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Bai M, Zhang C, Xu S, Zhang M, Zhang C. Global transcriptional analysis for molecular responses of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores in drinking water after low- and medium-pressure ultraviolet irradiation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 480:136007. [PMID: 39366042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 09/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation can effectively disinfect water contaminated with pathogens. However, the biological mechanisms of inactivation by different types of UV irradiation are unknown. The present study investigated the inactivation mechanisms of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores in water by low-pressure UV (LPUV) and medium-pressure UV (MPUV) using a quasi-collimated beam apparatus. Global transcriptomic data obtained by RNA-seq revealed 291 shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that damaged DNA, reduced biofilm formation, and had other reactions. The individual downregulated DEGs (n = 123) mainly related to cell motility, membrane transport, and metabolism were induced by LPUV, and in turn contributed to energy-saving and metabolic activity inhibition, forcing bacteria into a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. The individual upregulated DEGs (n = 244) following MPUV treatment were mainly enriched in cell motility, membrane transport, metabolism, DNA replication and repair, and spore germination pathways. This results in high-energy consumption, severe damage to genetic material, and enhanced spore germination accelerated cell death. Additionally, hub genes in the protein-protein interaction network were mainly involved in transcription and translation. These findings contribute to the comprehensive understanding of the inactivation mechanisms of different types of UV irradiation, and will improve applications of UV disinfection in the treatment of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Bai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chuanfu Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shaofeng Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Minglu Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Can Zhang
- Institute of Health Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China.
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2
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Lu Z, Xing T, Zhao Z, Li Z, Hou D, Ma Z, Chen S, Yang Y, Li S, Zhang H. Induction of Salmonella Enteritidis into a Viable but Nonculturable State by Cinnamaldehyde and Its Resuscitation. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024; 21:499-507. [PMID: 38695190 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), a typical plant-derived compound, has been widely used in the control of foodborne pathogen contamination. Nevertheless, the risk associated with the occurrence of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) bacteria induced by TC remains unclear. The results of this study showed that Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) entered the VBNC state after being induced by TC at a minimum inhibitory concentration of 312.5 μg/mL and survived for at least 22 days under TC treatment. Enhanced resistance was found against heat treatment (75°C, 30 s), antibiotics (i.e., ampicillin, ceftriaxone sodium, chloramphenicol), and hydrogen peroxide (3%) in VBNC S. Enteritidis. A synergistic effect against VBNC S. Enteritidis occurred when TC was combined with acid treatment, including lactic acid and acetic acid (pH = 3.5). VBNC and resuscitated S. Enteritidis by sodium pyruvate treatment (100 mM) were found to retain the infectious ability to Caco-2 cells. Relative expression levels of the stress-related genes relA, spoT, ppx, lon, katG, sodA, dnaK, and grpE were upregulated in VBNC S. Enteritidis. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protein aggregates was observed in VBNC cells. Besides, the resuscitation of VBNC cells was accompanied with clearance of ROS and protein aggregates. In summary, this study presents a comprehensive characterization of stress tolerance and resuscitation of VBNC S. Enteritidis induced by cinnamaldehyde, and the results provide useful information for the development of effective control strategy against VBNC pathogenic bacteria in food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Lu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Xing
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zepeng Zhao
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zefeng Li
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongping Hou
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuolin Ma
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyi Chen
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuheng Yang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoting Li
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Se J, Xie Y, Ma Q, Zhu L, Fu Y, Xu X, Shen C, Nannipieri P. Drying-wetting cycle enhances stress resistance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a model soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 350:123988. [PMID: 38648967 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Outbreaks of Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 in farms are often triggered by heavy rains and flooding. Most cells die with the decreasing of soil moisture, while few cells enter a dormant state and then resuscitate after rewetting. The resistance of dormant cells to stress has been extensively studied, whereas the molecular mechanisms of the cross-resistance development of the resuscitated cells are poorly known. We performed a comparative proteomic analysis on O157:H7 before and after undergoing soil dry-wet alternation. A differential expression of 820 proteins was identified in resuscitated cells compared to exponential-phase cells, as determined by proteomics analysis. The GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses revealed that up-regulated proteins were associated with oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, the citrate cycle (TCA cycle), aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, ribosome activity, and transmembrane transporters, indicating increased energy