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.,Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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6
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McRose DL, Seyedsayamdost MR, Morel FMM. Multiple siderophores: bug or feature? J Biol Inorg Chem 2018; 23:983-993. [PMID: 30264174 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-018-1617-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is common for bacteria to produce chemically diverse sets of small Fe-binding molecules called siderophores. Studies of siderophore bioinorganic chemistry have firmly established the role of these molecules in Fe uptake and provided great insight into Fe complexation. However, we still do not fully understand why microbes make so many siderophores. In many cases, the release of small structural variants or siderophore fragments has been ignored, or considered as an inefficiency of siderophore biosynthesis. Yet, in natural settings, microbes live in complex consortia and it has become increasingly clear that the secondary metabolite repertoires of microbes reflect this dynamic environment. Multiple siderophore production may, therefore, provide a window into microbial life in the wild. This minireview focuses on three biochemical routes by which multiple siderophores can be released by the same organism-multiple biosynthetic gene clusters, fragment release, and precursor-directed biosynthesis-and highlights emergent themes related to each. We also emphasize the plurality of reasons for multiple siderophore production, which include enhanced iron uptake via synergistic siderophore use, microbial warfare and cooperation, and non-classical functions such as the use of siderophores to take up metals other than Fe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy L McRose
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, USA.
| | - Mohammad R Seyedsayamdost
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
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7
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Tahon G, Willems A. Isolation and characterization of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs from exposed soils from the Sør Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica. Syst Appl Microbiol 2017; 40:357-369. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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8
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McRose DL, Baars O, Morel FMM, Kraepiel AML. Siderophore production in
Azotobacter vinelandii
in response to Fe‐, Mo‐ and V‐limitation. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:3595-3605. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darcy L. McRose
- Department of GeosciencesPrinceton UniversityPrinceton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Oliver Baars
- Department of GeosciencesPrinceton UniversityPrinceton NJ 08544 USA
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Noumsi CJ, Pourhassan N, Darnajoux R, Deicke M, Wichard T, Burrus V, Bellenger JP. Effect of organic matter on nitrogenase metal cofactors homeostasis in Azotobacter vinelandii under diazotrophic conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 8:76-84. [PMID: 26549632 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biological nitrogen fixation can be catalysed by three isozymes of nitrogenase: molybdenum (Mo)-nitrogenase, vanadium (V)-nitrogenase and iron-only (Fe)-nitrogenase. The activity of these isozymes strongly depends on their metal cofactors, molybdenum, vanadium and iron, and their bioavailability in ecosystems. Here, we show how metal bioavailability can be affected by the presence of tannic acid (organic matter), and the subsequent consequences on diazotrophic growth of the soil bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii. In the presence of tannic acids, A. vinelandii produces a higher amount of metallophores, which coincides with an active, regulated and concomitant acquisition of molybdenum and vanadium under cellular conditions that are usually considered not molybdenum limiting. The associated nitrogenase genes exhibit decreased nifD expression and increased vnfD expression. Thus, in limiting bioavailable metal conditions, A. vinelandii takes advantage of its nitrogenase diversity to ensure optimal diazotrophic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Jouogo Noumsi
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'université, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
- Laboratory of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'université, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Nina Pourhassan
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'université, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Romain Darnajoux
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'université, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Michael Deicke
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jena School for Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Wichard
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jena School for Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Vincent Burrus
- Laboratory of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'université, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Bellenger
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'université, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
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11
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Imtiaz M, Rizwan MS, Xiong S, Li H, Ashraf M, Shahzad SM, Shahzad M, Rizwan M, Tu S. Vanadium, recent advancements and research prospects: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 80:79-88. [PMID: 25898154 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Metal pollution is an important issue worldwide, with various documented cases of metal toxicity in mining areas, industries, coal power plants and agriculture sector. Heavy metal polluted soils pose severe problems to plants, water resources, environment and nutrition. Among all non-essential metals, vanadium (V) is becoming a serious matter of discussion for the scientists who deals with heavy metals. Due to its mobility from soil to plants, it causes adverse effects to human beings. This review article illustrates briefly about V, its role and shows the progress about V research so far done globally in the light of the previous work which may assist in inter-disciplinary studies to evaluate the ecological importance of V toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imtiaz
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Muhammad Shahid Rizwan
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Shuanglian Xiong
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Hailan Li
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, University Road, Sargodha, Punjab 40100, Pakistan.
