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Sharaf A, Liu Y. Mechanisms and kinetics of greywater treatment using biologically active granular activated carbon. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128113. [PMID: 33297106 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The high adsorption capacity of granular activated carbon (GAC) makes it an effective biofilter media for greywater (wastewater generated in households and office buildings from streams without fecal contamination). This study investigates the mechanisms and kinetics of greywater treatment using biologically active GAC (BAC). This was achieved by assessing the role of each of the sorption and biodegradation mechanisms to the overall treatment process, characterizing and modelling the adsorption capacity of the media, and analysing and modelling the kinetics of adsorption. The biodegradation mechanism was found to contribute less than 26% to the overall treatment process with biomass density of 178.71 ± 14.12 mg g-1 BAC, whereas sorption mechanisms were responsible for the remaining greywater treatment. The Freundlich isotherm was found to best-represent the equilibrium adsorption data with Freundlich constant and intensity parameter of 1.48 × 10-5 L g-1 and 0.39, respectively. Pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion models were created to fit the kinetics adsorption with rate constant values of 0.12 g mg-1 h-1 and 1.91 mg g-1 h-0.5 during the first 2 h of the experiment and 0.08 g mg-1 h-1 and 0.50 mg g-1 h-0.5 onwards, respectively. Intraparticle pore diffusion was determined to be the rate limiting step of the greywater treatment; some mass transfer resistance was observed due to external film diffusion at lower substrate gradients during greywater treatment. This study improves our understanding of the behaviour of GAC biofilters through understanding their treatment mechanisms and kinetics, leading to more efficient greywater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Sharaf
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada.
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2
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Schmidt S, Bornscheuer UT. Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases: From protein engineering to biocatalytic applications. FLAVIN-DEPENDENT ENZYMES: MECHANISMS, STRUCTURES AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 47:231-281. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Fürst MJLJ, Gran-Scheuch A, Aalbers FS, Fraaije MW. Baeyer–Villiger Monooxygenases: Tunable Oxidative Biocatalysts. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J. L. J. Fürst
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Gran-Scheuch
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocesses Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Friso S. Aalbers
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
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Tolmie C, Smit MS, Opperman DJ. Native roles of Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases in the microbial metabolism of natural compounds. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:326-353. [DOI: 10.1039/c8np00054a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases function in the primary metabolism of atypical carbon sources, as well as the synthesis of complex microbial metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmien Tolmie
- Department of Biotechnology
- University of the Free State
- Bloemfontein
- South Africa
| | - Martha S. Smit
- Department of Biotechnology
- University of the Free State
- Bloemfontein
- South Africa
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Sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) degradation by nitrate-reducing bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:5163-5173. [PMID: 28299401 PMCID: PMC5486822 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The surfactant sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) is widely used in the composition of detergents and frequently ends up in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). While aerobic SLES degradation is well studied, little is known about the fate of this compound in anoxic environments, such as denitrification tanks of WWTPs, nor about the bacteria involved in the anoxic biodegradation. Here, we used SLES as sole carbon and energy source, at concentrations ranging from 50 to 1000 mg L−1, to enrich and isolate nitrate-reducing bacteria from activated sludge of a WWTP with the anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A2/O) concept. In the 50 mg L−1 enrichment, Comamonas (50%), Pseudomonas (24%), and Alicycliphilus (12%) were present at higher relative abundance, while Pseudomonas (53%) became dominant in the 1000 mg L−1 enrichment. Aeromonas hydrophila strain S7, Pseudomonas stutzeri strain S8, and Pseudomonas nitroreducens strain S11 were isolated from the enriched cultures. Under denitrifying conditions, strains S8 and S11 degraded 500 mg L−1 SLES in less than 1 day, while strain S7 required more than 6 days. Strains S8 and S11 also showed a remarkable resistance to SLES, being able to grow and reduce nitrate with SLES concentrations up to 40 g L−1. Strain S11 turned out to be the best anoxic SLES degrader, degrading up to 41% of 500 mg L−1. The comparison between SLES anoxic and oxic degradation by strain S11 revealed differences in SLES cleavage, degradation, and sulfate accumulation; both ester and ether cleavage were probably employed in SLES anoxic degradation by strain S11.