production and protein synthesis in resuscitated O157:H7. Moreover, proteins related to acid, osmotic, heat, oxidative, antibiotic stress and horizontal gene transfer efficiency were up-regulated, suggesting a potential improvement in stress resistance. Subsequent validation experiments demonstrated that the survival rates of the resuscitated cells were 476.54 and 7786.34 times higher than the exponential-phase cells, with pH levels of 1.5 and 2.5, respectively. Similarly, resuscitated cells showed higher survival rates under osmotic stress, with 7.5%, 15%, and 30% NaCl resulting in survival rates that were 460.58, 1974.55, and 3475.31 times higher. Resuscitated cells also exhibited increased resistance to heat stress, with survival rates 69.64 and 139.72 times higher at 55 °C and 90 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) efficiency of resuscitated cells was significantly higher (153.12-fold) compared to exponential phase cells. This study provides new insights into bacteria behavior under changing soil moisture and this may explain O157:H7 outbreaks following rainfall and flooding, as the dry-wet cycle promotes stress cross-resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Se
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yinan Xie
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qingxu Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Yulong Fu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chaofeng Shen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Paolo Nannipieri
- Emeritus Professor, University of Firenze, Firenze, 50144, Italy
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Cirilli N, Schiavoni V, Tagliabracci V, Gesuita R, Tiano L, Fabrizzi B, D'Antuono A, Peruzzi A, Cedraro N, Carle F, Moretti M, Ferrante L, Vignaroli C, Biavasco F, Mangiaterra G. Role of viable but non culturable cells in patients with cystic fibrosis in the era of highly effective modulator therapy. J Cyst Fibros 2024:S1569-1993(24)00026-2. [PMID: 38423895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung infections antibiotic treatment in Cystic Fibrosis patients (pwCF) is often complicated by bacterial persisters, including the so-called Viable but Non Culturable (VBNC) forms, live cells undetected by the routine cultural microbiological methods. This study investigated the occurrence of VBNC cells of five CF bacterial pathogens in 94 pwCF over one year and the possible associations with the patients' clinical features. METHODS Sputum samples, recovered at routine visits and during exacerbation episodes, were analyzed for the presence of the five pathogens by both routine culture-based assays and species-specific qPCR. VBNC cells were estimated as the difference between molecular and cultural counts and their presence was matched with the clinical data in particular the therapeutic regimens. RESULTS All but ten pwCF showed the presence of VBNC cells at least once during the study. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus were the species most frequently found in the VBNC state. Only the former showed a significant association between chronic infection and VBNC cells presence; VBNC-MSSA positive patients significantly increased overtime. The presence of non culturable bacteria was generally concurrent with poor lung functionality and more frequent pulmonary exacerbations. No significant association with modulator treatment was evidenced. CONCLUSIONS The obtained data demonstrated the overwhelming occurrence of bacterial VBNC cells in CF lung infections, warranting a constant monitoring of pwCF and underlining the need of implementing the routine culture-based assays with culture-independent techniques. This is pivotal to understand the CF bacterial population dynamics and to efficiently contrast the lung infection progression and worsening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Cirilli
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Department of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, University Hospital of Marche, Via Conca, 71, Ancona 60126, Italy.
| | - Valentina Schiavoni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Valentina Tagliabracci
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Department of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, University Hospital of Marche, Via Conca, 71, Ancona 60126, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gesuita
- Center of Epidemiology, Biostatistics e Medical Information Technology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Benedetta Fabrizzi
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Department of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, University Hospital of Marche, Via Conca, 71, Ancona 60126, Italy
| | - Anastasia D'Antuono
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Department of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, University Hospital of Marche, Via Conca, 71, Ancona 60126, Italy
| | - Arianna Peruzzi
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Department of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, University Hospital of Marche, Via Conca, 71, Ancona 60126, Italy
| | - Nicholas Cedraro
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Flavia Carle
- Center of Epidemiology, Biostatistics e Medical Information Technology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Moretti
- Clinical Laboratory, University Hospital of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luigi Ferrante
- Center of Epidemiology, Biostatistics e Medical Information Technology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Carla Vignaroli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Biavasco
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Mangiaterra