| | - Sher Muhammad Shahzad
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, University Road, Sargodha, Punjab 40100, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Shuxin Tu
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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12
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Magnetic susceptibility of Mn(III) complexes of hydroxamate siderophores. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 148:22-6. [PMID: 25978931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The hydroxamate siderophores putrebactin, desferrioxamine B, and desferrioxamine E bind Mn(II) and promote the air oxidation of Mn(II) to Mn(III) at pH>7.1. The magnetic susceptibility of the manganese complexes were determined by the Evans method and the stoichiometry was probed with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS). The room temperature magnetic moments (μeff) for the manganese complexes of desferrioxamines B and E were 4.85 BM and 4.84 BM, respectively, consistent with a high spin, d(4), Mn(III) electronic configuration. The manganese complex of putrebactin had a magnetic moment of 4.98 BM, consistent with incomplete oxidation of Mn(II), as confirmed by X band EPR spectroscopy. Mass spectra of the Mn(III) desferrioxamine B and E complexes showed complexes at m/z 613.26 and 653.26, respectively, consistent with 1:1 complexation. Mass spectral peaks for manganese putrebactin at m/z 797.31 and 1221.41 corresponds to 1:2 and 2:3 Mn:putrebactin complexation. This study directly confirms the Mn(III) oxidation state in hydroxamate siderophore complexes.
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Deicke M, Bellenger JP, Wichard T. Direct quantification of bacterial molybdenum and iron metallophores with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1298:50-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Allard P, Darnajoux R, Phalyvong K, Bellenger JP. Effects of tungsten and titanium oxide nanoparticles on the diazotrophic growth and metals acquisition by Azotobacter vinelandii under molybdenum limiting condition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:2061-2068. [PMID: 23339336 DOI: 10.1021/es304544k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of essential metals, such as the metal cofactors (molybdenum (Mo) and iron (Fe)) of the nitrogenase, the enzyme responsible for the reduction of dinitrogen (N(2)) to ammonium, is critical to N(2) fixing bacteria in soil. The release of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) to the environment could be detrimental to N(2) fixing bacteria by introducing a new source of toxic metals and by interfering with the acquisition of essential metals such as Mo. Since Mo has been reported to limit nonsymbiotic N(2) fixation in many ecosystems from tropical to cold temperate, this question is particularly acute in the context of Mo limitation. Using a combination of microbiology and analytical chemistry techniques, we have evaluated the effect of titanium (Ti) and tungsten (W) oxide nanoparticles on the diazotrophic growth and metals acquisition in pure culture of the ubiquitous N(2) fixing bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii under Mo replete and Mo limiting conditions. We report that under our conditions (≤10 mg·L(-1)) TiO(2) NPs have no effects on the diazotrophic growth of A. vinelandii while WO(3) NPs are highly detrimental to the growth especially under Mo limiting conditions. Our results show that the toxicity of WO(3) NPs to A. vinelandii is due to an interference with the catechol-metalophores assisted uptake of Mo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Allard
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
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Zhang L, Mao X, Xia Z. Effects of Sodium Metavanadate and Germination on the Sprouting of Chickpeas and its Content of Vanadium, Formononetin and Biochanin A in the Sprouts. J Diet Suppl 2012; 9:34-44. [DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2011.639858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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16
