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Cui Y, Riley M, Moreno MV, Cepeda MM, Perez IA, Wen Y, Lim LX, Andre E, Nguyen A, Liu C, Lerno L, Nichols PK, Schmitz H, Tagkopoulos I, Kennedy JA, Oberholster A, Siegel JB. Discovery of Potent Glycosidases Enables Quantification of Smoke-Derived Phenolic Glycosides through Enzymatic Hydrolysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:11617-11628. [PMID: 38728580 PMCID: PMC11117406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
When grapes are exposed to wildfire smoke, certain smoke-related volatile phenols (VPs) can be absorbed into the fruit, where they can be then converted into volatile-phenol (VP) glycosides through glycosylation. These volatile-phenol glycosides can be particularly problematic from a winemaking standpoint as they can be hydrolyzed, releasing volatile phenols, which can contribute to smoke-related off-flavors. Current methods for quantitating these volatile-phenol glycosides present several challenges, including the requirement of expensive capital equipment, limited accuracy due to the molecular complexity of the glycosides, and the utilization of harsh reagents. To address these challenges, we proposed an enzymatic hydrolysis method enabled by a tailored enzyme cocktail of novel glycosidases discovered through genome mining, and the generated VPs from VP glycosides can be quantitated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The enzyme cocktails displayed high activities and a broad substrate scope when using commercially available VP glycosides as the substrates for testing. When evaluated in an industrially relevant matrix of Cabernet Sauvignon wine and grapes, this enzymatic cocktail consistently achieved a comparable efficacy of acid hydrolysis. The proposed method offers a simple, safe, and affordable option for smoke taint analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youtian Cui
- Genome
Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- VinZymes,
LLC, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Mary Riley
- Genome
Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Microbiology
Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Marcus V. Moreno
- Genome
Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Mateo M. Cepeda
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ignacio Arias Perez
- Department
of Viticulture & Enology, University
of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yan Wen
- Department
of Viticulture & Enology, University
of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Lik Xian Lim
- Department
of Food Science & Technology, University
of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- UC Davis
Coffee Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Eric Andre
- Genome
Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - An Nguyen
- Genome
Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Cody Liu
- Genome
Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Larry Lerno
- Department
of Viticulture & Enology, University
of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Food
Safety and Measurement Facility, University
of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | | | - Harold Schmitz
- March
Capital US, LLC, Davis, California 95616, United States
- T.O.P.,
LLC, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Graduate School of Management, University
of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ilias Tagkopoulos
- Genome
Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Computer Science, USDA/NSF
AI Institute for Next Generation
Food Systems (AIFS), University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- PIPA, LLC, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | | | - Anita Oberholster
- Department
of Viticulture & Enology, University
of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Justin B. Siegel
- Genome
Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Microbiology
Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Křen V, Bojarová P. Rutinosidase and other diglycosidases: Rising stars in biotechnology. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108217. [PMID: 37481095 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Diglycosidases are a special class of glycosidases (EC 3.2.1) that catalyze the separation of intact disaccharide moieties from the aglycone part. The main diglycosidase representatives comprise rutinosidases that cleave rutinose (α-l-Rha-(1-6)-β-d-Glc) from rutin or other rutinosides, and (iso)primeverosidases processing (iso)primeverosides (d-Xyl-(1-6)-β-d-Glc), but other activities are known. Notably, some diglycosidases may be ranked as monoglucosidases with enlarged substrate specificity. Diglycosidases are found in various microorganisms and plants. Diglycosidases are used in the food industry for aroma enhancement and flavor modification. Besides their hydrolytic activity, they also possess pronounced synthetic (transglycosylating) capabilities. Recently, they have been demonstrated to glycosylate various substrates in a high yield, including peculiar species like inorganic azide or carboxylic acids, which is a unique feature in biocatalysis. Rhamnose-containing compounds such as rutinose are currently receiving increased attention due to their proven activity in anti-cancer and dermatological experimental studies. This review demonstrates the vast and yet underrated biotechnological potential of diglycosidases from various sources (plant, microbial), and reveals perspectives on the use of these catalysts as well as of their products in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Biotransformation, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14200 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Biotransformation, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14200 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Kotik M, Kulik N, Valentová K. Flavonoids as Aglycones in Retaining Glycosidase-Catalyzed Reactions: Prospects for Green Chemistry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14890-14910. [PMID: 37800688 PMCID: PMC10591481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids and their glycosides are abundant in many plant-based foods. The (de)glycosylation of flavonoids by retaining glycoside hydrolases has recently attracted much interest in basic and applied research, including the possibility of altering the glycosylation pattern of flavonoids. Research in this area is driven by significant differences in physicochemical, organoleptic, and bioactive properties between flavonoid aglycones and their glycosylated counterparts. While many flavonoid glycosides are present in nature at low levels, some occur in substantial quantities, making them readily available low-cost glycosyl donors for transglycosylations. Retaining glycosidases can be used to synthesize natural and novel glycosides, which serve as standards for bioactivity experiments and analyses, using flavonoid glycosides as glycosyl donors. Engineered glycosidases also prove valuable for the synthesis of flavonoid glycosides using chemically synthesized activated glycosyl donors. This review outlines the bioactivities of flavonoids and their glycosides and highlights the applications of retaining glycosidases in the context of flavonoid glycosides, acting as substrates, products, or glycosyl donors in deglycosylation or transglycosylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kotik
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14200 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Kulik
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14200 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14200 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Choi SH, Kim SY, Kim KM, Mony TJ, Bae HJ, Kim MS, Lee CH, Choi SE, Lee SH, Park SJ. Fermented Sprouts of Codonopsis lanceolata Suppress LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses by Inhibiting NF-κB Signaling Pathway in RAW 264.7 Macrophages and CD1 Mice. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1793. [PMID: 37513980 PMCID: PMC10384864 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The interest in bioconversion through fermentation of sprouts produced in smart farms is increasing due to their potential health benefits. Codonopsis lanceolata (CL) is reported to alleviate inflammatory conditions, but much research is still needed to determine which types and parts of CL are most effective. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of a fermented extract of CL sprouts' aerial part (F-CSA) against LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and mice. In the screening test, F-CSA showed the most substantial anti-inflammatory effect among several samples, containing the highest total flavonoids, tannins, and polyphenols. UPLC-ESI-Q/TOF-MS and HPLC analysis revealed that F-CSA had the highest amount of luteolin among all the CL samples analyzed. F-CSA reduced the release of inflammatory cytokines and mediators such as NO and PGE2 by inhibiting the expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Further, we found that the anti-inflammatory effects of F-CSA were mediated by inhibiting the JNK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Moreover, F-CSA improved survival rates and reduced plasma levels of NO and IL-6 in CD1 mice stimulated with LPS. These findings suggest that F-CSA, which contains luteolin, can alleviate inflammation in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells and a CD1 mouse model by inhibiting the JNK/NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyuk Choi
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Min Kim
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tamanna Jahan Mony
- Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jung Bae
- Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seok Kim
- Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Ho Lee
- Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Eun Choi
- Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Park
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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Koseki T, Ishida N, Hirota R, Shiono Y, Makabe K. Mutational analysis of the effects of N-glycosylation sites on the activity and thermal stability of rutinosidase from Aspergillus oryzae. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 161:110112. [PMID: 35988320 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Purified recombinant rutinosidase from Aspergillus oryzae expressed in Pichia pastoris (rAoRutM) exhibits increase in thermal stability after treatment with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H (endo-H). In this study, the role of N-glycosylation in the activity and thermal stability of rAoRutM was analyzed via site-directed mutagenesis. Based on the crystal structure of AoRutM, five N-glycosylation sites (N32, N128, N176, N288, and N359) were identified in the AoRut protein. Among five single variants constructed for these sites, the N128D, N176D, and N359D variants exhibited similar mobility bands compared to that of the wild-type enzyme based on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, whereas the N32D and N288D variants exhibited slightly and considerably increasing mobility bands, respectively. The N128D and N288D variants showed increasing and decreasing rutinosidase activity, respectively, compared to the case for the wild-type, without and with endo-H treatments. While the N128D and N176D variants had lower Km values, the N288D and N359D variants had higher Km values, compared to the wild-type, without and with endo-H treatments. Surprisingly, the N32D and N176D variants exhibited considerably greater thermal stability than the wild-type, without or with the endo-H treatments, whereas the N128D and N359D variants exhibited drastically decreased thermal stability. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the N128D and N359D variants showed a similar CD profile to that of the wild-type treated with endo-H; however, the molar ellipticity values of the peaks at 208 nm and 212 nm in the above variants varied from those of the intact wild-type and other variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Koseki
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan.
