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Liu Y, Chen L, Zhang Z, Zhang R, Xu J, Yang P, Sun Y, Chen Y, Xie C, Lin M, Zheng Y. Development and application of a novel recombinase polymerase amplification-Pyrococcus furiosus argonaute system for rapid detection of goose parvovirus. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104141. [PMID: 39137501 PMCID: PMC11372586 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapid and accurate detection of goose parvovirus (GPV) is crucial for controlling outbreaks and mitigating their economic impact on the poultry industry. This study introduces recombinase polymerase amplification combined with the Pyrococcus furiosus argonaute (RPA-PfAgo) system, a novel diagnostic platform designed to address the limitations of traditional GPV detection methods. Capitalizing on the rapid DNA amplification of RPA and stringent nucleic acid cleavage by the PfAgo protein, the RPA-PfAgo system offers high specificity and sensitivity in detecting GPV. Our optimization efforts included primer and probe configurations, reaction parameters, and guided DNA selection, culminating in a detection threshold of 102 GPV DNA copies per microlitre. The specificity of the proposed method was rigorously validated against a spectrum of avian pathogens. Clinical application to lung tissues from GPV-infected geese yielded a detection concordance of 100%, surpassing that of qPCR and PCR in both rapidity and operational simplicity. The RPA-PfAgo system has emerged as a revolutionary diagnostic modality for managing this disease, as it is a promising rapid, economical, and onsite GPV detection method amenable to integration into broad-scale disease surveillance frameworks. Future explorations will extend the applicability of this method to diverse avian diseases and assess its field utility across various epidemiological landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqun Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China; Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515000, China; Guangdong Taiantang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Shantou 515000, China
| | - Lianghui Chen
- Industrial College of Biomedicine and Health Industry, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
| | - Zhenxia Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
| | - Jinyu Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
| | - Peikui Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
| | - Yanjie Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
| | - Yicun Chen
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515000, China
| | - Chengsong Xie
- Guangdong Taiantang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Shantou 515000, China
| | - Min Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China; Industrial College of Biomedicine and Health Industry, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
| | - Yuzhong Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China; Industrial College of Biomedicine and Health Industry, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China.
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Bombaywala S, Bajaj A, Dafale NA. Oxygen mediated mobilization and co-occurrence of antibiotic resistance in lab-scale bioreactor using metagenomic binning. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:142. [PMID: 38519761 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03952-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Sub-lethal levels of antibiotic stimulate bacteria to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that promotes emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance mediated by mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Nevertheless, the influence of dissolved oxygen (DO) levels on mobility of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in response to ROS-induced stress remains elusive. Thus, the study employs metagenomic assembly and binning approaches to decipher mobility potential and co-occurrence frequency of ARGs and MGEs under hyperoxic (5.5-7 mgL- 1), normoxic (2.5-4 mgL- 1), and hypoxic (0.5-1 mgL- 1) conditions in lab-scale bioreactor for 6 months. Among 163 high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) recovered from 13 metagenomes, 42 MAGs harboured multiple ARGs and were assigned to priority pathogen group. Total ARG count increased by 4.3 and 2.5% in hyperoxic and normoxic, but decreased by 0.53% in hypoxic conditions after 150 days. On contrary, MGE count increased by 7.3-1.3% in all the DO levels, with only two ARGs showed positive correlation with MGEs in hypoxic compared to 20 ARGs under hyperoxic conditions. Opportunistic pathogens (Escherichia, Klebsiella, Clostridium, and Proteus) were detected as potential hosts of ARGs wherein co-localisation of critical ARG gene cassette (sul1, dfr1,adeF, and qacC) were identified in class 1 integron/Tn1 family transposons. Thus, enhanced co-occurrence frequency of ARGs with MGEs in pathogens suggested promotion of ARGs mobility under oxidative stress. The study offers valuable insights into ARG dissemination and hosts dynamics that is essential for controlling oxygen-related stress for mitigating MGEs and ARGs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakina Bombaywala
- Environmental Biotechnology & Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Abhay Bajaj
- Environmental Biotechnology & Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Environmental Toxicology Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Nishant A Dafale