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Harrington JM, Bargar JR, Jarzecki AA, Roberts JG, Sombers LA, Duckworth OW. Trace metal complexation by the triscatecholate siderophore protochelin: structure and stability. Biometals 2011; 25:393-412. [PMID: 22187125 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-011-9513-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although siderophores are generally viewed as biological iron uptake agents, recent evidence has shown that they may play significant roles in the biogeochemical cycling and biological uptake of other metals. One such siderophore that is produced by A. vinelandii is the triscatecholate protochelin. In this study, we probe the solution chemistry of protochelin and its complexes with environmentally relevant trace metals to better understand its effect on metal uptake and cycling. Protochelin exhibits low solubility below pH 7.5 and degrades gradually in solution. Electrochemical measurements of protochelin and metal-protochelin complexes reveal a ligand half-wave potential of 200 mV. The Fe(III)Proto(3-) complex exhibits a salicylate shift in coordination mode at circumneutral to acidic pH. Coordination of Mn(II) by protochelin above pH 8.0 promotes gradual air oxidation of the metal center to Mn(III), which accelerates at higher pH values. The Mn(III)Proto(3-) complex was found to have a stability constant of log β(110) = 41.6. Structural parameters derived from spectroscopic measurements and quantum mechanical calculations provide insights into the stability of the Fe(III)Proto(3-), Fe(III)H(3)Proto, and Mn(III)Proto(3-) complexes. Complexation of Co(II) by protochelin results in redox cycling of Co, accompanied by accelerated degradation of the ligand at all solution pH values. These results are discussed in terms of the role of catecholate siderophores in environmental trace metal cycling and intracellular metal release.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Harrington
- Soil Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7619, USA
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17
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Pakchung AAH, Soe CZ, Lifa T, Codd R. Complexes formed in solution between vanadium(IV)/(V) and the cyclic dihydroxamic acid putrebactin or linear suberodihydroxamic acid. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:5978-89. [PMID: 21627146 PMCID: PMC3124108 DOI: 10.1021/ic1025119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An aerobic solution prepared from V(IV) and the cyclic dihydroxamic acid putrebactin (pbH(2)) in 1:1 H(2)O/CH(3)OH at pH = 2 turned from blue to orange and gave a signal in the positive ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) at m/z(obs) 437.0 attributed to the monooxoV(V) species [V(V)O(pb)](+) ([C(16)H(26)N(4)O(7)V](+), m/z(calc) 437.3). A solution prepared as above gave a signal in the (51)V NMR spectrum at δ(V )= -443.3 ppm (VOCl(3), δ(V) = 0 ppm) and was electron paramagnetic resonance silent, consistent with the presence of [V(V)O(pb)](+). The formation of [V(V)O(pb)](+) was invariant of [V(IV)]:[pbH(2)] and of pH values over pH = 2-7. In contrast, an aerobic solution prepared from V(IV) and the linear dihydroxamic acid suberodihydroxamic acid (sbhaH(4)) in 1:1 H(2)O/CH(3)OH at pH values of 2, 5, or 7 gave multiple signals in the positive and negative ion ESI-MS, which were assigned to monomeric or dimeric V(V)- or V(IV)-sbhaH(4) complexes or mixed-valence V(V)/(IV)-sbhaH(4) complexes. The complexity of the V-sbhaH(4) system has been attributed to dimerization (2[V(V)O(sbhaH(2))](+) ↔ [(V(V)O)(2)(sbhaH(2))(2)](2+)), deprotonation ([V(V)O(sbhaH(2))](+) - H(+) ↔ [V(V)O(sbhaH)](0)), and oxidation ([V(IV)O(sbhaH(2))](0) -e(-) ↔ [V(V)O(sbhaH(2))](+)) phenomena and could be described as the sum of two pH-dependent vectors, the first comprising the deprotonation of hydroxamate (low pH) to hydroximate (high pH) and the second comprising the oxidation of V(IV) (low pH) to V(V) (high pH). Macrocyclic pbH(2) was preorganized to form [V(V)O(pb)](+), which would provide an entropy-based increase in its thermodynamic stability compared to V(V)-sbhaH(4) complexes. The half-wave potentials from solutions of [V(IV)]:[pbH(2)] (1:1) or [V(IV)]:[sbhaH(4)] (1:2) at pH = 2 were E(1/2) -335 or -352 mV, respectively, which differed from the expected trend (E(1/2) [VO(pb)](+/0) < V(V/IV)-sbhaH(4)). The complex solution speciation of the V(V)/(IV)-sbhaH(4) system prevented the determination of half-wave potentials for single species. The characterization of [V(V)O(pb)](+) expands the small family of documented V-siderophore complexes relevant to understanding V transport and assimilation in the biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalie A. H. Pakchung