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Chen K, Wu S, Zhu L, Zhang C, Xiang W, Deng Z, Ikeda H, Cane DE, Zhu D. Substitution of a Single Amino Acid Reverses the Regiospecificity of the Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenase PntE in the Biosynthesis of the Antibiotic Pentalenolactone. Biochemistry 2016; 55:6696-6704. [PMID: 27933799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the biosynthesis of pentalenolactone (1), PenE and PntE, orthologous proteins from Streptomyces exfoliatus and S. arenae, respectively, catalyze the flavin-dependent Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of 1-deoxy-11-oxopentalenic acid (4) to the lactone pentalenolactone D (5), in which the less-substituted methylene carbon has migrated. By contrast, the paralogous PtlE enzyme from S. avermitilis catalyzes the oxidation of 4 to neopentalenolactone D (6), in which the more substituted methane substitution has undergone migration. We report the design and analysis of 13 single and multiple mutants of PntE mutants to identify the key amino acids that contribute to the regiospecificity of these two classes of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases. The L185S mutation in PntE reversed the observed regiospecificity of PntE such that all recombinant PntE mutants harboring this L185S mutation acquired the characteristic regiospecificity of PtlE, catalyzing the conversion of 4 to 6 as the major product. The recombinant PntE mutant harboring R484L exhibited reduced regiospecificity, generating a mixture of lactones containing more than 17% of 6. These in vitro results were corroborated by analysis of the complementation of the S. avermitilis ΔptlED double deletion mutant with pntE mutants, such that pntE mutants harboring L185S produced 6 as the major product, whereas complemention of the ΔptlED deletion mutant with pntE mutants carrying the R484L mutation gave 6 as more than 33% of the total lactone product mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University , Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Shiwen Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University , Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Lu Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University , Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Chengde Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University , Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Wensheng Xiang
- School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University , Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Haruo Ikeda
- Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University , 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Minami-ku, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - David E Cane
- Department of Chemistry, Box H, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912-9108, United States
| | - Dongqing Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University , Wuhan, Hubei Province 430071, China
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Entner-Doudoroff pathway for sulfoquinovose degradation in Pseudomonas putida SQ1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015. [PMID: 26195800 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1507049112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfoquinovose (SQ; 6-deoxy-6-sulfoglucose) is the polar head group of the plant sulfolipid SQ-diacylglycerol, and SQ comprises a major proportion of the organosulfur in nature, where it is degraded by bacteria. A first degradation pathway for SQ has been demonstrated recently, a "sulfoglycolytic" pathway, in addition to the classical glycolytic (Embden-Meyerhof) pathway in Escherichia coli K-12; half of the carbon of SQ is abstracted as dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP) and used for growth, whereas a C3-organosulfonate, 2,3-dihydroxypropane sulfonate (DHPS), is excreted. The environmental isolate Pseudomonas putida SQ1 is also able to use SQ for growth, and excretes a different C3-organosulfonate, 3-sulfolactate (SL). In this study, we revealed the catabolic pathway for SQ in P. putida SQ1 through differential proteomics and transcriptional analyses, by in vitro reconstitution of the complete pathway by five heterologously produced enzymes, and by identification of all four organosulfonate intermediates. The pathway follows a reaction sequence analogous to the Entner-Doudoroff pathway for glucose-6-phosphate: It involves an NAD(+)-dependent SQ dehydrogenase, 6-deoxy-6-sulfogluconolactone (SGL) lactonase, 6-deoxy-6-sulfogluconate (SG) dehydratase, and 2-keto-3,6-dideoxy-6-sulfogluconate (KDSG) aldolase. The aldolase reaction yields pyruvate, which supports growth of P. putida, and 3-sulfolactaldehyde (SLA), which is oxidized to SL by an NAD(P)(+)-dependent SLA dehydrogenase. All five enzymes are encoded in a single gene cluster that includes, for example, genes for transport and regulation. Homologous gene clusters were found in genomes of other P. putida strains, in other gamma-Proteobacteria, and in beta- and alpha-Proteobacteria, for example, in genomes of Enterobacteria, Vibrio, and Halomonas species, and in typical soil bacteria, such as Burkholderia, Herbaspirillum, and Rhizobium.