- Environmental Biotechnology & Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Pu Z, Wang W, Xie H, Wang W. Apolipoprotein C3 (ApoC3) facilitates NLRP3 mediated pyroptosis of macrophages through mitochondrial damage by accelerating of the interaction between SCIMP and SYK pathway in acute lung injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 128:111537. [PMID: 38232538 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory failure caused by severe acute lung injury (ALI) is the main cause of mortality in patients with COVID-19.This study aimed to investigate the effects and underlying biological mechanism of Apolipoprotein C3 (ApoC3) in ALI. To establish an in vivo model, C57BL/6 mice were exposed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). For the in vitro model, murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) or RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with LPS + adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Serum levels of ApoC3 were found to be upregulated in patients with COVID-19 or pneumonia-induced ALI. Inhibition of ApoC3 reduced lung injury in an ALI model, while overexpression of ApoC3 promoted lung injury. ApoC3 induced mitochondrial damage-mediated pyroptosis in ALI through the activation of the NOD-like receptorprotein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. ApoC3 recombinant protein significantly increased SCIMP expression in the lung tissue of mice models with ALI. ApoC3 also facilitated the interaction between the SLP adapter and CSK-interacting membrane protein (SCIMP) protein and Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) protein in the ALI model. Moreover, ApoC3 accelerated calcium-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the ALI model. The effects of ApoC3 on pyroptosis were mitigated by the use of a pyroptosis inhibitor or an ROS inhibitor in the ALI model. Furthermore, ApoC3 activated the expression of SYK, which in turn induced NLRP3 inflammasome-regulated pyroptosis in the ALI model. METTL3 was found to mediate the m6A mRNA expression of ApoC3. Overall, our study highlights the crucial role of ApoC3 in promoting macrophage pyroptosis in ALI through calcium-dependent ROS production and NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the SCIMP-SYK pathway, providing a potential therapeutic strategy for ALI and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichen Pu
- Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241001, China; Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241001, China
| | - Haitang Xie
- Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241001, China.
| | - Wusan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241001, China.
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Mourão J, Ribeiro-Almeida M, Novais C, Magalhães M, Rebelo A, Ribeiro S, Peixe L, Novais Â, Antunes P. From Farm to Fork: Persistence of Clinically Relevant Multidrug-Resistant and Copper-Tolerant Klebsiella pneumoniae Long after Colistin Withdrawal in Poultry Production. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0138623. [PMID: 37428073 PMCID: PMC10434174 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01386-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Concerns about colistin-resistant bacteria in animal food-environmental-human ecosystems prompted the poultry sector to implement colistin restrictions and explore alternative trace metals/copper feed supplementation. The impact of these strategies on the selection and persistence of colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in the whole poultry production chain needs clarification. We assessed colistin-resistant and copper-tolerant K. pneumoniae occurrence in chickens raised with inorganic and organic copper formulas from 1-day-old chicks to meat (7 farms from 2019 to 2020), after long-term colistin withdrawal (>2 years). Clonal diversity and K. pneumoniae adaptive features were characterized by cultural, molecular, and whole-genome-sequencing (WGS) approaches. Most chicken flocks (75%) carried K. pneumoniae at early and preslaughter stages, with a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in meat batches (17%) and sporadic water/feed contamination. High rates (>50%) of colistin-resistant/mcr-negative K. pneumoniae were observed among fecal samples, independently of feed. Most samples carried multidrug-resistant (90%) and copper-tolerant (81%; silA and pcoD positive and with a MICCuSO4 of ≥16 mM) isolates. WGS revealed accumulation of colistin resistance-associated mutations and F type multireplicon plasmids carrying antibiotic resistance and metal/copper tolerance genes. The K. pneumoniae population was polyclonal, with various lineages dispersed throughout poultry production. ST15-KL19, ST15-KL146, and ST392-KL27 and IncF plasmids were similar to those from global human clinical isolates, suggesting chicken production as a reservoir/source of clinically relevant K. pneumoniae lineages and genes with potential risk to humans through food and/or environmental exposure. Despite the limited mcr spread due to the long-term colistin ban, this action was ineffective in controlling colistin-resistant/mcr-negative K. pneumoniae, regardless of feed. This study provides crucial insights into the persistence of clinically relevant K. pneumoniae in the poultry production chain and highlights the need for continued surveillance and proactive food safety actions within a One Health perspective. IMPORTANCE The spread of bacteria resistant to last-resort antibiotics such as colistin throughout the food chain is a serious concern for public health. The poultry sector has responded by restricting colistin use and exploring alternative trace metals/copper feed supplements. However, it is unclear how and to which extent these changes impact the selection and persistence of clinically relevant Klebsiella pneumoniae throughout the poultry chain. We found a high occurrence of copper-tolerant and colistin-resistant/mcr-negative K. pneumoniae in chicken flocks, regardless of inorganic and organic copper formulas use and a long-term colistin ban. Despite the high K. pneumoniae isolate diversity, the occurrence of identical lineages and plasmids across samples and/or clinical isolates suggests poultry as a potential source of human K. pneumoniae exposure. This study highlights the need for continued surveillance and proactive farm-to-fork actions to mitigate the risks to public health, relevant for stakeholders involved in the food industry and policymakers tasked with regulating food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Mourão
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marisa Ribeiro-Almeida
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Novais
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Magalhães