- Center for Heavy Metals Research, School of Chemistry and School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Cho Zin Soe
- Center for Heavy Metals Research, School of Chemistry and School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Tulip Lifa
- Center for Heavy Metals Research, School of Chemistry and School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Rachel Codd
- Center for Heavy Metals Research, School of Chemistry and School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Bellenger JP, Wichard T, Xu Y, Kraepiel AML. Essential metals for nitrogen fixation in a free-living N₂-fixing bacterium: chelation, homeostasis and high use efficiency. Environ Microbiol 2011; 13:1395-411. [PMID: 21392197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biological nitrogen fixation, the main source of new nitrogen to the Earth's ecosystems, is catalysed by the enzyme nitrogenase. There are three nitrogenase isoenzymes: the Mo-nitrogenase, the V-nitrogenase and the Fe-only nitrogenase. All three types require iron, and two of them also require Mo or V. Metal bioavailability has been shown to limit nitrogen fixation in natural and managed ecosystems. Here, we report the results of a study on the metal (Mo, V, Fe) requirements of Azotobacter vinelandii, a common model soil diazotroph. In the growth medium of A. vinelandii, metals are bound to strong complexing agents (metallophores) excreted by the bacterium. The uptake rates of the metallophore complexes are regulated to meet the bacterial metal requirement for diazotrophy. Under metal-replete conditions Mo, but not V or Fe, is stored intracellularly. Under conditions of metal limitation, intracellular metals are used with remarkable efficiency, with essentially all the cellular Mo and V allocated to the nitrogenase enzymes. While the Mo-nitrogenase, which is the most efficient, is used preferentially, all three nitrogenases contribute to N₂ fixation in the same culture under metal limitation. We conclude that A. vinelandii is well adapted to fix nitrogen in metal-limited soil environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Bellenger
- Department of Geosciences, PEI, Guyot Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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Wichard T, Bellenger JP, Morel FMM, Kraepiel AML. Role of the siderophore azotobactin in the bacterial acquisition of nitrogenase metal cofactors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:7218-24. [PMID: 19848125 DOI: 10.1021/es8037214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Fixation of dinitrogen by soil bacteria is catalyzed by the enzyme nitrogenase which requires iron, molybdenum, and/or vanadium as metal cofactors. Under conditions of iron deficiency, the ubiquitous N2-fixing bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii produces azotobactin, a fluorescent pyoverdine-like compound which serves as a siderophore. Azotobatin's hydroxamate, catechol, and alpha-hydroxy-acid moieties endow it with a very high affinity for Fe(III), and the Fe complex is taken up by the bacterium. Here we show that azotobactin also serves for the uptake of Mo and V. Azotobactin forms strong complexes with molybdate and vanadate and the complexes are taken up by regulated transport systems. The kinetics of complexation of molybdate and vanadate by azotobactin are faster than the complexation of Fe(III), which is either precipitated or bound to strong complexing agents. As a result of this kinetic advantage, the Mo and V complexes of azotobactin form despite the higher affinity of the compound for Fe, which is present in large excess in the environment. The results obtained here for azotobactin and previous data for the bis- and tris-catechols produced by A. vinelandii show that those "siderophores" are really "metallophores" that promote the bacterial acquisition of Mo and V in addition to Fe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wichard
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Kraepiel AML, Bellenger JP, Wichard T, Morel FMM. Multiple roles of siderophores in free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Biometals 2009; 22:573-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-009-9222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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