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The Origin and Evolution of Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases (BVMOs): An Ancestral Family of Flavin Monooxygenases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132689. [PMID: 26161776 PMCID: PMC4498894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases (BVMOs) are enzymes belonging to the "Class B" of flavin monooxygenases and are capable of performing exquisite selective oxidations. These enzymes have been studied from a biotechnological perspective, but their physiological substrates and functional roles are widely unknown. Here, we investigated the origin, taxonomic distribution and evolutionary history of the BVMO genes. By using in silico approaches, 98 BVMO encoding genes were detected in the three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. We found evidence for the presence of these genes in Metazoa (Hydra vulgaris, Oikopleura dioica and Adineta vaga) and Haptophyta (Emiliania huxleyi) for the first time. Furthermore, a search for other "Class B" monooxygenases (flavoprotein monooxygenases--FMOs--and N-hydroxylating monooxygenases--NMOs) was conducted. These sequences were also found in the three domains of life. Phylogenetic analyses of all "Class B" monooxygenases revealed that NMOs and BVMOs are monophyletic, whereas FMOs form a paraphyletic group. Based on these results, we propose that BVMO genes were already present in the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) and their current taxonomic distribution is the result of differential duplication and loss of paralogous genes.
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Denger K, Weiss M, Felux AK, Schneider A, Mayer C, Spiteller D, Huhn T, Cook AM, Schleheck D. Sulphoglycolysis in Escherichia coli K-12 closes a gap in the biogeochemical sulphur cycle. Nature 2014; 507:114-7. [PMID: 24463506 DOI: 10.1038/nature12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sulphoquinovose (SQ, 6-deoxy-6-sulphoglucose) has been known for 50 years as the polar headgroup of the plant sulpholipid in the photosynthetic membranes of all higher plants, mosses, ferns, algae and most photosynthetic bacteria. It is also found in some non-photosynthetic bacteria, and SQ is part of the surface layer of some Archaea. The estimated annual production of SQ is 10,000,000,000 tonnes (10 petagrams), thus it comprises a major portion of the organo-sulphur in nature, where SQ is degraded by bacteria. However, despite evidence for at least three different degradative pathways in bacteria, no enzymic reaction or gene in any pathway has been defined, although a sulphoglycolytic pathway has been proposed. Here we show that Escherichia coli K-12, the most widely studied prokaryotic model organism, performs sulphoglycolysis, in addition to standard glycolysis. SQ is catabolised through four newly discovered reactions that we established using purified, heterologously expressed enzymes: SQ isomerase, 6-deoxy-6-sulphofructose (SF) kinase, 6-deoxy-6-sulphofructose-1-phosphate (SFP) aldolase, and 3-sulpholactaldehyde (SLA) reductase. The enzymes are encoded in a ten-gene cluster, which probably also encodes regulation, transport and degradation of the whole sulpholipid; the gene cluster is present in almost all (>91%) available E. coli genomes, and is widespread in Enterobacteriaceae. The pathway yields dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), which powers energy conservation and growth of E. coli, and the sulphonate product 2,3-dihydroxypropane-1-sulphonate (DHPS), which is excreted. DHPS is mineralized by other bacteria, thus closing the sulphur cycle within a bacterial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Denger
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Michael Weiss
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Felux
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alexander Schneider
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Mayer
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Spiteller
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Huhn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alasdair M Cook
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - David Schleheck
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Weiss M, Kesberg AI, Labutti KM, Pitluck S, Bruce D, Hauser L, Copeland A, Woyke T, Lowry S, Lucas S, Land M, Goodwin L, Kjelleberg S, Cook AM, Buhmann M, Thomas T, Schleheck D. Permanent draft genome sequence of Comamonas testosteroni KF-1. Stand Genomic Sci 2013; 8:239-54. [PMID: 23991256 PMCID: PMC3746432 DOI: 10.4056/sigs.3847890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Comamonas testosteroni KF-1 is a model organism for the elucidation of the novel biochemical degradation pathways for xenobiotic 4-sulfophenylcarboxylates (SPC) formed during biodegradation of synthetic 4-sulfophenylalkane surfactants (linear alkylbenzenesulfonates, LAS) by bacterial communities. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 6,026,527 bp long chromosome (one sequencing gap) exhibits an average G+C content of 61.79% and is predicted to encode 5,492 protein-coding genes and 114 RNA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Konstanz, Germany ; Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
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