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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Wen X, Chen Y, Zhang S, Su AT, Huang D, Zhou G, Xie X, Wang J. Resistance to preservatives and the viable but non-culturable state formation of Asaia lannensis in flavored syrups. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1345800. [PMID: 38435685 PMCID: PMC10904602 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1345800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Food security is a crucial issue that has caused extensive concern, and the use of food flavors has become prevalent over time. we used the molecular biological techniques, preservative susceptibility testing, viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state induction testing, and a transcriptome analysis to examine the bacterial contamination of favored syrup and identify the causes and develop effective control measures. The results showed that Asaia lannensis WLS1-1 is a microorganism that can spoil food and is a member of the acetic acid bacteria families. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests showed that WLS1-1 was susceptible to potassium sorbate (PS), sodium benzoate (SB), and sodium sulffte (SS) at pH 4.0. It revealed a progressive increase in resistance to these preservatives at increasing pH values. WLS1-1 was resistant to PS, SB and SS with an MIC of 4.0, 2.0 and 0.5 g/L at pH 5.0, respectively. The MIC values exceed the maximum permissible concentrations that can be added. The induction test of the VBNC state demonstrated that WLS1-1 lost its ability to grow after 321 days of PS induction, 229 days of SB induction and 52 days of SS induction combined with low temperature at 4°C. Additionally, laser confocal microscopy and a propidium monoazide-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PMA-qPCR) assay showed that WLS1-1 was still alive after VBNC formation. There were 7.192 ± 0.081 (PS), 5.416 ± 0.149 (SB) and 2.837 ± 0.134 (SS) log10(CFU/mL) of viable bacteria. An analysis of the transcriptome data suggests that Asaia lannensis can enter the VBNC state by regulating oxidative stress and decreasing protein synthesis and metabolic activity in response to low temperature and preservatives. The relative resistance of Asaia lannensis to preservatives and the induction of the VBNC state by preservatives are the primary factors that contribute to the contamination of favored syrup by this bacterium. To our knowledge, this study represents the first evidence of the ability of Asaia lannensis to enter the VBNC state and provides a theoretical foundation for the control of organisms with similar types of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Detection Center of Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Detection Center of Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Detection Center of Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ai-ting Su
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Detection Center of Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Detection Center of Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Detection Center of Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Detection Center of Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jufang Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Liu J, Yang L, Kjellerup BV, Xu Z. Viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state, an underestimated and controversial microbial survival strategy. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:1013-1023. [PMID: 37225640 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
As a unique microbial response to adverse circumstances, the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state is characterized by the loss of culturability of microbial cells on/in nutrient media that normally support their growth, while maintaining metabolic activity. These cells can resuscitate to a culturable state under suitable conditions. Given the intrinsic importance of the VBNC state and recent debates surrounding it, there is a need to redefine and standardize the term, and to address essential questions such as 'How to differentiate VBNC from other similar terms?' and 'How can VBNC cells be standardly and accurately determined?'. This opinion piece aims at contributing to an improved understanding of the VBNC state and promoting its proper handling as an underestimated and controversial microbial survival strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Birthe Veno Kjellerup
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Zhenbo Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
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7
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Cheng S, Li Z, Bai X, Feng J, Su R, Song L, Yang H, Zhan X, Xia X, Lü X, Shi C. The biochemical characteristics of viable but nonculturable state Yersinia enterocolitica induced by lactic acid stress and its presence in food systems. Food Res Int 2023; 170:113024. [PMID: 37316087 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state is adopted by many foodborne pathogenic bacteria to survive in adverse conditions. This study found that lactic acid, a widely used food preservative, can induce Yersinia enterocolitica to enter a VBNC state. Y. enterocolitica treated with 2 mg/mL lactic acid completely lost culturability within 20 min, and 10.137 ± 1.693 % of the cells entered a VBNC state. VBNC state cells could be recovered (resuscitated) in tryptic soy broth (TSB), 5 % (v/v) Tween80-TSB, and 2 mg/mL sodium pyruvate-TSB. In the VBNC state of Y. enterocolitica induced by lactic acid, the intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration and various enzyme activities were decreased, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was elevated, compared with uninduced cells. The VBNC state cells were significantly more resistant to heat and simulated gastric fluid than uninduced cells, but their ability to survive in a high-osmotic-pressure environment was significantly less than that of uninduced cells. The VBNC state cells induced by lactic acid changed from long rod-like to short rod-like, with small vacuoles at the cell edges; the genetic material was loosened and the density of cytoplasm was increased. The VBNC state cells had decreased ability to adhere to and invade Caco-2 (human colorectal adenocarcinoma) cells. The transcription levels of genes related to adhesion, invasion, motility, and resistance to adverse environmental stress were downregulated in VBNC state cells relative to uninduced cells. In meat-based broth, all nine tested strains of Y. enterocolitica entered the VBNC state after lactic acid treatment; among these strains, only VBNC state cells of Y. enterocolitica CMCC 52207 and Isolate 36 could not be recovered. Therefore, this study is a wake-up call for food safety problems caused by VBNC state pathogens induced by lactic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Cheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhenye Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiangyang Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jingqi Feng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ruiying Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Luyi Song