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Rebelo
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
- ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Ribeiro
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa Peixe
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ângela Novais
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Antunes
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Anyanwu MU, Jaja IF, Okpala COR, Njoga EO, Okafor NA, Oguttu JW. Mobile Colistin Resistance ( mcr) Gene-Containing Organisms in Poultry Sector in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Epidemiology, Characteristics, and One Health Control Strategies. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1117. [PMID: 37508213 PMCID: PMC10376608 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes (mcr-1 to mcr-10) are plasmid-encoded genes that threaten the clinical utility of colistin (COL), one of the highest-priority critically important antibiotics (HP-CIAs) used to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant bacteria in humans and animals. For more than six decades, COL has been used largely unregulated in the poultry sector in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and this has led to the development/spread of mcr gene-containing bacteria (MGCB). The prevalence rates of mcr-positive organisms from the poultry sector in LMICs between January 1970 and May 2023 range between 0.51% and 58.8%. Through horizontal gene transfer, conjugative plasmids possessing insertion sequences (ISs) (especially ISApl1), transposons (predominantly Tn6330), and integrons have enhanced the spread of mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-5, mcr-7, mcr-8, mcr-9, and mcr-10 in the poultry sector in LMICs. These genes are harboured by Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Cronobacter, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Shigella, Providencia, Aeromonas, Raoultella, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter species, belonging to diverse clones. The mcr-1, mcr-3, and mcr-10 genes have also been integrated into the chromosomes of these bacteria and are mobilizable by ISs and integrative conjugative elements. These bacteria often coexpress mcr with virulence genes and other genes conferring resistance to HP-CIAs, such as extended-spectrum cephalosporins, carbapenems, fosfomycin, fluoroquinolone, and tigecycline. The transmission routes and dynamics of MGCB from the poultry sector in LMICs within the One Health triad include contact with poultry birds, feed/drinking water, manure, poultry farmers and their farm workwear, farming equipment, the consumption and sale of contaminated poultry meat/egg and associated products, etc. The use of pre/probiotics and other non-antimicrobial alternatives in the raising of birds, the judicious use of non-critically important antibiotics for therapy, the banning of nontherapeutic COL use, improved vaccination, biosecurity, hand hygiene and sanitization, the development of rapid diagnostic test kits, and the intensified surveillance of mcr genes, among others, could effectively control the spread of MGCB from the poultry sector in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ishmael Festus Jaja
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Charles Odilichukwu R Okpala
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
- UGA Cooperative Extension, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria
| | | | - James Wabwire Oguttu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Florida Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
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Zhao J, Zheng B, Xu H, Li J, Sun T, Jiang X, Liu W. Emergence of a NDM-1-producing ST25 Klebsiella pneumoniae strain causing neonatal sepsis in China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:980191. [PMID: 36338063 PMCID: PMC9630351 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.980191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) seriously threaten the efficacy of modern medicine with a high associated mortality rate and unprecedented transmission rate. In this study, we isolated a clinical K. pneumoniae strain DY1928 harboring blaNDM-1 from a neonate with blood infection. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated that DY1928 was resistant to various antimicrobial agents, including meropenem, imipenem, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime, piperacillin-tazobactam, and amoxicillin-clavulanate. S1 nuclease-pulsed field gel electrophoresis (S1-PFGE), southern blot and conjugation experiment revealed that the blaNDM-1 gene was located on a conjugative plasmid of IncA/C2 type with a 147.9 kb length. Whole-genome sequencing showed that there was a conservative structure sequence (blaNDM-1-ble-trpF-dsbD) located downstream of the blaNDM-1 gene. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) classified DY1928 as ST25, which was a hypervirulent K. pneumoniae type. Phylogenetic analysis of genomic data from all ST25 K. pneumoniae strains available in the NCBI database suggested that all blaNDM-1 positive strains were isolated in China and had clinical origins. A mouse bloodstream infection model was constructed to test the virulence of DY1928, and 11 K. pneumoniae strains homologous to DY1928 were isolated from the feces of infected mice. Moreover, we found that DY1928 had a tendency to flow from the blood into the intestine in mice and caused multiple organ damage. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report an infection caused by blaNDM-1-positive ST25 K. pneumoniae in the neonatal unit. Our findings indicated that stricter surveillance and more effective actions were needed to reduce the risk of disseminating such K. pneumoniae strains in clinical settings, especially in neonatal wards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Beiwen Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tengfei Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiawei Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Xiawei Jiang,
| | - Wenhong Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhong Liu,
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