| | - Naoki Ishida
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan
| | - Ruka Hirota
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shiono
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan
| | - Koki Makabe
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
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Kotik M, Javůrková H, Brodsky K, Pelantová H. Two fungal flavonoid-specific glucosidases/rutinosidases for rutin hydrolysis and rutinoside synthesis under homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction conditions. AMB Express 2021; 11:136. [PMID: 34661772 PMCID: PMC8523606 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycosidases within GH5-23 cleave the glycosidic bond of β-glucosylated or rutinosylated flavonoids. Moreover, by virtue of their transglycosylation activity, glycoconjugates with glucosyl and rutinosyl moieties are accessible. Here we report the biochemical characterization and biotechnological assessment of two heterologously expressed members of GH5-23—McGlc from Mucor circinelloides and PcGlc from Penicillium chrysogenum. Both enzymes exhibited the highest hydrolytic activities with quercetin-3-β-O-glucopyranoside, whereas lower specificity constants were determined with the rutinosides narcissin, rutin and hesperidin. High stabilities against thermal, ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide-induced inactivation, a very limited secondary hydrolysis of the formed transglycosylation products, and no detectable product inhibition were additional features appropriate for biotechnological applications. The enzymes were compared in their efficiencies to hydrolyze rutin and to synthesize 2-phenylethyl rutinoside under homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction conditions using high rutin concentrations of 100 and 300 mM. Highest transglycosylation efficiencies were achieved with fully dissolved rutin in reaction mixtures containing 25% dimethyl sulfoxide. Molecular docking and multiple sequence alignments suggest that the hydrophobic environment of aromatic residues within the + 1 subsite of GH5-23 glycosidases is very important for the binding of flavonoid glucosides and rutinosides.
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Butyryl/Caproyl-CoA:Acetate CoA-transferase: cloning, expression and characterization of the key enzyme involved in medium-chain fatty acid biosynthesis. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:229427. [PMID: 34338280 PMCID: PMC8360832 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme A transferases (CoATs) are important enzymes involved in carbon chain elongation, contributing to medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) biosynthesis. For example, butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA transferase (BCoAT) is responsible for the final step of butyrate synthesis from butyryl-CoA. However, little is known about caproyl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase (CCoAT), which is responsible for the final step of caproate synthesis from caproyl-CoA. In the present study, two CoAT genes from Ruminococcaceae bacterium CPB6 and Clostridium tyrobutyricum BEY8 were identified by gene cloning and expression analysis. Enzyme assays and kinetic studies were carried out using butyryl-CoA or caproyl-CoA as the substrate. CPB6-CoAT can catalyze the conversion of both butyryl-CoA into butyrate and caproyl-CoA into caproate, but its catalytic efficiency with caproyl-CoA as the substrate was 3.8-times higher than that with butyryl-CoA. In contrast, BEY8-CoAT had only BCoAT activity, not CCoAT activity. This demonstrated the existence of a specific CCoAT involved in chain elongation via the reverse β-oxidation pathway. Comparative bioinformatics analysis showed the presence of a highly conserved motif (GGQXDFXXGAXX) in CoATs, which is predicted to be the active center. Single point mutations in the conserved motif of CPB6-CoAT (Asp346 and Ala351) led to marked decreases in the activity for butyryl-CoA and caproyl-CoA, indicating that the conserved motif is the active center of CPB6-CoAT and that Asp346 and Ala351 have a significant impact on the enzymatic activity. This work provides insight into the function of CCoAT in caproic acid biosynthesis and improves understanding of the chain elongation pathway for MCFA production.
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Established tools and emerging trends for the production of recombinant proteins and metabolites in Pichia pastoris. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:293-307. [PMID: 33956085 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Besides bakers' yeast, the methylotrophic yeast Komagataella phaffii (also known as Pichia pastoris) has been developed into the most popular yeast cell factory for the production of heterologous proteins. Strong promoters, stable genetic constructs and a growing collection of freely available strains, tools and protocols have boosted this development equally as thorough genetic and cell biological characterization. This review provides an overview of state-of-the-art tools and techniques for working with P. pastoris, as well as guidelines for the production of recombinant proteins with a focus on small-scale production for biochemical studies and protein characterization. The growing applications of P. pastoris for in vivo biotransformation and metabolic pathway engineering for the production of bulk and specialty chemicals are highlighted as well.
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Peculiarities and systematics of microbial diglycosidases, and their applications in food technology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2693-2700. [PMID: 33745010 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Diglycosidases are endo-β-glucosidases that hydrolyze the heterosidic linkage of diglycoconjugates, thereby releasing in a single reaction the disaccharide and the aglycone. Plant diglycosidases belong to the glycoside hydrolase family 1 and are associated with defense mechanisms. Microbial diglycosidases exhibit higher diversity-they belong to the families 3, 5, and 55-and play a catabolic role. As diglycoconjugates are widespread in the environments, so are the microbial diglycosidases, which allow their utilization as nutritional source and carbon recycling. In the last 10 years, six microbial diglycosidases have been sequenced, and for two of them, the three-dimensional structure has been elucidated. This knowledge allowed the identification of their diverse phylogenetic origin, and gave insights into the understanding of the substrate specificity. Here, the last advances and the applications of microbial diglycosidases are reviewed. KEY POINTS: • Substrate specificity and phylogenetic relationships of diglycosidases are reviewed. • On-going and potential applications of diglycosidases are discussed.
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