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiangjun Zhan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116304, China
| | - Xin Lü
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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8
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Zhang H, Zhang C, Han Q. Mechanisms of bacterial inhibition and tolerance around cold atmospheric plasma. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12618-w. [PMID: 37421472 PMCID: PMC10390405 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12618-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
The grim situation of bacterial infection has undoubtedly become a major threat to human health. In the context of frequent use of antibiotics, a new bactericidal method is urgently needed to fight against drug-resistant bacteria caused by non-standard use of antibiotics. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is composed of a variety of bactericidal species, which has excellent bactericidal effect on microbes. However, the mechanism of interaction between CAP and bacteria is not completely clear. In this paper, we summarize the mechanisms of bacterial killing by CAP in a systematic manner, discuss the responses of bacteria to CAP treatment that are considered to be related to tolerance and their underlying mechanisms, review the recent advances in bactericidal applications of CAP finally. This review indicates that CAP inhibition and tolerance of survival bacteria are a set of closely related mechanisms and suggests that there might be other mechanisms of tolerance to survival bacteria that had not been discovered yet. In conclusion, this review shows that CAP has complex and diverse bactericidal mechanisms, and has excellent bactericidal effect on bacteria at appropriate doses. KEY POINTS: • The bactericidal mechanism of CAP is complex and diverse. • There are few resistant bacteria but tolerant bacteria during CAP treatment. • There is excellent germicidal effect when CAP in combination with other disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengxi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Han
- Department of Oral Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Cheng S, Su R, Song L, Bai X, Yang H, Li Z, Li Z, Zhan X, Xia X, Lü X, Shi C. Citral and trans-cinnamaldehyde, two plant-derived antimicrobial agents can induce Staphylococcus aureus into VBNC state with different characteristics. Food Microbiol 2023; 112:104241. [PMID: 36906323 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state bacteria are difficult to detect in the food industry due to their nonculturable nature and their recovery characteristics pose a potential threat to human health. The results of this study indicated that S. aureus was found to enter the VBNC state completely after induced by citral (1 and 2 mg/mL) for 2 h, and after induced by trans-cinnamaldehyde (0.5 and 1 mg/mL) for 1 h and 3 h, respectively. Except for VBNC state cells induced by 2 mg/mL citral, the VBNC state cells induced by the other three conditions (1 mg/mL citral, 0.5 and 1 mg/mL trans-cinnamaldehyde) were able to be resuscitated in TSB media. In the VBNC state cells induced by citral and trans-cinnamaldehyde, the ATP concentration was reduced, the hemolysin-producing ability was significantly decreased, but the intracellular ROS level was elevated. The results of heat and simulated gastric fluid experiments showed different environment resistance on VBNC state cells induced by citral and trans-cinnamaldehyde. In addition, by observing the VBNC state cells showed that irregular folds on the surface, increased electron density inside and vacuoles in the nuclear region. What's more, S. aureus was found to enter the VBNC state completely after induced by meat-based broth containing citral (1 and 2 mg/mL) for 7 h and 5 h, after induced by meat-based broth containing trans-cinnamaldehyde (0.5 and 1 mg/mL) for 8 h and 7 h. In summary, citral and trans-cinnamaldehyde can induce S. aureus into VBNC state and food industry needs to comprehensively evaluate the antibacterial capacity of these two plant-derived antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Cheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ruiying Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Luyi Song
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiangyang Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhenye Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiangjun Zhan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116304, China
| | - Xin Lü
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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10
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Current Perspectives on Viable but Non-Culturable Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria: A Review. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061179. [PMID: 36981106 PMCID: PMC10048424 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne diseases caused by foodborne pathogens pose risks to food safety. Effective detection and efficient inactivation of pathogenic bacteria has always been a research hotspot in the field of food safety. Complicating these goals, bacteria can be induced to adopt a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state under adverse external environmental stresses. When in the VBNC state, pathogens cannot form visible colonies during traditional culture but remain metabolically active and toxic. The resulting false negative results in growth-related assays can jeopardize food safety. This review summarizes the latest research on VBNC foodborne pathogens, including induction conditions, detection methods, mechanism of VBNC formation, and possible control strategies. It is hoped that this review can provide ideas and methods for future research on VBNC foodborne pathogenic bacteria.
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11
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Zhang Y, Liao X, Feng J, Liu D, Chen S, Ding T. Induction of viable but nonculturable Salmonella spp. in liquid eggs by mild heat and subsequent resuscitation. Food Microbiol 2023; 109:104127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Weihe T, Wagner R, Schnabel U, Andrasch M, Su Y, Stachowiak J, Noll HJ, Ehlbeck J. Microbial Control of Raw and Cold-Smoked Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) through a Microwave Plasma Treatment. Foods 2022; 11:3356. [PMID: 36359968 PMCID: PMC9655028 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The control of the pathogenic load on foodstuffs is a key element in food safety. Particularly, seafood such as cold-smoked salmon is threatened by pathogens such as Salmonella sp. or Listeria monocytogenes. Despite strict existing hygiene procedures, the production industry constantly demands novel, reliable methods for microbial decontamination. Against that background, a microwave plasma-based decontamination technique via plasma-processed air (PPA) is presented. Thereby, the samples undergo two treatment steps, a pre-treatment step where PPA is produced when compressed air flows over a plasma torch, and a post-treatment step where the PPA acts on the samples. This publication embraces experiments that compare the total viable count (tvc) of bacteria found on PPA-treated raw (rs) and cold-smoked salmon (css) samples and their references. The tvc over the storage time is evaluated using a logistic growth model that reveals a PPA sensitivity for raw salmon (rs). A shelf-life prolongation of two days is determined. When cold-smoked salmon (css) is PPA-treated, the treatment reveals no further impact. When PPA-treated raw salmon (rs) is compared with PPA-untreated cold-smoked salmon (css), the PPA treatment appears as reliable as the cold-smoking process and retards the growth of cultivable bacteria in the same manner. The experiments are flanked by quality measurements such as color and texture measurements before and after the PPA treatment. Salmon samples, which undergo an overtreatment, solely show light changes such as a whitish surface flocculation. A relatively mild treatment as applied in the storage experiments has no further detected impact on the fish matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Weihe
- Leibniz-Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robert Wagner
- Leibniz-Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uta Schnabel
- Leibniz-Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Yukun Su
- Institute for Sports Science, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jörg Stachowiak
- Leibniz-Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Ehlbeck
- Leibniz-Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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13
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Fallon M, Kennedy S, Daniels S, Humphreys H. Technologies to decontaminate bacterial biofilm on hospital surfaces: a potential new role for cold plasma? J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 36201343 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) are a major challenge and the near patient surface is important in harbouring causes such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridioides difficile. Current approaches to decontamination are sub-optimal and many studies have demonstrated that microbial causes of HCAIs may persist with onward transmission. This may be due to the capacity of these microbes to survive in biofilms on surfaces. New technologies to enhance hospital decontamination may have a role in addressing this challenge. We have reviewed current technologies such as UV light and hydrogen peroxide and also assessed the potential use of cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP) in surface decontamination. The antimicrobial mechanisms of CAPP are not fully understood but the production of reactive oxygen and other species is believed to be important. CAPP systems have been shown to partially or completely remove a variety of biofilms including those caused by Candida albicans, and multi-drug-resistant bacteria such as MRSA. There are some studies that suggest promise for CAPP in the challenge of surface decontamination in the healthcare setting. However, further work is required to define better the mechanism of action. We need to know what surfaces are most amenable to treatment, how microbial components and the maturity of biofilms may affect successful treatment, and how would CAPP be used in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muireann Fallon
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah Kennedy
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen Daniels
- National Centre for Plasma Science and Technology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hilary Humphreys
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Microbiology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Pan Y, Cheng J, Sun D. Oxidative lesions and post-treatment viability attenuation of listeria monocytogenes triggered by atmospheric non-thermal plasma. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:2348-2360. [PMID: 35751464 PMCID: PMC9805074 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of plasma-mediated oxidative stress on the post-treatment viability of Listeria monocytogenes at the physiological and molecular levels. METHODS AND RESULTS 107 CFU/ml L. monocytogenes in 10 ml phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was treated with atmospheric non-thermal plasma for 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 s respectively. Optical diagnostics using optical emission spectroscopy (OES) confirmed that dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma was a significant source of ample exogenous reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). The development of extracellular main long-lived species was associated with plasma exposure time, accompanied by a massive accumulation of intracellular ROS in L. monocytogenes (p < 0.01). With the exception of virulence genes (hly), most oxidation resistance genes (e.g. sigB, perR, lmo2344, lmo2770 and trxA) and DNA repair gene (recA) were upregulated significantly (p < 0.05). A visible fragmentation in genomic DNA and a decline in the secretion of extracellular proteins and haemolytic activity (p < 0.01) were noticed. The quantitate oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) and extracellular acidification rates (ECARs) confirmed the viability attenuation from the aspect of energy metabolism. Survival assay in a real food system (raw milk) further suggested not only the viability attenuation, but also the resuscitation potential and safety risk of mild plasma-treated cells during post-treatment storage. CONCLUSION DBD plasma had the potential to inactivate and attenuate the virulence of L. monocytogenes, and it was recommended that plasma exposure time longer than 120 s was more suitable for attenuating viability and avoiding the recovery possibility of L. monocytogenes in raw milk within 7 days. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The current results presented a strategy to inactivate and attenuate the viability of L. monocytogenes, which could serve as a theoretical basis for better application of non-thermal plasma in food in an effort to effectively combat foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Pan
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina,Academy of Contemporary Food EngineeringSouth China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega CenterGuangzhouChina,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural ProductsGuangzhou Higher Education Mega CentreGuangzhouChina
| | - Jun‐Hu Cheng
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina,Academy of Contemporary Food EngineeringSouth China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega CenterGuangzhouChina,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural ProductsGuangzhou Higher Education Mega CentreGuangzhouChina
| | - Da‐Wen Sun
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina,Academy of Contemporary Food EngineeringSouth China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega CenterGuangzhouChina,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural ProductsGuangzhou Higher Education Mega CentreGuangzhouChina,Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT), Agriculture and Food Science CentreUniversity College Dublin, National University of IrelandDublinIreland
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15
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He Y, Zhao J, Yin H, Deng Y. Transcriptome Analysis of Viable but Non-Culturable Brettanomyces bruxellensis Induced by Hop Bitter Acids. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:902110. [PMID: 35707174 PMCID: PMC9189414 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.902110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state has been studied in detail in bacteria. However, it has received much less attention in eukaryotic cells. The induction of a VBNC beer-spoilage yeast (Brettanomyces bruxellensis) by hop bitter acids with different concentrations and its recovery were studied in this work. B. bruxellensis cells were completely induced into the VBNC state by treatment of 250 mg/L hop bitter acids for 2 h. The addition of catalase at a concentration of 2,000 U/plate on YPD agars enabled these VBNC cells to recover their culturability within 2 days. Moreover, the transcriptome profiling revealed that 267 and 197 genes were significantly changed upon VBNC state entry and resuscitation, respectively. The differentially expressed genes involved in the peroxisome activities, ABC transporter, organic acid metabolism, and TCA cycle were mainly downregulated in the VBNC cells. In contrast, the amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, cell division, and DNA replication were promoted. This study supplies a theoretical basis for microbial risk assessment in the brewing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer, Tsingtao Brewery Co. Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Junfeng Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Hua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer, Tsingtao Brewery Co. Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Yuan Deng
- Animal Products Processing Laboratory, Hunan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Deng
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16
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Yang L, Yi W, Sun F, Xu M, Zeng Z, Bi X, Dong J, Xie Y, Li M. Application of Lab-on-Chip for Detection of Microbial Nucleic Acid in Food and Environment. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:765375. [PMID: 34803990 PMCID: PMC8600318 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.765375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Various diseases caused by food-borne or environmental pathogenic microorganisms have been a persistent threat to public health and global economies. It is necessary to regularly detect microorganisms in food and environment to prevent infection of pathogenic microorganisms. However, most traditional detection methods are expensive, time-consuming, and unfeasible in practice in the absence of sophisticated instruments and trained operators. Point-of-care testing (POCT) can be used to detect microorganisms rapidly on site and greatly improve the efficiency of microbial detection. Lab-on-chip (LOC) is an emerging POCT technology with great potential by integrating most of the experimental steps carried out in the laboratory into a single monolithic device. This review will primarily focus on principles and techniques of LOC for detection of microbial nucleic acid in food and environment, including sample preparation, nucleic acid amplification and sample detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangfang Sun
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjiao Xu
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan Zeng
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Bi
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Dong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Haidian Hospital, Beijing Haidian Section of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Xie
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Hepatology Division 2, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Hepatology Division 2, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
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17
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Pan Y, Cheng JH, Sun DW. Metabolomic analyses on microbial primary and secondary oxidative stress responses. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:5675-5697. [PMID: 34601780 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Food safety is veryimportant in our daily life. In food processing or disinfection, microorganisms are commonly exposed to oxidative stress perturbations. However, microorganisms can adapt and respond to physicochemical interventions, leading to difficulty and complexity for food safety assurance. Therefore, understanding the response mechanisms of microbes and providing an overview of the responses under oxidative stress conditions are beneficial for ensuring food safety for the industry. The current review takes the metabolomics approach to reveal small metabolite signatures and key pathway alterations during oxidative stress at the molecular and technical levels. These alterations are involved in primary oxidative stress responses due to inactivation treatments such as using hypochlorite (HOCl), hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), electrolyzed water (EW), irradiation, pulsed light (PL), electron beam (EB), and secondary oxidative stress responses due to exposures to excessive conditions such as heat, pressure, acid, and alkaline. Details on the putative origin of exogenous or endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) are discussed, with particular attention paid to their effects on lipid, amino acid, nucleotide, and carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, mechanisms on counteracting oxidative stresses, stabilization of cell osmolality as well as energy provision for microbes to survive are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Pan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Hu Cheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China.,Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT), Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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18
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Zhou A, Wang L, Zhang J, Yang X, Ou Z, Zhao L. Survival of viable but nonculturable Cronobacter sakazakii in macrophages contributes to infections. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105064. [PMID: 34171399 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii), a pathogen that exists in dry and low-moisture environments, such as powder infant formula (PIF), can enter a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state under harsh conditions, which enables it to escape traditional detection methods and thus poses a potential public health risk. This study aimed at assessing the virulent nature of VBNC C. sakazakii. Our results showed that VBNC C. sakazakii induced intestinal inflammation in neonatal rats. However, the degree of inflammation was significantly lower than that of culturable bacteria due to decreasing endotoxin production, motility, adhesion, and invasion ability in the VBNC state. From the perspective of bacterial translocation, the numbers of C. sakazakii in the blood, liver, and spleen of rats treated with VBNC cells were in the same order of magnitude as those treated with its culturable counterpart and may lead to the same degree of bacteremia. According to the macrophage survival assays, the survival rate of VBNC C. sakazakii within macrophages was 4.7 times higher than that of culturable cells. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that VBNC C. sakazakii evaded the host immune defense system, penetrated the tissue barrier, and translocated to the bloodstream, liver, and spleen through macrophages. Thus, our study reveals that VBNC C. sakazakii could be a potential risk for infants' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidi Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Wu Shan Road 483, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Wu Shan Road 483, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | - Jingfeng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Wu Shan Road 483, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Wu Shan Road 483, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Zhihua Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Wu Shan Road 483, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Lichao Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Wu Shan Road 483, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, PR China.
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19
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Gao R, Liao X, Zhao X, Liu D, Ding T. The diagnostic tools for viable but nonculturable pathogens in the food industry: Current status and future prospects. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2146-2175. [PMID: 33484068 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Viable but nonculturable (VBNC) microorganisms have been recognized as pathogenic contaminants in foods and environments. The failure of VBNC cells to form the visible colonies hinders the ability to use conventional media for their detection. Efficient and rapid detection of pathogens in the VBNC state is a prerequisite to ensure the food safety and public health. Despite their nonculturability, VBNC cells have distinct characteristics, such as morphology, metabolism, chemical composition, and gene and protein expression, that have been used as the basis for the development of abundant diagnostic tools. This review covers the current status and advances in various approaches for examining microorganisms in the VBNC state, including but not limited to the methodological aspects, advantages, and drawbacks of each technique. Existing methods, such as direct viable count, SYTO/PI dual staining, and propidium monoazide quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), as well as some techniques with potential to be applied in the future, such as digital PCR, enhanced-surface Raman spectroscopy, and impedance-based techniques, are summarized in depth. Finally, future prospects for the one-step detection of VBNC bacteria are proposed and discussed. We believe that this review can provide more optional methods for researchers and promote the development of rapid, accurate detecting methods, and for inspectors, the diagnostic tools can provide data to undertake risk analysis of VBNC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyu Liao
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xihong Zhao
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Donghong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tian Ding
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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